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Minalungao National Park, Nueva Ecija, Philippines Hosts Six Chiroptera Species

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Minalungao National Park, Nueva Ecija, Philippines Hosts Six Chiroptera Species IJBPAS, July, 2018, 7(7): 1362-1373 ISSN: 2277–4998 MINALUNGAO NATIONAL PARK, NUEVA ECIJA, PHILIPPINES HOSTS SIX CHIROPTERA SPECIES KHRISTINA G. JUDAN CRUZ AND LORD MER DG. PADER Department of Biological Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Phil- ippines *Corresponding author: Khristina G. Judan Cruz: E-mail: [email protected] Received 26th Feb. 2018; Revised 30th March. 2018; Accepted 22nd April 2018; Available online 1st July 2018 https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2018/7.7.4491 ABSTRACT Order Chiroptera is the most diverse mammalian order in the Philippines. However, the Chiropterans are also likely the most poorly identified mammals in the Philippines. Spe- cies of Chiroptera were collected from three (3) caves at Minalungao National Park, a 2000- hectare protected area located at General Tinio, Nueva Ecija in Central Luzon, Philippines, which has not yet been identified for research, hence, limited existing published scientific studies. This is the first report of Chiropterans on Minalungao National Park, Philippines based on morphological characters, an update on the previously reported species based on a molecular marker, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI). One endemic species is reported. The study revealed a high diversity of chiropteran species at Minalungao. A total of 6 species of Chiroptera representing 2 suborders (Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera) and 5 families (Vespertilionidae, Hipposideridae, Emballonuridae, Pteropodidae, and Rhinolophi- dae) were identified using morphological characterization. These are: Miniopterus australis (Kulilit), Hipposideros pygmaeus (Tengang Baboy), Taphozous melanopogon (Ngusong Ka- bayo), Rhinolophus arcuatus (Panget), Ptenochirus jagori (Bangaag) and Rousettus amplex- icaudus (Bayakan). Keywords: Chiroptera; Minalungao National Park 1362 IJBPAS, July, 2018, 7(7) Khristina G. Judan Cruz et al Research Article INTRODUCTION need for conservation movements is Although known for its small land caused by the devastation and damage of area, the Philippine archipelago is notable tropical forests and other anthropogenic for the huge number of native endemic threats such as hunting [1, 11]. mammalian species and has the highest Forest habitats have been acknowl- concentration of endemic mammals in a edged as principally essential for Chiropte- global scale with around 180 recorded ra and a priority for conservation efforts mammal species; 110 of which are endem- globally [10] and the Philippines epito- ic [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). mizes an outstanding, if dismal, case. The Chiroptera species frequently fill forfeiture of forest habitats related to pre- up a high percentage of the diversity of all valent biodiversity have been well re- the mammals around the world [8]. Chi- ported [6, 11], although, this in combina- roptera is regarded as the most diverse or- tion with the comparatively high endem- der of mammals in the Philippines, with 25 ism and a rate of species discovery which megachiropteran and 48 microchiropteran is amongst the greatest in the world [3] described species [6,8]. Roughly 40% of likens to an urgent necessity for conserva- these species are endemic [8]. However, tion action. Accounted now as a hotspot in the Chiropterans are also accounted prob- terms of biodiversity loss, conservation ably as the least identified order of mam- strategies are now being instigated in mals in the Philippines [1,9]. In fact, only many areas in the Philippines. Among 70 species of Chiroptera were reported these is the establishment of national parks from the Philippines when the latest to help protect and conserve biodiversity. checklist was prepared in 1992 [3, 9]. Minalungao National Park located Chiroptera plays a very substantial at General Tinio, Nueva Ecija in Central role in the biosphere as part of the density Luzon, Philippines, is a 2000-hectare pro- and complexity of ecosystems and food tected area which has not yet been the fo- webs therein. As part of biodiversity, it cus for research and scientific studies. Pre- consumes fruits of trees as their nutrition sently, it serves as an ecotourism destina- and provides food, as well, to consumers tion under the local government unit exhi- such as humans. Protection of forest habi- biting stunning rock formations, fascinat- tats must be prioritized worldwide for the ing river, and enchanting flora. It boasts safety of Chiropterans [1,10]. The dire high diversity of organisms that are con- 1363 IJBPAS, July, 2018, 7(7) Khristina G. Judan Cruz et al Research Article densed on species-rich forests and rivers Currently, an initial listing of chi- and is also considered as one of the last ropteran species at Minalungao National natural environments north of Manila.. It is Park based on molecular identification us- an ecologically and biologically significant ing the mitochondrial gene marker cyto- area where populations of globally threat- chorome oxidase 1 (CO1) was reported