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Identity Theft Literature Review
The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Identity Theft Literature Review Author(s): Graeme R. Newman, Megan M. McNally Document No.: 210459 Date Received: July 2005 Award Number: 2005-TO-008 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. IDENTITY THEFT LITERATURE REVIEW Prepared for presentation and discussion at the National Institute of Justice Focus Group Meeting to develop a research agenda to identify the most effective avenues of research that will impact on prevention, harm reduction and enforcement January 27-28, 2005 Graeme R. Newman School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany Megan M. McNally School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark This project was supported by Contract #2005-TO-008 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. -
The Evolution of Ransomware
The evolution of ransomware SECURITY RESPONSE The evolution of ransomware Kevin Savage, Peter Coogan, Hon Lau Version 1.0 – August 6, 2015 Never before in the history of human kind have people across the world been subjected to extortion on a massive scale as they are today. CONTENTS OVERVIEW ..............................................................................3 Key information ......................................................................5 Types of ransomware .............................................................5 How ransomware has evolved ...............................................7 Targets for ransomware .......................................................13 Systems impacted by ransomware ......................................14 Ransomware: How it works ..................................................18 Ransom techniques ..............................................................27 How widespread is the problem of ransomware .................33 What does the future hold for ransomware? .......................37 Conclusion ............................................................................45 Appendix ..............................................................................47 Mitigation strategies ............................................................51 Symantec detections for common ransomware families 54 Resources .............................................................................56 OVERVIEW Never before in the history of human kind have people across the world been -
Are the Current Computer Crime Laws Sufficient Or Should the Writing of Virus Code Be Prohibited?
Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal Volume 18 Volume XVIII Number 3 Volume XVIII Book 3 Article 8 2008 Are the Current Computer Crime Laws Sufficient or Should the Writing of Virus Code Be Prohibited? Robert J. Kroczynski Fordham University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj Part of the Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons, and the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Robert J. Kroczynski, Are the Current Computer Crime Laws Sufficient or Should theriting W of Virus Code Be Prohibited?, 18 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media & Ent. L.J. 817 (2008). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj/vol18/iss3/8 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Are the Current Computer Crime Laws Sufficient or Should theriting W of Virus Code Be Prohibited? Cover Page Footnote Alexander Southwell, Shari Sckolnick This note is available in Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/iplj/vol18/iss3/8 KROCZYNSKI_022508_FINAL 2/25/2008 7:20:52 PM Are the Current Computer Crime Laws Sufficient or Should the Writing of Virus Code Be Prohibited? Robert J. Kroczynski* INTRODUCTION .............................................................................818 I. BACKGROUND OF CYBERCRIME AND VIRUSES........................820 A. DEFINITION OF VIRUSES AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIONS ....822 1. -
Crimeware on the Net
Crimeware on the Net The “Behind the scenes” of the new web economy Iftach Ian Amit Director, Security Research – Finjan BlackHat Europe, Amsterdam 2008 Who Am I ? (iamit) • Iftach Ian Amit – In Hebrew it makes more sense… • Director Security Research @ Finjan • Various security consulting/integration gigs in the past – R&D – IT • A helping hand when needed… (IAF) 2 BlackHat Europe – Amsterdam 2008 Today’s Agenda • Terminology • Past vs. Present – 10,000 feet view • Business Impact • Key Characteristics – what does it look like? – Anti-Forensics techniques – Propagation methods • What is the motive (what are they looking for)? • Tying it all up – what does it look like when successful (video). • Anything in it for us to learn from? – Looking forward on extrusion testing methodologies 3 BlackHat Europe – Amsterdam 2008 Some Terminology • Crimeware – what we refer to most malware these days is actually crimeware – malware with specific goals for making $$$ for the attackers. • Attackers – not to be confused with malicious code writers, security researchers, hackers, crackers, etc… These guys are the Gordon Gecko‟s of the web security field. The buy low, and capitalize on the investment. • Smart (often mislead) guys write the crimeware and get paid to do so. 4 BlackHat Europe – Amsterdam 2008 How Do Cybercriminals Steal Business Data? Criminals’ activity in the cyberspace Federal Prosecutor: “Cybercrime Is Funding Organized Crime” 5 BlackHat Europe – Amsterdam 2008 The Business Impact Of Crimeware Criminals target sensitive business data -
Comptia® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide
CompTIA® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide Omar Santos Ron Taylor Joseph Mlodzianowski A01_Santos_Fm_pi-plii_1.indd 1 01/06/21 2:49 pm CompTIA® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide Editor-in-Chief Copyright © 2022 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark Taub All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in Product Line Manager a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, Brett Bartow photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the Executive Editor information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in Nancy Davis the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no respon- Development Editor sibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages Christopher A. Cleveland resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-677031-2 Managing Editor ISBN-10: 0-13-677031-2 Sandra Schroeder Library of Congress Control Number: 2021935686 Senior Project Editor ScoutAutomatedPrintCode Tonya Simpson Copy Editor Trademarks Chuck Hutchinson All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or ser- vice marks have been appropriately capitalized. Pearson IT Certification Indexer cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book Erika Millen should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Proofreader Abigail Manheim Warning and Disclaimer Technical Editor Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate Chris Crayton as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied. -
Malware to Crimeware
I have surveyed over a decade of advances in delivery of malware. Over this daVid dittRich period, attackers have shifted to using complex, multi-phase attacks based on malware to crimeware: subtle social engineering tactics, advanced how far have they cryptographic techniques to defeat takeover gone, and how do and analysis, and highly targeted attacks we catch up? that are intended to fly below the radar of current technical defenses. I will show how Dave Dittrich is an affiliate information malicious technology combined with social security researcher in the University of manipulation is used against us and con- Washington’s Applied Physics Laboratory. He focuses on advanced malware threats and clude that this understanding might even the ethical and legal framework for respond- ing to computer network attacks. help us design our own combination of [email protected] technical and social mechanisms to better protect us. And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free. The late 1990s saw the advent of distributed and John 8:32 coordinated computer network attack tools, which were primarily used for the electronic equivalent of fist fighting in the streets. It only took a few years for criminal activity—extortion, click fraud, denial of service for competitive advantage—to appear, followed by mass theft of personal and financial data through quieter, yet still widespread and auto- mated, keystroke logging. Despite what law-abid- ing citizens would desire, crime does pay, and pay well. Today, the financial gain from criminal enter- prise allows investment of large sums of money in developing tools and operational capabilities that are increasingly sophisticated and highly targeted. -
Ethical Hacking
Ethical Hacking Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press ETHICAL HACKING ETHICAL HACKING Alana Maurushat University of Ottawa Press 2019 The University of Ottawa Press (UOP) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada and the only bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been “enriching intellectual and cultural discourse” by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French or in English. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Ethical hacking / Alana Maurushat. Names: Maurushat, Alana, author. Description: Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190087447 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019008748X | ISBN 9780776627915 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776627922 (PDF) | ISBN 9780776627939 (EPUB) | ISBN 9780776627946 (Kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Hacking—Moral and ethical aspects—Case studies. | LCGFT: Case studies. Classification: LCC HV6773 .M38 2019 | DDC 364.16/8—dc23 Legal Deposit: First Quarter 2019 Library and Archives Canada © Alana Maurushat, 2019, under Creative Commons License Attribution— NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Printed and bound in Canada by Gauvin Press Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Robert Ferguson Typesetting CS Cover design Édiscript enr. and Elizabeth Schwaiger Cover image Fragmented Memory by Phillip David Stearns, n.d., Personal Data, Software, Jacquard Woven Cotton. Image © Phillip David Stearns, reproduced with kind permission from the artist. The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by Canadian Heritage through the Canada Book Fund, by the Canada Council for the Arts, by the Ontario Arts Council, by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa. -
Computer Crime and Computer Fraud
Computer Crime and Computer Fraud University of Maryland Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Fall, 2004 Report to the Montgomery County Criminal Justice Coordinating Commission By Michael Kunz & Patrick Wilson This report was prepared in part as fulfillment of requirements in CCJS 604 and CCJS 605 for the Professional Masters Degree in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. We express thanks to Dr. Charles Wellford, Dr. Doris MacKenzie, and Jean McGloin for assistance with this report. 2 Executive Summary The past several decades have brought a vast increase in the availability of electronic resources. With this increased availability has come a new form of criminal activity that takes advantage of electronic resources, namely computer crime and computer fraud. Currently, these new forms of crime are burgeoning and pose a new and lasting challenge to law enforcement agencies at all levels in how to prevent, investigate, and prosecute these crimes. Law enforcement agencies from the local to the federal level are beginning to institute specific units devoted to handling computer-related offenses, but there does not currently exist a uniform method to define and address computer crime and computer fraud. With this case study, we intend to analyze what the current level of understanding is regarding computer crime and computer fraud, as well as what is being done by law enforcement agencies to deal with these offenses. Using this information, we provided specific recommendations regarding computer-related offenses in the future including: • Uniform definition • Organizational requirements and procedures • Tools necessary to successful operation of computer crime units 3 Introduction Throughout the past several decades there have been numerous advances in electronic resources. -
Cybercrime: an Overview of the Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Statute and Related Federal Criminal Laws
