DOCSLIB.ORG

The Application of Excitation-Emission

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Application of Excitation-Emission THE APPLICATION OF EXCITATION-EMISSION FLUORESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY TO THE MONITORING OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN UPLAND CATCHMENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. THE APPLICATION OF EXCITATION-EMISSION FLUORESCENCE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY TO THE MONITORING OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER IN UPLAND CATCHMENTS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. by Lucy Bolton A thesis submitted to the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Geography, Politics and Sociology School of Geography, Politics and Sociology University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K. NE1 7RU June 2003 Declaration I hereby certify that the work described in this thesis is my own, except where otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted previously for a degree at this or any other University Lucy Bolton Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Andy Baker and Prof. Malcolm Newson, for their expert guidance, encouragement and help with sampling and funding. I am also grateful to everyone who helped with fieldwork and water sampling, especially Watts Stelling and Howard Waugh at Coalburn and Chris Rix at Assynt and all the organisations involved in the work at Coalburn I would also like to thank all my friends and colleagues who made it worthwhile and especially Trev, without whom it wouldn’t have happened. The University of Newcastle helped to fund this project. 4 Abstract This study details the investigation into the use of spectrophotometric methods, principally excitation emission fluorescence spectrophotometry, in the monitoring of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in upland catchments. A protocol for the storage and analysis of DOM solutions was designed. To minimise deterioration immediate analysis was recommended. Long term storage, by freezing, resulted in significant and unpredictable alteration of the spectrophotometric properties. A post analytical correction was applied to overcome concentration related interferences. Solutions were analysed at natural pH, with consideration of the influence this property has on the spectrophotometric properties of DOM. Two study areas: the Coalburn Experimental Catchment (Northumberland) and the Loch Assynt area (Sutherland) were monitored. Spatial assessment of surface waters indicated that the distribution of DOM spectrophotometric properties was related to the influence of inorganic material in soils. This was observed as DOM in runoff from peat dominated areas, compared to non-peat, the former DOM having greater aromaticity or higher molecular weight. Distinct DOM spectrophotometric properties were observed in rainwater and throughfall and DOM from fresh and partially degraded spruce needles had a unique spectrophotometric signal. The two study areas exhibited limited variations in DOM properties, when compared to DOM from a wider range of sources. The mean estimated export DOC of from the Coalburn Experimental Catchment was 22.00 gm-2a-1 but the rate varied through the year. DOM spectrophotometric properties in both study areas varied seasonally exhibiting production and flushing periods with changes in catchment conditions. Discharge relationships indicated DOM sources in peat dominated area, however, these sources are only important when hydrologically active. A mild aqueous extraction method, to obtain dissolved organic mater from peat, was designed. This method obtained DOM, which reflected the distribution of spectrophotometric properties in related surface water. The method was applied to peat profiles from both study areas and the spectrophotometric properties of the DOM indicated relatively homogenous peat derived DOM. Peat DOM depth variations were observed and in some cases related to the presence of litter and inorganic layers. There was a broad spectrophotometric change with depth indicating increased aromaticity or molecular weight. 5 Chapter 1. Introduction and Literature Review This thesis presents the study of dissolved organic matter (DOM) using spectrophotometric techniques. The use of such methods, especially excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectrophotometry, in the study of DOM has become widespread in the last 10 years. These studies have not concentrated in detail on DOM in upland areas at high resolution. The following chapters describe the spectrophotometric examination and characterisation of DOM composition, sources and processes from two such areas. The importance of DOM in upland catchments is two fold, firstly the negative impact it’s presence and composition has upon drinking water quality and secondly on habitats. With future predictions of climate change these aspects become more important as estimates of DOC in rivers indicate an increase in exports. It is therefore essential to be able establish accurate concentrations and compositions of DOM. There are many methods for this, however each has drawbacks, in addition to benefits. DOM is a complex aquatic component and thus requires extensive isolation and sample preparation prior to analysis. This study applies a method, fluorescence spectrophotometry, which does not require isolation and maintains the natural associations by analysis bulk samples. Also it is quick, easy and cheap method, when previously been applied to DOM studies (Baker, 2001). This is the first detailed use of these analytical techniques for the detailed examination of DOM in upland areas and also the first detailed examination of DOM in a forested peat catchment. The study aims both to utilise spectrophotometric properties