Untersuchungen Zur Eignung Einer Neuen Gnrh-Variante Zur Brunstinduktion Bei Pluriparen Sauen

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Untersuchungen Zur Eignung Einer Neuen Gnrh-Variante Zur Brunstinduktion Bei Pluriparen Sauen Aus der Ambulatorischen und Geburtshilflichen Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Untersuchungen zur Eignung einer neuen GnRH-Variante zur Brunstinduktion bei pluriparen Sauen Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doctor medicinae veterinariae (Dr. med. vet.) durch die Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig eingereicht von Silke Engl, geb. Heß aus Schwalmstadt Leipzig, 2006 Mit Genehmigung der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Dekan: Prof. Dr. Karsten Fehlhaber Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Axel Sobiraj Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Axel Sobiraj Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Prof. Dr. Martin Wähner Fachbereich Landwirtschaft, Ökotrophologie und Landschaftsentwicklung der Hochschule Anhalt (FH) Bernburg Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Waldmann Klinik für kleine Klauentiere und forensische Medizin und Ambulatorische Klinik der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover Tag der Verteidigung: 12. September 2006 Meinem Engel Die eigentliche Entdeckung besteht nicht darin, Neuland zu betreten, sondern mit neuen Augen zu sehen. Marcel Proust (franz. Schriftsteller 1871 – 1922) Die Arbeit wurde gefördert aus Mitteln des PROgramms „INNOvationskompetenz mittelständischer Unternehmen“ des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Inhaltsverzeichnis Kapitel Überschrift Seite 1 EINLEITUNG 1 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 3 2.1 Physiologie der Fortpflanzung beim Schwein 3 2.1.1 Laktation 3 2.1.2 Absetzen der Ferkel 6 2.1.3 Sexualzyklus und Ovulation 8 2.1.3.1 Proöstrus 9 2.1.3.2 Östrus 10 2.1.3.3 Metöstrus 13 2.1.3.4 Diöstrus 13 2.1.3.5 Steuerung der Follikelentwicklung und der Steroidbiosynthese 17 2.2 Steuerung der Sexualfunktion bei Altsauen: Biotechnische Brunststimulation 21 2.3 Gonadotropin-Releasing-Hormon (GnRH) 25 2.3.1 Struktur und Vorkommen von GnRH 26 2.3.2 GnRH-Rezeptor 32 2.3.3 Wirkung und Regulation von GnRH 38 2.3.4 Einsatz von GnRH zur Steuerung von Fortpflanzungsvorgängen bei landwirtschaftlichen Nutztieren 42 2.3.5 Hinweise auf eine m-GnRH-unabhängige Regulation der FSH-Sekretion 42 3 TIERE, MATERIAL UND METHODE 47 3.1 Zielstellung 47 3.2 Versuchsabschnitte 47 3.2.1 Untersuchungen zur Dosisfindung 47 3.2.2 Untersuchungen zur klinischen Wirksamkeit 48 3.3 Versuchstiere 49 3.4 Versuchszeitraum, Angaben zum Versuchsbetrieb 49 3.5 Haltung 50 3.6 Besamungsmanagement 50 3.7 Impfregime 51 3.8 Fütterung und Tränkung 52 3.9 Sonographische Untersuchungen 54 3.10 Erfasste Parameter 57 3.10.1 Brunstgeschehen 58 3.10.2 Follikelwachstum und Ovulationsverlauf 58 3.10.3 Umrauscher- und Trächtigkeitsergebnis 59 3.10.4 Abferkelergebnis 59 3.10.5 Zusammenhang zwischen Ergebnissen 59 3.10.6 Zusammenhang zwischen Ergebnissen und anamnestischen Daten 59 3.11 Klinische Untersuchungen 60 3.12 Statistische Auswertung 61 I INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4 ERGEBNISSE 63 4.1 Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zur Dosisfindung 63 4.2 Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zur klinischen Wirksamkeit 64 4.2.1 Brunstgeschehen 64 4.2.2 Follikelwachstum