Paper: 07; Module No: 23: E Text (A) Personal Details: Role Name

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Paper: 07; Module No: 23: E Text (A) Personal Details: Role Name Paper: 07; Module No: 23: E Text (A) Personal Details: Role Name Affiliation Principal Investigator: Prof. Tutun Mukherjee University of Hyderabad Paper Coordinator: Prof. Suchorita Jadavpur University, Kolkata Chattopadhyay Coordinator for this Module Prof. Tutun Mukherjee University of Hyderabad Content Writer: Dr. Mrinmoy Pramanick University of Calcutta Content Reviewer: Prof. Tutun Mukherjee University of Hyderabad Language Editor: Prof. Tutun Mukherjee University of Hyderabad (B) Description of Module: Items Description of Module Subject Name: English Paper No & Name: Paper 07: Canadian, Australian and South Pacific Literatures in English Module No & Name: 23; Australian Prose Writings by Writers of European Descent: Patrick White: Voss Pre-requisites: A brief knowledge about Australian prose is required. Objectives: This module aims to make students interested in Patrick White and in his contribution to the Australian prose writing. Key Words: Australian Prose, Patrick White, Voss 1 About the Module This module gives glimpses of Australian prose tradition and it situates Patrick White in the context of it. Module talks very briefly about bio-note of Patrick White and his contribution to Australian prose and his achievements. After that module talks about major works by Patrick White and discusses especially on Voss. Later reception of White in the literary world beyond Australia is discussed and a brief critical appreciation is presented here. At the end of the module you will find conclusion and a summary of the whole discussion. Students are suggested to consult the reference and further reading list to have wider conception about the writer in particular and Australian prose tradition in general. Introduction If we see the history of literature of Australia and New Zealand we can find a collective values in spite of all the differences and conflicts. Different cultures and traditions like the indigenous culture and the cultural hegemony of the colonizers and European descent it is amazing to see how the new culture of the nation has been emerged with the references of both. Authors have beautifully addressed the question of conflicts and differences. Australian literature consists of both the oral and written heritage. And these two heritage is built from the cultural resources respectively of the indigenous people and the European invader into the land. Later the indigenous written literature has been developed with the adaptation of different literary genres from the west. There are two different world views in constitution of the community. The community of the white people finds their cultural heritage from the Europe and from the settlers in the land and the indigenous people finds their cultural heritage from the cultural resources of the indigenous culture. But these two different world views have been addressed simultaneously in contemporary Australian literature as two parts of the same system. Before the European settlement in Australia in 1778, there was no written literature in Australia. The aboriginal community brought their traditional stories, myths, legends, and dreamtime stories through their orality or through performance or painting. Australian English literature started its journey since very beginning of colonization in Australia. And later with the emergence of different aboriginal authors English literature of Australia unfolds its new horizon. English literature of Australia can be divided in three major categories, and those are, English literature by the Europeans, English literature by the authors of European descent and the English literature written by the aboriginal authors. 2 Early English literature in Australia is significant today for their historical and social value but not for their literary value per se. 20th century observed that the Australian English literature is recognized by the readers and critics beyond Australia. And it is also found that the literature of 20th century is thematically different than the literature of the 19th century. Gradual transformation from rural life to urban life can be observed in the literature of these two centuries. Besides this the concept of cosmopolitanism also has been reflected in the literature. With the emergence of the aboriginal writings in Australian English a new horizon was unfolded in the history of Australian literature and such literatures were critically acclaimed in different parts of the world (History of Literature Introduction). Patrick White: An Introduction Patrick White was born in 1912 in Knightsbridge, London, and he passed away in 1990. He born to the Australian parents. In his early age of just six months, his parents came back to Australia. During his schooldays he used to stay in a boarding school in South Wales. White went to England to study literature in the King’s College, Cambridge University, from 