7.5 X 11.5.Doubleline.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69466-7 - Seedling Ecology and Evolution Edited by Mary Allessio Leck, V. Thomas Parker and Robert L. Simpson Index More information

Index

ABA, see abscisic acid A. corniculatum, 69, 151 AM, see arbuscular mycorrhizae Abies, 36, 119, 265 Aegilops triuncialis, 304 Amaranthaceae, 44, 384 A. alba, 152 Aegle marmelos, 26 Amaranthus A. amabilis, 202 aerenchyma, 37, 162 A. cannabinus, 383, 384 A. concolor, 257--9, 268 Aesculus hippocastanum, 151 A. hypochondriacus, 44 A. lasiocarpa, 383 Aetanthus, 92, 94 Amaryllidaceae, 53 Abrotenella linearis var. apiculata, 53 Agathis dammara, 49 Amborella, 135, 141, 143, 146 abscisic acid (ABA), 35, 153, 155, 156, Agavaceae, 19, 316, 320 A. trichopoda, 142, 143 159, 160--4, 167, 168, 169 Agave, 316 Ambrosia trifida, 5, 7, 383, 384 Abutilon theophrastii, 7 Aglaodorum griffithii, 55 Ammophila Acacia, 46, 187, 212 Agrimonia A. arenaria, 73 A. mangium, 298 A. eupatoria, 277 A. breviligulata, 77 A. oraria, 26 A. procera, 277 Amorphophallus albus, 151 A. papyrocarpa, as patch formers, Agropyron amphibious plants, 37 67, 319 A. cristatum, 302 Amphibolis antarctica, 38, 43, 55 A. tortillis, 328 A. desertorum, and restoration, 356, Amphicarpum purshii, 29 A. verticillata, 36 366 amphicarpy, 29 Acanthaceae, 318 A. smithii, 366 Amsinckia intermedia, 42 Acaulaspora, and facilitating Ailanthus altissima, 297, 304 Amyema preisii, 54 restoration, 366 Aizoaceae, 301, 309, 310, 318 Anacardiaceae, 6, 32, 49, 51, 151, acclimation, 186 Aizoon hispanicum, 318 271 Acer, 7, 39, 198, 201, 204, 206 Albizia, 46 Anacharis occidentalis, 48 A. platanoides, 297 A. lophantha, 49 Anastatica hierochuntica, 66, 318 A. pseudoplatanus, 42 Albuca fastigiata, 11 anchorage, 85 A. rubrum, 201, 257, 305 Alchornea latifolia, 350 Andropogon virginicus, 152 A. saccharinum, 257 Aldrovanda, 88 Androsace rotundifolia, 45 A. saccharum, 151, 256, 257, 258, A. vesiculosa, 50, 89 angiosperm,37, 49, 62, 81, 91, 103--5, 263, 305, 383 Aleurites moluccana, 45 111, 120, 121, 125, 126, 129, Aceraceae, 7, 39, 42, 151, 198, 257, Alisma plantago-aquatica, 20, 46 130--49, 192, 193, 196, 204, 385, 297, 305, 383 Alismataceae, 18, 20, 36, 38, 46, 47, 386 Acetobacter, 211 48, 127 angiosperm phylogeny, 135 achlorophyllous plants, 82, 84, 100, allelopathy, 19, 64, 209, 297, 302, 304 Angraecum maculatum, 44 192, 193, 196, 198 Alliaria petiolata, 209, 299, 305 Annonaceae, 49, 132 Acoraceae, 21 Allium anoxia, 144, 146, 162 Acorus, 20, 21, 137, 144 A. ascolonium, 35 Anthericaceae, 28 Acremonium, 211 A. cepa, 151 Anthoceros, 108, 112, 123 Actaea spicata, 246 A. porrum, 151 A. erectus, 110, 112 Actinidia deliciosa, 151 allocation patterns, 24, 233, 297 Anthocerotaceae, 110 Actinidiaceae, 151 trade-offs, 179, 180, 217 anthropogenic disturbances Actinostachys, 108 to roots, 66 nitrate deposition, 345 Actinostrobus pyramidalis, 42 Alnus, 44, 45, 196 types of disturbance in forests, 333 adaptations, patterns of adaptations Aloe, 31, 50 Antirrhinum majus, 152 in deserts, 309 A. arborescens, 151 and phytohormones, 169 Adenanthera, 46 alpine zone Anthurium scandens,21 Adenostoma fasciculatum, 200, 262, 271 and facilitating restoration, 365 Apiaceae, 32, 42, 47, 151, 284, 286 adult size, and seed production, 228 and restoration, 360 apical hook, 157 advanced regeneration, 256 Alseis blackiana, 185 Apocynaceae, 49, 50, 151 Aegialitis, 51 Alstonia, 49 Aponogeton distachyon, 47 A. annulata, 152 A. angustiloba, 50 Aponogetonaceae, 47 Aegiceras, 51 Alstromeriaceae, 11, 127 Aquifoliaceae, 244, 301

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-69466-7 - Seedling Ecology and Evolution Edited by Mary Allessio Leck, V. Thomas Parker and Robert L. Simpson Index More information

502 INDEX

Arabidopsis, 10, 124, 153, 155, 157, Asphodelus B. ermanii, 203, 204, 207 169 A. lusitanicus, 9 B. lenta, 201, 202 A. thaliana, 46, 50, 151, 304 A. tenuifolius, 9 B. maximowicziana, 72 and phytohormones, 168 assembly rules, 255, 269 B. papyrifera, 383 mutants and phytohormone Asteraceae, and genetic structure, B. pendula, 151, 198 function, 168 253 B. pubescens, 362 Arabis hirsuta, 208 Asteraceae, 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, 28, 29, 30, Betulaceae, 44, 72, 151, 193, 196, 198, Araceae, 11, 20, 21, 28, 32, 47, 52, 55, 31, 36, 39, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 202, 204, 297, 362, 383 88, 127, 384 52, 53, 66, 77, 151, 250, 269, Bidens Arachis hypogaea, 25, 151 271, 272, 284, 286, 302, 317, 318, B. dioica, 28 Araliaceae, 29, 53, 347 319, 328, 357, 366, 384 B. laevis, 7, 29, 383, 384 Araucaria, 32 Asteriscus pygmaeus, 66 B. pilosus, 28 A. araucana, 47 Astrocaryum standleyanum, 339 Bignoniaceae, 30, 174 Araucariaceae, 32, 42, 47, 49 Atkinsonia, 92 biological crusts, 313, 317, 324, 360 arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) (See Atriplex, 69 and seedling recruitment, 326 mycorrhizae), 193, 195 A. halimus, 69 biome, 279, 287 Arbutoideae, 193 A. hortensis, 36, 43 Blepharis, 318 Archaefructus, 136 A. nummularia, 70 Bomaria edulis, 11 archegonium, 103 A. patula, 70 Bombacaceae, 23, 45 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana, 44 Atropa belladonna, 152 Boraginaceae, 32, 42, 151, 318 arctic zone, and restoration, 360 Attractylis serratuloides, 319, 322, 327 and genetic structure, 253 Arctostaphylos, 204 Augea capensis, 318 Botrychium, 108, 115, 124 A. glandulosa, 200 Austrobaileya, 141, 146 B. dissectum, 115 Ardisia A. scandens, 136, 140 B. virginianum, 111, 115, 116 A. crenulata, 48 Austrobaileyaceae, 135 Bouteloua gracilis, 366 A. elliptica, 299 autotrophic mistletoes, 95 Bowiea volubilis, 42, 47 A. escallonioides, 151 auxin IAA, 153, 156, 157, 158, 159, Brasenia, 146 A. polycephala, 49 160, 161, 163, 164, 167 Brassica Arecaceae (See Palmae), 151 and mycorrhizae, 165 B. balearica, 36, 44 arid zone, and restoration, 360 and nodulation, 165 B. campestris, 151 Arion Avena sativa, 151 B. napus, 151 A. fasciatus, 242 Avicennia, 34, 35, 48, 49, 51 B. nigra, 42 A. lusitanicus, 286 A. marina, 68, 69 B. oleracea, 151 Arisaema, 20 A. maritima, 70 B. rapa, 151, 302 A. triphyllum, 32, 47 Avicenniaceae, 34, 35, 48, 49, 51, 68 Brassicaceae, 10, 26, 27, 29, 36, Artemisia Azoarcus, 211 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 66, 120, A. annua, 151 121, 151, 153, 190, 204, 208, A. californica, 271 Baldellia ranunculoides, 38 209, 284, 299, 302, 304, 317, A. halodendron, 319, 328 Balsaminaceae, 6, 30, 44, 49, 303, 318 A. monosperma, 319 384 brassinosteroids, 155, 156, 157, 167, A. tridentata, 269, 357, 366 Banksia, 363, 368 377 Artocarpus, 49 B. australis, 48 Bromeliaceae, 11, 48, 79 A. altilis, 52 B. spinulosa, 233 bromeliads, 79, 85 A. incise, 52 Barclaya longifolia, 146 Bromus Ascarina, 146 Barringtonia, 42 B. inermis, 151 A. lucida, 141, 145 B. racemosa, 51 B. tectorum, 364 Asclepiadaceae, 27, 42, 43, Basidiomycota, 193 Bruguiera, 4, 51, 151 233 Bennettitales, 141 bryophytes, 103--6, 108, 109, 110, 112, Asclepias Berberidaceae, 47 113, 123--6 A. incarnata, 233 Bertholletia excelsa, 42 Bupleurum falcatum, 151 A. tuberosa, 27 Beta vulgaris, 151 burial, 73 Ascomycota, 193, 211 bet-hedging, 309 Burseraceae, 32, 49 Asparagus madagascarensis, 47 Betula, 205, 297, 362 Butomaceae, 55 Asphodelaceae, 9, 151 B. alleghaniensis, 201, 202 Byttneria aculeata, 26

