DOCSLIB.ORG

Processes of Making and Informing Maronite Identity in Beirut Divin Boutros University of South Carolina - Columbia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Processes of Making and Informing Maronite Identity in Beirut Divin Boutros University of South Carolina - Columbia University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2018 Urban Social Landscapes And Urban Places: Processes Of Making And Informing Maronite Identity In Beirut Divin Boutros University of South Carolina - Columbia Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Boutros, D.(2018). Urban Social Landscapes And Urban Places: Processes Of Making And Informing Maronite Identity In Beirut. (Master's thesis). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5011 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. URBAN SOCIAL LANDSCAPES AND URBAN PLACES: PROCESSES OF MAKING AND INFORMING MARONITE IDENTITY IN BEIRUT by Divin Boutros Bachelor of Arts University of South Carolina, 2015 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2018 Accepted by: Amy Mills, Director of Thesis Caroline R. Nagel, Reader Hamid Khan, Reader Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Divin Boutros 2018 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my parents who left everything behind in Lebanon to give me and my sister a better life here in the United States of America. I will never express enough gratitude for everything they have done for me and my sister. I can’t even begin to imagine selling my house and business and going across the planet to a place where I don’t even speak the language. To my parents: You are my heroes and I hope to be half the person you are by the time I am your age. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I want to acknowledge Dr. Amy Mills who guided me through writing my first thesis. She has seen me cry, she has seen me laugh, and she has told me countless times to call her Amy, but I can never get myself to not call her Dr. Mills and for her I am forever grateful. I also want to thank Dr. Caroline Nagel who in my opinion is the most intimidating person on my committee; most times I was more afraid of disappointing her and Dr. Mills than I was of not passing my thesis defense. Finally, of my committee, I want to acknowledge Dr. Hamid Khan whose office I could just go to and we would sit and discuss Middle-Eastern politics and what I would do after I graduate. Dr. Khan kept me straight where Muslim information and history was concerned. Dr. Khan is one of the most complete scholars on Islam I have ever known; and he is someone I aspire to emulate after I complete my studies. Last, but not least, I want to give a big thanks to my MEHOGGSS. Holly, Angie, Ben, and Sam, thank you for reviewing my thesis and catching my typos. This group of Middle-East focused graduate students started in the dungeons of Callcott, in the map room, and we slowly moved to above-ground offices with windows. I probably still can’t tell you exactly what MEHOGGSS stands for; it’s probably Middle-Eastern Human Geography Graduate Student Syndicate and the o was just added to iterate the Arabic dammah and give the O sound. iv ABSTRACT This research looks at the Maronites of Beirut and examines, from their perspective, the role of belonging, imagined geographies, and memories of place in the processes of making and informing Maronite identity in Beirut after the civil war of 1975. The civil war of 1975 allows me to examine the city’s change in demographics in relation to the Green Line that divided the city between a Muslim West Beirut, and a Christian Eastern Beirut during the civil war. The thesis approaches Beirut’s homogenous neighborhoods, a result of the city’s cantonization during the civil war, as problematic for the future of the country. The first major contribution of this research is an illustration of the city from a Maronite perspective; I offer a pre-1975 Beirut and its neighborhoods compared with a post-civil war Beirut. The second chapter contributing to the body of research is a chapter that examines one specific neighborhood of the city and its major role in the processes of identity making for Maronites in Beirut. I identify consociational democracy as an institutionalized divide in the country that prevents the different ethno-religious groups from effectively communicating; in turn, this divide, illustrated by the city’s homogenous neighborhoods, reinforces the misconceptions and exclusive imagined geographies fostered within. In my research, I interviewed 24 Maronites including those with lived experiences in the city before the civil war, and a younger generation who do not remember the civil war; I compare and contrast their experience to propose a way forward. v PREFACE I want to preface my thesis by explaining the reason behind my use of the word ethno-religious group. I designate the different confessional groups as ethno-religious groups because my Maronite participants viewed them as such. In the opinion of the majority of the Maronites I interviewed, Shi’ite Muslims were viewed as ethnically and religiously different than Sunni Muslims. Maronites also view the Druze community as ethnically and religiously different than the Shi’ite and Sunni Muslims. Finally, Maronites view themselves as ethnically and religiously different than the Muslims and the Druze of Lebanon. My participants looked at every confessional community in Lebanon as ethnically and religiously unique and different than the rest. For that reason, I use the term ethno-religious to identify the different communities throughout the thesis. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ........................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. iv Abstract ................................................................................................................................ v Preface ................................................................................................................................ vi List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Historical Context ............................................................................................ 10 2.1 Phoenicianism as a form of Maronite Nationalism ........................................ 13 2.2 Early Maronite History .................................................................................... 18 2.3 Maronites and the Crusades, a history from the 11th – 14th Century ............ 20 2.4 19th Century Maronite History ........................................................................ 24 2.5 20th Century Maronite History ........................................................................ 31 Chapter 3: Literature Review ............................................................................................ 36 3.1 Review of Related Research............................................................................ 36 3.2 Conceptual Literature: Identity, Imagined Geographies, and Belonging ....... 43 3.3 space and place ............................................................................................... 43 3.4 identity ............................................................................................................ 46 vii 3.5 imagined geographies and belonging ............................................................. 51 Chapter 4: Methods and Methodology ............................................................................ 59 4.1 Major Research Question ............................................................................... 59 4.2 Maronites in Beirut: Place and People as Site and Subject of Study .............. 60 4.3 Ethnography .................................................................................................... 62 4.4 Situated Knowledge and Related Assumptions .............................................. 63 4.5 Methodological Approach .............................................................................. 68 4.6 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 75 4.7 Ethics ............................................................................................................... 75 4.8 Limitations and Contributions ........................................................................ 77 Chapter 5: Beirut – A City Reborn ..................................................................................... 80 5.1 Contested Memories in Beirut ........................................................................ 88 5.2 Illustrating Beirut from a Maronite perspective ........................................... 103 5.3 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 117 Chapter 6: Reinforcing Maronite Identity in Beirut’s Achrafieh Neighborhood ............ 119 6.1 Identity .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SECTARIAN MOVEMENT in LEBANON TRANSFORMING from STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS a FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke Verhandeling Aantal Woorden: 25.981
    THE EMERGENCE OF THE NON- SECTARIAN MOVEMENT IN LEBANON TRANSFORMING FROM STREET PROTESTS TOWARDS A FULL- FLEDGED POLITICAL MOVEMENT Wetenschappelijke verhandeling Aantal woorden: 25.981 Jesse Waterschoot Stamnummer: 01306668 Promotor: Prof. dr. Christopher Parker Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad master in de richting Politieke Wetenschappen afstudeerrichting Internationale Politiek Academiejaar: 2017-2018 Acknowledgements I would like to thank all the individuals with whom I have discussed this topic. Through its specificity, online information was sometimes hard to find, so I would like to thank every individual in Lebanon that shared information with me. I extend my sincere gratitude to my colleagues at Heinrich Böll Stichtung Beirut, who supported me in my project on the Lebanese elections and shared their insights with me. Without their assistance and contacts in Beirut’s political scene, finishing this dissertation would have been much harder. Whenever I had any question about a Lebanese party, organisation or politician they were happy to provide information. A special acknowledgment must be given to my promotor, Christopher Parker. Through your guidance and advice on this specific topic and support for my internship plans, I was able to complete this dissertation. 3 Abstract Deze Master thesis behandelt de opkomst van de Libanese niet-sektarische beweging. Libanon kent een confessioneel systeem, waarbij de staat en samenleving georganiseerd is op basis van religie. Deze bestuursvorm resulteerde in een politiek-religieuze elite die overheidsdiensten monopoliseerde en herstructureerde om diensten te voorzien aan hun religieuze achterban, in ruil voor hun loyaliteit. Na de burgeroorlog werd dit confessioneel systeem aangepast, maar niet fundamenteel gewijzigd.