to investigate DOM composition, but also to consider flow paths and DOM sources. The aims of this study are presented in each chapter with respect to the specific aspects of the research presented therein. The aims relate to the investigation into spatial and temporal variations in aquatic and peat DOM in locations in the UK: the Coalburn Experimental Catchment (Northumberland) and the Loch Assynt area (Sutherland). Variations in DOM were monitored using EEM spectrophotometry and UV-visible absorbance analytical methods and a further aim of the study is to assess 6 these methods. Utilising such methods provides the ability to analyse DOM in situ incorporating the multiple interactions with other aquatic components. The following chapter presents an overview of the literature regarding the current understanding and importance of DOM in the environment and the methods employed in the monitoring of it. A summary of the use of spectrophotometric methods in the analysis of DOM is also detailed as are the field areas monitored. 1.1 Dissolved organic matter Dissolved organic matter is ubiquitous in soil and aquatic ecosystems. In aquatic environments natural organic matter (NOM) ranges in concentration from 0.5 mgL-1 DOC in alpine streams to 100 mgL-1 in wetland draining streams (Spitzy and Leenheer, 1991; Frimmel, 1998). An operational classification is applied to NOM, between particulate organic matter (retained on 0.45µm filter) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) (Aiken et al., 1985; Spitzy and Leenheer, 1991). Organic carbon occurs bound into organic molecules and the terms DOM and DOC, are used interchangeably in the literature (Eatherall et al., 1998). In aquatic environments, NOM is composed of carbon compounds and related nitrogen or phosphorus compounds (Spitzy and Leenheer, 1991). In addition to naturally derived organic matter there are many classes of anthropogenically derived DOM in aquatic systems. These components are derived from specific sources such as agriculture or sewage, or can be present as pollutants such as pesticides, petroleum products and industrial effluents (Manahan, 1994). This work is concerned with NOM and DOM is used to denote dissolved NOM in both soil and aquatic environments. DOC is used to indicate the concentration of dissolved organic carbon. Riverine DOM is composed of a variety of substances, which vary in time and space. Approximately 25% of DOM is fully characterised; this comprises amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, fatty acids and phenolic compounds (Spitzy and Leenheer, 1991; Thomas, 1997) the rest being composed of humic substances (HS). Estimates of the amount of HS in aquatic DOM are in the region of 40-60% (Senesi, 1993) and 50-70% (Thurman, 1985). In soil systems HS are closely 7 associated with non-humic components and inorganic material involving multiple interactions and aggregations (MacCarthy, 2001). 1.1.1 Humic substances Humic substances (HS) are natural, complex, macromolecular substances that form from the breakdown of plant and animal debris and are ubiquitous in soil, sediments and water (Thurman, 1985; MacCarthy, 2001). HS are the main components of soil organic matter (~80%) but due to the complexities of formation processes and composition they are not completely described (Hayes and Clapp, 2001; MacCarthy, 2001). Aiken et al. (1985) defined HS as: “A general category of naturally occurring heterogeneous organic substances that can generally be characterised as being yellow to black in colour, of high molecular weight, and refractory”. This definition is still considered to be valid, however the refractory nature may only exist in protected environments, (Hayes, 1998) and the term “high molecular weight” is not always applicable (Hayes, 1997). MacCarthy (2001) has proposed a more recent definition relating to the basic principles of HS. This addresses questions about the nature of the composition and formation of HS: “Humic substances comprise an extraordinarily complex,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multi-Agency Generic Reservoir Flooding Off Site Plan
    OFFICIAL Northumbria Local Resilience Forum Multi-Agency Generic Reservoir Flooding Off Site Plan Developed by: Northumberland County Council Civil Contingencies Team, Fire and Rescue HQ, West Hartford Business Park, Cramlington NE23 3JP Tele: 01670 621195 Fax: (01670) 621183 and Northumbria LRF Environment Theme Group OFFICIAL (Version 2.0 – June 2015) OFFICIAL DOCUMENT CONTROL AND DISTRIBUTION The Generic Off-Site Plan is maintained by Northumberland County Council as lead Local Authority. All users are requested to advise this local authority of any change in circumstances that may materially affect this Plan. The Plan is distributed in accordance with the list in section 3. The Plan will be subject to review in conjunction with the Northumberland Flood Action Plan; every 6 months with a full revision on an annual basis to ensure the accuracy of the information held within it. Details of changes are to be sent to Northumberland County Council Civil Contingencies Team at [email protected] This Plan is predicated upon the existence and maintenance by Category 1 and 2 responders and other responding agencies of their own plans and procedures for a response to an Off-Site Reservoir Flooding Emergency. Document Version: Version Date Author Status 1.1 Mar 2011 NCC CCT Draft 1.2 May, 2011 NCC CCT Complete 2.0 June 2015 NCC CCT Revised / updated Important The outline reservoir flooding maps for the reservoirs in the Northumbria Local Resilience Forum area are accessible via the Environment Agency Website and are not reproduced in this Plan Copies of more detailed maps are held on the Resilience Direct information sharing system but are Official - Sensitive and not available for public access.