INDEX 503

Cabombaceae, 135 Cassytha, 97 Circium Camptotheca acuminata, 151 Castanea, 204 C. acaule, 39 Cactaceae, 39, 42, 43, 48, 67, 151, 316 C. dentata, 202, 204 C. vulgare, 250 Caesalpinaceae, 23, 200 Catasetum, 80 Citrus Caladenia arenicola, 84 Catharanthus roseus, 151 C. aurantifolia, 23, 30, 152 Calla,21 Caytonia, 141 C. aurantium, 42, 49 Callichlamys latifolia, 174 Cecropia, 343 C. reticulata, 152 Calligonum, 328 C. insignis, 343 C. sinensis, 152 Callistemon rigidus, 48 C. schrebiana, 347 Cladium jamaicense, 358 Callitrichaceae, 49 Cecropiaceae, 343 Clavicipitaceae, 210 Callitriche, 49 Celastraceae, 53 Claytonia virginica, 120 C. stagnalis, 49 Celtidaceae, 342 cleistogamy, 29 Calocedrus decurrens, 257, 268 Centaurea Clidemia hirta, 299 Calotropis gigantea, 43 C. clementei, 45 climate change, 377 Calycanthaceae, 29, 42, 43 C. cyanus, 286 and dryland systems, 329 Calystegia macrostegia, 271 C. diffusa, 302, 304 and forest lianas, 336 Campanula rotundifolia, 151 C. maculosa, 304 and plant distribution, 265 Campanulaceae, 32, 43, 151 Cephaelis ipecacuanha, 151 clonal offspring, 239, 252 Camptotheca, 151 Cephalotaceae, 46, 88 cloud forests, and facilitating Cananga odorata, 49 Cephalotaxaceae, 42 restoration, 365 Canavalia ensiformis, 151 Cephalotus follicularis, 46, 88, 89 Clusiaceae, 88, 347 Canistrum lindenii, 85, 89 Ceratobasidium, 193 coastal scrub, and invasives Cannabaceae, 30, 47 Ceratonia siliqua, 50 inhibiting restoration, 362 Cannabis sativa, 30 Ceratozamia, 118 Cobaea scandens, 47 Caprifoliaceae, 278, 298 Cereus emoryi, 48 Cocos nucifera, 53 Capsella bursa-pastoris, 120, 121 Ceriops, 51, 151 Coffea arabica, 42 Capsicum annuum, 152, 155, 315 Chaerophyllum procumbens, 32 Colchicum autumnale, 27 Caragana microphylla, 328 Chamaecrista fasciculata, 233 cold tolerance, 70 Carapa guianensis, 52 Chamaecyparis Coleochaete, 124 carbohydrate reserves, 182, 184, C. lawsoniana, 26 coleoptile, 20, 122 185 C. thyoides, 39 coleorhiza, 20, 122 carbon balance, 188 Chamaecytisus proliferus, 151 Coleus, 46 Carboniferous, 106, 114, 120, 126 chaperone proteins, 153, 155, collar, 20 Cardamine 167 Combretaceae, 42, 49, 51 C. bulbifera, 36 charophycean algae, 123, 124 community dynamics, 12, 131, 310 C. chenopodifolia, 29 chasmogamy, 29 competition, 244, 298, 310, 311, 342, Carex, 18, 365, 383, 384 Chenopodiaceae, 4, 36, 43, 49, 55, 67, 346, 358, 364 C. curvula, 72 69, 151, 208, 317, 328, 366 and seed size, 236 C. flacca, 209 Chenopodium among seedlings, 237 C. lacustris, 358, 359 C. album, 208 and structuring communities, 259 C. stricta, 39, 358, 359 C. ambrosioides, 49 competition/colonization models, Carica papaya, 51, 151 C. rubrum, 4 236, 237, 247, 298 Caricaceae, 51, 151 Chimonanthus fragrans, 43 Connaraceae, 51 Carnegiea gigantea, 67 Chloraea membranaceae, 27 Connarus grandis, 51 carnivorous plants, 79, 88 Chloranthaceae, 135, 137, 142, 143, Convallaria majalis, 246 carotenoids, 160 145 Convallariaceae, 20, 246 Carpinus, 45 Chloranthus, 138, 141, 146 Convolvulaceae, 4, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, Carpobrotus edulis, 301 C. erectus, 143 53, 92, 97, 151, 271, 384 Carrichtera annua, 66, 317, 318 C. japonicus, 144 Convolvulus sepium, 43, 47 Carya tomentosa, 7, 39 Chlorophytum, 54 Coprosma robusta, 52 Caryophyllaceae, 52, 151, 244, 284, C. arundinaceum, 151 Corallorhiza, 80, 82, 84 286, 317 Chrysophyllum, 37 C. odontorhiza, 81, 83 and genetic structure, 253 Cicer arietinum, 151 Cordia africana, and genetic structure, Cassipourea elliptica, 151 circadian rhythm, in seedlings, 155 253

