A Christian Response to Radiometric Dating
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Absolute Time Radiometric Dating: the Source of the Dates on the Geologic Time Scale
Absolute Time Radiometric Dating: the source of the dates on the Geologic Time Scale Radiometric Dating • Actually a simple technique. • Only two measurements are needed: • 1. The parent:daughter ratio measured with a mass spectrometer. • 2. The decay constant measured by a scintillometer. Basis of the Technique • Radioactive elements “decay.” Decay occurs as an element changes to another element, e.g. uranium to lead. • The parent element is radioactive, the daughter element is stable. • The decay rate is constant. What is Radioactivity? • Radioactivity occurs when certain elements literally fall apart. • Usually protons and neutrons are emitted by the nucleus. • Sometimes an electron is emitted by the nucleus, which changes a neutron to a proton. • Sometimes an electron is captured. What causes radioactivity? • Carbon-14 is produced by cosmic ray bombardment of Nitrogen-14 in the atmosphere. • All other radioactive elements were produced by supernova explosions before our solar system formed. This is called explosive nucleosynthesis. Common Radioactive Elements, Parents and Daughters • Carbon-14, C14 Nitrogen-14, N14 • Uranium-235, U235 Lead-207, Pb207 • Potassium-40, K40 Argon-40, Ar40 • Uranium-238, U238 Lead-206, Pb206 • Rubidium-87, Rb87 Strontium-87, Sr87 Basis of the Technique • As the parent element decays, its amount decreases while the amount of the daughter element increases. This gives us a ratio of parent:daughter elements. • The decay rate is geometric rather than linear. Unaffected by heat or pressure. Key Term • Half-Life: the amount of time for half the atoms of a radioactive element to decay. Doesn’t matter how many atoms started, half will decay. -
Answers to the Top 50 Questions About Genesis, Creation, and Noah's Flood
ANSWERS TO THE TOP 50 QUESTIONS ABOUT GENESIS, CREATION, AND NOAH’S FLOOD Daniel A. Biddle, Ph.D. Copyright © 2018 by Genesis Apologetics, Inc. E-mail: [email protected] www.genesisapologetics.com A 501(c)(3) ministry equipping youth pastors, parents, and students with Biblical answers for evolutionary teaching in public schools. The entire contents of this book (including videos) are available online: www.genesisapologetics.com/faqs Answers to the Top 50 Questions about Genesis, Creation, and Noah’s Flood by Daniel A. Biddle, Ph.D. Printed in the United States of America ISBN-13: 978-1727870305 ISBN-10: 1727870301 All rights reserved solely by the author. The author guarantees all contents are original and do not infringe upon the legal rights of any other person or work. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the author. The views expressed in this book are not necessarily those of the publisher. Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Print Version November 2019 Dedication To my wife, Jenny, who supports me in this work. To my children Makaela, Alyssa, Matthew, and Amanda, and to your children and your children’s children for a hundred generations—this book is for all of you. We would like to acknowledge Answers in Genesis (www.answersingenesis.org), the Institute for Creation Research (www.icr.org), and Creation Ministries International (www.creation.com). Much of the content herein has been drawn from (and is meant to be in alignment with) these Biblical Creation ministries. -
René Noorbergen Az Elveszett Fajok Titkai
René Noorbergen Az elveszett fajok titkai 1 AZ ELVESZETT FAJOK TITKAI Írta: René Noorbergen J. R. JOCHMANS KUTATÁSAI ALAPJÁN JÓSIÁS Könyv- és Lapkiadó Egyesület Budapest 1988 2 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK oldal Tartalomjegyzék ............................................................................................. 3 Bevezetés ......................................................................................................... 4 I. Fejezet A kezdet vége ............................................................................................ 6 II. Fejezet A besorolhatatlan termékek - el nem ismert tudás .............................. 40 III. Fejezet Az ősi felfedezők lábnyomán................................................................. 60 IV. Fejezet Fejlett repülés a történelem előtti időben.............................................. 93 V. Fejezet Atomháború a kezdetleges emberek között....................................... 103 VI. Fejezet A barlanglakó ősember talányának megfejtése.................................. 144 VII. Fejezet Az építők titokzatos emlékművei........................................................ 187 Végszó ......................................................................................................... 169 Könyvek jegyzéke ...................................................................................... 172 3 BEVEZETÉS Egyetemi hallgató lépett tanári szobámba, hóna alatt a tudományos színezetű regények tekintélyes csomója, alig néhány perccel azután, hogy befejeztem okkult jelenségekről szóló -
