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L2/07-143 Title: Proposal to Encode Tangut Characters in UCS Plane 1

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L2/07-143 Title: Proposal to Encode Tangut Characters in UCS Plane 1 TANGUT ENCODING PROPOSAL: U+17000 .. U+18715 L2/07-143 ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Title: Proposal to encode Tangut characters in UCS Plane 1 Doc Type: Working Group Document Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Author: Richard COOK Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2007-05-09 This proposal presents a new block of 5,910 Tangut (a.k.a. 西夏, Xī Xià, Тангут, Си Ся) characters for en- coding in Plane 1 of the UCS, in the range (U+17000..U+18715), coordinating contributions from scholars in China, Japan, Russia, Taiwan, and the United States. Tangut is an extinct language of central China (都興慶府, 今寧夏銀川). Tangut characters were in use for less than 500 years (1036-1502), including some 300 years of classical use beyond the Mongol destruction of Tangut civilization (1227). Tangut writing was invented by imperial decree, with Chinese writing as its con- ceptual model. Tangut characters are confined to a uniform em-square, and comprised of a finite set of stroke types combined in recurrent patterns. The resemblance to Chinese and CJK writing ends there: Tangut is a unique writing system, with no overlap with Unified CJK Ideographs. There is a considerable body of native Tangut literature that has been uncovered since the early 1900s, and a large body of paleographic and linguis- tic work has also been published, making a standard encoding of great consequence for future research. The first attempt to define a standard electronic encoding of Tangut was Grinstead’s “Tangut Telecode” (1971), but neither this nor more ambitious subsequent computerized systems have gained much currency among scholars, though a de facto standard point of reference in Tangut studies has slowly emerged. The proposed repertory derives from three main sources, two by 李范文 Lǐ Fànwén (TY:1986, XiaHan:1997) and one by 韓小忙 Hán Xiǎománg (HXM:2004). Hán Xiǎománg was the executive editor of his teacher Lǐ Fànwén’s mammoth 1997 《夏漢字典》Xià-Hàn Zìdiǎn [Tangut / Chinese Dictionary]. Seven years later Han’s doctoral dissertation 《西夏文正字研究》 [On Tangut Orthography] presents a comprehensive and sys- tematic analysis of the distinctive elements of Tangut writing, mapped to nine native Tangut dictionaries. Complete mappings and glyphs for these three sources (TY, XiaHan, HXM) are provided in the Multi-Col- umn Code Chart (L2/07-144) accompanying this proposal; these mappings are a subset of the complete UniHan-style Tangut mapping database, described in the Proposed Draft Unicode Technical Report #43: A User’s Guide to the UniTangut Database <http://unicode.org/~rscook/Xixia/UCS_proposal/tr43.html>. The Multi-Column Code Chart (L2/07-144) has four fields per record, one field per source, and 6217 records total (including variants), for 5910 proposed new characters. It is printed with 24 pt. Tangut glyphs, in 4 col- umns and 17 records per page, over 92 pages. The four columns of the Multi-Column Code Chart have header labels “W” (TY:1986), “X” (XiaHan:1997), “Y” (HXM:2004), “Z” (proposed UCS representative glyph). Under each glyph in the first 3 columns (W,X,Y) is its source mapping, and under each cell in column Z is the proposed UCS code point. Each record in this chart has at least two glyphs, and variant classes occupy adjacent rows with the same proposed code point: the first row for each variant class provides the proposed representative glyph in field Z (as determined 1 TANGUT ENCODING PROPOSAL: U+17000 .. U+18715 L2/07-143 by HXM). The Single-Column Code Chart (L2/07-145) shows only the column “Z” proposed representative glyph. The consolidated mappings and glyphs underwent rigorous proofing and correction over the course of the year 2006 and into 2007, resulting in the set of five related TangutTrueType fonts presented in this proposal. The base font and mappings for column “W” came from Taiwan (Academia Sincia); the fonts for columns “X”, and “Y” were created specifically for this proposal, based on scans of the two main print-sources (Xia- Han, HXM). The font for column “Z” and its subset font for the Single-Column Code Chart were also built specifically for this proposal, based on a bitmap set from Japan (created in work by 荒川慎太郎 Arakawa Shintaro et al., based also on the XiaHan source), corrected, expanded, and brought into line with the HXM source. Three of the fonts in the Multi-Column Code Chart (X,Y,Z) contain glyphs for the full proposal rep- ertory (5910 characters); the Sinica font (W) only contains Tongyin (TY) glyphs. The ordering in the Single and Multi- Column Charts derives from the system presented in HXM (2004), and virtual positions are assigned for characters not in that source. That scheme is especially attractive for its logic and high degree of usability. For