504 INDEX

Cordyline australis, 19 Cyclamen, 42 Dimerandra emarginata, 84 Coriandrum sativum, 151 C. persicum, 47, 50 Dinochola, 53 Cornaceae, 52, 151, 278, 298 Cymodocea ciliata, 55 dioecy, 30 Cornus, 298 Cymodoceaceae, 43, 55 Dionaea, 88 C. sanguinea, 278 Cyperaceae, 10, 18, 44, 48, 72, 209, D. muscipula, 46, 49, 50, 88, 89, 90, Corokia macrocarpa, 52 358, 384 91 Cortaderia jubata, 300 Cyperus, 18 Dioscorea batatas, 47 cotyledon, 18, 20 Cypripedium reginae, 84 Dioscoreaceae, 47 cotyledonary axis Cyrophonectria parasitica, 204 Diospyros embryopteris, 45 adjacent, 20 Cytisus scoparius, 212, 299 diplobiontic life cycle, 103, 106 remote, 20 cytokinins, 153, 157, 158, 161, 164 Dipterix panamensis, 348 cotyledons, 8, 24--5, 126 and nodulation, 165 Dipterocarpaceae, 37, 46, 51, 151, burial, 25 193, 341 food storing, 25 Dactylis dispersal, 8, 11, 36, 37, 86, 90, 94, 97, function, 127 D. glomerata, 28 140, 256, 285, 352, 363 functional morphologies, 173 D. polygama, 28 and forest fragmentation, 348 haustorial, 25 Dactylorhiza lapponica, 83 and perches in restoration, 347 photoperiod sensitive, 4 Dalechampia capensis, 48 and seed size, 229 photosynthetic, 25 damp, dark and disturbed hypothesis by birds, 281 storage, 132 (3-D), 134, 144, 145 directed, 315 thickness, 231 Darlingtonia, 50, 88 ﬂeshy-fruits, 285 types, 10, 24, 25 Dasypogonaceae, 27 low-cost in deserts, 309 Crassula quadrifida, 43, 44, 49 Dasyprocta punctata, 339 passive transport, 318 Crassulaceae, 43, 44, 49, 317 Daucus carota, 151, 286 rare long-distance, 90 Cretaceous, 130, 131, 136, 138, 139, defenses, 6 secondary, 315 146 DELLA, 153, 162 and spatial patterns, 374 Crinum Delphinium topochory, 318 C. capense syn bulbispermum, 53 D. elatum, 42 variation within communities, 236 C. longifolium, 54 D. staphysagria, 42 dispersal limitation, 245, 247, 374 Croton, 52 Dendrobium moschatum, 151 Distichlis spicata, and sex-biased cryptochromes, 158 Deroceras reticulatum, 286 survival, 252 Cryptocoryne, 55 desert patch formation, and a model disturbance, 332, 368 cryptocotylar, 23, 94, 96 of dynamics, 320 effects on soils, 337 Cryptomeria, 26 deserts, and facilitating restoration, effects on soils and growth rates, C. japonica, 42 365 345 cryptovivipary, see also vivipary, 25, development, niche shifts during, regimes, 378 34, 169 358 disturbance-adaptation, 132, 147 cryptocotyl, 94, 96 Devonian, 106, 107, 114, 120, 126 disturbed xeric shrub hypothesis, Cucumis Dianthus caryophyllus, 151 133, 134 C. humofructus, and directed Diapensiaceae, 43 DMBQ, 96 dispersal by aardvarks, 315 Dichopogon strictus, 28 dodder, 97 C. melo, 151 dicot (See dicotyledon), 8--11, 23, 26, Dolichos lablab, 151 C. sativus, 151 30, 42--4, 111, 120--2, 127, 128, dormancy, 5, 8, 141, 155, 160, 162, Cucurbita, 36 129, 135, 137, 138, 139, 145, 149, 168, 170, 256, 310, 332, 357, C. pepo, 151 157, 283, 379, 384--6 375 C. texana, 151 dicotyledon (See dicot), 23, 283 and biomes, 287 Cucurbitaceae, 28, 36, 43, 44, 45, 53, Dicraeia stylosa, 47 and persistence in seed banks, 230 151, 315 Dicranopteris and restoration, 368 Cupressaceae, 26, 33, 39, 42, 46, 72, D. linaeris, and seedling inhibition, in seedlings, 31, 381 111, 198, 257, 269, 319, 328, 341, 347 morphological, 141 363 D. pectinata, and seedling seedling, 85 Cuscuta, 92, 97, 151 inhibition, 347 Downingia pulchella, 32, 43 C. europaea, 45 Dieffenbachia longispatha, 52 Dracaena, 20, 52 C. gronovii, 92, 383, 384 Digitalis purpurea, 72 Dracaenaceae, 20, 127

INDEX 505

Drosera, 88, 89, 90, 91 Endertia spectabilis, 46 Fabaceae, see Leguminosae D. anglica, 89 Endogone, 193 facilitation, 67, 244, 280, 298, 310 D. binata, 44, 46, 49 endophytic fungi and bacteria, 209 and mycorrhizae, 199 D. capensis, 49 Enhalus acaroides, 55 and restoration, 365, 366 D. capillaris, 90 environmental stress, 38, 57, 59, 86 facultative seeding, and fire, 270 D. intermedia, 89, 90 and phytohormones, 156 Fagaceae, 25, 43, 45, 46, 52, 72, 151, D. pygmaea, 36 Ephedra, 115, 118 187, 193, 204, 233, 243, 244, 257, D. rotundifolia, 36, 89, 91 E. trifurca, 117, 119 281, 298, 357, 367, 383 Droseraceae, 36, 44, 46, 49, 50, 88 Epichloe, 211 Fagopyrum esculentum, 53 Drosophyllum lusitanicum, 49 epicotyl, dormancy, 32 Fagus drought, 65, 156, 162, 243, 252, 263 epicotyl, 9, 85, 122, 143 F. grandifolia, 43, 201, 202, 383 Dryobalanops, 46 epigeal germination, 8, 18, 23, 143 F. sylvatica, 43, 151 D. camphora, 51 Epidendrum, 80 ferns, 115 Dulichium arundinaceum, 383, 384 Epifagus virginiana, 97 Festuca ovina, 208 Durio zibethinus, 23, 45 epiphytes, 79, 87 Ficus, 226 dust seeds, 81 Equisetum, 108, 115 Filago, 317 Dyckia floribunda, 48 E. arvense, 111, 115, 116 fires, 268, 338, 368 Dysoxylum, 37 Eremolepidaceae, 92, 93 flooding tolerance, and restoration, Ericaceae, 88, 98, 193, 204, 240, 291 162, 167, 358 Ebenaceae, 45 and mycorrhizae, 192 flowering, precocious, 4 Echinocactus viridescens, 48 Eriocaulaceae, 20 Foeniculum vulgare, 42 Echinocystis lobata, 45 Eriogonum fasciculatum, 271 forests, and restoration, 357, 363, 364 ecosystem engineers, 311, 314, 321 Eriophyllum confertiflorum, 272 Forsythia suspensa, 36, 43, 44 ecosystem functions, 307 Erodiophyllum elderi, 66 fragmentation, 340, 352 ectomycorrhizae (EM), also see Erodium, 318, 319 in forests, 335 mycorrhizae, 165, 192, 193, 363 Erythronium americanum, 198 Frankeniaceae, 49 size of genets, 194 Eschweilera tenuifolia, 33 Fraxinus americana, 305 Eichhornia crassipes, 28, 48 establishment, definition, 276 Freycinetia banksii, 19 elasticity, 249, 250, 299, 300, 308 establishment growth, 22 frost heaving, 74 Elatinaceae, 48 ethylene, 153, 154, 157, 162, 163, 164 frost resistance, 33, 161 Elatine, 48 and nodulation, 165 frugivory, and anthropogenic Elkinsia polymorpha, 120 and triple response, 157 disturbance, 340 Elymus smithii, 366 etiolation, 10, 155, 157, 158 fruit, dimorphic, 29 Elyna myosuroides, 20 Eucalyptus, 205, 226 Fucus, 124 Embelia E. albens, 301 Fumariaceae, 44 E. ribes, 48 E. globulus, 49, 151, 253 Funaria, 112, 123 E. viridiflora, 31 E. marginata, 359 F. hygrometrica, 110, 112 Embothrium coccineum, 33 E. obliqua, 64, 253 functional traits, 132, 178--80 embryo E. pauciflora, 72 functional types, 20, 23, 24, 274 development, 112, 120, 122 E. saligna, 151 and life forms, 290 endoscopic, 108, 111, 114, 115, 123, E. tereticornis, 49 fungal specificity, 99 124 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 28 exoscopic, 108, 111, 115, 123 Euphorbia Gaiadendron, 92, 94 foot, 108, 109, 124 E. esula, 45 Gaillardia pulchella, 302 haustoria, 109, 111, 118, 125 E. splendens, 49 Galearis, 80 polarity, 104, 123 Euphorbiaceae, 45, 48, 49, 52, 128, Galium suspensors, 103, 125 151, 297, 350 G. angustifolium, 271 transfer cells, 124 Euphrasia disperma, 53 G. aparine, 303 embryo:seed ratio (E:S), 141 euphyllophytes, 106 G. nuttallii, 272 emergence, definition, 276 Euryops multifidus, 318 G. saccharatum, 44 Emex spinosa, 29 Eusideroxylon zwageri, 26 Galphimia glauca, 151 Encelia californica, 271 Evolution of increased competitive game-theory of coexistence, 236 Enchylaena tomentosa, 67 ability EICA, 302 gametophyte, 103, 109, 111 Encyclia tampensis, 83 gamocotyl, 94

