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From Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. 1929–1968

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From Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. 1929–1968 Civil Rights and Protest Literature Video link at Virginia Standards thinkcentral.com of Learning from Letter from Birmingham Jail 11.3c Discriminate between Letter by Martin Luther King Jr. connotative and denotative meanings and interpret the connotation. 11.3e Identify literary VIDEO TRAILER KEYWORD: HML11-1202A and classical allusions and figurative language in text. 11.5a Use information from texts to clarify understanding of concepts. Meet the Author Martin Luther King Jr. 1929–1968 An eloquent orator, a shrewd tactician, struck down the city’s bus segregation laws. and a visionary leader, Martin Luther The success of the boycott launched the King Jr. became the catalyst for some of charismatic young leader onto the national the most far-reaching social changes in stage, where he promoted his bold strategy: U.S. history. Under his skillful leadership, using nonviolent, direct action to achieve the civil rights movement spurred passage social change. of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the King cautiously Voting Rights Act of 1965, laws that Expanding Influence expanded the civil rights struggle legally abolished racial segregation and throughout the South. He was particularly voting discrimination. A tireless advocate effective at organizing interracial for justice, King wrote five books, delivered coalitions to put pressure on lawmakers. about 2,500 speeches, and traveled more One shining moment came at the 1963 did you know? than 6 million miles in an effort to make March on Washington, a gathering of Martin Luther King Jr. his dream of equality a reality. about 250,000 peaceful demonstrators • enrolled in college when he was 15 years old. Boycott in Montgomery It was in supporting civil rights legislation. King’s Alabama that King first emerged as a impassioned “I Have a Dream” speech, • was the first African American to be named civil rights leader to be reckoned with. In delivered on the steps of the Lincoln Time magazine’s “Man 1955, when Rosa Parks was arrested for Memorial, is considered one of the greatest of the Year.” breaking Montgomery’s bus segregation speeches in U.S. history. laws, local civil rights advocates banded • won the Nobel Peace King never wavered in together to form a protest organization. Warrior for Peace Prize in 1964. his commitment to nonviolence and tried They chose King, then pastor of the Dexter • was arrested 30 times to extend his campaign to fight poverty and Avenue Baptist Church, to lead the new for his activism. end the Vietnam War. Ultimately, he was group. King mobilized African Americans unable to stem the surge of violence that to boycott city buses. The overtook the country in the mid-1960s. In 381-day boycott tested 1968, King was assassinated in Memphis, the endurance of the where he had gone to support a sanitation entire black community, workers’ strike. In the 12 years between the especially King, who Montgomery boycott and his death, he had was subjected to threats helped achieve the greatest advance in racial and bomb attacks. The justice since the abolition of slavery. steadfast boycotters ultimately triumphed, and the U.S. Supreme Court Author Online Go to thinkcentral.com. KEYWORD: HML11-1202B 1202 VA_L11PE-u06s31-brJai.indd 1202 3/24/11 3:01:55 PM text analysis: allusion An allusion is a reference within a work to historical, literary, or cultural details from outside the work. Writers choose allusions that are familiar to their target audience. In this case, because When does King is writing to fellow clergymen, he uses references to the Bible and to religious scholars to make his points. action I would agree with St. Augustine that “an unjust law is no speak louder law at all.” King’s allusions help connect current events with respected than words? historical and religious figures. As you read, use the footnotes to help you understand King’s allusions. When you’re trying to confront a difficult issue, words are your first option. But once you’ve explained your reading skill: elements of an argument position, presented your demands, and King’s letter is a beautifully written argument defending his tried unsuccessfully to convince others activism. In it, King uses deductive reasoning to respond to to make a change, you’re at the point public criticism. Deductive reasoning occurs when a writer when words give way to action. Martin arrives at a conclusion by applying a general principal to a Luther King Jr. explains how civil rights specific situation. As you read, use King’s restatements to infer activists in Birmingham, Alabama, faced what the opposing positions are and record them in a chart like their own decisive moment in 1963. the one below. Then, record the general principle King gives as a counterargument and the reasons and evidence he uses to DISCUSS When do you respond with support them. words and when do you turn to action? Working with a small group, brainstorm Position of General Principles Reasons and Evidence Opponents situations that call for each type of response. What guidelines did you King doesn’t belong “I am here because I • leads the SCLC use to classify your examples? in Birmingham. have organizational • invited by affiliated ties here.” organization vocabulary in context King uses the following words to argue his views. Test yourself by replacing each boldfaced term with one vocabulary word. word affiliated moratorium scintillating list cognizant paradoxical substantive estrangement rabid latent retaliating 1. aware of the difficulties involved 2. hidden emotions called up by the encounter 3. contradictory views seemed to say two things at once 4. temporary stoppage on further discussions Complete the activities in your Reader/Writer Notebook. 1203 VA_L11PE-u06s31-brJai.indd 1203 3/24/11 3:01:57 PM Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. background In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. and his organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), targeted Birmingham, Alabama, with a series of peaceful demonstrations aimed at ending segregation. The police reacted violently with attack dogs and high-pressure fire hoses. Hundreds of protesters, including King, were jailed. At first, King was criticized for taking on Birmingham; eight white clergymen published a letter calling his actions “unwise and untimely.” But he responded with his own letter citing philosophers, religious scholars, and biblical figures to justify his actions. April 16, 1963 Analyze Visuals My Dear Fellow Clergymen: Look at this photograph While confined here in the Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent of King in his jail cell in Birmingham. Based statement calling my present activities “unwise and untimely.” Seldom do I pause on the photo, what to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I sought to answer all the criticisms impressions do you that cross my desk, my secretaries would have little time for anything other than have of his state of such correspondence in the course of the day, and I would have no time for mind while in jail? constructive work. But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. 10 I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against “outsiders coming in.” I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every Southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. We have some eighty-five affiliated organizations across the South, and affiliated (E-fGlPC-AQtGd) one of them is the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights. Frequently adj. joined in close we share staff, educational, and financial resources with our affiliates. Several association affiliate v. months ago the affiliate here in Birmingham asked us to be on call to engage in a ELEMENTS OF AN a nonviolent direct-action program if such were deemed necessary. We readily ARGUMENT consented, and when the hour came, we lived up to our promise. So I, along with Reread lines 10–21. Which sentence refers to 20 several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because the position that King is I have organizational ties here. a arguing against? But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their “thus saith the Lord” far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the King in his jail Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the cell in Birmingham 1204 unit 6: contemporary literature VA_L11PE-u06s31-Birgh.indd 1204 3/24/11 3:01:37 PM VA_L11PE-u06s31-Birgh.indd 1205 3/24/11 3:01:41 PM far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own hometown. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.1 b b ALLUSION Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and Explain why King’s allusions in lines 22–28 30 states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are are appropriate for his audience. What shared caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. beliefs does King Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to appeal to? live with the narrow, provincial “outside agitator” idea.
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