1932 to 1935. During his study in England he realized his sexual feelings for the men but like many others he was afraid to express it (Patrick White). He is one of the most renowned and well-known Australian author to the world. He wrote almost twelve novels and almost thirty short stories. He was also a playwright and screenplay writer. One of his stories was adapted into film (Life of Patrick White). His creation in prose includes, Happy Valley (1939), The Living and the Dead (1941), The Aunt's Story (1948), The Tree of Man (1955), Voss (1957), Riders in the Chariot (1961), The Solid Mandala (1966), The Vivisector (1970), The Eye of the Storm (1973), A Fringe of Leaves (1976), The Twyborn Affair (1979), Memoirs of Many in One (1986), The Hanging Garden (2012) and collections of short story are The Burnt Ones (1964), The Cockatoos (1974), Three Uneasy Pieces (1987), and an autobiography Flaws in the Glass (1981)1. Besides this he wrote quite a good number of poems and few plays as we mentioned earlier. 1 Information regarding publication and publication year has been taken from the Wikipedia page on Patrick White following this link, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_White 3 Patrick won several prestigious awards for his different literary contributions. It is worth to mention that he is the only Nobel Laureate from Australia till date. His work Voss was recognized by the government of Australia for the first time and he was awarded Miles Franklin Literary Award, same award again went to Patrick for his another novel Riders in the Chariot, and again further in 1968 for his book The Vivisector. A new horizon was introduced to the Australian literature observed a path breaking experience when Patrick was honoured with the Nobel Prize in 1973 for his contribution in literature. White was identified as “Existential Explorer” and a statement was made by Karin Hansson on the comment of the Nobel committee on Patrick’s works which is, “When Patrick White was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1973, the Swedish Academy's commendation referred to the author's epic and psychological narrative art as having introduced a new continent into literature” (Hansson, Karin;). Patrick’s art of storytelling and his historical importance as the most prominent author of the continent who made the continent to get a permanent position in the map of the world of literature. In the article posted on the site of the Nobelprize.org, Karin Hansson historicise Patrick’s works and divides works in several parts. It is argued that Patrick carries the legacy of both the Europe and the Australia. A wide experience of his living in different parts of the world including Middle East and Greece brought different world views into his writings. One side he was influenced by his knowledge and study of literature in Europe another side he was also influenced by his experiences in staying in Middle East and Greece as a serviceman. His stay in Middle East and Greece made him remind about his own country Australia (Hansson, Karin;). According to Karin Patrick was very much influenced by European epic style, Greek mythology and Judeo-Christian mysticism, psycho analysis of C.G. Jung and the thought of stream of consciousness being influenced by James Joyce. Karin divides his literary life in several parts, as we mentioned earlier. According to Karin, first phase of Patrick’s writer’s life includes the books like The Aunt's Story and The Tree of Man, the second phase of his literary life includes Voss, Riders in the Chariot, and The Solid Mandala. The third phase of his literary career is divided on The Vivisector and The Eye of the Storm. A Fringe of Leaves and The Twyborn Affair are included in the last phase of his literary life by the critic Karin (Hansson, Karin;). 4 Patrick White: Prose Writing Patrick was very much interested and he had his own experience with the nature and rural life, which have been portrayed in his The Aunt’s Story (1948) and The Tree of Man (1955). The Tree of Man received wider reception from the Europe. Karin Hansson mentions that, these two novels focused on the humanity and this is for the first time. Themes like madness and sanity, reality and illusion, communication and existential questions are addressed in these novels (Hansson, Karin;). In later phase, in Voss, Riders in the Chariot, and The Solid Mandala, according to Karin, we find novels based on more than one central characters or protagonist; whereas in the first phase novels were written based on one protagonist. White always addresses contrast and contradiction from his position in his writing. One side he talks about humanity and man’s power and in other novel he speaks about divinity and high spirituality with mysticism. The third phase of his writing included novels like The Vivisector and The Eye of the Storm is quite interesting. These two novels are based on the single protagonists but all of them are ‘dominated by the image of the Eye, which is given a multidimensional function’ (Hansson, Karin;).