506 INDEX

gaps, 61, 180, 184, 186, 245, 256, 257, grazing, and landscape degradation, 340, 345, 348, 365, 367, 368, 260, 269, 281, 282 323--5 373, 376, 379, 387, 389 dependency, 276 grazing optimization hypothesis, 323 and chemical defense, 242, 291 detection, 8 Grevillea, 152 and restoration, 367 and seed limitation, 247 Grossulariaceae, 271 Heterosperma pinnatum, 30 and seed size, 248 growth curves, 173, 174, 176 heterosporous, 104 Garcinia, 42 Guara neomexicana, seedling heterotrophic, 81, 95 Gaura coccinia, 46 performance and differences in Hibiscus Gazella, soil disturbance and seed source, 357 H. diversifolius, 53 facilitation, 319 Gunnera, 211 H. moscheutos, 42 genetic structure Gunneraceae, 211 H. trionum, 42 differentiation among Gustavia superba, 29 Hippocastanaceae, 151 communities, 281 Gymnarrhena micrantha, 29 Hodgsonia macrocarpa, 43, 44 in seedling populations, 251 Gymnogramme, 108, 116 Holcus lanatus, 301 genetically modified organisms GM, gymnosperm, 8, 9, 11, 24, 26, 36, 62, holoparasitic, 92, 95, 97 302 105, 111, 115, 117, 120, 125--7, Honckenya peploides, 244 Gentiana lutea, 39 129, 131, 132, 136, 139--41, 147, Hopea Gentianaceae, 39, 98, 233 149, 193, 196, 204, 385 H. nervosa, 341 Geraniaceae, 29, 39, 151, 277, 318 Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae, H. odorata, 151 Geranium 33 Hordeum G. columbinum, 277 H. spontaneum, and genetic G. dissectum, 277 habitat, 279, 282 structure, 253 G. maculatum, 39 specialization, 342 H. vulgare, 151 G. sessifolium, 29 Halophila stipulacea, 39 hornworts, 106 germination, 3, 230 Haloragidaceae, 5 host specificity, 97, 98 cryptocotylar, 231 Haloxylon host suitability, 94 definition, 276 H. aphylla, 319 Hottonia palustris, 38 epigeal, 127, 128, 252, 290 H. persicum, 319, 328 Humulus japonicus, 47 and fungi, 81 Harpagophytum hunting, 339, 340 hypogeal, 127, 128, 231, 252, 290 H. procumbens, 151 Hyacinthaceae, 11, 42, 47 timing, 56, 317 H. zeyheri, 151 Hyacinthus orientalis, 151 Gesnera macrantha, 47 haustoria, 10, 11, 21, 92, 93, 96, 97, Hydatella filamentosa, 136 Gesneriaceae, 30, 42, 47 99, 164, 165 Hydatellaceae, 135, 136, 141, 143, gibberellins GA, 153, 157, 158 Hazardia squarrosa, 271 144, 146 Ginkgo, 111, 118 heat shock proteins, 161 hydathode, 25, 143 G. biloba, 27, 31, 50, 103, 115, 117, Hedeoma pulegioides, 49 Hydrocharitaceae, 4, 39, 44, 46, 48, 126 Hedera helix, 29, 53 55, 121, 151 Ginkgoaceae, 27, 50, 117 Hedyosmum, 146 hydrophilic polymers, and gland, mistletoe haustoria, 93 H. cuatrezacanum, 139 restoration, 362 Gleicheniaceae, 347 H. goudotianum, 142, 143, 145 Hydrophyllaceae, 32, 48, 233 Gliricidia sepium, 347 H. maximum, 142, 143 Hydrophyllum, 32, 233 Glomeromycota, 190, 192, 193 H. peruvianum, 139 Hymenocallis occidentalis, 54 Glomus H. translucidum, 142, 143 Hymenoscyphus ericae, 193 changes during restoration, 366 Hedysarum laeve, 319, 328 Hypecoum procumbens, 36, 44 G. intraradices, 196 Helianthus annuus, 50, 127, 151 hyperphyll, 20 Glycine max, 151 Helminthostachys, 111, 116 hyphal networks, 189, 191, 197, 207 Gnetales, 117, 118 hemiparasitism, 92, 95, 97, 291 and carbon dynamics, 198 Gnetum, 118 Hepatica nobilis, 240 and seedling establishment, 199 Gonatopus,21 herbivory, 3, 6, 8, 19, 26, 33, 37, 59, hypocotyl, 9, 18, 20, 43--5, 47, 85, 92, Goodyera, 80 60, 65, 74--6, 138, 154, 161, 162, 122, 142, 157, 158, 160 G. pubescens, 81, 83, 84 167, 169, 172, 180--2, 184, 188, hypogeal germination, 9, 121, 122, Gossypium hirsutum, 151 205, 211, 237, 241--5, 252, 253, 127, 128, 144 grasslands, and restoration, 356, 360, 262, 267, 268, 276, 280, 282, and light, 186 364 286--8, 291, 301, 309, 311, 329, Hypoxidaceae, 11

INDEX 507

Hypoxis hygrometrica, 11 jasmonic acid JA, 154, 162, 169 233, 241, 249, 271, 284, 291, 298, Hystrix indica, soil disturbance and Juglandaceae, 7, 39, 120 299, 301, 319, 328, 348, 350 facilitation, 319 Juglans nigra, 120 Lemna, 20, 21, 55 Juncaceae, 38, 384 L. minor, 30, 44, 151 IAA, see auxin Juncus, 38 Lemnaceae, 20, 21, 30, 44, 55, 151 Ibex, soil disturbance and facilitation, Juncus effusus, 383, 384 Lennoa, 97 319 Juniperus, 26, 33, 46, 269 Lennoaceae, 97 Idiospermum australiense, 29, 42 J. sabina, 72 Lens culinaris, 151 Ifloga, 317 J. virginiana, 126 Lentibulariaceae, 42, 50, 54, 88 I. spicata, 317 juvenile, deﬁnition, 218 Lepidium, 27, 318 Ilex aquifolium, 244, 301 Lepidocarpon, 114 Illiciaceae, 135 Kadsura Lepidoceras, 92 Illicium, 137, 142 K. coccinea, 140, 144 Lessingia filaginifolia, 272 I. floridanum, 144, 145, 146 K. scandens, 140 Leucanthemum vulgare, 286 I. griffithi, 148 Kandelia candel, 51 Leucospermum glabrum, 152 I. parviflorum, 142 Kennedia rubicunda, 46 Leymus mollis, 244 I. verum, 148 Khaya, 348 life cycle, 5, 11 Impatiens Kingia australis, 27 life form, and light environments, I. capensis, 6, 7, 30, 44, 383, 384 KNOX homeobox genes, 158, 167 285 I. fruticosa, 49 Kosteletzkya virginica, 70 life history traits, correlations I. pallida, 303 Krameria, 97 among, 178, 227, 228 I. parviflora, 44 Krameriaceae, 97 life span, 239 imprinting soils, and restoration, life table response experiment LTRE, 360, 361 Labiatae, 46, 49 249, 250 Inga, 34, 51 Laburnum vulgare, 42 light responsiveness, 159, 186 I. fagifolia, 350 Laccaria, 206 lignotubers, 27, 31 intermediate disturbance hypothesis, Lactuca sativa, 151, 253 Liliaceae, 27, 31, 32, 35, 47, 50, 52, 323 Laguncularia, 49 54, 152, 198 invasion, 244 L. racemosa, 51 Lilium superbum, 32 invasive species, 212, 244, 277, 278, Lamiaceae, 151, 271, 272, 284, Limnanthaceae, 44 280, 281, 295, 296--306, 362, 369, 365 Limnanthes douglasii, 44 370 landscape, 279, 285 Limnocharis, 55 Ipomoea, 7 landscape patches, 307, 311, 312 Limonia acidissima, 42 I. batatus, 151 transformation, 323 Limonium peregrinum, 151 I. dissecta, 47 Laportea canadensis, 50 Limosella australis, 5 I. glaberrima, 53 LAR, see leaf area ratio Linaceae, 151 I. leptophylla, 45 Larix, 297 Linaria, 45 I. peltata, 53 L. kaempferi, 203, 204, 207 L. cymbalaria, 43 I. quamoclit, 42 L.xeurolepis, 152 Lindernia dubia, 4 Iriartea, 43 Lathraea clandestina, 92 Linum usitatissimum, 151 Iridaceae, 54, 151 Lathyrus, 23 Liparis Iris L. articulatus, 47 L. liliifolia, 84 I. ensata, 151 L. nissolia, 47 L. loeselii, 84 I. hexagona, 151, 162 L. vernus, 241, 249, 250 Lithospermum erythrorhizon, 151 Isoetales, 106, 113 Lauraceae, 26, 39, 97, 151 litter, 64, 282, 365 Isoetes, 111, 114 Lavandula stoechas, 151 and seedling mortality, 243 I. lithophila, 111, 113 leaf-area ratio (LAR), 63, 177, 178, Lodoicea maldivica, 22, 42, 240 iteroparous, 249 181, 291 logging, 334, 337 Iva imbricata, 77 leaf nitrogen mass ratio (LNMR), 275 Lolium arundinaceum, 211 Lecythidaceae, 29, 42, 51 Lonas inodora, 43 JABOWA, 256 Lecythis zabucajo, 42 Lonicera, 303 Jacquinia ruscifolia, 31 Leguminosae, 23, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, L. japonica, 303 Janzen-Connell hypothesis, 204, 242, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49, L. maackii, 303 264, 267, 280 50, 52, 67, 69, 74, 151, 187, 212, L. morrowii, 303

