Diversité Religieuse En République De L'altaï

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Diversité Religieuse En République De L'altaï Diversité religieuse en République de l’Altaï : concurrences et convergences. Enquête sur le renouveau religieux des Altaïens de la République de l’Altaï (Fédération de Russie) Clément Jacquemoud To cite this version: Clément Jacquemoud. Diversité religieuse en République de l’Altaï : concurrences et convergences. Enquête sur le renouveau religieux des Altaïens de la République de l’Altaï (Fédération de Russie). Religions. Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017PSLEP062. tel-02106983 HAL Id: tel-02106983 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02106983 Submitted on 23 Apr 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE DE DOCTORAT de l’Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres PSL Research University Préparée à l’École Pratique des Hautes Études Diversité religieuse en République de l’Altaï : Concurrences et convergences Enquête sur le renouveau religieux des Altaïens de la République de l’Altaï (Fédération de Russie) École doctorale de l’EPHE – ED 472 Spécialité : ANTHROPOLOGIE COMPOSITION DU JURY : Mme Isabelle BIANQUIS Université François Rabelais - Tours Rapportrice Mme Florence GOYET Université Grenoble Alpes Présidente du jury M. Michael HOUSEMAN École Pratique des Hautes Études - Paris Directeur de thèse Soutenue par : M. Jean-Luc LAMBERT Clément JACQUEMOUD École Pratique des Hautes Études - Paris Co-encadrant de la thèse le 13 décembre 2017 Mme Kathy ROUSSELET SciencesPo - Paris Examinatrice Dirigée par : Michael HOUSEMAN Mme Dany SAVELLI Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès Jean-Luc LAMBERT Examinatrice Mme Virginie VATÉ CNRS – GSRL - Paris Examinatrice TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS 9 CONVENTIONS DE TRANSLITTÉRATION 12 INTRODUCTION 13 Délimitation de l’étude : la République de l’Altaï 16 Genèse d’un questionnement 22 Méthodologie de la recherche et limites 25 Sources écrites 28 Plan 30 CHAPITRE I « UN TERRAIN FERTILE » 33 L’Altaï, ou l’interpénétration du politique et du religieux comme une constante INTRODUCTION 34 I. LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE L’ALTAÏ, MOSAÏQUE DE PEUPLES, DE LANGUES ET DE CULTURES 35 I. A. Qui sont les Altaïens ? 35 I. B. Un patrimoine historique d’une grande richesse 40 I. B. 1. Les premiers habitants de l’Altaï 40 I. B. 2. Des dominations turques et mongoles à l’empire russe 43 I. B. 3. L’Altaï et sa colonisation par l’Empire russe 46 I. B. 4. La fin du tsarisme et la période soviétique 52 I. B. 4. a. En Altaï soviétique 55 I. B. 4. b. La fin de la période soviétique 61 II. LE RETOUR DU RELIGIEUX EN ALTAÏ 65 II. A. Une pluralité de courants 65 II. B. Une momie alimente la polémique 70 CONCLUSION 71 2 CHAPITRE II « LE LIEU DE TOUTES LES RENCONTRES » 74 Le festival Èl Ojyn INTRODUCTION 75 I. ÈL OJYN : « UNE FÊTE ALTAÏENNE À L’ESPRIT NATIONAL » 77 II. LE DÉROULEMENT DU FESTIVAL 79 II. A. Un site 79 II. B. Une temporalité 80 III. UN ÉVÉNEMENT TRÈS PRIS EN MAIN 85 III. A. Au programme : l’unité dans la diversité 86 III. B. Une question épineuse, la religion au festival 90 III. B. 1. Des enjeux différents 91 III. B. 2. La religion dans les compétitions 94 III. C. L’unité « sur » un passé commun 96 III. D. Un festival pour commémorer le lien fort à la Russie ? 98 III. E. L’Altaï, partie intégrante de la Fédération de Russie 102 IV. RETOUR AUX ORIGINES 107 IV. A. Les premières fêtes en Union soviétique 107 IV. B. Le Jour du pasteur 109 V. UN ÉVÉNEMENT VECTEUR DE POLÉMIQUES 113 V. A. Un site controversé : de la symbolique culturelle… 114 V. B. …aux tracas avec les esprits 115 V. C. Comme une impression de Deža-Vju… ou de gâchis financier 118 VI. VERS LA CONSTRUCTION D’UNE IDENTITÉ ALTAÏENNE ? ÈL OJYN COMME RITUEL POLITIQUE 119 VI. A. Le festival comme système d’échange 122 VI. B. L’instrumentalisation du passé 125 VI. C. À travers l’espace et le temps, entre « tradition » et « modernité » 128 VI. C. 1. Le festival à travers l’espace et le temps 128 VI. C. 2. Le festival entre tradition et modernité 130 VI. C. 3. Le cas du concours des chanteurs d’épopées 132 VI. C. 4. Économiquement parlant 134 VI. D. Le festival comme institution pédagogique 135 CONCLUSION 137 3 CHAPITRE III « L’ALTAÏ ORIGINEL » 139 Le bourkhanisme comme quête d’identité INTRODUCTION 140 I. LA VISION DU MONDE ALTAÏENNE 141 I. A. Des esprits et des hommes 141 I. B. Certaines personnes « savent quelque chose »… 142 I. C. Une pluralité de mondes et d’entités 144 I. D. Maîtres des lieux et autres esprits du monde du milieu 146 I. E. Un monde tripartite ? 