Recommended publications
  • Patrick White and God
    Patrick White and God Patrick White and God By Michael Giffin Patrick White and God By Michael Giffin This book first published 2017 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by Michael Giffin All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-1750-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-1750-9 DEDICATED TO Benedict XVI logos philosopher and Patrick White mythos poet CONTENTS Acknowledgements .................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Continental Australian ........................................................................... 1 Historicized Rhetorician ........................................................................ 7 Perspectivist Disclosures ..................................................................... 10 Romantic Performances ....................................................................... 13 Interconnected Relationships ............................................................... 15 Chapter One ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed English Journal Vol
    Literary Horizon An International Peer-Reviewed English Journal Vol. 1, Issue 1 www.literaryhorizon.com February, 2021 Fictional Narratives on Patrick White with Special Reference to The Vivisector Miss Akanksha Tiwari Assistant Professor, Gyan Ganga Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Abstract: The research paper ―Fictional narratives of Patrick White‖ with special reference to The Vivisector contains a brief description of fictional and factual narratives, an introduction and analysis of some major works done by Patrick White and on the basis of that analysis his major themes were also discussed. His life and experiences and the major themes of his writings is briefly presented. The writing style, characters, plot and settings are some essential tools for every writer that is why it becomes mandatory to be discussed with reference to his major works. Special reference is given to his eighth novel The Vivisector (1970) because of many reasons and one of those reason is the protagonist of this novel ‗Hurtle Duffield‘ who is a painter but not an ordinary painter but a painter with an exceptional ability to look into the reality of a person. This character presents the conception of an artist, also he was a megalomaniac certainly and a Luciferian hero. He is a reflection of White‘s own personality and their life and experiences are so close to each other that it looks like we are reading Whites autobiography. This paper is a humble attempt to describe Whites major themes, his personality and his ideas Contact No. +91-8331807351 Page 63 Email: [email protected] Literary Horizon An International Peer-Reviewed English Journal Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • FOUR NOVELS of PATRICK WHITE By
    FOUR NOVELS OF PATRICK WHITE by -«>•/ ANTONY FRANK BELLETTE B.A.(Hons.), The University of Tasmania, 1959 ' A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS' FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts in the Department of English We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1963 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that per• mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives,. It is understood that copying or publi• cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date UUJUM^ , ( ^ ii ABSTRACT The intention of this thesis is to remedy the lack of serious critical attention given to the Australian novelist Patrick White. In Australia critical reaction has been tepid if not openly hostile, while in Britain and America only a small number of critics have dissociated White from his region• al background and endeavoured to place him in a wider context. It is the purpose of the thesis to define this context, and to demonstrate that White is a highly original novelist in his own right. Of White's total output to the present time of six novels, only four are discussed here—The Aunt's Story (1948), The Tree of Man (1955).,Voss (1957), and Riders in the Chariot (1961).
