rli ta U TI UE TEF , ISSN 1321-1560 Copyright Commonwealth of Australia 1994 Except to the extent of the uses permitted under the Copyl-ight Act 1968, no part of this publication may be reprodud or transmitted in any form or by any means including information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the Department of the Parliamentqy Library, other than by Members of the Australian Parliament in the course of their official duties. Published by the Department of the Parliamen This paper has been prepared for general distribution to Members of the Australian Parliament. Readers outside the Parliament are reminded that this is not an Australian Government document, but a paper prepaxed by the author and published by the Parliamentary Research Service to contribute to consideration of the issues by Senators and Members. The views expressed in this Paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Research Service and are not to be attributed to the Department of the Parliamentary Library. .................................... 1 ........................................ 1 ................................. .................................... Oni. i_lilt;.DO.O........*.................. ................................... ......................................... 11 ition on the 's applicat~onfor U member§hip ommis§ion of the adinter Commission) P Recognition by the Federal Gove~mentof the Republic of Macedonia under the tempor the United Nations of 'Former Yugoslav Republi OM) on 15 February 1994 has iderable discussion, controversy and criticism from a The angry reaction of Greek-Australian community leaders was predictable. After all, they had been lobbying the Government not to recognise the government in Skopje ever since the break-up of Yugoslavia. It was subsequently revealed that the Federal Government had been debating its decision for some time. Macedonian community leaders were pleased with the Government's belated decision to recognise MOM,but equally predictably upset at the conditions imposed by Canberra for the opening of a FYROM consulate and at the insistence that community members be termed 'Slav-Macedonians' for official purposes. The Australian media was also critical of the Federal Government's handling of the affair, The firebombings of churches, attacks on business premises and proliferation of graffiti which, interestingly, did not appear to occur in other countries with large Greek and Macedonian populations, were widely deplored. The Victorian Ethnic Affairs Commissioner, Professor Trang Thomas, chaired a meeting of the two sides, following which community leaders blamed the violence on a small minority of hot-heads, which was undoubtedly accurate. However, the two communities themselves cannot escape some responsibility for appearing to have fanned the flames of this dispute for many years in the ethnic press and from the pulpit. State Premiers and Opposition leaders who took sides in the dispute were criticised by the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, as well as by the media. This Current Issues Brief looks at the history of Macedonia and the stances of the two sides on the Macedonian Question as reflected in official statements and press comments. It also considers official Australian Government views on the subject. INhile there is a long and complex history to claims and counter-claims in this controversy, this region's history is both a cause and a consequence e oreover, since the nation and the state have often not coincided in determining units of government in inte~ational relations, as in the cases of the actors in this drama, this paper oncludes with erit or other~iseof stinct from the On 25 January 1991, the F~~Madopted a declaration of sovereignty. A referendum on the country's future was held on 8 September 1991 , however, boycotted by the Albanian minority, and on 17 ovember 1991 a new Constitution was adopted. The eclared its independence on 19 December 1991. The IF , like that of some other former Republics of the SF ch as Slovenia and Croatia, was finally r the name 'Former Yugoslav Republic of 15 February 1994 after 58 other countries had already done so .. and only after recognition by the United States. The ~~~~~~~Q~~~~~ rald reported that the Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, enator the Won Nick Bolkus, had deter ined that it was 'too hard to sell (recognition) politically until, and unless, the U position.l2 a statement made in Brussels on ctober 1993, Greek. inister ~apandreouaffirmed that community members, including Greece, had recognised the state of the case from the moment it (F and there was thus reco formation's political existence and sovereignty. reece has imposed a blockade of the country, which is ece claims the sole right to u at the ancient territo 1 The majority of countries have recognised the F under the UN's 'temporary' designation of 'Former Yugoslav Republi donia,' although a number, including the othe have extended recognition to the 'Republic o e