    [Show full text]
  • For Immediate Release Contact Allegra Favila [email protected] 212/998-6789
    For Immediate Release Contact Allegra Favila [email protected] 212/998-6789 EXHIBITION RETHINKS MID-CENTURY ABSTRACT ART IN MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s On view at New York University’s Grey Art Gallery January 14–April 4, 2020 Taking Shape: Abstraction from the Arab World, 1950s–1980s explores the development of abstraction in the Arab world via paintings, sculpture, and works on paper dating from the 1950s through the 1980s. By looking critically at the history and historiography of mid-20th century abstraction, the exhibition considers art from North Africa and West Asia as integral to the discourse on global modernism. At its heart, the project raises a fundamental art historical question: How do we study abstraction across different contexts and what models of analysis do we use? Examining how and why artists investigated the expressive capacities of line, color, and texture, Taking Shape highlights a number of abstract movements that developed in the Middle East, Mohamed Melehi (Morocco) North Africa, and West Asia, as well as the Arab diaspora. Across Composition, 1970. Acrylic these regions, individual artists and artist collectives grappled with on wood, 47 1/4 x 39 3/8 in. issues of authenticity, national and regional identity, and the Collection of the Barjeel Art decolonization of culture. Drawn from the collection of the Barjeel Foundation, Sharjah, UAE Art Foundation based in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, the exhibition features nearly 90 works by a diverse group of artists such as Etel Adnan, Shakir Hassan Al Said, Kamal Boullata, Huguette Caland, Ahmed Cherkaoui, Saloua Raouda Choucair, Rachid Koraïchi, Mohamed Melehi, and Hassan Sharif, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm
    LEBANON: MANAGING THE GATHERING STORM Middle East Report N°48 – 5 December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. A SYSTEM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW.................................................................. 1 A. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ELECTORAL CONTEST..................................................................1 B. THE MEHLIS EFFECT.............................................................................................................5 II. SECTARIANISM AND INTERNATIONALISATION ............................................. 8 A. FROM SYRIAN TUTELAGE TO WESTERN UMBRELLA?............................................................8 B. SHIFTING ALLIANCES..........................................................................................................12 III. THE HIZBOLLAH QUESTION ................................................................................ 16 A. “A NEW PHASE OF CONFRONTATION” ................................................................................17 B. HIZBOLLAH AS THE SHIITE GUARDIAN?..............................................................................19 C. THE PARTY OF GOD TURNS PARTY OF GOVERNMENT.........................................................20 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22 A. A BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR A NARROW AGENDA .......................................22 B. A LEBANESE COURT ON FOREIGN
    [Show full text]
  • July-August 2013
    The Maronite Voice A Publication of the Maronite Eparchies in the USA Volume IX Issue No. VII July - August 2013 Our Patriarch Has Consecrated Lebanon to Our Lady, as Mary Is Our Only Hope for the Future Dear Friends, uly is a special month for us because the family of Beit Maroun gathers at the National Convention. It's a great opportunity to renew Jold acquaintances, to share remembrances of the past and to truly speak of the hopes and visions for the future. Since the first Convention in 1964, I have attended every Convention except one, and that was due to illness. Each one has been special and each one unique, reflecting the gifts of the local community. I am sure this Convention will also be a time of happiness and joy. The month of July is also very special for all Americans. We celebrate on the Fourth with fireworks, parties and parades. We celebrate our freedom and our independence. Despite the problems we may have in this country, it is still the greatest place to live, and we should all thank God for our being Americans. I once asked our former Patriarch, " What is a way of being a good Maronite?" He replied: "By being a good American." Our Lebanese culture and heritage are second to none, but it seems that political leaders do not work together to preserve that beautiful country. Pope John Paul II said, "Lebanon is more than a country, it is a message to the world." What happened? Our Patriarch has just consecrated Lebanon again to Our Lady, as Mary is our only hope for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanese Christian Nationalism: a Theoretical Analyses of a National Movement
    1 Lebanese Christian nationalism: A theoretical analyses of a national movement A Masters Thesis Presented by Penelope Zogheib To the faculty of the department of Political Science at Northeastern University In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science Northeastern University Boston, MA December, 2013 2 Lebanese Christian nationalism: A theoretical analyses of a national movement by Penelope Zogheib ABSTRACT OF THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Political Science in the College of Social Sciences and Humanities of Northeastern University December, 2013 3 ABSTRACT OF THESIS This thesis examines the distinctiveness of Lebanese Christian identity, and the creation of two interconnected narratives pre and during the civil war: the secular that rejects Arab nationalism and embraces the Phoenician origins of the Lebanese, and the marriage of the concepts of dying and fighting for the sacred land and faith. This study portrays the Lebanese Christian national movement as a social movement with a national agenda struggling to disseminate its conception of the identity of a country within very diverse and hostile societal settings. I concentrate on the creation process by the ethnic entrepreneurs and their construction of the self-image of the Lebanese Christian and the perception of the "other" in the Arab world. I study the rhetoric of the Christian intelligentsia through an examination of their writings and speeches before, during and after the civil war, and the evolution of that rhetoric along the periods of peace and war. I look at how the image of “us” vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lebanese Parliamentary Elections of 2018: Much Ado About Nothing?