every character, the left-side, top- or bottom-spanning component is the “radical”. The stroke types and counts of these components order these component classes, and within a given class the ordering is also by stroke count and by the type of the first residual stroke. This ordering eliminates the immediate need for the encoding of a block of Tangut radicals. The competing systems of Tangut radicals (and there are several, though apparently no known native systems) are idiosyncratic and partial. The task of enumerating the complete set of Tangut radicals is rather open-ended, since this is in ef- fect a subset of the similarly open-ended set of Tangut components (which is especially open-ended when character variants, and variant component analyses are considered). On-going CDL analysis of the encoded Tangut repertory will provide the basis for the future encoding of a well-defined set of Tangut components. CDL itself is the most effective way to address the radical/component problem in Tangut, and the larger problems relating to the indexing of this large character set. Tangut characters are processed for most purposes like Chinese characters. They occupy unit squares, line- breaks can occur between any characters (subject to ordinary Han script rules for placement of punctuation). The default sort order is determined by binary (code-chart) order. Tangut, Chinese, Russian, English, IPA, etc. are commonly intermixed in the same lines of left-to-right running text. Tangut may also be used in verti- cal text. For examples, see the images at <http://unicode.org/~rscook/Xixia/>. The Single-Column Code Chart (L2/07-145) includes at the end a full set of names. All character names have the form “TANGUT CHARACTER-17000”. Due to the large number of Tangut characters, it is suggested that UniHan-style short-hand notation be used in “NamesList.txt”. In addition to lexical source mappings, the mapping data documented in Proposed Draft Unicode Technical Report #43: A User’s Guide to the UniTangut Database will provide several other kinds of property informa- tion. Some of these are described below. 2 TANGUT ENCODING PROPOSAL: U+17000 .. U+18715 L2/07-143 Sources and Properties The following is a list of fields and abbreviations used in the online mapping database: <http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rscook/cgi/ztangut.html> B5 : Academia Sinica’s Big5-based encoding of this character (see PUA). HXM : 韓小忙 Hán Xiǎománg (2004): 《西夏文正字研究》 [On Tangut Orthography; Ph.D. dissertation K246.3 H211.7, directed by 李范文 Lǐ Fànwén, see TY]. HXM undertakes a comprehensive and sys- tematic collation of Tangut characters, based on nine Tangut dictionaries (《同音》, 《文海寶韻》, 《 同音文海寶韻合編》, 《番漢合時掌中珠》, 《三才雜字》, 《纂要》, 《同義》, 《五音切韻》, 《新集碎金置 掌文》), and catalogues a total of 6,066 forms, including 169 variants, 36 errors, and 5,861 unique ‘standard-style characters’ (“正字” zhèngzì ‘orthography’). In addition to the primary source map- pings, this work contains mappings to Lǐ (1997) and Sofronov (1968). Kychanov : Е. И. Кычанов Словарь Тангутского (Си Ся) Яазыка [E.I. Kychanov; Tangut Dictionary: Tangut-Russian-English-Chinese Dictionary], Kyoto Univ., 2006; this dictionary uses the Arakawa Mojikyo (文字鏡) fonts; pronunciations after Sofronov, gloss material after 李范文; 5803 indexed en- tries, including many variants. Nevsky : Н. А. Невский (Nevsky, N. A.) [1892-1938] (1960) Тангутская Филология. Издатепьство Восточны литературы, Москва [Tangut Philology. 2 vols (Russian) Moskow]. (This field may have a maximum of four space-delimited values.) Nishida : 《西夏語的研究》 (西田龍雄 Nishida Tatsuo) 第二冊, 西夏文字小字典 Appendix I, p. 303-507 上面 的編號. PUA : Academia Sinica’s Unicode Private Use Area encoding of B5, see UNI. SN : Serial Number, a numbering of all 5,809 elements of the TY character set. Sofronov : Софронов, М. В. (M. V. Sofronov) 索夫羅諾夫著的《西夏語文法》 (Грамматика Тангуцково Языка [Grammatika Tangutskovo Yazyka ‘Tangut Garammar’], 1968). TY : 《同音研究》Tóngyīn Yánjiū (‘Homophones’ Research, 李范文 Lǐ Fànwén. 寧夏人民出版社, 1986). The Sinica TY database contains a total of 5,809 records, including variants. TYBH :《同音研究》筆畫, (TY Stroke-count Range). TYBS : 《同音研究》部首 (TY Radical). TYP : 《同音研究》品, (TY Class). TYYY :《同音研究》音韻, (TY Rhyme). TYYZ : 《同音研究》頁字, (TY character mapping [page + character ID]). UNI : non-PUA Unicode code point (in the proposed range [U+17000 .. U+18715]), with block ordering as in HXM. WHYJ : 《文海研究》 Wén Hǎi Yánjiū (史金波, 白濱, 黃振華, 1983). WenHai : 《文海》 Wén Hǎi (K. V. Keping et al., 1969). XiaHan : 《夏漢字典》Xià-Hàn Zìdiǎn [Tangut / Chinese Dictionary] (李范文 Lǐ Fànwén 1997; ISBN: 7- 5004-2113-3). This dictionary has 6,000 numbered entries, including a number of variants unified in the proposed repertory. In the mapping data, indices > 6000 are virtual. YTYL : 《義同》一類 Yì Tóng yīlèi (李范文, 韓小忙, 2000; cf. 韓小忙 2004:354). Several other fields are in the process of being added to this database, including phonological and semantic information.
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