508 INDEX

Lonicera (cont.) megasporangium, 103 monocotyledon (See monocot), 20, 22, L. tartarica, 298, 303 Melastoma beccarianum, 298 23, 80, 111, 120 L. x bella, 303 Melastomataceae, 298, 299, 343, functional aspects of seedlings, 20, Loranthaceae, 54, 92, 94, 95 347 22, 80, 112, 120 Lotus Meliaceae, 37, 49, 52, 348 woody, 22 L. corniculatus, 212 Melicia excelsa, 348 monopodial growth habit, 132, 143 L. japonicus, 151 Melilotus officinalis, 44 Monotropa, and mycorrhizae, 192 L. scoparius, 271 Melinis, and seedling inhibition, 347 M. uniflora, 98 Lucuma, 25, 43 Melocalamus compactiflorus, 53 Monotropoideae, 46, 92, 98, 192, 193 Lupinus Melocanna Montezuma speciosissima, 51 L. albus, 151 M. baccifera, 53 Mora L. sulphureus, 42 M. bambusoides, 53 M. megistoperma, 27, 32, 33, 36 Luzuriagaceae, 20 Menispermaceae, 42 M. oleifera, 51 Lychnis flos-cuculi, and genetic Menispermum canadense, 42 Moraceae, 44, 49, 52, 348 structure, 253 Menyanthaceae, 37 mortality, causes, 19, 241, 280, 282, Lycium afrum, 43 meristems, loss, 31 283, 288, 289 Lycopersicon esculentum, 28 Mertensia virginiana, 32 of invasive seedlings by natives, lycophytes, 113 Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum, 318 300 Lycopodiales, 106, 113 Mesozoic, 113, 131, 147 Morus latifolia, 52 Lycopodium, 111, 114 boundary with Cenozoic, 138 Moscharia rosea, 48 L. cernuum, 125 Messor, and seed predation, 318 Musa acuminata, 151 L. clavatum, 113, 114 Metrosideros polymorpha, 300 Musaceae, 151 Lythraceae, 38, 298 Miconia, 343 myco-heterotrophic plants, 84, 92, 98, Lythrum salicaria, 38, 298 M. argentea, 343 100, 193, 198, 240 microbial communities, and mycorrhizae (See arbuscular Macfadyena unguis-cati, 30 disturbance, 341 mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae), Macrolobium acaciifolium, 33 microhabitat, 279 39, 80, 84, 87, 91, 98, 99, 164, Macrozamia riedeli, 44 and seedling dynamics, 280 165, 170, 188, 191--3, 194, 244, Magnolia, 132 Microloma, 42 264, 305, 316, 333, 336, 341, 355, Magnoliaceae, 132 microsites (See safe sites), 245, 247, 363, 366, 367 Malacothamnus fasciculatus, 271 248, 278, 280, 334, 341, 344, arbuscular AM, 191, 193, 194, Malosma laurina, 271 347, 352, 361, 367, 369, 370, 378 366 Malphigiaceae, 48, 151 limitation, 245 arbutoid, 192, 193 Malus x domestica, 151 Mimosa and carnivorous plants, 91 Malvaceae, 7, 31, 43, 51, 53, 70, 151, M. pigra, 301 chlorophyllous orchid, 193 271, 342 M. pudica, 50, 151 dependency, 291 Mammillaria gaumeri, 39 Mimosaceae, 319 and disturbance, 341 Mangifera indica, 31, 51, 151 and genetic structure, 253 ectomycorrhizae (EM), 191, 192, mangroves, 4, 19, 25, 33, 34, 68, 169 Mimulus 195 Manihot, 128 M. aurantiacus, 271 and epiphytes, 87 M. esculenta, 128, 151 M. lutea, 28 ericoid, 192, 193 Manilkara kauki, 49 Mimusops balata, 45 and facilitation, 264 Marah, 28 Mirabilis fungal speciﬁcity, 83 Marchantia, 112 M. californica, 271 interactions with protocorms, 83 M. domingensis, 112 M. dichotoma, 44, 47 monotropoid, 192, 193 M. polymorpha, 110 M. linearis, 47 of achlorophyllous orchid, 193 Marchantiaceae, 110 Misodendraceae, 92 and recruitment, 244 masting, 258, 263, 266 mistletoes, 92 types, 191, 193 maternal investment, 11, 56 Mitella breweri, 47 mycorrhizal fungal communities, Matricaria globifera, 36, 43 Momordica charantia, 151 197, 366 matrix models, 299 monilophytes, 107, 114 of AM fungi, 208 Medicago, 34, 74 monocot (See monocotyledon),8--11, differences between seedlings and M. lupulina, 52, 212 19, 20--4, 26, 42, 49, 80, 84, 107, adults, 197 M. sativa, 151 111, 120--2, 127--9, 135, 137, 138, mycorrhizal fungi, 19, 81, 83, 98, M. truncatula, 151 142, 144, 149, 379, 383--6 189, 190, 367

INDEX 509

and carbon costs to hosts, 195 nitrogen content, and growth rate, Oxalidaceae, 50 and colonization of land, 190 275 Oxalis hirta, 50 and continuum of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 209, 211 Oxybaphus ovatus, 47 mutualism/parasitism, 190, Noaea mucronata, 322, 323, 327 210 nodulation, and phytohormones, 164 Pachystegia insignis var. minor, 52 and drought, 189 nonmycorrhizal species, and Paeonia, 120 and host specificity, 189, 196 disruption of mycorrhizal Palaquium amboinense, 49 and mineral uptake, 189, 190 infection, 209 Paleocene, 139 and nurse logs, 363 Nothofagus, 243 Paleozoic, 104, 107, 130, 131 and patchy distribution, 378 Nuphar, 141, 146 Palmae (See Arecaceae), 22, 37, 39, 42, and pathogens, 189 nurse plants, 39, 244, 280, 315, 319, 43, 44, 53, 75, 240 and restoration, 363, 366 322, 362, 378 Pandanaceae, 19 and seedling growth, 197, 208 nutrient acquisition, 90, 99 Papaveraceae, 36 shifts in composition, 83 Nuytsia, 92 Papilionaceae, 23, 48 mycorrhizal mutants, and Nyctaginaceae, 44, 47, 52, 271 parasitic fungi, 190 phytohormones, 165 Nymphaea, 141, 146 parasitic plants, 27, 79, 91, 383 Myoporaceae, 67 N. lotus, 47 and phytohormones, 165 Myoporum platicarpum, 67 Nymphaeaceae, 46, 47, 135 Passiflora macrocarpa, 47 Myrica, 212 Nymphaeales, 135, 141, 144, 146, Passifloraceae, 47 M. californica, 44 149 pathogenic microbes, 209 Myricaceae, 44 Nymphioides, 37 pathogens, 65, 75, 242 Myriophyllum variifolium, 5 Nypa fruticans, 25, 53, 151 Pectocarya recurvata, 318 Myristica hollrungii, 52 Pedaliaceae, 45, 151 Myristicaceae, 52, 132 obligate seeding, and fire, 270 Pedicularis furbishiae, 250 Myrmecoidia, 53 Ochroma pyramidale, 342 Pelargonium peltatum, 151 Myrsinaceae, 23, 31, 48, 49, 51, 69, Odocoileus virginianus, 6 Pellia, 109 151, 299 Oenothera, 305 P. epiphylla, 110--12 Myrtaceae, 48, 49, 64, 151, 193, 205, Oidiodendron, 193 Pelliciera, 34 300, 301, 359 Oldenlandia affinis, 151 P. rhizophorae, 51 and genetic structure, 253 Olea europaea, 151 Pellicieraceae, 34, 51 and tropical pastures, 347 Oleaceae, 36, 43, 44, 151, 305 pelotons, 83, 193 NAC genes, 159 Onagraceae, 46, 305, 357 Peltandra virginica, 21, 28, 384 Najadaceae, 48 Ondatra zibethicus, 268 Pennisetum, and seedling inhibition, Najas marina, 48 Ononis repens, 212 347 NAR, 176, 178 Ophioglossum, 115 P. glaucum, 151 Neolitsea sericea, 39 O. vulgatum, 116 Pentaclethra macroloba, 33 Neomarica gracilis, 54 optimality theory, 153 Pentoxylon, 141 Neophytum, 211 Opuntia labouretiana, 43 Peperomia, 25 Nepenthaceae, 46, 49, 88 Orchidaceae, 27, 42, 44, 79, 80, 98, performance trade-offs, 342 Nepenthes, 49, 88, 90 151, 240 perisperm, 141, 149 N. khasiana, 46, 49 and mycorrhizae, 193 Permian, 106 Nerine, 54 and seed size, 240 Persea americana, 151 net assimilation rate NAR, 176, Orchis simia, 84 Petunia hybrida, 152 291 Orobanchaceae, 27, 46, 92, 95, 151 Peucedanum sativum, 42 net primary production, and Orobanche Phacelia tanacetifolia, 48 mycorrhizae, 195 O. cumana, 151 Phalaris arundinacea, 28, 365, neutral theory, 386 O. ramosa, 27, 151 369 niche-construction, 263 Orontium aquaticum, 11 and genetic structure, 253 Nicotiana Orycteropus afer, and seed dispersal, Phanerozoic, 104 N. attenuata, 152 315 Pharbitis nil, 4, 151 N. tabacum, 152 Oryza sativa, 151, 211 Phaseolus, 127 Nierembergia caerulea, 152 and genetic structure, 253 P. lunatus, 33, 151 nitrate, interaction with hormones, and phytohormones, 168 P. vulgaris, 35, 46, 151 163 Ostrya virginiana, 202 phenotypic plasticity, 185 nitrate reductase, induction, 86 Ottelia alismoides, 121 Philesiaceae, 20