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Communities Towards a Description of the Mask-Function in Literature
    From: Nourit Melcer-Padon Creating Communities Towards a Description of the Mask-function in Literature May 2018, 220 p., 34,99 €, ISBN 978-3-8376-4186-8 How does historical reality interrelate with fiction? And how much are readers them- selves involved in the workings of fictional literature? With innovative interpretations of various well-known texts, Nourit Melcer-Padon introduces the use of literary masks and illustrates literature’s engagement of its readers’ ethical judgement. She promotes a new perception of literary theory and of connections between thinkers such as Iser, Castoriadis, Sartre, Jung and Neumann. The book offers a unique view on the role of the community in post-existentialist modern cultural reality by emphasizing the im- portance of ritual practices in literature as a cultural manifestation. Nourit Melcer-Padon was awarded a PhD summa cum laude from the Hebrew Uni- versity in Jerusalem. Her interests range from literary theory to socio-historical studies, with special focus on the ambiguous relationship between fiction and historical reality. She lives in Jerusalem where she is the chair of the English department at the Hadas- sah Academic College and has been pursuing a post-doctoral research of 17th century Livorno at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. For further information: www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-4186-8 © 2018 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2018-05-15 17-00-56 --- Projekt: transcript.anzeigen / Dokument: FAX ID 0179492753091184|(S. 1 ) VOR4186.p 492753091192 Table of Contents Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Food and Its Significance in the Australian Novels of Christina Stead, P
    F.O.O.D. (Fighting Order Over Disorder): An Analysis of Food and Its Significance in the Australian Novels of Christina Stead, Patrick White and Thea Astley. Jane Frugtneit A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Humanities James Cook University August 2007 ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to find a correlation between food as symbol and food as necessity, as represented in selected Australian novels by Christina Stead, Patrick White and Thea Astley. Food as a springboard to a unique interpretation of the selected novels has been under-utilised in academic research. Although comparatively few novels were selected for study, on the basis of fastidiousness, they facilitated a rigorous hermeneutical approach to the interpretation of food and its inherent symbolism. The principle behind the selection of these novels lies in the complexity of the prose and how that complexity elicits the “transformative powers of food” (Muncaster 1996, 31). The thesis examines both the literal and metaphorical representations of food in the novels and relates how food is an inextricable part of ALL aspects of life, both actual and fictional. Food sustains, nourishes and, intellectually, its many components offer unique interpretative tools for textual analysis. Indeed, the overarching structure of the thesis is analogous with the processes of eating, digestion and defecation. For example, following a discussion of the inextricable link between food, quest and freedom in Chapter One, which uncovers contrary attitudes towards food in the novels discussed, the thesis presents a more complex psychoanalytic theory of mental disorders related to food in Chapter Two.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theme of Spiritual Progression in Voss JOHN and ROSE MARIE BESTON
    The Theme of Spiritual Progression in Voss JOHN AND ROSE MARIE BESTON "How important it is to understand the three stages. Oí God into man. Man. And man returning into God. Do you find, Doctor, there are certain beliefs a clergyman may explain to one from childhood onward, without one's understanding, except in theory, until suddenly, almost in spite of reason, they are made clear."1 Laura's doctrine of the Three Stages of man's spiritual progression, although somewhat cryptic, makes a statement of the central theme of Voss. The doctrine is highlighted by the intensity with which Laura utters it, and it is ele• vated to the status of visionary insight by the fact that it climaxes Laura's severe illness. Frequently in White, sev• ere illness like Laura's, or some kind of "doffing" of the body, precedes spiritual illumination.2 It is our aim in this article to clarify Laura's doctrine, and to show how central it is to the novel's theme of spiritual progression by in• dicating how it is led up to in several earlier scenes. Those scenes involve Laura's analysis of Voss in Mr. Bonner's garden (pp. 82-87), Voss's song as he rides into the Aus• tralian hinterland (p. 185), and Le Mesurier's poems (pp. 289-92). These scenes, and Laura's pronouncement from her sickbed (p. 380), are regularly spaced throughout the book and are linked with one another, indicating how steadily White had in mind the theme that Laura arti• culates and how concerned he was with stressing it.