Copyright © 2018 Associates for Biblical Research and Henry Smith
Copyright Specifications: Copyright © 2018 Associates for Biblical Research and Henry Smith Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. -
Ireland and the Old Testament Revision
Ireland and the Old Testament: Transmission, Translation, and Unexpected Influence 1. Introduction A medieval poem, attributed to the eleventh century poet Mael Ísu Ó’Brolcán, begins as follows: How good to hear your voice again Old love, no longer young, but true As when in Ulster I grew up And we were bedmates, I and you When first they put us twain to bed My love who speaks the tongue of heaven I was a boy with no bad thoughts A modest youth, and barely seven.1 1 Frank O’Connor, “A Priest Rediscovers His Psalm-Book,” in Kings, Lords, and Commons (London: Macmillan, 1961): 12. 1 While at first blush this sounds like a romantic ballad, this medieval work is in fact an ode to a long-lost psalm-book rediscovered by a cleric later in life.2 This lost love which “speaks the tongue of heaven” will be to many an unexpected object of affection in this verse; not only is it surprising that the Bible – and the Old Testament in particular – shows up in poetry of this sort, but that it does so in the hands of a medieval Irish priest runs counter to much popular opinion. If at all, contemporary readers might expect the Gospels to appear here, not least because of the influence of medieval works such as the Book of Kells, and their place in the contemporary landscape of Ireland and Irish tourism.3 Nevertheless, this poem highlights Ireland’s long, rich, and varied history of engagement with the Old Testament, a history that sometimes confirms our preconceptions, while at other times surprising us and confounding our expectations, as with our medieval priest and his unexpected object of affection. -
Scientific Dating in Archaeology
SCIENTIFIC DATING IN ARCHAEOLOGY Tsuneto Nagatomo 1. AGE DETERMINATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY • Relative Age: stratigraphy, typology • Absolute Chronology: historical data • Age Determination by (natural) Scientific Methods: Numerical age (or chronometric age) Relative age 2. AGE DETERMINATION BY SCIENTIFIC METHODS 2-1. Numerical Methods • Radiometric Dating Methods Radioactive Isotope: radiocarbon, potassium-argon, argon-argon, uranium series Radiation Damage: fission track, luminescence, electron spin resonance • Non-Radiometric Dating Methods Chemical Change: amino acid, obsidian hydration 2-2. Relative Methods • Archaeomagnetism & palaeomagnetism, dendrochronology, fluorite 3. RADIOMETRIC METHODS 3-1. Radioactive Isotopes The dating clock is directly provided by radioactive decay: e.g. radiocarbon, potassium-argon, and the uranium-series. The number of a nuclide (Nt) at a certain time (t) decreases by decaying into its daughter nuclide. The number of a nuclide (dN) that decays within a short time (dt) is proportional to the total number of the nuclide at time (t) (Nt): d Nt /dt = -λNt (1) where λ: decay constant. Then, Nt is derived from (1) as Nt = N0 exp(-0.693t/T1/2) (2) …Where N0 is the number of the isotope at t = 0 and T1/2 is its half-life. Thus, the equation from this is: t = (T1/2/0.693)exp(N0/Nt) When the values of T1/2 and N0 are known, we get t by evaluating the value Nt. The radiocarbon technique is the typical one in which the decrease of the parent nuclide is the measure of dating. On the other hand, the decrease of the parent nuclide and increase of the daughter nuclide, or their ratio, is the measure of dating in potassium-argon and the uranium-series. -
Dating Techniques.Pdf