149 II. L’ALTAÏ BOURKHANISTE 151 II. A. Retour sur la genèse du bourkhanisme 152 II. B. Caractéristiques du mouvement 155 II. B. 1. Une opposition claire au chamanisme… 155 II. B. 2. …inspirée du bouddhisme… 158 II. B. 3. …ou de l’orthodoxie ? 160 II. B. 4. Un peuple élu 162 II. C. D’une « pluralité d’altaïs » à l’Altaï 164 II. C. 1. L’Altaï comme territoire clanique 164 II. C. 2. De Père Altaï à la divinité Khan Altaï 167 II. C. 3. Une nouvelle géographie du territoire comme condition du changement 168 II. D. Vers la construction d’une identité altaïenne 170 II. D. 1. Perception de Soi, perception de l’« Autre » 170 II. D. 2. « Hommes de l’Altaï » vs « Hommes bons » 172 III. NOUVELLE IDENTITÉ, NOUVEAU TERRITOIRE ? 175 III. A. La révélation de l’Altaï comme paradis, reflet de contacts interethniques 175 III. B. Le Royaume des Eaux Blanches, ou la découverte d’une contrée utopique 177 III. C. Passage de la légende chez les autochtones de l’Altaï 179 CONCLUSION 181 4 CHAPITRE IV « L’ALTAÏ LOCALISÉ » 183 Le renouveau religieux en République de l’Altaï : vers un recentrement ? INTRODUCTION 184 A. L’identité altaïenne contemporaine, retour sur une définition 184 B. Mouvements religieux « traditionnels » et « non-traditionnels » 185 II. EXTENSION DU DOMAINE DE L’ORTHODOXIE 189 II. A. Une présence en Altaï de plus en plus marquée 190 II. B. Un marquage du territoire provocateur ? 191 II. C. L’orthodoxie autochtone : une inclination à la passivité ? 193 III. LE CHAMANISME DANS TOUS SES ÉTATS 195 III. A. Néo-bourkhanisme ou néo-chamanisme ? 196 III. B. Un territoire « chargé » d’entités 198 III. C. Pratiques chamanistiques des profanes 200 III. C. 1. Esprits de la maisonnée 201 III. C. 2. Divinités disparues, rituels confondus 204 III. D. Du côté des chamanes : la rançon du succès 205 III. D. 1. Sans tambour ni costume ? 209 III. D. 2. Conception de la maladie, rites de cure et de conjuration 211 IV. LE NEW AGE EN ALTAÏ 212 IV. A. Théosophie et Éthique de vie 214 IV. B. Relectures de Roerich en Altaï 214 V. L’AVORTEMENT D’UN BOURKHANISME D’ÉTAT ? 218 V. A. Des organisations chamaniques ? 218 V. B. Bagyryč triomphe quand Kynyev échoue : hiérarchie et réseautage 221 V. B. 1. Le réseau Ak T’aŋ 221 V. B. 2. Une hiérarchie basée sur le savoir 224 V. C. Représentations au sein du mouvement 226 V. C. 1. L’entité Üč Kurbustan Kudaj 227 V. C. 2. L’Altaï divinisé 228 V. D. Vision du monde développée dans les pratiques et les discours 229 V. E. Un mouvement politisé mais décrédibilisé 235 CONCLUSION 236 5 CHAPITRE V « L’ALTAÏ MONDIALISÉ » 238 Les nouveaux mouvements religieux transnationalisés dans la république INTRODUCTION 239 I. PENTECÔTISME ET ALTAÏ : DE L’OUVERTURE SUR LE MONDE AU RENOUVEAU IDENTITAIRE 240 II. HISTOIRE DU PENTECÔTISME EN ALTAÏ 243 I. A. Présence première de protestants en Altaï 243 I. B. La République de l’Altaï évangélisée 244 I. C. Territorialisation des églises et scissions 245 III. L’ATTRACTIVITÉ DU PENTECÔTISME 247 III. A. Différentes stratégies d’implantation 249 III. A. 1. De la critique des injustices sociales… 250 III. A. 2. … à une théologie de la prospérité, … 252 III. A. 3. … le terreau d’une pensée millénariste 255 III. B. Pentecôtisme et engagement politique 256 IV. PENTECÔTISME ET GLOBALISATION 260 IV. A. De l’inscription de l’individu dans la modernité… 260 IV. B. … à sa nouvelle socialisation 262 V. UN DOGME ABORDABLE 266 V. A. La démonisation de la vision du monde traditionnelle 267 V. B. La clarté de l’offre pentecôtiste 268 V. C. La légitimation du renouveau culturel et identitaire 269 V. C. 1. L’accent mis sur la langue 269 V. C. 2. Le renouveau des traditions locales 271 CONCLUSION 273 6 CHAPITRE VI « L’ARRIVÉE DE L’ÉTÉ » 275 Analyse comparée de deux rituels saisonniers (district de Koš-Agač et mouvement néo-bourkhaniste Ak T’a – district d’Ongudaj) INTRODUCTION 276 I. « OUVRIR ET FERMER LES OREILLES DE L’ALTAÏ » 277 II. UN T’AŽYL BÜR À KOŠ-AGAČ 279 II. A. L’accueil auprès des yourtes 280 II. B. Auprès de l’üle 282 II. C. L’attache de rubans sur la corde t’ele 283 II. D. Dans l’enceinte cérémonielle küre 284 II. E. Recueil auprès des pierres taillées 288 II. F. De retour à la yourte 289 III. LES CÉRÉMONIES DANS LE CADRE D’AK T’A 290 III. A. Apprendre à sculpter 291 III.
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