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Bedrock Aquifers of Eastern San Juan County, Utah

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Bedrock Aquifers of Eastern San Juan County, Utah STATE OF UTAH DEPARTMENT OF NA 11] RAL RESaJ RCES Technical Publication No. ffi BEDROCK AQUIFERS OF EASTERN SAN JUAN CooNTY, UTAH by Charles Avery U.S. Geological Survey Prepared by the Unites States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources and Energy Division of Water Rights 19ffi CONTENTS Page Abstract ....•.........•......................•............•..........• 1 Introduction ....................................•..••....•.••..•..•••• 1 Pur};X)se and soo}?e •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Methods of investigation ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Pr~ious and concurent studies ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Numbering systems for data sites ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Ackrlt::l'lledgnents •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Geographic setting •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Pl¥siography .•...••.•..•••••...•..••.•.....•.•.•.•..•.••.••....•. 7 Cl irna.te •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 POpulation and eODno~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Geologic setting ••••••••••••.••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Stratigrapl¥ and l¥drologic units •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Struct.ure ••••••••••••••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Hydrologic setting .................................................... 17 Surfare water .................................................... 17 Ground water ..................................................... 19 General occurrenee ........•.........•..•................•... 19 P and C aquifers ...............................•.•....•..•.• 19 Recharge ............................................... 19 f.'1CJl anent •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Hydraulic properties ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Disdlarge •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Chemical quali~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 N a:;I uifer .•..••.•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Recharge 22 25 Hyclraulic properties ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 storage .......•.......•...•............................ 30 Discharge .............................................. 31 Olanica.l q l.la1. i 'ty ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 34 M a:;Iuifer ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Rernarge ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 f.b7 E!Tlent ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 ~draUlic properties ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 40 Discharge .............................................. 40 Qlanica.l q llB.1 i 'ty' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 D C¥:! uifer ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 Red'large ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41 Mc:f\1 anent . 43 HYdraulic properties ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 Discharge 50 51 Effect of River E1j'stan •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 52 Further studies ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 53 SUImary and conclusions ............................................... 53 Referenc:es cited •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55 iii ll.LUSTRATlDNS [Plate is in p:>cket] Page Plate 1. Mip shaving data-collection sites in eastern san Juan County, Utah, and chanical quality of the N cquifer, 19 fQ-83 Figure 1. Mip of utah shaving location of the stuc¥ area ••••••••••••••• 2 2. Diagram shaving nunbering systan for wells and springs used in utah .••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 3. Mip shaving plysiographic features of the Four Corners region, Utah, Coloracb, New loExico, and Arizona ••••••••••••• 8 4. Fhotogratfl shaving view of the Abajo MJuntains fram the southeast •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 5. Fhotogratfl shaving vi&l of Dry Valley, with the La sal Mountains in the background •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 6. Mip shaving distribution of nomal annual precipitation (1931-60) in eastern san Juan Cotn1.ty and total annual precipitation (1931- fQ) for M:mticello, Blanding, and Bluff. 11 7. Mip shaving tectonic elements •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 8. Fhotogratfl shaving view looking uplTalley along Verdure Creek south of Monticello ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 15 9. Fhotogratfl shaving vi&l of a fault trace, which is tBrt of the Verdure gr~n, present in Montezuna Creek caI¥on at Verdure creek •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 10. Map shaving areal extent of the Cutler Fonnation and areal extent and cxmfiguration of the base of the N aquifer 20 11. Ihotogratfl shaving view of the headNaters area of Cotton·mod Wash, referred to as the O1ip~an Rocks (T.34S., R.20-21E.) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 12. Ihotograph shaving typical eolian sand COIJering the sandstone of Jurassic and Triassic age on Nokaito Bench, south of Bluff •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 13. Long-term water 1E!\1e1.s in three wells canpleted in the N aquifer ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 14. Mip shaving potentianetric surface of the N cquifer and areas of confined and flaving conditions, 19fQ-83 ••••••••••• 27 15. Mip shaving areal extent and configuration of the top of the N aquifer •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 16. Loncrterm water lE!\1els in wells canpleted in the N aquifer at Bluff •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 17. Photogratfl shaving vi&l of the san Juan River valley, looking upstream near Bluff ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 18. Mip shaving areal extent, water 1E!\1els, and water quality in tlle '"'1 a::auifer, 1982-83 ..•...••.•.••.•.••.••..•.••.••••••• 39 19. Mip shaving areal extent, water 1E!\1els, and water quality in the D ac.Iuifer, 1982-83 •••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 iv lLLUS'IRATIDN9--Conti nuad Page Figure 20. Water leJels in wells (D-36-22) 27ddb-l and (D-36-22) 27ddb-2 oompleted in the D aquifer at Blanding, 1942-56 •••••••••••• 44 21- Water leJels in well (D-36-22) 27ddb-2 canpleted in the D cquifer and the cunulative deputure fran annual precipitation a t Blanding, 1942- 83 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 45 22. Long-tenn water leJels in three wells canpleted in the D aquifer near Blanding •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46 23. Water leJels fran oontinoous autanatic reoorders at two wells canpleted in the D cquifer, 1975- 83 •••••••••••••••••• 47 24. Long-tenn water leJels in two wells oompleted in the D cquifer near Monticello •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 TPBLES '!able 1- Description of geologic units ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 2. StreamflG/ characteristics at active surface-water sta.tions •••............•.........•........•..•.•........... 6 8 3. Miscellaneous measuranents of streamflG/ and s~cific oonductance during l:ase flow, 1982- 83 •••••••••••••••••••••• 69 4. Chanica! analyses of water samples fran water wells and sprlngs ......................................•............. 72 5. Chanica! analyses of water samples fran ~troleun test wel.ls 00 6. Records of water wells •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 82 7. Estimates of cquifer ooefficients fran cquifer tests •••••••• 104 8. ~cific-conductance and tem~rature measuranents at wells and springs when water samples were not collected for chemical analysis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 105 9. Analyses of trace elanents in water samples fran water wells and springs •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 108 10. Records of springs •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 112 11. Sunmary of recharge to and discharge fran redrock cquifers... 114 v CDWERSION mcroRS AND RELA'IED INFORMATION For readers who prefer to use metric units, ooIllersion factors for inctr pound units used in this rey;x::>rt are listed telcw: Multiply inctrpound units To obtain metric units acre 4,047 Equare meter acr~foot 1,233 cubic meter cubic foot ~r secoril 0.02832 cubic meter ~r second 28.32 liters per seoond foot 0.3048 meter foot ~r day 0.3048 meter ~r day foot per mile 0.1894 meter per kilaneter foot B:Iuared ~r day 0.0929 meter B:Iuared per day gallon 3.7ffi liter gallon ~r minute 0.06308 liter per second 0.00006308 cubic meter ~r seoond inch 25.40 millimeter 2.54 centimeter mile 1.609 kilaneter fquare mile 2.590 fquare kilaneter water tanperature is given in degrees celsius (OC), whidl can be coI11erted to degrees Fahrenheit (OF) l:¥ the follcwing a:}uation: OF = 1.8 (OC) + 32. Air tan~rature is given in degrees F'ahremeit (OF), whidl can te ooIllerted to degrees celsius (OC) l:¥ the follcwing 6:}lBtion: °c = 0F/l.8 - 32 vi Chemical concentration is given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms Fer liter (~g1L). Milligrams Fer liter expresses the oonrentration of dlemical oonstituants in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. One thousand micrograms Fer liter is Equivalent to 1 milligram per liter. For ooncentrations less than 7,000 mglL, the nlll\erical value is aoout the same as for ooncentrations stated in the indl-p:>lmd unit of tarts per million. The terms used in this report to classify water according to the ooncentration of dissolved solids, in milligrams per liter, are as follows: Fresh Less than 1,000 Slightly saline 1,000 - 3,000 lobderately saline 3,000 -10,000 Vert saline 10,000 -35,000 Briny Greater than 35,000 vii viii BEDROCK JlQUIFERS OF EAS'IERN SAN JUAN roUmY, UT1lH l:¥ Charles lwery ABSTRAcr This study is one of a series of studies appralslng the water­ bearing properties of the Navajo Sandstone and associated formations in southern
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