510 INDEX

Philodendron,21 Pinguicula, 88, 91 P. callosa, 43 Phlox P. alpina, 91 P. coronopus, 317, 318 P. paniculata, 151 P. villosa, 91 P. lanceolata, 194 P. setacea, 151 P. vulgaris, 91 P. patagonica, 318 Phoenix Pinus, 111, 115, 117, 119, 120, 195, plasticity, 28, 153, 158 P. dactylifera, 44 205, 265, 269, 305, 365 Platysace cirrosa, 47 P. reclinata, 151 P. banksiana, 383 Plectilospermum, 120 Pholisma, 97 and genetic structure , 252, 253 Pleurophyllum hookeri, 19 Phorodendron densum, 92 P. caribaea, and forest restoration, Plumbaginaceae, 49, 51, 151 photoinhibition, 67, 71, 344 350 Plumeria alba, 49 phototrophic, 157, 158 P. contorta, 126, 202, 206, 357 Poa bulbosa, 319, 320 phototropins, 158 P. densiflora, 197 Poaceae, 20, 26, 28, 29, 44, 45, 50, 53, Phragmites australis, 151 P. echinata, 28 55, 73, 122, 151, 208, 211, 244, Phyllocactus stenopetalus, 48 P. halepensis, 49 252, 254, 300, 301, 302, 304, 317, phyllomorph, 30 P. koraiensis, 126 318, 319, 347, 356, 364, 365, 366, phylogeny, 7 P. lambertiana, 268 369 of embryophytes, 106 P. merkusii, 49 and genetic structure, 253 and light environments, 285 P. muricata, 205 Podocarpaceae, 42, 111 physical damage, 73, 75, 179 P. palustris, 269 Podophyllum emodi, 47 Physoplexus comosa, 151 P. pinaster, and genetic structure, Podostemaceae, 30, 44, 47, 48 phytochrome, 156--8 253 Podostemum subulatus, 48 ﬁve forms, 157 P. pinea, 42, 151 Polemoniaceae, 47 phytohormones, 150, 153, 156, 161, P. ponderosa, 257, 268 pollination, and seed size, 233 164, 376 P. radiata, 151 pollutants, and restoration, 362 classes, 153 P. rigida, 3, 27, 28 polyamines, as phytohormones, 156 and herbivory, 167 P. serotina, 50 polyembryony, 30, 118, 119, 120 and mycorrhizae, 165 P. strobus, 42, 201, 202, 256 Polygonaceae, 5, 29, 30, 43, 47, 53, and niche partitioning, 167 P. taeda, 50, 151, 169 151, 271, 300, 328, 384 and phenotypic range, 166 Piper, 149, 343 Polygonum, 7 and phytochrome, 156 Piperaceae, 25, 88, 343 P. arifolium, 7, 383, 384 receptors, 153 Piperales, 120 P. bistorta, 25, 43, 47 and restoration, 363 Pisonia P. bistortoides, 25, 43 and root growth, 163 P. brunoniana, 52 P. hydropiper, 30 second messengers, 153 P. longirostris, 52 P. perfoliatum, 300 and signal transduction, 154 Pistia, 20 P. punctatum, 5, 383, 384 and symbioses, 164 Pisum, 23, 127 P. sphaerostachyum, 43 synergy and antagonism, 166 P. sativum, 43, 127, 151 P. viviparum, 35 photosynthesis, 26, 34, 60, 127, 144, and phytohormones, 168 polymorphism, 29 145, 158, 160--2, 173, 184, 186, Pitcairnia, 87 polypeptide hormones, 154, 155 240, 290, 344, 377 P. corallina, 11 Polypleurum stylosum, 48 Picea, 119 P. flammea, 85, 89 Polyradicion, 80 P. abies, 39 Pithecellobium Pontederiaceae, 28, 48 P. engelmannii, 383 P. pedicellare, and genetic structure, Populus, 18, 285 P. glauca, 259 253 and phytohormones, 168 P. omorika, and genetic structure, P. racemosum, 51 P. deltoides, 152, 298 253 Pitheoctenium crucigerum, 174 P. nigra, 152 P. sitchensis, 26, 202 Pittosporaceae, 42, 49 P. simonii, 328 Pilea pumila, 27, 303, 383, 384 Pittosporum P. tremuloides, 254, 383 Pinaceae, 26, 28, 36, 39, 42, 49, P. crassifolium, 42 Porella, 109 50, 117, 151, 192, 193, 196, P. erioloma, 42 P. bolanderi, 110, 112 197, 199, 202, 204, 207, 252, P. ferrugineum, 49 Portulacaceae, 112, 120 256, 257, 292, 297, 341, 350, planerocotylar, 23 Posidonia australis, 18 357, 383 Plantaginaceae, 43, 194, 280, 317, 318 Posidoniaceae, 18 and genetic structure, 253 Plantago, 280 Potentilla reptans, 47