    [Show full text]
  • Nec2 Newcastle Mlge Chge - Carlisle S Jn
    ELR DATA FILE - NEC2 NEWCASTLE MLGE CHGE - CARLISLE S JN www.railwaydata.co.uk M. Ch. Type Name Details ID 4m 03ch Bridge Station Footbridge - Blaydon Footbridge | Steel 32 4m 02ch Station Blaydon BLO 4m 24ch Bridge Blaydon Burn Underline Bridge | Wrought Iron / Stone (Riveted) 33 5m 04ch Crossing Addison Public Highway Automatic Half Barriers - 5m 63ch Crossing Peth Lane Public Footpath Crossing with Minature Stop Lights - 6m 05ch Bridge Nec2/38 Ryton Willows. Underline Bridge | Pre-cast Concrete (Slab) 38 6m 16ch Bridge Nec2/39 Subway Underline Bridge | Steel / Brick (Joist in Concrete) 39 6m 34ch Crossing Boat House Public Footpath Crossing with Minature Stop Lights - 6m 34ch Crossing Boat House Private User worked Crossing with Telephone with Whistleboards - 7m 08ch Crossing Golf Course Public Footpath or Bridleway Crossing with Telephone with Whistleboards - 7m 40ch Crossing Clara Vale Private Automatic Half Barriers - 3m 78ch +300 4m 17ch LEVEL 4m 26ch +698 4m 51ch +462 4m 59ch +950 5m 68ch -1250 6m 10ch +1157 7m 60ch LEVEL 1 (NEC2 003.97 - 007.99) M. Ch. Type Name Details ID 8m 29ch Bridge Nec2/42 Bradley Burn At Wylam Station. Underline Bridge | Brick / Stone (Arch) 42 8m 34ch Bridge Station Footbridge - Wylam Footbridge | Wrought Iron 43A 8m 34ch Bridge Station Footbridge - Wylam Footbridge | Wrought Iron 43 8m 34ch Crossing Wylam Public Highway Manually Controlled Barriers - 8m 34ch Station Wylam WYM 9m 09ch Bridge Nec2/44 Hagg Farm 5t. Overline Bridge | Wrought Iron / Stone (Riveted) 44 9m 73ch Bridge Ici Former Conveyor Bridge
    [Show full text]
  • County Durham Settlement Study September 2017 Planning the Future of County Durham 1 Context
    County Durham Plan Settlement Study June 2018 Contents 1. CONTEXT 2 2. METHODOLOGY 3 3. SCORING MATRIX 4 4. SETTLEMENTS 8 County Durham Settlement Study September 2017 Planning the future of County Durham 1 Context 1 Context County Durham has a population of 224,000 households (Census 2011) and covers an area of 222,600 hectares. The County stretches from the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in the west to the North Sea Heritage Coast in the east and borders Gateshead and Sunderland, Northumberland, Cumbria and Hartlepool, Stockton, Darlington and North Yorkshire. Although commonly regarded as a predominantly rural area, the County varies in character from remote and sparsely populated areas in the west, to the former coalfield communities in the centre and east, where 90% of the population lives east of the A68 road in around half of the County by area. The Settlement Study 2017 seeks to provide an understanding of the number and range of services available within each of the 230 settlements within County Durham. (a) Identifying the number and range of services and facilities available within a settlement is useful context to inform decision making both for planning applications and policy formulation. The range and number of services within a settlement is usually, but not always, proportionate to the size of its population. The services within a settlement will generally determine a settlement's role and sphere of influence. This baseline position provides one aspect for considering sustainability and should be used alongside other relevant, local circumstances. County Durham a 307 Settlements if you exclude clustering 2 Planning the future of County Durham County Durham Settlement Study September 2017 Methodology 2 2 Methodology This Settlement Study updates the versions published in 2009 and 2012 and an updated methodology has been produced following consultation in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]
  • Village Design Statement