    [Show full text]
  • Patrick White: Twyborn Moments of Grace
    Patrick White: Twyborn Moments of Grace By the end of the 1970s it was clear that critics were deeply divided over the nature of Patrick White's work and his achievement. At that time, I attempted to identify their fundamental differences by asking whether White was to be seen as a traditional novelist with a religious or theosophical view of life, or as a sophisticated, ironical modern­ mistrustful of language and sceptical of ever being able to express what might lie beyond words?1 Since then, literary criticism has registered some changes, and shocks. Indeed that term, 'literary criticism', has come to suggest the kind, or kinds, of exegesis and evaluation that prevailed in the ages that preceded our own brave new theoretical world. (I speak in general terms but have contemporary Australian academia specifically in mind.) How, I wonder, would a new reader, one coming to White for the first time through his most recent novel, The Twyborn Affair (1979), perceive him? In imagining this 'new' reader I have in mind a younger generation, particularly of students, who need not have encountered White's earlier novels and criticisms of them, and for whom the terms and concerns of Anglo-American New Criticism which affected the academic reception of White's work from at least the 1960s on are likely to be less immediate than those of Continental and North American theorists who have been influential during the last decade or more; for instance, Mikhail Bakhtin, who looms large on the program for this conference and in the October 1984 issue of PMI.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 14946458.Pdf
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Flinders Academic Commons The Solid Mandala and Patrick White’s Late Modernity Nicholas Birns 1. Patrick White and Late Modernity This essay contends that the Australian novelist Patrick White (1912-1990) presents, in his novel The Solid Mandala (1966), a prototypical evocation of late modernity that indicates precisely why and how it was different from the neoliberal and postmodern era that succeeded it. Late modernity is currently emerging as a historical period, though still a nascent and contested one. Robert Hassan speaks of the 1950-1970 era as a period which, in its ‘Fordist’ mode of production maintained a certain conformity yet held off the commoditisation of later neoliberalism’s ‘network-driven capitalism’.1 This anchors the sense of ‘late modernity,’ that will operate in this essay, though my sense of the period also follows on definitions of the term established, in very different contexts, by Edward Lucie-Smith and Tyrus Miller.2 Late modernity as understood in this piece is composed of two key aspects. One is the dominance of the innovative, labyrinthine Modernist aesthetics developed in the previous generation – the generation born in the late nineteenth century, that of Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and, most important for White’s text, T.S. Eliot – and inherited by the second-generation modernists, writers like White who were born in the first two decades of the twentieth century. The other is the political predominance of welfare state models and a strong public sector that provided significant employment.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LIFE of THINGS in the FICTION of PATRICK WHITE By
    STILL LIFE: THE LIFE OF THINGS IN THE FICTION OF PATRICK WHITE By SUSAN JANE WHALEY M.A., University of Windsor, 1979 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of English We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February 1987 ©Susan Jane Whaley In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of fiYltf] {)h The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 DE-6 (3/81) II ABSTRACT t "Still Life" argues that Patrick White's fiction reveals objects in surprising, unexpected attitudes so as to challenge the process by which the mind usually connects with the world around it. In particular, White's novels disrupt readers' tacit assumptions about the lethargic nature of substance; this thesis traces how his fiction reaches beyond familiar linguistic and stylistic forms in order to reinvent humanity's generally passive perception of reality. The first chapter outlines the historical context of ideas about the "object," tracing their development from the Bible through literary movements such as romanticism, symbolism, surrealism and modernism.
    [Show full text]
  • Terpsichorean Moments in Patrick White's the Solid Mandala and Hal Porter's the Tilted Cross
    Terpsichorean Moments in Patrick White’s The Solid Mandala and Hal Porter’s The Tilted Cross MELINDA JEWELL, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN SYDNEY Those who dance will always dance, will share the privileges of air fire water, figures of the tireless dance disguised, ashes strewn on the stagnant surface of the lake a variation on the same theme. Patrick White, Three Uneasy Pieces 16 Literature’s arabesque can be dance itself. Jessica Feldman, “Fifth Position” 571 Significant moments of dance occur in Patrick White’s The Solid Mandala and Hal Porter’s The Tilted Cross. In the former, Arthur, a mentally deficient man performs a mandala dance as a means to integrate the various components of his life. In The Tilted Cross, set in Hobart in 1847, a drunken actor’s terpsichorean movements intermingle metaphorically and elaborately with the shadows cast by four candles. The importance of these choreographic moments is evident in the voluminous critical attention devoted to them. Nevertheless, in both text and criticism the actual act of dance pales into insignificance beside the focus on the meanings and symbolisms of the dance. In this article my aim is to focus specifi- cally on the acts of dance portrayed in the texts, discussing the movements per- formed and the characteristics of the dancers performing. As a prelude to this examination, I will explore the relationship of the dance experiences of the au- thors to the way they represent dancing in the two texts under scrutiny. I will also analyse the actual representation of dance, that is, the way the words of the nov- elists evoke the dance, in order to demonstrate that the movement of dance is conspicuously absent compared to the symbolism and meaning drawn from the dances.