    Peter Nassif FOKUS | 4/2018 The Lebanese Parliamentary Elections of 2018: Much Ado about Nothing? On 6 May 2018, Lebanon went to the polls humanitarian support for Syrian refugees Political and Security Challenges to elect a new parliament for the first time as well as political support for neighboring in nine years. These elections stand out host countries.3 More important was the The parliament’s elections were postponed for the largest reform in voting laws in CEDRE4 donor conference that was held in 2013 and 2014 because of security Lebanese history, the influence of regional in Paris on 6 April, where 11 billion USD con cerns. During the time, the Syrian War tensions, but also a civil society challen- in credits and grants were pledged to Le- was raging in the Lebanese-Syrian border ging the old guard. After much anticipa- banon during election season – a country region, while the rise of ISIS and frequent tion, the general elections changed less with a gross public debt of almost 80 billi- car bombings in Hezbollah’s southern the political landscape than many people on USD5 and the fifth-highest debt-to-GDP Beirut neighborhoods led to a general had hoped. The results demonstrated that ratio worldwide.6 sense of insecurity. The Syrian government Lebanese voters and political parties are was losing ground and the Lebanese Shiite still far away from running and voting on A Peculiar Political System Hezbollah militia had joined the conflict in policy-based solutions to tackle the socio- 2012 to fight alongside the regime. It took economic challenges facing the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Envisioning and Contesting a New Lebanon? Actors, Issues and Dynamics Following the October Protests About International Alert
    Envisioning and contesting a new Lebanon? Actors, issues and dynamics following the October protests About International Alert International Alert works with people directly affected by conflict to build lasting peace. We focus on solving the root causes of conflict, bringing together people from across divides. From the grassroots to policy level, we come together to build everyday peace. Peace is just as much about communities living together, side by side, and resolving their differences without resorting to violence, as it is about people signing a treaty or laying down their arms. That is why we believe that we all have a role to play in building a more peaceful future. www.international-alert.org © International Alert 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without full attribution. Layout: Marc Rechdane Front cover image: © Ali Hamouch Envisioning and contesting a new Lebanon? Actors, issues and dynamics following the October protests Muzna Al-Masri, Zeina Abla and Rana Hassan August 2020 2 | International Alert Envisioning and contesting a new Lebanon? Acknowledgements International Alert would like to thank the research team: Muzna Al-Masri, Zeina Abla and Rana Hassan, as well as Aseel Naamani, Ruth Simpson and Ilina Slavova from International Alert for their review and input. We are also grateful for the continuing support from our key funding partners: the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel 2019 International Religious Freedom Report
    ISRAEL 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT Executive Summary This section covers Israel, including Jerusalem. In December 2017, the United States recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. It is the position of the United States that the specific boundaries of Israeli sovereignty in Jerusalem are subject to final status negotiations between the parties. The Palestinian Authority (PA) exercises no authority over Jerusalem. In March 2019, the United States recognized Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights. A report on the West Bank and Gaza, including areas subject to the jurisdiction of the PA, is appended at the end of this report. The country’s laws and Supreme Court rulings protect the freedoms of conscience, faith, religion, and worship, regardless of an individual’s religious affiliation, and the 1992 “Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty” protects additional individual rights. In 2018, the Knesset passed the “Basic Law: Israel – The Nation State of the Jewish People.” According to the government, that “law determines, among other things, that the Land of Israel is the historical homeland of the Jewish people; the State of Israel is the nation state of the Jewish People, in which it realizes its natural, cultural, religious and historical right to self-determination; and exercising the right to national self-determination in the State of Israel is unique to the Jewish People.” The government continued to allow controlled access to religious sites, including the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif (the site containing the foundation of the first and second Jewish temple and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque).
    [Show full text]
  • What Native Christians in the Middle East Continue to Face: Why It Matters for Both the Caring and the Unconcerned
    What Native Christians in the Middle East Continue to Face: Why it Matters for Both the Caring and the Unconcerned By Habib C. Malik [The annual Earl A. Pope Guest Lecture in World Christianity, delivered at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, on Tuesday, April 12, 2016, at 7:00 pm.] There have been Christians and Christian communities living in the Middle East since the dawn of Christianity. After the better part of twenty centuries in and around the Land of the Lord’s Incarnation and Resurrection, however, the presence of these native Christians is threatened with nothing less than termination. What exists today of these communities are the few tenacious remnants scattered throughout the Levant, Iraq, and Egypt of the earlier far larger and more geographically prevalent ones that have steadily dwindled over time due to sustained stresses and pressures brought on historically for the most part from the encounter with Islam. Today, in the early 21st century, the rise of militant and violent Islamism combined with a pervading apathy in the wider world as to the plight of these beleaguered Christian communities threaten to hasten the final demise of Christianity in and around its original birthplace. The bleak future for Christians native to the Middle East, I submit to you tonight, relates organically to the state of Christians and Christianity in today’s largely post-Christian secular Europe, and in the West as a whole. Many will dismiss this alleged connection out of hand, but it continues to impose itself thunderously in the face of all such denial and disinterest.
