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Quantifying the Dolphins-Fishery Competition in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea)

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Quantifying the Dolphins-Fishery Competition in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) 2020 IMEKO TC-19 International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea Naples, Italy, October 5-7, 2020 Quantifying the dolphins-fishery competition in the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) Ricci P.1, Ingrosso M.1, Carlucci R.1, Fanizza C.2, Maglietta R.3, Santacesaria C.2, Tursi A.1, Cipriano G.1 1 Department of Biology, University of Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy, e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2 Jonian Dolphin Conservation, Jonian Dolphin Conservation, viale Virgilio 102, 74121 Taranto, Italy, e mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 3 Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing, National Research Council, via Amendola 122 D/O, 70126, Bari, Italy, e mail [email protected] Abstract - The dolphins-fishery competition in the food consumptions and fishery catches, as well as the Gulf of Taranto (Northern Ionian Sea, Central overlapping between dolphins’ preys and the landing Mediterranean Sea) was investigated during the composition [8,9]. period 2009-2016. In particular, the biomass removal In the marine food web of the Gulf of Taranto, by the striped and common bottlenose dolphin and the odontocetes species, especially the striped dolphin local fishery was estimated by means the food (Stenella coeruleoalba) and the common bottlenose consumption rates of dolphins and landing data of the dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) have proved to be key main fishing gears operating in the area. In addition, species in the trophic controls [10]. However, their an indication on the overlap, in terms of diet/landing interactions with fishing gears and the competition for the composition, occurring between both dolphin species harvested resources are scarcely known. Thus, the study and fishery was discussed. aims to provide a preliminary assessment on the dolphins-fishery competition comparing the food I. INTRODUCTION consumption rates of the striped and common bottlenose The competitive interactions between cetaceans and dolphin inhabiting the area with the biomass removal fishery represents a common trait of several harvested performed by the local fishery. In addition, an indication marine ecosystems [1]. Although these interactions could on the overlap, in terms of diet/ landing composition, cause negative impacts to the fishery due to dolphins’ occurring between both dolphin species and fishery was depredation of the fishing gears turning in economic discussed. losses [2], the dolphins-fishery conflicts are often dealt with reductive approach overestimating the harmful II. MATERIALS AND METHDOS interactions [3,4]. Moreover, the increase of competition seems to occur in ecosystems overexploited where the A. Study area fishing activities result unsustainable [5,6], with the risk The Gulf of Taranto is extended approximately for of a depletion of the cetaceans’ food resources [7]. 14.000 km² from Santa Maria di Leuca to Punta Alice Therefore, potential negative impacts due to the and it is characterized by the system of submarine overfishing could affect the cetaceans’ populations and canyons of Taranto Valley reaching depth of more than the marine ecosystems functioning. Thus, any 2200 m (Fig. 1) [11]. The basin hosts several habitats management actions needed to ensure a sustainable identified along the sea floor, such as seagrasses exploitation of the fishing resources requires the adoption meadows, the Amendolara seamount (Cape Spulico) and of a holistic approach able to integrate ecological and the deep-water coral province of Santa Maria di Leuca fishing information. [12,13]. Moreover, it has been widely recognized as Several studies have demonstrated a scarce competition critical area for the day-to-day life of the striped and between dolphin species and fishermen in the common bottlenose dolphins [14,15,16,17,18,19], as well Mediterranean areas, especially when the analysis was as for other cetacean species [20,21,22,23]. based on the quantitative comparison between cetaceans The fishing activities occur from coastal waters to about 94 800 m deep waters and it is characterized by the bottom measures of body length have been collected for striped otter trawls that mainly exploit the shelf break and slope dolphins and common bottlenose dolphins, respectively. and the small scale fishery operating on the coastal Body lengths below the value of mean body length minus grounds [24]. Thus, the interactions between dolphins the standard deviation (i.e. striped dolphins below 119 cm and the fishery was assessed for a study area of 7745 km2 and bottlenose dolphins below 157 cm) were not included from S. Maria di Leuca to Punta Alice in a range of 10- in the adult computation, because these values