INDEX 511

Pothos, 20 Q. oleoides, 27 R. cathartica, 281 Primula Q. petraea, 281 R. crocea, 262, 272 P. denticulata, 42 Q. prinus, and restoration, 261, 367 Rheum officinale, 43, 47 P. glaucescens, 151 Q. robur, 151 Rhipsalidopsis, 151 P. sinensis, 48 Q. rubra, 72, 201, 202, 204, 260, Rhizobiaceae, 211 P. veris, 250 261, 367 Rhizobium, 244 Primulaceae, 38, 42, 45, 47, 48, 50, Q. suber, 51 rhizoids, 18, 81 151, 250 Q. turbinata, 46 Rhizophora, 34, 51, 69, 151 Proboscidea louisianica, 45 R. mangle, 35, 162 Proechimys semispinosus, and seed radicle, 5, 8, 18, 32, 85, 92, 118 Rhizophoraceae, 4, 34, 45, 51, 69, 151 predation, 340 Ranunculaceae, 36, 42--4, 112, 240, Rhizopogon, 195, 197, 202, 205, 206 Prosopis, 320 246, 280 rhizosphere, 27, 199 P. alpataco, 70 Ranunculus, 280 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, 48 P. argentina, 70 R. arvensis, 44 Rhopalostylis sapida, 37 P. flexuosa, 69 R. fiscaria, 36 Rhus integrifolia, 271 P. glandulosa, 319 R. hederaceus, 43 Rhyncholacis macrocarpa, 44 P. juliflora, 328 Raphanus sativus, 151 Ribes, 271 Proteaceae, 33, 48, 151, 190, 233, 363 Rapistrum rugosum, 302 Riccia, 108 and herbivory, 242 Rauvolfia serpentina, 151 Ricinus communis, 49, 151 proteoid roots, 163, 170 Ravenea musicalis, 25, 53 Ripogonum scandens, 19, 53 Protium javanicum, 49 recruitment, 239, 273, 342 risk reduction, 309 protocorm, 80, 81, 83, 85, 100, 114 among annuals, 240 r-K spectrum, 235, 309 Prunus, 23 and landscape patchiness, 312 Robinia psuedoacacia, 151 P. americana, 9, 23 and population dynamics, 248 roots P. laurocerasus, 301 among parasitic plants, 95 types, 26 P. persica, 151 failure, 349, 374 contractile, 27 P. serotina, 243, 281 coexistence among multiple dropper roots, 28 P. virginiana, 9, 23 strategies, 236 exudates, 26 pseudorhizomatous growth, 142, 145 strategies, 255 proteoid (cluster), 163, 170 Pseudotsuga, 198, 205 recruitment limitation, 241, 245, Rosa P. menziesii, 39, 151, 195, 196, 251, 260, 264, 334, 373 Rosa canina, 278 198--202, 204, 205 regeneration, from detached R. rugosa, 280--2 pseudovivipary, see also vivipary, 33, cotyledons, 29 Rosaceae,9, 23, 47, 151, 243, 244, 277, 35 regeneration dynamics, 259--60 278, 280--2, 284, 299, 301, 330 Psilotum, 107, 108 regeneration niche, 131, 237, 255, Rostraria, 317 Psittacanthus, 92, 94 260, 274, 379 Rubia cordifolia, 44 Ptelea trifoliata, 36, 43 region scale, 279 Rubiaceae, 42, 44, 48, 52, 151, 185, pteridophytes, 111 relative growth rate (RGR), 18, 63, 86, 271, 272, 303, 347 Pterospora, and mycorrhizae, 192 128, 174, 176, 177, 220, 275, 283, Rubus, 299 Pyracantha angustifolia, 244 284, 291, 305 R. fruticosus, 151 Pyrus communis, 151 decline, 176 ruderal paleoherb hypothesis, 133, Pyxidanthera barbulata, 43 and herbivory, 242 134 and seed size, 177--8, 231 Rumex Quercus, 25, 41, 45, 46, 187, 205, 206, and seedling defense, 179, 181 R. acetosa, 151 244 and tissue density, 231 R. palustris, 151 Q. alba, 6, 202, 261, 298 reproductive lifespan, deﬁnition, 218 Ruschia spinosa, 309 Q. berberidifolia, and transient seed resource allocation theory, 62 Rutaceae, 23, 26, 30, 36, 42, 43, 49, banks, 262 resource use, limitations related to 152 Q. ellipsoides, 201 size, 6 Q. ilex, 25, 33, 233 resprouting, 231, 270 Sabina vulgaris, 319, 328 Q. kelloggii, 257 restoration, 10, 326, 352 Saccharum, and seedling inhibition, Q. lobata, 357 RGR, see relative growth rate 347 Q. macrocarpa, 201 Rhamnaceae, 272, 281 S. officinarum, 211 Q. montana, 201 Rhamnus S. spontaneum, 347

512 INDEX

safe sites, see also microsites, 6, 7, Schisandraceae, 135, 142 seed production, lifetime 38, 40, 245, 255, 280, 360, Schismus, 317 reproduction and seed number, 379 S. barbatus, 318 223 filters, 7, 8 Schlumbergera, 151 seed reserves, energy and nitrogen, and restoration, 359 Sciurus carolinensis, 6 173, 176 Sagittaria Scrophularia aquatica, 38 seed size, 8, 20, 61, 65, 72, 76, 99, S. latifolia, 36, 47 Scrophulariaceae, 4, 5, 27, 28, 38, 43, 132, 135, 136, 139, 145, 146, 217, S. sagittifolia, 47 45, 53, 72, 92, 152, 250, 271, 218, 275, 283, 288, 377 Salaciopsis ingifera, 53 282, 284 across all species, 217 Salicaceae, 4, 18, 152, 193, 195, 204, Scutellospora, and facilitating and allocation patterns,172, 177, 205, 254, 263, 285, 298, 319, restoration, 366 179, 181 328, 383 seagrasses, 4, 35, 39 in basal angiosperms, 136 Salicornia Sebacina, 193 and biomes, 287 S. dolichostachya, 55 Sebacinaceae, 84 and cotyledon photosynthesis, 230 S. europaea, 55 Secale cereale, 151 evolution, 138--41 salicylic acid SA, 154, 169 Sechium edule, 53 and gap pioneers, 343 salinity, 68 sedges, 10, 36 and growth rates, 177, 231 Salix, 4, 195, 285 seed heritability, 233 S. nigra, 263 dimorphic, 29 and initial seedling size, 234 S. psammophila, 319, 328 heteromorphism, 30 and life history traits, 227 S. reinii, 201, 203, 204, 207 maternal reserves, 18, 24, 175, and lifetime reproduction, 223 Salsola, 317 332 and nitrogen addition, 63 S. kali, 366 reserve utilization, 173 and plant size, 223 S. paletzkiana, 328 seed banks, 3, 142, 360, 364 relationship to seedling mass, 176 salt deserts, 68 in deserts, 315 and RGR, 174, 176--8, 180 salt marshes, 68 dormant, 270 and reserve dependency, 173--5, Salvia dynamics, 5 179--82, 184, 187, 188 S. apiana, 272 and forest lianas, 336 and survival, including later stage, S. lavandulifolia, and facilitating persistent, 5, 230, 256 220, 221, 222, 225, 234, 283 restoration, 365 and restoration, 359, 369 variation within species, 233, 234 S. leucophylla, 272 and seed size, 5, 229 seed size/number trade-off, 220, 224, S. mellifera, 271 and seedling banks, 382 247, 248 S. miltiorrhiza, 151 and soil disturbance, 337 within species, 234 Samanea saman, 50 transient, 5, 262, 375 seedling Sambucus nigra, 278 seed dormancy, 66, 118, 123, 125 conservative, 7, 178, 179 Sansieveria, 20 mechanisms, 125 definition, 6, 17--18, 142, 218, 276 Santalaceae, 92 morphological, 118 and desert patch formation, 320 Sapium sebiferum, 297, 302 morphophysiological, 118 development, 18 Sapotaceae, 25, 37, 42, 43, 45, 49 physiological, 119 dispersal by water, 37 Sarcandra, 141 seed habit, selective advantages, 126 end of stage, 18 S. glabra, 143 seed limitation, see also recruitment epigeal, 8, 9, 18, 19, 23 Sarcodes, and mycorrhizae, 192 limitation and dispersal first leaves, 26 Sarcopoterium spinosum, 330 limitation, 246, 247, 349, 352, fugitive, 7 Sarracenia, 88, 90 381 functional types, 9, 20, 23, 24 S. alata, 90 and disturbance, 334 generalists, 7 S. purpurea, 88, 90 as a part of recruitment growth patterns, 31 Sarraceniaceae, 49, 88 limitation, 245 herbivore defense, 26 Saxifraga cernua, 35 on large scales, 247 hypogeal, 9, 18, 19, 23 Saxifragaceae, 35, 47 seed mass, see seed size interrupted growth, 31 Schefflera morototoni, 347 seed number/seedling survival morphology, 23, 24 Scheidea diffusa, 52 tradeoff, see also seed size/seed opportunistic, 7, 178--81, 184, Schisandra, 144 number trade-off, 219, 233 186--8 S. chinensis, 143, 144 seed predation, and restoration see palatibility, 33 S. glabra, 144 also herbivory, 367 roots, 26--7