Order Code 97-1025 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Cybercrime: An Overview of the Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Statute and Related Federal Criminal Laws Updated June 28, 2005 Charles Doyle Senior Specialist American Law Division Alyssa Bartlett Weir Law Clerk American Law Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Cybercrime: An Overview of the Federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Statute and Related Federal Criminal Laws Summary The federal computer fraud and abuse statute, 18 U.S.C. 1030, protects federal computers, bank computers, and computers used in interstate and foreign commerce. It shields them from trespassing, threats, damage, espionage, and from being corruptly used as instruments of fraud. It is not a comprehensive provision, but instead it fills crack and gaps in the protection afforded by other federal criminal laws. This is a brief sketch of section 1030 and some of its federal statutory companions. In their present form, the seven paragraphs of subsection 1030(a) outlaw: ! computer trespassing (e.g., hacking) in a government computer, 18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(3); ! computer trespassing (e.g., hackers) resulting in exposure to certain governmental, credit, financial, or commercial information, 18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(2); ! damaging a government computer, a bank computer, or a computer used in interstate or foreign commerce (e.g., a worm, computer virus, Trojan horse, time bomb, a denial of service attack, and other forms of cyber attack, cyber crime, or cyber terrorism), 18 U.S.C. 1030(a)(5); ! committing fraud an integral part of which involves unauthorized access to a government computer, a bank computer, or a computer used in interstate or foreign commerce, 18 U.S.C. -
Data Thieves: the Motivations of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Use
Testimony Data Thieves The Motivations of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Use and Monetization of Stolen Data Lillian Ablon CT-490 Testimony presented before the House Financial Services Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance, on March 15, 2018. For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT490.html Testimonies RAND testimonies record testimony presented or submitted by RAND associates to federal, state, or local legislative committees; government-appointed commissions and panels; and private review and oversight bodies. Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. www.rand.org Data Thieves: The Motivations of Cyber Threat Actors and Their Use and Monetization of Stolen Data Testimony of Lillian Ablon1 The RAND Corporation2 Before the Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Terrorism and Illicit Finance United States House of Representatives March 15, 2018 ood afternoon, Chairman Pearce, Ranking Member Perlmutter, and distinguished members of the subcommittee. Thank you for the invitation to testify at this important G hearing, “After the Breach: the Monetization and Illicit Use of Stolen Data.” Cybersecurity is a constant and growing challenge. -
Malware Primer Malware Primer
Malware Primer Malware Primer Table of Contents Introduction Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................................................2 In The Art of War, Sun Tzu wrote, “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.” This certainly applies Chapter 1: A Brief History of Malware—Its Evolution and Impact ..............................3 to cyberwarfare. This primer will help you get to know cybercriminals by providing you with a solid foundation in one of their principle weapons: Chapter 2: Malware Types and Classifications ....................................................................................8 malware. Chapter 3: How Malware Works—Malicious Strategies and Tactics ........................11 Our objective here is to provide a baseline of knowledge about the different types of malware, what malware is capable of, and how it’s distributed. Chapter 4: Polymorphic Malware—Real Life Transformers .............................................14 Because effectively protecting your network, users, data, and company from Chapter 5: Keyloggers and Other Password Snatching Malware ...............................16 malware-based attacks requires an understanding of the various ways that the enemy is coming at you. Chapter 6: Account and Identity Theft Malware ...........................................................................19 Keep in mind, however, that we’re only able here -
Malware Risks and Mitigation Report
MALWARE RISKS AND MITIGATION REPORT June 2011 BITS A DIVISION OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES ROUNDTABLE 1001 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE NW SUITE 500 SOUTH WASHINGTON, DC 20004 202-289-4322 WWW.BITS.ORG BITS Malware Risk and Mitigation Report Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ..............................................................................................................3 2. Malware Evolution................................................................................................................3 2.1 Malware Categories...............................................................................................................................5 2.2 Malware Example .................................................................................................................................8 2.3 Polymorphic Malware ........................................................................................................................10 3. Malware Supply and Demand ............................................................................................ 10 3.1 The Malware Industry ........................................................................................................................11 3.2 Malware Supply Chain........................................................................................................................13 3.3 Beyond Crime......................................................................................................................................14 4. Malware in Financial