    [Show full text]
  • "The Twyborn Affair": "The Beginning in an End" Or "The End of a Beginning"? S
    "The Twyborn Affair": "the beginning in an end" or "the end of a beginning"? S. A. RAMSEY o read The Twyborn Affair1 as a literary white elephant or a burst of novelistic venom, intended, as Robert Nye sees Tit, "to clear the decks of the imagination for something ex• traordinarily good next time round,"2 is to ignore much of the impact, not to mention the genius, of White's latest novel. The quotation at the head of this discussion, taken from one of his earliest works, The Living and the Dead, is intended to indicate the degree to which The Twyborn Affair fits perfectly in to the White canon — supplying, as it does, both an extension of the settings and preoccupations of his earliest novels and an ex• pression of the depth of allusion and artistic maturity to which the later novels have given rise. But the relevance of the ques• tion inherent in the quotation from The Living and the Dead goes further, it seems, than this. At the very core of White's latest novel lies the whole notion of beginning and ending in its many aspects and the action itself centres upon the two most traumatic embodiments of this process — birth and death. The richly imaginative exploration of this concept provides a poig• nant expression of the mystery (and the misery) of the human condition as well as a peculiarly illuminative exposition of the progress and development of White's art. The novel's title itself contains an overt clue to the deeper issues involved in its unescapable puns — both in the name of its "hero" (Twyborn = twice-born) and in its choice of the ambig• uous word "affair" to evoke the history of a man whose whole life has been devoted to various kinds of love affair (although the word "love" can only be taken at its face value).
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal
    Vol 6 Issue 8 May 2017 ISSN No : 2249-894X ORIGINAL ARTICLE Monthly Multidisciplinary Research Journal Review Of Research Journal Chief Editors Ashok Yakkaldevi Ecaterina Patrascu A R Burla College, India Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Kamani Perera Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Lanka Welcome to Review Of Research RNI MAHMUL/2011/38595 ISSN No.2249-894X Review Of Research Journal is a multidisciplinary research journal, published monthly in English, Hindi & Marathi Language. All research papers submitted to the journal will be double - blind peer reviewed referred by members of the editorial Board readers will include investigator in universities, research institutes government and industry with research interest in the general subjects. Regional Editor Dr. T. Manichander Sanjeev Kumar Mishra Advisory Board Kamani Perera Delia Serbescu Mabel Miao Regional Centre For Strategic Studies, Sri Spiru Haret University, Bucharest, Romania Center for China and Globalization, China Lanka Xiaohua Yang Ruth Wolf Ecaterina Patrascu University of San Francisco, San Francisco University Walla, Israel Spiru Haret University, Bucharest Karina Xavier Jie Hao Fabricio Moraes de AlmeidaFederal Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), University of Sydney, Australia University of Rondonia, Brazil USA Pei-Shan Kao Andrea Anna Maria Constantinovici May Hongmei Gao University of Essex, United Kingdom AL. I. Cuza University, Romania Kennesaw State University, USA Romona Mihaila Marc Fetscherin Loredana Bosca Spiru Haret University, Romania Rollins College, USA Spiru Haret University, Romania Liu Chen Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Ilie Pintea Spiru Haret University, Romania Mahdi Moharrampour Nimita Khanna Govind P. Shinde Islamic Azad University buinzahra Director, Isara Institute of Management, New Bharati Vidyapeeth School of Distance Branch, Qazvin, Iran Delhi Education Center, Navi Mumbai Titus Pop Salve R.
    [Show full text]