    [Show full text]
  • Defending Damascus, Betraying Beirut: Hezbollah's Communication
    Defending Damascus, Betraying Beirut: Hezbollah’s Communication Strategies in the Syrian Civil War Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in International Studies in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Maxwell Scurlock The Ohio State University April 2017 Project Advisor: Professor Jeffrey Lewis, International Studies Table of Contents Part 1 – Background Information and Historical Context Introduction – 1 1. Historical and Contextual Background – 6 a. Shi‘ism in Historical Context – 9 b. French Mandatory Period, 1920-1945 – 10 c. Independence to Black September, 1945-1970 – 14 d. The Early Years of the Lebanese Civil War and the Emergence of Hezbollah, 1970-1982 – 17 e. Hezbollah’s Formation – 21 f. Hezbollah’s Early Ideological Framework – 23 g. Syrian and Israeli Occupations of Lebanon, 1982-2005 – 24 h. Political Turmoil, 2006 Lebanon War, and 2008 Lebanese Political Crisis – 29 i. Hezbollah’s 2009 Manifesto – 31 j. The Syrian Civil War – 32 k. Sunni Islamists in Lebanon and Syria – 34 l. Lebanese Christians – 37 Part 2 – Analysis of Hezbollah’s Communications 2. Theoretical Approach to Hezbollah’s Communications – 40 3. Hezbollah in Syria – 44 a. Hezbollah’s Participation in Syria – April 30th, 2013 – 44 b. The Campaign for al-Qusayr, Part One – May 9th, 2013 – 48 c. The Campaign for al-Qusayr, Part Two – May 25th, 2013 – 50 4. Hezbollah’s Responses to Terrorism – 54 a. An Attack in al-Dahieh – August 16th, 2013 – 54 b. The Bombing of Iran’s Embassy – November 19th, 2013 – 56 5. Further Crises – 62 a. The Assassination of Hezbollah Commander Hassan al-Laqqis – December 3rd, 2013 – 62 b.
    [Show full text]
  • Achrafieh and Mar Mikhael
    ACHRAFIEH AND MAR MIKHAEL Youth-led Architectural Heritage Mapping In Beirut Table of Contents List of figures .............................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 Method ...................................................................................................................................... 7 I. Achrafieh ............................................................................................................................. 9 Historical overview .............................................................................................................. 9 The Petro Trad road plan ................................................................................................... 11 14 Listings of heritage buildings: APSAD and Khatib & Alami survey plans. .......................... 14 The urban morphology shaping 3 streets in Achrafieh: Petro Trad, Monot and Abdel Wahab Al Inglizi .................................................................................................................. 15 1. Zoning ......................................................................................................................... 15 16 2. Road network and lot subdivision .............................................................................. 17 3. Built environment ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election
    ا rلeمtركnزe اCل لبeنsانneي aلbلeدرLا eساThت LCPS for Policy Studies r e p a 9 Analysis of Platforms 1 P 0 2 y a y M in Lebanon's 2018 c i l o Parliamentary Election P Nizar Hassan Founded in 1989, the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies is a Beirut-based independent, non-partisan think tank whose mission is to produce and advocate policies that improve good governance in fields such as oil and gas, economic development, public finance, and decentralization. Copyright© 2019 The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies Designed by Polypod Executed by Dolly Harouny Sadat Tower, Tenth Floor P.O.B 55-215, Leon Street, Ras Beirut, Lebanon T: + 961 1 79 93 01 F: + 961 1 79 93 02 [email protected] www.lcps-lebanon.org Analysis of Platforms in Lebanon's 2018 Parliamentary Election 1 1 Nizar Hassan The author would like to thank Sami Nizar Hassan is a former researcher at the Lebanese Center for Policy Studies. He Atallah, John McCabe, and Georgia Dagher for their contributions to this paper. holds an M.Sc. in Labour, Social Movements and Development from the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. At LCPS, his work focused on Lebanese political parties and movements and their policy platforms. His master’s research examined protest movements in Lebanon and he currently researches political behavior in the districts of Chouf and Aley. Nizar co-hosts ‘The Lebanese Politics Podcast’, and his previous work has included news reporting and non-profit project management. 2 LCPS Policy Paper Introduction Prior to the May 2018 Lebanese Parliamentary Election, a majority of 2 2 political parties and emerging political groups launched electoral Henceforth referred to as 'emerging platforms outlining their political and socioeconomic goals and means groups'.
    [Show full text]