und Ovulationsverlauf 66 4.2.3 Umrauscher- und Trächtigkeitsergebnis 70 4.2.4 Abferkelergebnis 71 4.2.5 Zusammenhang zwischen Ergebnissen 71 4.2.6 Zusammenhang zwischen Ergebnissen und anamnestischen Daten 75 4.3 Ergebnisse der klinischen Untersuchung beider Versuchsabschnitte 78 5 DISKUSSION 79 5.1 Dosisfindung 80 5.2 Klinische Wirksamkeit 81 5.2.1 Brunstgeschehen 82 5.2.2 Follikelwachstum und Ovulationsverlauf 83 5.2.3 Umrauscher- und Trächtigkeitsergebnis 85 5.2.4 Abferkelergebnis 85 5.2.5 Zusammenhang zwischen Ergebnissen sowie zwischen Ergebnissen und anamnestischen Daten 86 5.2.6 Schlussbetrachtung, Schlussfolgerungen 87 6 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 89 7 SUMMARY 91 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 93 II TABELLENVERZEICHNIS Tabellenverzeichnis Kapitel Überschrift Seite Tabelle 1: Dauer des Absetz-Östrus-Intervalls in Abhängigkeit von der Säugezeit (Literaturübersicht) 8 Tabelle 2: Dauer der ersten Brunst bei Altsauen nach dem Absetzen der Ferkel (Literaturübersicht) 11 Tabelle 3: Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation (Literaturübersicht) 11 Tabelle 4: Intervalle im ovulationsnahen Zeitraum, in denen Besamungen hohe Befruchtungserfolge erzielten (Literaturübersicht) 13 Tabelle 5: Einfluss unterschiedlicher eCG-Dosierungen und Säugezeiten auf die Östrusrate sowie das Absetz-Östrus-Intervall (Literaturübersicht) 24 Tabelle 6: Nomenklatur und Aminosäuresequenz verschiedener GnRH unterschied- licher Tierarten (in Anlehnung an SOMOZA et al. 2002) 27 Tabelle 7: Verbreitung bekannter GnRH-Varianten bei unterschiedlichen Tierarten und deren Nachweisorte (Auswahl) 33 Tabelle 8: Vorkommen von GnRH-Rezeptoren und -Varianten bei ausgewählten Tierarten 38 Tabelle 9: Behandlungen der Tiere der Gruppen 1 bis 6 zur Dosisfindung 47 Tabelle 10: Behandlungen der Tiere der Gruppen I bis III zur Prüfung der klinischen Wirksamkeit 48 Tabelle 11: Angaben zur Wurfnummer, Wurfleistung und Dauer der Säugezeit der Tiere der Gruppen I bis III im vorangegangenen Wurf 49 Tabelle 12: Rationszusammensetzung für abgesetzte und tragende bzw. abferkelnde und laktierende Sauen (Futtermittel) 53 Tabelle 13: Rationszusammensetzung für abgesetzte und tragende bzw. abferkelnde und laktierende Sauen (Inhaltsstoffanalyse) (pro kg) 53 Tabelle 14: Inhalts- und Zusatzstoffe der in den Rationen eingesetzten Mineralstoff- vormischungen Sau-Min 16 und Sauen M (pro kg) 54 Tabelle 15: Seitenspeckdicke der Sauen der Gruppen I bis III 57 Tabelle 16: Ausgewählte Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen in Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Dosierungen von Peforelin zu den unterschiedlichen Injektionszeitpunkten nach dem Absetzen 63 Tabelle 17: Östrusrate und Absetz-Östrus-Intervall in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 64 Tabelle 18: Brunstdauer in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 64 Tabelle 19: Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 65 Tabelle 20: Intervall Ovulation bis Östrusende in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 65 Tabelle 21: Östrusrate, Absetz-Östrus-Intervall, Brunstdauer sowie Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung (Zusammenfassung) 66 Tabelle 22: Follikelgrößen nach dem Absetzen in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 67 Tabelle 23: Follikelgrößen zum Zeitpunkt der ersten Duldung in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 67 Tabelle 24: Trächtigkeitsergebnis in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 71 Tabelle 25: Abferkelrate und Wurfgröße in Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung 71 III TABELLENVERZEICHNIS Tabelle 26: Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation in Abhängigkeit von der Länge des Absetz-Östrus-Intervalls und Verteilung dieses Zeitabschnittes in Klassen (Anteil der Sauen einer Absetz-Östrus-Intervall-Klasse in %) 72 Tabelle 27: Follikelgröße (mm) nach dem Absetzen in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Säugezeit 74 Tabelle 28: Absetz-Östrus-Intervall (h) in Abhängigkeit von der Wurfnummer 75 Tabelle 29: Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der insgesamt geborenen Ferkel im erzeugten Wurf und im vorangegangenen Wurf 75 Tabelle 30: Absetz-Östrus-Intervall in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Säugezeit im vorangegangenen Wurf 76 Tabelle 31: Verteilung der Besamungszeitpunkte im Verhältnis zur Ovulation 77 Tabelle 32: Wurfgröße in Abhängigkeit vom Besamungsmanagement 77 Tabelle 33: Wurfgröße in Abhängigkeit von der Haltungsform in der Trächtigkeit 78 IV ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS Abbildungsverzeichnis Kapitel Überschrift Seite Abbildung 1: Schema zur östrogeninduzierten Desensibilisierung des negativen Östrogen- Feedback (DÖCKE 1994) 6 Abbildung 2: Prostaglandin F2α-induzierte Kaskade der Luteolyse (nach PATE u. KEYES 2001) 16 Abbildung 3: Schema der zellulären und hormonellen Interaktionen bei der Steroidsynthe- se während des Follikelwachstums (nach AINSWORTH et al. 1990, modifi- ziert nach CONLEY et al. 1994) 19 Abbildung 4: Phylogenetischer Stammbaum einiger GnRH-Formen von verschiedenen Tieren bzw. Tierarten (nach WHITE et al. 1998, modifiziert nach FERNALD u. WHITE 1999) 28 Abbildung 5: Phylogenetischer Stammbaum einiger GnRH-Vorläufer (aus denen die jewei- ligen GnRH-Varianten entstehen) von verschiedenen Tieren bzw. Tierarten (MILLAR et al. 2004) 29 Abbildung 6: Struktur verschiedener GnRH-Rezeptoren (NEILL et al. 2004) 34 Abbildung 7: Schematische Darstellung von m-GnRH in gebogener Formation 35 Abbildung 8: GnRH (links und rechts rot) sowie LH (links blau) bzw. FSH (rechts blau) in Hypophysenportalgefäßen eines ovarektomierten weiblichen Schafes während des Anöstrus (aus PADMANABHAN u. McNEILLY 2001) 43 Abbildung 9: Modell der FSH-Regulation (PADMANABHAN u. McNEILLY 2001) 45 Abbildung 10: Zur sonographischen Untersuchung verwendetes Ultraschallgerät und Geräte zur Datenerfassung 54 Abbildung 11: Sonographische Untersuchung einer Sau im Kastenstand 55 Abbildung 12: Messpunkte (rot) für die Erhebung der Seitenspeckdicke 56 Abbildung 13: Prozentuale Verteilung der Zeitpunkte der Ovulationen in den verschiedenen Gruppen (Sauen, die bis zum siebten Tag nach dem Absetzen östrisch wurden) 68 Abbildung 14: Prozentuale Verteilung der Zeitpunkte der Ovulationen in den verschiedenen Gruppen (alle Sauen, auch die ohne Brunsterscheinungen bis zum siebten Tag nach dem Absetzen, gekennzeichnet mit „danach“) 69 Abbildung 15: Ovarbefunde einer Sau 69 Abbildung 16: Ovarbefund am Dienstag nach dem Absetzen 70 Abbildung 17: Zusammenhang zwischen Brunstdauer und dem Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation sowie dem Absetz-Östrus-Intervall in der Gruppe I 73 Abbildung 18: Zusammenhang zwischen Brunstdauer und dem Intervall Östrusbeginn bis Ovulation sowie
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