    The Lanchester Village Design Statement Approved by Derwentside District Council as Supplementary Planning Guidance The Lanchester Partnership Ltd. May 2004 contents 1. Introduction 5 2. The Village Context 7 Evolution of the settlement 7 The present village 9 3. The Landscape 10 The nature of the landscape 10 The setting of the village 11 The village development limit 11 The character of the village 12 Landscape features 13 Conservation of wildlife 15 Future use and care 16 4. Buildings 17 The core of the village 17 Shops and commercial premises in the conservation area 19 Other developments in the conservation area 20 Estate development 21 Buildings in the countryside 22 Access for people with disabilities 24 Design and density 24 5. Roads, Parking, Footpaths, Drainage and Street Furniture 25 Roads 25 Parking 26 Footpaths and cycle routes 27 Drainage 28 Street furniture 28 6. Hamlets 30 General 30 Ornsby Hill 30 Hurbuck Cottages 30 Malton 31 Hollinside (including Colepike) 31 Appendix: Schedule of Estates 32 Acknowledgements Following an all-day 'Village Character Workshop' and follow-up activities, during which over 100 Lanchester residents told us what they did and did not want, the Lanchester Village Design Statement has been produced by a large team who worked enthusiastically on it for over a year. In particular, the tireless and skilful work of Jill Gladstone, Michael Horsley, Brian Masterman and Brian Naylor needs to be recorded. Lillian Dixon and the Local History Society contributed valuable historical data. Judy Hurst provided the lovely drawings. The Planning Division at Derwentside DC gave tactful advice and guidance and provided the superb maps.
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter
    Scottish Journal ISSN: 0036 9276 of GEOLOGY Volume 33, Part 2, pages 97-192 1997 Published by the Geological Society Publishing House for the Geological Societies of Edinburgh and Glasgow The Scottish Journal of Geology continues the Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society and the Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow, and is sponsored by the councils of the two societies. It contains two parts per volume. The Journal is sent to members of both societies. Details of membership may be obtained from the secretaries, whose names appear below. Contributions or legacies to assist towards the cost of publication of the Journal would be welcomed by the Editorial Board. EDITORS COLIN J. R. BRAITHWAITE T. J. DEMPSTER P. STONE R. F. CHEENEY R.W.DUCK ROY THOMPSON G. B. CURRY P. G. HILL PUBLISHING HOUSE STAFF EDITOR ANGHARAD HILLS (e-mail: [email protected]) Secretaries of Societies EDINBURGH GLASGOW J. MICHAEL DEAN DR SIMON CUTHBERT 6 Corrennie Gardens Department of Civil Engineering Edinburgh University of Paisley EH10 6DG High Street, Paisley PA1 2BE Front cover illustration The engraving on the front cover is reproduced to mark the at the northern end of the Isle of Arran and the third at Bicentary of the death of James Hutton (1726-1797), Siccar Point on the Berwickshire coast. The engraving is Founder of Modern Geology, and the birth of Charles Lyell from an original drawing in 1787 by the artist John Clerk of (1797-1875), author of the seminal work 'Principles of Eldin (1728-1812) who accompanied Hutton on several of Geology', a significant influence on Charles Darwin.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to R Ural Scotland the BORDERS
    Looking for somewhere to stay, eat, drink or shop? www.findsomewhere.co.uk 1 Guide to Rural Scotland THE BORDERS A historic building B museum and heritage C historic site D scenic attraction E flora and fauna F stories and anecdotes G famous people H art and craft I entertainment and sport J walks Looking for somewhere to stay, eat, drink or shop? www.findsomewhere.co.uk 2 y Guide to Rural Scotland LOCATOR MAP LOCATOR EDINBURGH Haddington Cockburnspath e Dalkeith Gifford St. Abbs Grantshouse EAST LOTHIAN Livingston Humbie W. LOTHIAN Penicuik MIDLOTHIAN Ayton Eyemouth Temple Longformacus Preston West Linton Duns Chirnside Leadburn Carfraemill Lauder Berwick Eddleston Greenlaw Stow Peebles Coldstream THE BORDERS Biggar Eccles Galashiels Lowick Melrose Broughton Kelso Thornington Traquair n Yarrow