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Weeds As a Source for Human Consumption. a Comparison Between Tropical � �Ajjd Temperatelatinamerica

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Weeds As a Source for Human Consumption. a Comparison Between Tropical � �Ajjd Temperatelatinamerica Rev. Biol. Trop., 47(3): 329-338, 1999 www.ucr.ac.cr www.ots.ac.cr www.ots.duke.edu Weeds as a source for human consumption. A comparison between tropical � �aJjd temperateLatinAmerica Martha Díaz-Betancourtl, Luciana Ghennandi2, Ana Ladi02, Ismael R. López-Moreno1, Estela Raffaele2 and Eduardo H. Rapoport2,3 1 Instituto de Ecología, Ap. Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, México. [email protected] 2 Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Departamento de Ecología, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina and CONICET [email protected] 3 The sequence of authors was alphabetically ordered. Received 16-IX-1998. Corrected 15-1I-1999. Accepted 22-II-1999. Abstract: Weeds abound in urban and agricultura! environments. Depending on region and site, up to 66% of weed species are edible, and may constitute an additional food source for humans. Based on 400 samples, 1/4 m2 each, collected in tropical areas (e.g., roadsides, urban vacant lots, streets, sugar cane and coffee plantations in Coatepec, Mexico), average figures of edible fresh biomass vary between 1277 and 3582 kglha. A similar sur­ vey performedin a temperate area (739 samples in Bariloche,Argentina) showed mean values between 287 and 2939 kglha A total of 43 species were sampled in Coatepec and 32 species in Bariloche. The general means were 2.1 and 1.3 tonslha, respectively. At a greater geographic scale, a comparison between Mexican and Argentine weeds shows that, proportionately, the food parts vary a little between regions. In general, from higher to lower, the order of uses goes from leaves, seeds, roots, fruits, herbals, flowers and condiments. Edible roots (including bulbs and rhizomes) appear to be more COmInon among perennials thanamong annuals. Key words: Argentina, Bariloche, Coatepec, edible weeds, food plants, gathering, Mexico, Patagonia, urban flora. Although plants have sustained the hunt­ of the old tradition is still maintained in sorne ing and gathering peoples since the Latin American and eastem Asian countries. In Paleolithic, the prevailing knowledge about Mexico, more than 20 "weeds" are also culti­ edible species began to be lost since the inven­ vated (Linares and Aguirre 1992). For tion of agriculture in the Neolithic. Two well­ instance, in Korean local markets 112 wild preserved murnmies found in Denmark, pro­ plants are sold at prices higher than those of vided interesting infonnation on food habits cultivated species. Moreover, eleven species during the Iron Age. Their last meals con­ (sorne of them "weeds") are exported to the tained 66 different plant taxa (Godwin 1960; U.S.A. and used to prepare Korean and King 1966), i.e., a diet much more diversified Chinese typical dishes (pemberton and Lee than that of modem mano According to FAO's 1996). Sirnilarly, Moroccan weeds are export­ Production Yearbooks, developed countries, ed with the same purpose to the U.S.A., Spain, and especially urban populations, began to Italy and Greece (Tanji and Nassif 1995). depend almost entirely on the extensive The use of edible wild plants and weeds and intensive agricultural production consisting in has been considered by several authors (Harris merely a little more than 100 food plants. Part 1969, Kunkel 1984, Facciola 1990, Zudo and 330 REVISTA DE BIOLOGÍA TROPICAL Brandao 1990, Duke 1992, Linares and dehydration at 60-80 o C (Rapoport et al. 1995). Aguirre, eds. 1992, and references there). Additionally, in some cases, the yields were Some of these books only provide extensive assessed in terms of biomass collected per lists of species, with indications of their edible minute of harvesting. This survey was per­ parts, while others add descriptions and illus­ formed in order to evaluate whether there is auy trations of the species. Clarke (1977), Michael profit in gathering a given species in sites (1980), and Linares and Aguirre (1992) where it is abundant. In way, we were in this inelude numerous recipes. Edíble weeds, how­ the position of a person searching for food. The ever, are scarcely used in many countries, and analysis of the proportions of edible parts weed gathering is more of a weekend hobby (roots, leaves, fruits, seeds) of all Mexican aud than a regular source of food supply. Argentine weed species was obtained from To our knowledge, no attempts have been Kunkel's (1984) list, and from our own records. made to assess quantitatively the potential Comparisons of fl'esh edible weights among amount of food provided by common weeds habitats were made by means of Kruskal-Wallis aud escapes. tests. The comparison of total fresh weights Our interest was to evaluate the available between Mexico aud Argentina was made by biomass of human food provided by weeds in means of a Maun-Whitney test. In the case of urban, periurban aud field habítats in the north­ significant