INDEX 513

specialists, 7 and facilitating restoration, 364, strategies, see also r-K continuum, storage, 20, 21, 27, 28, 36, 39, 40 365 successional species stress tolerator, 7 restoring Mediterranean scrub, 368 conservative, 179, 180, 187 surface features, 25 Sida carpinifolia, 31 opportunistic, 179, 180, 186 vulnerabilities, 12 Sideroxylon tomentosum, 43 stratification, 71, 368 dependence on mineral elements, Silene alba, 286 Stratiotes, 46 173 Silurian, 106, 107, 114 S. aloides, 44 dependence on reserves, 173, 174 Simaroubaceae, 297 Streblus asper, 44, 49 trade-off among defenses, 182 Simmondsia chinensis, 152 Streptocarpus, 30, 47 variation in morphology, 276 Simmondsiaceae, 152 S. dunnii, 42 variation in size, 276 skototropic movement, 158 S. rexii, 42 seedling banks, 36, 297, 375 SLA, see also specific leaf area, 178, stresses, habitat, 6 types, 282, 381 181, 184 Striga, 27, 95, 96 seedling dormancy, 32, 160 Smilacaceae, 19, 53 S. asiatica, 96 and dehydrin proteins, 160 Smith and Fretwell model, 218, 219, Stryphnodendron microstachyum, 348 and phytohormones, 160 233 Stylidiaceae, 36, 44 seedling equivalents, 33, 35, 181 Socratea, 43 Stylidium adnatum, 36, 44 seedling establishment, 5 S. exorrhiza, 75 Suaeda, 317 and specialized seed beds, 363 soils, infertile, 175 S. maritima, 69 seedling organs, longevity, 36 Solanaceae, 28, 43, 152, 155, 272, 315 S. monoica, 151 seedling size Solanum, 272 succession, and restoration, 353, 357, and herbivory, 241 S. khasianum, 152 364 and light environments, 283 S. lycopersicum, 152, 155, 168 successional species, see also r-K seedling stage, 17, 18, 38, 40 S. tuberosum, 152, 155 continuum, strategies, 61 length under selection, 297 Sorghum bicolor, 26, 50, 151, 253 sugars, as phytohormone signals, seedling survival (See mortality Spartina 164 causes), 84, 86, 90, 92, 172, 178, S. alterniflora, 254, 300 Suillus, 197, 202, 206 179, 181--5, 188, 209, 211 S. versicolor, 55 survival, see seedling survival of orchids, 84 spatial scale, 278 Swetia perennis, 233 sources of mortality, 19 species richness, 310 Swietenia, 348 and growth rates, 178 specific leaf area SLA, 63, 178, 275, symbiotic fungus, 81 and microhabitats, 290 285, 290, 291, 377 sympodial growth habit, 135, 142 and seed dormancy, 230 and herbivory, 242 and seed size, 226 specific leaf mass, 63 Tabebuia rosea, 174 to reproductive maturity, 225, 227 specific root length, 63 Tamaricaceae, 49, 298 turnover, 266 spermatophytes, 107 Tamarix ramosissima, 298 seedling traits, and adult traits, 232 Sphagnaceae, 110 Taraxacum hamatiforme, 29 seed-seedling conflicts, 40 Sphagnum, 112, 362 Taxaceae, 9, 36, 42, 244 Selaginella, 114 S. subsecundum, 110, 112 Taxodiaceae, 26, 28, 42 S. kraussiana, 114 Spirodela, 151 Taxodium distichum, 28 S. martensii, 113, 114 spores Taxus, 36 Selaginellales, 106, 113 dispersal, 206, 341 T. baccata, 9, 244 semelparous, 249 dispersal facilitating restoration, temperature stress (See thermal Senecio 367 extremes), 308, 316, 329, 344, S. johnstonii, 31 dormant fungal spore bank, 205 365 S. pulcher, 45 of mycorrhizal fungi, 205 Terminalia megalocarpa, 42 S. vulgaris, 48 Stachys sieboldii, 151 Tertiary, 113 shade adaptation, small seeds Stellaria longipes, 151 Thalassia, 4 as, 140 stems, modified, 27 T. hemprichii, 55 shade tolerance, 185 Sterculiaceae, 26, 152 Thallassodendron Sherardia arvensis, 44 Stipa, 319 T. ciliatum, 55 Shorea, 46 S. capensis, 318 T. pachyrhizum, 55 S. leprosula, 37 Stipagrostis, 319, 320 Theobroma cacao, 152 shrublands Stirlingia latifolia, 33 Theophrastaceae, 31

514 INDEX

thermal extremes (See temperature Tuber, 205 Vriesea stress), 161, 308 Tulasnella, 193 V. geniculata, 87 thigmotropism, 93, 97 Tulipa, 27, 47 V. hieroglyphica, 86 Thuja Tussilago farfara, 47 V. sanguinolenta, 86, 87 T. occidentalis, 341, 363 Typha, 37 V. scalaris, 85 T. plicata, 198, 199, 202 T. domingensis, 69, 70 Thymelaea hirsuta, 323, 327, 330 T. latifolia, 5, 152, 384 Washingtonia filifera, 44 Thymelaeaceae, 323 Typhaceae, 5, 37, 69, 152, 384 waterlogging, 252 Tillandsia Welwitschia, 118 T. circinnata, 87 Ulmaceae, 31, 152 W. mirabilis, 31, 36, 152 T. dasylirifolia, 87 Ulmus Welwitschiaceae, 31, 152 T. paucifolia, 86, 87 U. effusa, 31 wetlands, and restoration, 358 Tillandsioideae, 85 U. glabra, 152 Winteraceae, 132 Tipularia, 80 Ulocladium atrum, 304 Wolffia, 31 T. discolor, 81, 84, 89 unit leaf ratio ULR, 291 woody magnoliid hypothesis, 132, Tmesipteris, 107, 108 Urtica dioica, 50 134 Tolumnia variegata, 84 Urticaceae, 27, 50, 303, 347, wound response, 162 Toona sinensis, 49 384 Torreya myristica, 9 Utricularia, 50, 88, 89, 90 Xanthium strumarium, 4, 6 Toxicodendron pubescens, 6 U. geminiscapa, 42 Xanthorrhoea, and excluding Tozzia, 96 U. nelumbifolia, 54 grazers during restoration, 367 tracheophytes, 106, 108, 109 U. reniformis, 54 X. australis, 27 trade-offs, 12 U. radiata, 92 X. gracilis, 367 between growth and survival, 178, U. striatula, 89 X. preisii, 367 179, 181 U. subulata, 90 Xanthorrhoeaceae, 27, 367 Trapa natans, 29, 42 Xanthosoma, 21 Trapaceae, 29, 42 Valeriana glechomifolia, 152 X. sagittifolium, 151 Trema, 342 Valerianaceae, 152 T. micrantha, 343 Vallisneria, 48 Yucca, 316, 320 Tricholoma matsutake, 197 V. americana, 151 Trifolium repens, 151, 212 Verbascum, 4 Zamia, 108, 115, 118 Trillium grandiflorum, 32 Verbena officinalis, 43 Z. pumila, 117 Trimenia, 137, 142 Verbenaceae, 26, 43 Zamiaceae, 44 T. moorei, 143 Veronica peregrina, 282 Zannichelliaceae, 38 T. papuana, 142, 145 Vicia, 23 Zantedeschia aethiopica, 151 Trimeniaceae, 135 V. faba, 151 Zanthoxylum stenophyllum, 152 Triphysaria versicolor, 96, 152 Vigna radiata, 151 Zea mays, 151, 168 Tristerix, 94 Viola palustris, 47 and phytohormones, 168 Tristichaceae, 30 Violaceae, 47 mutants and phytohormone Trithuria, 143 Viscaceae, 92, 95 function, 168 Triticum, 26, 50 viscin, 94 Zilla myagroides, 42 T. aestivum, 122, 151, 253 Vismia, and tropical pastures, Zinnia elegans, 151 Triuridaceae, 98 347 Zizania, 28 Trollius ledebouri, 44 Vitaceae, 152 zonation, 70 tropical forests, 172, 178, 179, 185 Vitellaria paradoxa, 42 Zostera, 35 Tsuga, 205 Vitex pubescens, 26 Zosteraceae, 20, 35 and advanced regeneration, 262 Vitis vinifera, 152 zosterophyllophytes, 106 T. canadensis, 201, 202, 257, 341 vivipary, see also cryptovivipary, 4, Zygomycota, 193 T. heterophylla, 199, 201, 202 25, 33, 34, 68, 69, 169 Zygophyllaceae, 318