ened or geographically restricted species [14]. This is a first report on the chiropte- and undiscovered endemic species are ex- rans of based on morphological identifica- pected to be found. It is a very good area tion. With this study, it provides informa- for research particularly in studies for sys- tion on establishing its biodiversity that tematics, biodiversity conservation, mi- may be used to employ conservation strat- crobiology, ecology, animal and plant egies and eventually for the protection of physiology and biotechnology. These stu- Chiroptera at Minalungao National Park. dies would be useful in the identification MATERIALS AND METHODS of plants and animal species that dwell in Collection of Samples the area, as well as in determining the rela- The different species of Chiroptera tionships and its ecological interactions. were collected from three (3) caves at Mi- While new species of Chiropterans nalungao National Park such as Maipit have recently been reported, it is guessed Cave, Minalungao Cave and Makatulang that there are numerous species that may Cave. Exact location was determined using now be endangered and maybe extinct are the Global Positioning System (GPS). still unknown [1, 9]. Since it has been con- Consequently, abiotic factors such as air firmed that the assessment of the number temperature and humidity were determined of species of Chiroptera in Philippines that using thermo-anemometer and sling psyc- are extinct or endangered is not conceiva- hrometer respectively. The guidelines on ble, faunal surveys are recommended in handling wild animals for research were practically all parts of the country [12]. strictly followed. Around 50% of the megachiropteran fauna Morphological Identification of Chirop- in the Philippines is vastly threatened as an tera outcome of extensive deforestation and The following morphological charac- hunting [8, 10, 13]. On the other hand, the ters were used in identifying the collected status of Microchiropteran fauna is poorly Chiroptera based on [9]: (1) Total length; known [1,2] although several of endemic (2) Body length; (3) Ear; (4) Tail; (5) species were already recognized. Hindfoot; (6) Forearm. 1364 IJBPAS, July, 2018, 7(7) Khristina G. Judan Cruz et al Research Article RESULTS AND DISCUSSION brown fur longer over the shoulders and A total of 6 species of Chiroptera top of the head than elsewhere on the representing 2 suborders (Megachiroptera body. Its tragus is small and is rounded and Microchiroptera) and 5 families (Ves- and widest at the tip. The tip of its longest pertilionidae, Hipposideridae, Emballonu- digit on the wing folds back rather firmly ridae, Pteropodidae, and Rhinolophidae) against the adjacent part of the wing, were identified. Eight phenotypes with dif- hence the English common name[15]. ferent local names were initially separated. It nestles about 1000 m above sea However, through morphological external level in agricultural areas, subsequent de- measurements, 3 of those phenotypes were velopment, and principal forest, rarely classified under one species, Taphozous comprising montane forest. It is frequently melanopogon Temminck, 1841 (Black- the most copious species in caves in dis- bearded tomb bat) with local names of tracted territories, with assessments habi- Ngusong kabayo (brown), Ngusong ka- tually in the thousands. It often perches bayo (black). Other species identified with with Miniopterus schreibersii [4, 16, 17, common and local names were Miniopte- 18, 19, 20]. The echolocation call of this rus australis Tommes, 1848 (Little Bent- species from Laguna Province was defined Winged Bat/ Kulilit), Hipposideros pyg- [21]. They are geographically prevalent maeus Waterhouse, 1843 (Philippine and common but reliant on caves [15]. pygmy roundleaf bat/ Ngusong Baboy), Family Hipposideridae Rhinolophus arcuatus Peters, 1871 (Ar- Hipposideros pygmaeus Waterhouse, cuate horseshoe bat/ no known local 1843 (Philippine pygmy roundleaf bat/ name), Ptenochirus jagori Peters, 1861 Ngusong Baboy) (Greater musky fruit bat/Bangaag) and It has total length of 64.5 mm, tail Rousettus amplexicaudus E. Geoffroy, of 39.4 mm, hind foot of 2 mm, ear of 5.8 1810 (Common rousette/ Bayakan). mm, and forearm of 35.2 mm. The tiniest Family Vespertilionidae species of Hipposideros is in the Philip- Miniopterus australis Tommes, 1848 pines. The dorsal pelage has two colors, (Little Bent-Winged Bat/Kulilit) white or cream at the base and dark brown It has a total length of 87 mm; tail at the tips. The ventral pelage is medium of 11.3 mm; hind foot of 6.2 mm; ear of brown, darkest at the base. There are two 13.4 mm; forearm of 63.7 mm. Similar to sets of leaflets lateral to the anterior nose- all Miniopterus, this species has very dark leaf, the interior pair of which meet over- 1365 IJBPAS, July, 2018, 7(7) Khristina G. Judan Cruz et al Research Article head the mouth (at the foot of the noseleaf) tions with huge attics, effortlessly evident to form a incessant leaflet[22]. in hazy daylight [18, 19, 20, 24] . It is pre- This species is not well characte- valent in Asia and plentiful in the Philip- rized and identified. This species has been pines [23]. caught in caves close to lowland forest, Rousettus amplexicaudatus E.
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