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Armenia Jean Radvanyi, the International Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations, France

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Armenia Jean Radvanyi, the International Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations, France ISSN 1027-8540 THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CAUCASIAN REGIONAL STUDIES Caucasian Regional Studies LAW POLITICS SOCIOLOGY ECONOMICS MODERN HISTORY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 1 Issue 1, 1996 C a u c a s i a n R e g i o n a l S t u d i e s is published in English and in Russian. The English edition is distributed electronically via the 'INTERNET' system. The Russian edition is printed and distributed in the Transcaucasian republics and Russia. © FRIEDRICH EBERT STIFTUNG THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CAUCASIAN REGIONAL STUDIES &DXFDVLDQ I, 1996 5HJLRQDO 6WXGLHV THE INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD: Alexander Kukhianidze, (chief editor), Tbilisi State University, Georgia Stephen Jones, (editor of the English edition), Mount Holyoak college, USA Dmitri Furman, (editor of the Russian edition), Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Europe, Russia Leila Alieva, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Azerbaijan Grachia Galstian, Centre for the Study of the Humanities, Armenia Jean Radvanyi, The International Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations, France THE INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD: Lincoln Allison, (chief adviser), University of Warwick, UK Iuri Anchabadze, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russia Revaz Gachechiladze, Tbilisi State University, Georgia Bruno Coppieters, Free University of Brussels, Belgium Ali-Aga Mamedov, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Azerbaijan Charles Urjewicz, The International Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilizations, France Ghia Nodia, The Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Georgia Klaus Rasmussen, The University of Copenhagen, Denmark ________________________________________________________________________ English version corrected by David Rowson Translated by Maia Kipshidze Caucasian Regional Studies Issue 1, 1996 CONTENTS EDITOR'S PREFACE .................................................................................................... 3 Jonathan Aves (United Kingdom) POLITICS, PARTIES AND PRESIDENTS IN TRANSCAUCASIA ............................ 5 Revaz Gachechiladze (Georgia) GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL FACTORS OF STATE BUILDING IN TRANSCAUCASIA .................................................................................................. 24 Vladislav Shorokhov (Russia) ENERGY RESOURCES OF AZERBAIJAN: POLITICAL STABILITY AND REGIONAL RELATIONS ............................................................................................ 37 Robert Cutler (Canada) TOWARDS COOPERATIVE ENERGY SECURITY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS ................................................................................................................... 71 Alexander Ossipov (Russia) KRASNODAR REGION: MIGRATION, NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL RHETORIC .................................................................................................................... 82 Alexander Rondeli (Georgia) GEORGIA IN POST-SOVIET SPACE .......................................................................... 96 EDITOR'S PREFACE During the Soviet epoch the Caucasus was probably the most flourishing re- gion of the Soviet Union. But as it was behind the 'Iron Curtain', it remained little investigated by the rest of the world. When the Curtain fell down and the newly in- dependent states (NIS) began to emerge out of the ruins of the Soviet Empire, it was the same Caucasus that became the arena of bloody wars and of the geopolitical games of the large regional powers, and the people living there fell into a state of poverty and despair. Not many people could understand the complicated interweaving of the post- communist, geopolitical, ethnic, cultural and other factors, causing the deep social shocks that took place practically all over the region. So far in the West only a handful of Caucasian experts have shown professional competence in the politics, economics and public life of the Caucasian republics. Even in the Caucasus itself there are few such experts as the communist system needed ideologists and not analysts. From the necessity to regulate ethno-political conflicts, to render assistance to refugees and to generally stabilise the region as well as to use the Transcaucasian route and the Caspian oil there arose in the West a definite strategic interest in the Caucasus, and, accordingly, the need to analyse the processes that are happening here. To use a Russian idiom, the Caucasian and Russian political leaders had chopped a lot of firewood before they started to realise the idea