all ancient empir . It was a territory, not a people. plains watered by the Axius war adjoining regions. In the mounta cedonian principalities, which were separate kingdoms until the reign of Phillip 11, were counted as belonging to Epirus at various periods (see Map B). The acedonians did not regard themselves as Greek, although they were closely related in both language and culture. The name 'Macedonian' is, however, Greek. The original capital was Aigai (Edessa~odena),but from the 4th ~e~tu~BC was located at Pella in northern Greece. Ancient Macedonia was noted above all for its timber, which was essential for the Greek shipbuilding industry. Pre-Roman periud Unification began in the entury BC under the founded by Perdikkas I. een about 514-479 B Persian tributary. Un xander I (495-450/4 d elements of G ture as a deliberat the ruling house. Under a later monarch, Amyntas 111 (413-399 BC), Macedonia became influential in the neighbouring It achieved its greatest extent under Philip I1 'states' of Chalcidice and Th a confederatio eek 'states' at Chaeronea in s stage Macedonia extended der the Great (336- the empire throughout nor and as far as Afghanistan and the Punjab, defeating the Persians in several battles, Following his death, the empire fell apart, but Antigonus 111 (229-22~BC) regained control over the Greek 'states.' fter three wars against the Romans, the last 3 Actually, this dates only from the 1987 administrative reforms when the Regions of Macedonia Central, Macedonia East and Thrace, and Macedonia West were created. 4 It should be borne in mind that boundaries change over time. Even China, with its long history, did n each its greatest historical extent until the Dynasty (1644-1911). at various periods, Sweden, Lithuania, England, Spain, Luxembourg and Germany (to mention only a few examples) ruled over much greater territories in ~~ro~~than they now comprise. acedonian king, Perseus, was defeated by L. Aemilius Paullus in 168 BC at Pydna (near Olympus). Roman province After their victory over Perseus, the Romans divided Macedonia into four regions. They also forbade the cutting of timber for shipbuilding and mining for gold and silver. In 148 BC the Romans joined Epirus to the four regions and created the Province of Macedonia which extended from Durres (Dyrrhachium) to Philippi and Skopje (Scupi) to Pharsalus. The Province was administered by a Proconsul with the rank of praetorian. Thessalia was joined to Macedonia under Antonius Pius (138-161 AD) and Salonika became the capital. Mediaeval period After the Roman Empire was divided in 395 AD, Macedonia became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was invaded by the Goths and Huns, and later came under Slav domination from the 6th Century AD. The Slavic element in the inhabitants of the region dates from this period. Macedonia was seized by Bulgaria in the 9th Century AD, but regained by the Byzantine Empire in the early 11th Century. After the temporary dismemberment of the Byzantine Empire at the hands of the Seljuq Turks, Normans and the Crusaders (Constantinople itself fell to a Western Crusade in 1204), several rulers fought over Macedonia. In 1261 it again became part of the Byzantine Empire, only to be conquered by Serbia in the 14th Century. From the late 14th-19th Century Macedonia formed part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. Later history Under the Treaty of San Stefan0 (Yesilkoy) ending the last Russian- Turkish War, which was signed on 3 March 1878, most of Macedonia was given to Bulgaria (then protected by Russia). This treaty also created independent Rumania, Montenegro and Serbia and awarded part of Armenia to Russia. Because of fears of domination of the Balkans by 'Greater Bulgaria,' the powers amended these territorial changes at the 1878 Berlin Congress, returning Macedonia to Turkey.' The main Macedonian nationalist movement, IMRO (Independent Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation), formed in 1893, eventually split between those who wanted to unite with Bulgaria and those who 5 The Conference was convened by Germany at the request of Austrian-Hungarian Foreign Minister Andrassy and British Prime Minister Disraeli. Both Austria- Hungary and Great Britain feared that the new states would provide a pretext for Russian dorniazation of the Balkans. ere were purposes. In September 1924 Greece and Bulgaria signed a Protocol (Kalfov-Politis Agreement) placing the Macedonian mino under League of Nations protection. The Kingdom of d Slovenes (the precursor to Yugoslavia) thereupon abrogated the n 15 January 1925 Greece withdrew from the Protocol; henceforth all Macedonians were regarded as Greek, all placenames were chan all Slavic schools were closed and even Church Slavonic texts on icons adorning churches were overpainte with Greek texts. During the etaxas regime (1936-1941) large numbers of Macedonians were nterned because of Greek doubts about their loyalty, particularly following the outbreak of war with Italy in October 1940.