Selkirk Roxburgh Kirknewton Tweedsmuir Ancrum Ettrickbridge Morebattle BORDERS (Scottish) Jedburgh Ettrick Hawick Denholm Glanton Bonchester Bridge Carter Moffat Bar Davington Teviothead Ramshope Rothbury Eskdalemuir Saughtree Kielder Otterburn Ewesley Boreland Kirkstile Castleton Corrie Stannersburn Newcastleton Risdale M Lochmaben Langholm Lockerbie NORTHUMBERLAND Towns and Villages Abbey St Bathans pg 7 Eyemouth pg 9 Mellerstain pg 18 Ancrum pg 33 Fogo pg 15 Melrose pg 18 Ayton pg 9 Foulden pg 10 Minto pg 31 Broughton pg 41 Galashiels pg 16 Morebattle pg 34 Chirnside pg 9 Gordon pg 18 Neidpath Castle pg 38 Clovenfords pg 17 Greenlaw pg 15 Newcastleton pg 35 Cockburnspath pg 7 Hawick pg 30 Paxton pg 10 Coldingham pg 8 Hutton pg 9 Peebles pg 36
    [Show full text]
  • Education Pack
    Land of Oak & Iron EDUCATION PACK Contents Introduction Map Sites of Interest: 06 Allensford Blast Furnace 06 Cherryburn 07 Chopwell Wood 07 Derwentcote Steel Furnace 08 Derwenthaugh Country Park 08 Gibside 09 Hollinside Manor House 09 Land of Oak and Iron Heritage Centre 10 The Lodge, Blackhill & Consett Park 11 Nine Arches Viaduct 11 Path Head Water Mill 12 Shotley Bridge 12 The Spetchells 13 Tyne Riverside Country Park 13 Whinfield Coke Ovens Tales from the Land of Oak & Iron: Thre Dragon is Hungry Jimmy’s First Day The Fallen Tree The Wish The Horrid Boy Sally and the Owl Educational Resources Map Introduction Welcome to the Land of Oak & Iron! Covering 70 square miles of the beautiful and historic Derwent Valley and its surroundings, this is one of the north east’s most rewarding areas to explore. But the Derwent Valley hasn’t always been the tranquil place you’ll find today. It was a cradle of the Industrial Revolution, with a booming iron and steel industry that lasted from the 1690s right up until the 1980s. You’ll find the legacy of metalworking throughout the Land of Oak & Iron. Industry left its mark on the landscape, with forges and furnaces. It also shaped local communities, influencing traditions such as rapper dancing and the writings of ommyT Armstrong, the pitman poet. Nowadays the old industries have fallen silent. Nature is reclaiming the valley, creating a rich patchwork of woodlands, riverbanks and grasslands. These habitats support a wide range of species such as otters, kingfishers and red kites, which are making a comeback.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rural Wards of Darlington Are: Heighington & Coniscliffe, Sadberge & Whessoe, Middleton St George and Hurworth
    The Rural Wards of Darlington are: Heighington & Coniscliffe, Sadberge & Whessoe, Middleton St George and Hurworth. Area A on Map Children living in the area to the north of the A68 road AND within the Ward of Heighington and Coniscliffe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is The Federation of Mowden Schools. Area B on Map Children living in the area to the south of the A68 road, north of the B6279 road AND within the Ward of Heighington and Coniscliffe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is Mount Pleasant Primary School. Area C on Map Children living in the area to the west of the East Coast Main Railway Line AND within the Ward of Sadberge and Whessoe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is Harrowgate Hill Primary School. Area D on Map Children living in the area to the south of the B6279 road AND within the Ward of Heighington and Coniscliffe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is The Federation of Mowden Schools (Mowden Infant School and Mowden Junior School). Area E on Map Children living in the area to the east of the East Coast Main Railway Line, north of the A66 road AND within the Ward of Sadberge and Whessoe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is Whinfield Primary School. Area F on Map Children living in the area to the south of the A66 road AND within the Ward of Sadberge and Whessoe in the Borough of Darlington the alternative school is Heathfield Primary School.