of the unity of the Caucasian region and that of positive state building. But so far there is practically no systematic research into the problems of inter-Caucasian relations, state building, the processes of democratisation and economic liberalisation, the state of affairs re- lating to Human Rights and national minorities, Caucasian republics joining the world community, etc. In September 1995 within the framework of the TACIS programme and with the support of the EC Delegation in Georgia, an international conference on the 'Problems of Democratisation in the Caucasus' was held. Apart from theoretical dis- cussions participants at the conference from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belgium, Great Britain, Georgia, Denmark, Russia, France and other countries, established the In- ternational Association for Caucasian Regional Studies, the aim of which is for rep- resentatives of the regions of the Caucasus and Russia to carry out joint research 4 Editor's preface projects with the participation of western colleagues. At the conference a decision was also taken to systematically publish the results of research on actual political, economic, legal, international, historical and other social problems of the Caucasian Region. The first edition of 'Caucasian Regional Studies' is the result of the decision taken at the conference. The next issues will be promulgated on the basis of the se- lection of relevant articles and materials. There are separate English and Russian issues. In future, with the improvement of 'Caucasian Regional Studies' and the in- crease of world interest towards the Caucasus, it is planned to turn the journal into a quarterly publication. On behalf of the Editorial and Advisory Boards of 'Caucasian Regional Studies' I would like to express gratitude to His Excellency, Mr. Denis Corboy, Head of the E.C. Delegation to the Republic of Georgia as well as to his assistant Mrs. Kate Whyte for help and assistance rendered in conducting the conference on the prob- lems of the Caucasus in September 1995, and establishing the International Asso- ciation for Caucasian Regional Studies. I would like to thank the British Embassy in Georgia and personally His Ex- cellency Mr. Stephen Nash, HM Ambassador for a great contribution to the prepa- ration of the first issue of 'Caucasian Regional Studies'. The Fund of Friedrich Ebert were so kind as to finance this edition without which it would have been impossible to publish it. I would like to thank the leader- ship of the Fund and its representative in Georgia Mrs. Ia Tikanadze. Alexander Kukhianidze Editor June, 1996 POLITICS, PARTIES AND PRESIDENTS IN TRANSCAUCASIA Jonathan Aves* (United Kingdom) Introduction Most commentators still assume that politics in Transcaucasia are dominated by nationalist issues; that the most successful politicians and political parties are those which can convince the electorate that they will be most effective in asserting the claims of their nationality against the claims of other nationalities, particularly as they affect control over territory and the resources located on that territory. Thus, images of Transcaucasia are dominated by the conflicts in Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. This paper argues that an analytical framework based on nationalism is no longer sufficient for us understand the political processes taking place in Transcaucasia and will not help us understand the outcome of the elections which took place in the three Transcaucasian republics in 1995. This paper will suggest a new framework for understanding the domestic po- litical processes currently being experienced by the three Transcaucasian republics. As with many radical mass movements, the nationalist movements which arose in the three Transcaucasian republics at the end of the 1980s experienced a total change in character when they came to power. In the first phase such mass move- ments strive to mobilise support behind a programme promising an entirely new po- litical and social order whilst in the second phase they become pre-occupied with consolidating their hold on power which, besides involving compromises with the radical ideals of their original programme, also gives rise to struggles between groups in the leadership of the movement for control over coercive and material re- sources.1 Only one of the Transcaucasian nationalist movements, the Armenian Na- * Jonathan Aves - is lecturer of the School of European Studies at the University of Sus- sex, UK. 1 The Bolshevik party in Russia in 1917, for example, had a real mass base amongst in- dustrial workers but very soon after coming to power in October it adopted policies which contradicted the aspirations of those workers as exemplified by the decision to employ 'bourgeous' specialists. I am grateful to Marine Kurkchian of the Sociology Department of Yerevan University for the insights which provoked this line of thought. 6 Jonathan Aves tional Movement (ANM), has successfully navigated that transition but the current
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