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Posligua Viejó Maira Alejandra San Lucas Litardo Patricio José Q.F

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Posligua Viejó Maira Alejandra San Lucas Litardo Patricio José Q.F UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS MODALIDAD: INVESTIGACIÓN TEMA: Extracción, Cuantificación y Caracterización de los componentes mayoritarios de las hojas de Malva pseudolavatera y Malva sylvestris. TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN PRESENTADO COMO REQUISITO PREVIO PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE QUÍMICOS Y FARMACÉUTICOS AUTORES: Posligua Viejó Maira Alejandra San Lucas Litardo Patricio José TUTORA: Q.F. Glenda Sarmiento Tomalá M.Sc. ASESORA EXTERNA: Lic. Migdalia Miranda Martínez Ph.D. Guayaquil – Ecuador 2019 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII DEDICATORIA Principalmente a Dios por darme vida y fuerza para poder cumplir mis objetivos. A la Sra. Bélgica Viejó Avilés por jugar el rol más importante ser padre y madre para mí y porque cada esfuerzo hizo que valiera la pena que yo creciera dentro de un hogar lleno de mucho apoyo, esfuerzo, dedicación y que cada consejo brindado hicieron de mí crecer como persona y porque siempre me guía por el buen camino. Dedico también a todas aquellas personas que me brindaron su apoyo y a quienes compartí momentos de felicidad y de tristeza. También a aquellos docentes que impartieron conocimientos y dedicación y que hicieron que se cumpliera una meta más de mi vida. Posligua Viejó Maira Alejandra XIII DEDICATORIA Dedico este trabajo principalmente a Dios, por haberme bendecido dándome salud y vida hasta el día de hoy, y poder vivir este momento tan importante en mi vida, como es, el de ser profesional. Por ser mi fortaleza, por ser mi respaldo y guiar mi camino cada día, para continuar en este proceso de obtener uno de los anhelos más deseados. A mi madre, por ser ese mi pilar fundamental en mi vida y por ser ese apoyo incondicional y emocional, ayudándome siempre a seguir adelante cada día y no desmayar, a pesar de los obstáculos y problemas que se me fueron presentado a lo largo del camino. Y es que, gracias a su constante motivación, a su inmenso cariño, por su infinita confianza y por todos sus esfuerzos y sacrificios, hoy, sus frutos me permiten que logre culminar mi carrera profesional. A mi hija, por ser mi mayor inspiración y mi más grande bendición, anhelando siempre en darle lo mejor algún día y logrando ser un ejemplo para ella en su vida. También a mi padre, quien también es una de las personas más importante de mi vida, y que gracias a su apoyo y a su esfuerzo me han permitido seguir adelante. Y por último se lo dedico a todas las personas especiales que me acompañaron en esta etapa, aportando a mi formación tanto profesional y como ser humano. San Lucas Litardo Patricio José XIV AGRADECIMIENTO Primero a Dios por darme la fuerza y el coraje de poder alcanzar una meta más. A mi madre por siempre estar en los momentos más difíciles de mi vida y siempre apoyarme, gracias por creer mucho en mí, por aquellos días de lucha y no dejarme vencer, porque gracias a ella soy la persona que soy ahora y porque cada día de mi vida que pasa me siento orgullosa de ella y de cada lección, aprendizaje que inculca sobre mí. Agradezco a mi tutora, Q.F. Glenda Sarmiento M.Sc., por el apoyo incondicional, el tiempo, el esfuerzo que dedico para hacerme crecer como profesionales y hacer posible nuestro trabajo. De manera especial a mi estimada Lic. Migdalia Miranda Ph.D., por la paciencia, dedicación que nos ha tenido, y brindarnos todo su esfuerzo y tiempo. Un enorme agradecimiento al Dr. Oswaldo Pesantes por brindarnos su ayuda en sus instalaciones del laboratorio y haciendo uso de sus equipos. También agradezco a la Dra. Zoraida Burbano por permitirnos trabajar dentro del laboratorio de PROGECA. Agradezco también a KRONOS LABORATORIOS por el apoyo incondicional que me han brindado durante todo el trayecto de mi proceso de titulación y por permitir dejarme crecer en el ámbito profesional. Finalmente, agradezco a todos aquellos amigos, compañeros y docentes que hicieron de mi vida universitaria una etapa maravillosa de mi vida. Posligua Viejó Maira Alejandra XV AGRADECIMIENTO En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a mis padres que me han ayudado y apoyado emocionalmente en todo momento. Luego quiero agradecer a todas las personas que han formado parte de todo este proceso, en especial quiero agradecer a mi tutora, Q.F. Glenda Sarmiento, por haberme orientado en todo momento con sus conocimientos y cuando necesité de algún consejo, para seguir adelante con el trabajo de titulación, también por su dedicación y paciencia, por su atención y su cariño de madre. También agradezco a la Dra. Migdalia Miranda, quien fue un aporte fundamental en todo el proceso de este trabajo, como consultora externa, gracias por su tiempo, su dedicación y por sus conocimientos impartidos. Finalmente agradezco a la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad de Guayaquil, por haber prestado los Laboratorios de investigación, como es el Bioterio y PROGECA, para trabajar en los análisis de la tesis, que es la parte experimental del presente trabajo. San Lucas Litardo Patricio José ÍNDICE DEDICATORIA .................................................................................................... I AGRADECIMIENTO ....................................................................................... XIV RESUMEN ........................................................................................................ XI ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... XII CAPÍTULO I: PROBLEMA.................................................................................. 1 I.1. INTRODUCCIÓN ...................................................................................... 1 I.2. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA ....................................................... 2 I.3. FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA ........................................................... 2 I.4. JUSTIFICACIÓN ....................................................................................... 2 I.5. HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................... 3 I.6. OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................. 3 I.6.1. Objetivo general .................................................................................. 3 I.6.2. Objetivos específicos .......................................................................... 3 I.7. OPERACIONALIZACIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES ....................................... 4 CAPITULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO ...................................................................... 5 II.1. Nombre científico ..................................................................................... 5 II.2. Nombres comunes ................................................................................... 5 II.3. Clasificación científica .............................................................................. 5 II.4. Descripción botánica ................................................................................ 6 II.5. Hábitat ...................................................................................................... 7 II.6. Uso medicinal tradicional ......................................................................... 8 II.7. Actividad farmacológica ........................................................................... 8 II.8. Propiedades medicinales ......................................................................... 9 II.9. Actividades biológicas ............................................................................ 10 II.10. Actividad hepatorotectora .................................................................... 10 II.11. Actividad antimicrobiana ...................................................................... 11 II.12. Actividad antiinflamatoria ..................................................................... 11 II.12.1. Inflamación del aparato respiratorio ............................................... 11 II.12.2. Inflamación del aparato digestivo ................................................... 11 II.13. Propiedades cosméticas ...................................................................... 12 II.14. Usos veterinarios ................................................................................. 12 II.15. Componentes principales ..................................................................... 13 II.16. Elementos químicos ............................................................................. 14 II.17. Constituyentes fitoquímicos ................................................................. 14 II.17.1. Aminoácidos / derivados de proteínas ........................................... 14 II.17.2. Mucílagos ...................................................................................... 15 II.17.3. Derivados fenólicos ........................................................................... 15 II.17.4. Enzimas ......................................................................................... 16 II.17.5. Cumarinas ..................................................................................... 16 II.17.6. Flavonoides ................................................................................... 16 II.17.7. Vitaminas ....................................................................................... 18 II.17.8. Ácidos grasos/esteroles ................................................................. 18 II.17.9. Terpenoides ................................................................................... 19 II.17.10. Pigmentos ...................................................................................
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