    [Show full text]
  • County Durham Plan Rural Proofing Report June 2018
    County Durham Plan Rural Proofing Report June 2018 Rural Proofing Report Purpose of this document County Durham is an extensive county extending over 862 square miles and home to around half a million people. It extends from the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Beauty in the west to the Durham Heritage Coast in the east. Around 43% of the population are based in rural areas, from remote and sparsely populated rural areas in the Pennine Dales to larger villages located in the former coalfield communities in the centre and the east. This document sets out the context to rural proofing as a tool to ensure that the appropriate policy response is directed to our rural areas. It explains what the issues are that are facing rural parts of the county, why rural proofing is important to County Durham and how we have embedded it within the development of the County Durham Plan so far. It also provides a summary of how, as a tool, it has influenced the preferred options policy formulation. We will continue to undertake rural proofing as the plan advances through the remainder of the plan making process and update this document as appropriate. Role of rural proofing in plan making Rural proofing aims to make certain that the needs of, and issues affecting, those living and working in rural areas are considered as all new planning policies are developed. We need to consider the impact a planning policy option might have in rural areas and how to assess whether or not a planning option will have a positive or negative impact on rural parts of the county.
    [Show full text]
  • Ġstanbul Technical University Institute of Science
    ĠSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THE CONSISTENCY OF SIGHT DISTANCE ON RURAL SINGLE CARRIAGEWAYS M.Sc. Thesis by Elif Meral DEMUR Department : Civil Engineering Programme : Transport Engineering Thesis Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Ergün JUNE 2011 ĠSTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THE CONSISTENCY OF SIGHT DISTANCE ON RURAL SINGLE CARRIAGEWAYS M.Sc. Thesis by Elif Meral DEMUR (501081407) Date of submission : 6 May 2011 Date of defence examination: 10 June 2011 Supervisor (Chairman) : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Murat Ergün (ITU) Members of the Examining Committee : Dr. Adem Faik Ġyinam (ITU) Assist. Prof. Dr. Metehan Ġncegül (YU) JUNE 2011 ĠSTANBUL TEKNĠK ÜNĠVERSĠTESĠ FEN BĠLĠMLERĠ ENSTĠTÜSÜ ĠKĠ ġERĠTLĠ BÖLÜNMEMĠġ YOLLARDA GÖRÜġ MESAFESĠ SÜREKLĠLĠĞĠNĠN YOL GÜVENLĠĞĠNE ETKĠSĠ YÜKSEK LĠSANS TEZĠ Elif Meral DEMUR (501081407) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 6 Mayıs 2011 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 10 Haziran 2011 Tez DanıĢmanı : Doç. Dr. Murat Ergün (ĠTÜ) Diğer Jüri Üyeleri : Dr. Adem Faik Ġyinam (ĠTÜ) Yrd. Doç. Dr. Metehan Ġncegül (YÜ) HAZĠRAN 2011 FOREWORD I would like to thank many people who gave me their support and advice during my Master study. Firstly, I am thankful to my supervisor, Roger Bird, who shared his thoughts with me to start this research at Newcastle University. I will never forget how much enthusiasm I had, to find a method to carry out this study. He gave me all his support throughout the research. I have learned many things from him about Highway Engineering and also about British culture since I arrived at Newcastle. I am very pleased to study under his supervision. I would like to thank my advisor, Murat Ergün, who gave me all his support from Istanbul Technical University while I was studying in Newcastle.
    [Show full text]
  • Ward Boundary Review Darlington Borough Council Liberal Democrat
    Ward Boundary Review Darlington Borough Council Liberal Democrat Party Group Submission December 2013 Background 1. Following the announcement by the Local Government Boundary Commission for England (LGBCE) that the recommended council size for Darlington will be 50 members, meetings were held to discuss a submission in relation to the ward boundary element of the Further Electoral Review. It became apparent that the Darlington Conservative and Labour party groups were meeting to create a joint proposal on ward boundaries. The Liberal Democrat group have therefore produced a separate proposal. The following submission and the appended maps set out our proposal for a revised pattern of wards for the Borough. Introduction 2. Darlington Borough comprises a traditional market town with several rural centres. It covers an area of 197 km2 and has a population of 105,600 (ONS mid-2011 estimate) with 85% living in the compact urban core. The population has increased by nearly 7,700 (97,900, ONS mid-2001estimate) since mid-2001. As at mid-2011 Darlington’s population represents 15.9% of the Tees Valley total of 663,100 and 17.1% of the historic County of Durham population of 618,600. 3. The Liberal Democrat (Lib Dem) proposals are based on the guidance provided by the Boundary Commission. The primary objective is to achieve electoral equality within an acceptable variance on the number of residents per Councillor in all wards. If this variance is unacceptably large in any ward that we propose, an explanation is given on how we expect the variance to reduce to a tolerable level within an acceptable timescale.
    [Show full text]