differences, the Student-Newman­ ernand southernNeotropical regíon. We tried Keuls' test of multiple comparisons was to compare two samples obtained in different applied. The detailed statistical analysis of data c1imatic regions, Le., tropical (Coatepec, is repOlted elsewhere (Ladio et al. 1998). Mexico) and temperate to cold-temperate The main roads sampled Bariloche were in (Bariloche, Argentina) areas. roads No. 258 (Bariloche-El Bolsón), No. 237 (Bariloche-Alicura aud Bariloche-Airport) and No. 237 (Bariloche-Llao Llao). In Coatepec,the MATERlALS AND METHODS road sampled was Carretera Briones. The environments selected were aban­ doned fields, main (paved) roads, secondary CLIMATE roads (suburban dirt roads), pathways, vacant urban and suburban lots. Sugar cane fields, mil­ Comparative data on climates appear in pas, coffee plantations (only Coatepec), aud Table 1. orchards (only Bariloche) were also consid­ ered. In these cases, we gathered and weighed all the edible parts of species appearing in 0.25 RESULTS m2 quadrats (50 x 50 wooden frames). Along roadsides (haphazardly selected), we sampled The majority of the sampled species at repeated 1 km distances, by laying ten appear in Kunkel's (1984) list of food pIants, quadrats regular1y at 2 m distance each, paral­ to which we added Osmorhiza chilensis, from lel to the pavement. Urban vacant lots aud Argentina, and Drymaria gracilis, Galinsoga fields were raudomly sampled. The frames quadriradiata, Hydrocotyle bonaríensis, were laid along a random walk using a stop­ Hydrocotyle mexicana, Margaranthus sul­ watch to select compass direction and number phureus, Oxalis latifofia, Sida glabra, S. spin­ of steps. The coIlected plants of each sample osa, and Tripogandra, serrulata from Mexico. were kept in plastic bags and transported to the These plauts are cornmonly consumed by peo­ laboratory, separated by species and their edi­ pIe and were repeatedly tasted by uso ble portions were weighed with 0.01 g preci­ In total, 43 species were recorded in sion. Water content was calculated aftel' 72 Coatepec aud 32 species the Bariloche samples hr in et al: Weedsas a source for human consumption 33 1 DÍAZ TABLE 1 Comparative characteristics 01 both areas Coatepec Bariloche Altitude 1,252 m 75 0 m 19°27 °N 41°08' S LongitudeLatítude 96° 57 " W 71 °08-71°36 'W Mean annual precipitation 2250 mm* 100 0mm** Mean annual temperature -I8�8°C . 8-.4 oC Coldest month mean temp. 15 .2 °(Jan.) 2.3°(July) Hottest month mean temp. 21.4 oC (May & June) 14 .5 oC Extreme temperature 3.9 to 33.5 oC -18 to 35(Feb.).5 oC Prevailing winds N & NW (winter), E, S & SE W (spring, summer & fall) Climate A C (fm) w"a(i')g GCs lk (Meditenanean regime) Population 40,000 100 ,000 Source Gómez and Soto 1990 RudloíI 1981 ; Grígera et al. 1989; UNC 1983 '" Raíns all year round, although more intense in summer. ** Rains and snow, with maximum precipitation in winter.Pre¡;ipitation varíes from 800 mm in the eastern to 1.600 mm/yr in the western parts of the city. (Tables and represent, however, a Coatepecan yields(2.1 tons, on average, per 2 3). They small fraction of the richness ateas. hectare) were apparently higher than the real in both More than the weeds listed Bmilochean yields tons per hectate).. The 24% of 700 in (1. 3 anonymous (1991) are edible. the extreme was on a Mexico by Of maxill1um yield recorded exotic weeds. recorded northwestern road between Coatepec and 320 in main Xalapa and based on Patagonia (Rapoport Brión 1991), 90 (10,158.0 kg/ha) 10 samples taleenin species are edible.The Catalogue on a vacant 10t in (28%) of January 1996, and Bariloche MexicanWeeds (anonylllous includes kg/ha) based on samples 1991) 168 (7,542.9 7 taken in species which perennial December 1996.When<:;omparingequivalent edible of 36.3% are and annual andJor Similarly, Coatepecan. Barilochean environments 63.7% biennial. in and by Argentina, proportions are means of a Mann-Whitney test, the differences the 35.0% and respectively, of edible wel'e not significant 65,0%, from a total 160 (P>O.05). However, the weeds are Marzocca et differences· in values among·total that mentioned in al. · the median Perennials show asignificantly yields per hectare of Mexico Argentina (1976). higher and edible roots (including tubers 01' wel'e significant = P = proportion of (U 880; 0.03) rhizomes) herbals than among the The and annual­ Gatheringharvest. Species' yields: biennial species = correspond to fresh weights (P 0.027 and 0.021,respec­ following data of tively; In contrast, annual-biennials the edible parts obtained per spedes in a Table 4). given show a greater edible leaves period time. Sites were selected theirspe­ proportion of and of fOl' seeds perennials = abundances, from point than (P 0.008 and 0.012, dal the oí view of a respectively) as showed means a x con­ person searching for food. The process ofgath­ by of 2 2 tingency tableo eririg in Mexico took minutes sam­ 15 fol' each Because the number (five samples per species) mean Yields per hectare: pIe andthe val': of surveyed the number of samples ues are presented per minute (Table sites and 6).
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