probably 800 m of depth (Fig. 1). referred to young animals including calves [8]. C. Dolphins species abundance estimates Abundance values used in the calculation of IB were obtained by multiplying the mean values of density estimated for both species in the Gulf of Taranto in the period 2009-2016 [15] for the surface of the study area. These mean values of density were estimated by the application of the Delta approach on Random Forest to sighting data collected in the Gulf of Taranto and they were 0.72±0.26 (individual/km2) for S. coeruleoalba and 0.47±0.09 (individual/km2) for T. truncatus. Consequently, the mean abundances considered in this study were 5576±2014 and 3640±697, for striped and common bottlenose dolphin, respectively. Fig. 1. Map of the Gulf of Taranto in the Northern Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea). The study area is D. Fishing data included in the bold line. In order to estimate the biomass removed by the local fishery, landing and discard data were considered. The landing data by species were provided from the EU Data B. Dolphins’ food consumption rate Collection Framework reporting the landings during the The average value of the daily food consumption, period 2009-2016 in the sub regions of Puglia and referred to a medium sized dolphin, has been calculated Calabria included in the Geographical Sub Area 19 (GSA separately for the striped and common bottlenose dolphin, 19). The fishing is characterized by trawl (OTB), passive in order to quantify their consumption of annual biomass nets (GN), longlines (LL), purse seine (PS) and mixed in the study area. Four different equations have been used gears (MG, traps, beach seine and lines) [10]. In addition, for estimating the daily food consumption [8]: discard was estimated applying discard rates by fishing IB = 0.123 M0.8 (1) [25] gears available from the literature at local and IB = 0.482 M0.524 (2) [26,27] Mediterranean scale [35 and reference therein]. IB = 0.035 M (3) [28] IB = 0.1 M0.8 (4) [5] E. Resource overlap where IB is the ingested biomass (kg/day) and M is the The overlap between diet composition of the two dolphin body mass of dolphin in kg. The results of these estimates species and the landings composition of each fishing gear were averaged each other, and the confidence interval (CI) occurring in the study area has been assessed by means a was expressed as two times the standard deviation [8]. modified version of Pianka niche overlap index (α) [36]: Then, IB value, for each dolphin species, has been ௡ ௡ ଶ ଶ (௞௜ሻ (7ܲכ ௞௜൯/ටσ௜ୀଵሺܲ௝௜ܲכ multiplied for the abundance value estimated in the study Ƚൌσ௜ୀଵ൫ܲ௝௜ area (7745 km2) (see paragraph C) obtaining the total food consumption (Q expressed as tons). where Pji e Pki are the proportions of the resource i The value of adult body mass (M) for T. truncatus was exploited by j and k, respectively. computed using the following equations: Diet composition of dolphins in the study area is still not M = 17.261e0.0156(L-140) (5) [29] known, therefore dietary preferences were derived from while, those for S. coeruleoalba was computed according studies conducted in close areas. In particular, diet the formula: information for striped dolphin has been obtained from M = 1.38*10-4 * L2.5177 (6) [30] the Ionian Sea [37] and the North Aegean Sea [38], and in both equations, L is the body length expressed in cm. those for the common bottlenose dolphin has been Body lengths (L) data of several individuals of both inferred from the Eastern Ionian Sea [8] and the North dolphin species, coming from the Gulf of Taranto or Aegean Sea [38]. nearby zones, were gathered from stranding records, The average diet of S. coeruleoalba was assumed to be ecological studies and the Italian Stranding Network composed of 29% Commercial Squids (C Squids, Illex database [31,32,33,34] (Table 1). A total of 74 and 29 spp., Loligo spp., Todaropsis eblanae), 27% Sparids and 95 Mullets (SM, Boops boops, Diplodus spp., Pagellus spp., dolphin (CI=47–91) and 130 kg for the common Mugil spp.), 21% Other Cephalopds (OC, Todarodes bottlenose (CI=60–283). Average per-capita daily food sagittatus, Histioteuthis spp., Abralia verany, consumption was therefore, 3.30 (±0.87) kg for striped Heteroteuthis dispar), 17% Other fishes (OF, Gobius spp., dolphin (CI=1.56–5.04) and 5.43 (±0.79) kg for Myctophidae, Stomias boa), 4% Small pelagic fishes bottlenose dolphin (CI=3.85–7.01). The biomass (SpelF, Clupeidae, Engraulidae) and 2% Flatfishes (F, consumed (Q) by the striped dolphin and the common Microchirus spp.). The average diet of T. truncatus was bottlenose dolphin in the study period from 2009 to 2016 assumed to be composed of 35% Sparids and Mullets, 15% was estimated equal to 6712 tons (±1773) and 7219 tons Other Commercial fishes (OCF, Conger conger, Spicara (±206), respectively. The biomass removal by the fishery spp.), 12% Other fishes (OF), 8% Small pelagic fishes in the same period was estimated equal to 43310 tons (SpelF, Clupeidae, Engraulidae), 9% Hake and Red (±246).
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