Dating Techniques Dating techniques in the Quaternary time range fall into three broad categories: • Methods that provide age estimates. • Methods that establish age-equivalence. • Relative age methods. 1 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Are methods based in the radioactive properties of certain unstable chemical elements, from which atomic particles are emitted in order to achieve a more stable atomic form. 2 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques Application of the principle of radioactivity to geological dating requires that certain fundamental conditions be met. If an event is associated with the incorporation of a radioactive nuclide, then providing: (a) that none of the daughter nuclides are present in the initial stages and, (b) that none of the daughter nuclides are added to or lost from the materials to be dated, then the estimates of the age of that event can be obtained if the ration between parent and daughter nuclides can be established, and if the decay rate is known. 3 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating 238Uranium, 235Uranium and 232Thorium all decay to stable lead isotopes through complex decay series of intermediate nuclides with widely differing half- lives. 4 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Uranium-series dating • Bone • Speleothems • Lacustrine deposits • Peat • Coral 5 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Electrons can be freed by heating and emit a characteristic emission of light which is proportional to the number of electrons trapped within the crystal lattice. Termed thermoluminescence. 6 Dating Techniques Age Estimates: Radiometric dating techniques - Thermoluminescence (TL) Applications: • archeological sample, especially pottery. -
Isotope Geochemistry I Lectures & Exercises
Tools and methods Geochronology Methods relying on the decay of naturally occurring radiogenic isotopes: Parent isotope Daughter isotope 1. Potassium-40 -> Argon-40 2. Rubidium-87 -> Strontium-87 3. Uranium-235 -> Lead-207 4. Uranium-238 -> Lead-206 5. Thorium-232 -> Lead-208 Radioactivity Natural and artificial radioactivity Natural radioactivity Isotopes that have been here since the earth formed: 238U, 235U, 232Th, 40K Isotopes produced by cosmic rays from the sun, i.e cosmogenic radionuclides: 14C, 10Be, 36Cl Synthetic radioisotopes Made in nuclear reactors when atoms are split (fission). Produced usinc cyclotrons, linear accererators... 39 39 K (n, p) Ar 19 18 The dawn of radiometric dating “U-Pb” method • Boltwood studied radioactive elements and found that Pb was always present in uranium and thorium ores. Pb must be the final product of the radioactive decay. • In 1907, he reasoned that since he knew the rate at which uranium breaks down (its half-life), he could use the proportion of lead in the uranium ores (chemical dating, isotopes not discovered yet) as a meter or clock. • His observations and calculations put Earth's age at 2.2 billion years. He accumulation method • Based on the fact that 235U, 238U and 232Th emit 7, 8 and 6 α-particles, resp. in their decay to Pb • U and Th concentration can be determined chemically and the current rate of He production can be calculated • The sample is heated to release He and the helium-retention age is calculated Radioactive decay half-lifes, T1/2 • if it is possible to determine the -
Datin History of Rock Chronometric/Radiometric G
Ed Planansky, Hay Springs, NE © 2008 DATIN HISTORY OF ROCK CHRONOMETRIC/RADIOMETRIC G Educational Objective: To help students become aware of dating techniques used to date very ancient (millions of years) to relatively recent (tens of thousands of years) events in geologic time. Target Audience: Any science or math class with adaptations for age groups and class setting. Questions To Be Answered: 1. What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope? 2. How can the half life of an isotope be used to date anything? 3. Which isotope dating method is most likely to give the most accurate dating of a sediment or specimen? 4. Given a hypothetical amount of material present in a sample compared to the amount that was present at formation be able to date events or sediments. HALF-LIFE Following World War I and the invention of a device called a mass spectrometer more than 200 isotopes of the 92 naturally occurring elements were found. Isotopes are atoms of elements that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses, they are the same element but have different weights because of different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. Because the isotopes are essentially the same element they have the same chemical properties but have different physical properties. For the purposes of dating geologic times the property we are concerned with is radioactive decay. Each radioactive isotope decays, by emitting alpha or beta particles and becoming a new element many of which are stable and no longer decay. The time it takes for half of a sample to decay into new material(s) is called its half-life. -
BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 1 Vol
“ BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY 1 Vol. 1, No. 2 ‘@James B. Jordan, 1989 November, 1989 THE HISTORY OF BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY Is Biblical chronology really relevant and important? 18, where we see God sharing His plans with Abraham, Most modern Bible believing Christians do not think so. and then condescending to seek Abraham’s advice. God Most believe. that it is..not. re~vant to Biblica_theology, and did not have to do this, but He chose to do it as a way of most have heard that there are “gaps” in the chronology. maturing and honor~n”g His image;” the man Abraham. We They have been told that virtually nobody today believes see another example of this in Amos 3:7 and 7:1-9, where in “Ussher’s chronology,” and this has created in their God consults with His prophet Amos and “changes His minds the idea that Archbishop Ussher was doing some- mind” when Amos argues with Him. God knew all along thing unique when he put down his Biblical chronology. what He was going to do, but he honored Amos by taking (Ussher’s chronology, dating creation at 4004 B. C., is found him into His counsel. in older King James Bibles.) In the New Covenant, all God’s people are given Coun- This is not the case, however. First, Biblical chronology cil access (Acts 2:17-1 8). This is because the Spirit has is very important theologically, as future essays in this se- come to guide the conciliar discussions in the Church. As ries will seek to demonstrate. -
Unit 5 Dating Methods*
UNIT 5 DATING METHODS* Contents 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Relative Dating Methods 5.1.1 Stratigraphy 5.1.2 Fluorine Dating 5.2 Absolute Dating Methods 5.2.1 Non-Radiometric Dating Methods 5.2.1.1 Dendrochronology 5.2.2 Radiometric Dating Methods 5.2.2.1 Radioactive Carbon Method 5.2.2.2 Potassium/Argon Dating Method 5.2.3 Amino Acid Racemization 5.2.4 Palaeomagnetic Dating 5.2.5 Thermoluminescence Dating 5.3 Summary 5.4 References 5.5 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives Once you have studied this unit, you should be able to: Know about different dating methods that assist archaeological study; Know how these methods provide an understanding of the chronological order of events; and Know about the human morphological and cultural evolution. 5.0 INTRODUCTION Studies in Palaeoanthropology or archaeological anthropology have little meaning unless the chronological sequence of events is reconstructed effectively. Whenever a new fossil or a new archaeological artifact is discovered it is very important to find out how old it is. In modern day palaeoanthropology or archaeology, the scientific interest rests not so much in the fossil or the artifact itself but the information it can provide to the questions that the scientist may be asking. One of the principal questions an archaeologist will certainly ask is “how old the artifact and the site are”? In fact, without a chronological framework, a fossil or an archaeological artifact loses its true scientific significance. It is important to understand where a fossil or an artifact fits into the scheme of human morphological or cultural evolution. -
When Did the Old Testament Take Place
When Did The Old Testament Take Place kythedLoathly ropily. and perissodactylous Medium-sized and Rocky disdainful comments: Wain whichcraved, Ali but is scarce Pieter ghoulishlyenough? Maxim ferry her probates marquetries. effusively while entire Waylon encourage traitorously or Ammonites gathered his faith in all his family in the tree but the old testament take place when did as resident aliens and trying to egypt, while recognizing your breath Furthermore Jesus also indicated the upcoming Testament Scripture was complete i said label the. The Bible covers the period next the creation of man it took place approximately. Associated affair with alexander and take place. Where even the sacred Old Testament and second Testament. Taking place together before any book of seven New haul was immediately the. He takes sin and repentance seriously and heat should we. Providing even among brothers: physical place it take the. What event the basic timeline of the Old was Saint John. They had too was called into the people, when did so the writings because of academic scholars the land and hard questions surrounding peoples. Does with Old Testament witness and authorize ethnic cleansing or. What was me first Bible like every Conversation. The heart insist the Catholic Bible but the blue Testament holds an important place your well. Prophetic Year Wikipedia. The Northern Kingdom of Israel so rebelled against dust that shun was only. Christ is born HISTORY. And meet down hundreds of years after they supposedly took place. Baasha learned this is forgiven by arameans are set the testament when the old take place did jacob also found themselves.