DOCSLIB.ORG

HODS of COMPUTING SEDIMENTATION in LAKES and RESERVOIRS a Contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, IHP - II Project A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HODS of COMPUTING SEDIMENTATION in LAKES and RESERVOIRS a Contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, IHP - II Project A 2 14. 8 5 M E HODS OF COMPUTING SEDIMENTATION IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, IHP - II Project A. 2.6.1 Panel Stevan Bruk, Rapporteur Unesco, Paris lO:£/q.C?SSrf& llsn-. ^2>l Unesco, Paris ~-F::\r>Y J^TCRX'AT.'OfvAL REFERENCE C7.X~RF: ; aAAi. vAT::v.'v ;;;;r/ METHODS OF COMPUTING SEDIMENTATION IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme, I HP - II Project A. 2.6.1 Panel r- ••••' — - -,-•• „ _ Stevan Bruk, Rapporteur '; t^'^S-^' -^::V WA'r--R SUPPLY | A.\U b -.' -n„. ,,._.,, ,....•"""••" ' ^s Hague .SKI 3iS£ February 1985 The Yugoslav National Committee for the International Hydrological Programme contributed to the printing Of this book Unesco'1985 Printed by the Printing Department of the Jaroslav Cemi Institute for the Development of Water Resources P.O. Box 530,11000 Belgrade, Yugoslavia Preface Although the total amount of water on earth is generally assumed to have Remained virtually constant, the rapid growth of population, together with the extension of irrigated agriculture and industrial development, are stressing the quantity and quality aspects of the natural system. Because of the increasing problems, man has begun to realize that he can no longer follow a "use and discard" philosophy ~ either with water resources or any other natural resources. Asa result, the need for a consistent policy of rational management of water resources has become evident. Rational water management, however, should be founded upon a thorough understanding of water availability and movement. Thus, as a contribution to the solution of the worlds water problems, Unesco, in 1965, began the first world-wide programme of studies of the hydrological cycle - the International Hydrological Decade (IHD). The research programme was complemented by a major effort in the field of hydrological education and training. The activities undertaken during the Decade proved to be of great interest and value to Member States. By the end of that period, a majority of Unesco's Member States had formed IHD National Committees to carry out relevant national activities and to participate in regional and international co-operation within the IHD programme. The knowledge of the world's water resources had substantially improved. Hydrology became widely recognized as an independent professional option and facilities for the training of hydrologists had been developed. Conscious of the need to expand upon the efforts initiated during the International Hydrological Decade and, following the recommendations of Member States, Unesco, in 1975, launched a new long-term intergovernmental programme, the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), to follow the Decade. Although the IHP is basically a scientific and educational programme, Unesco has been aware from the beginning of a need to direct its activities toward the practical solutions of the world's very real water resources problems. Accordingly, and in line with the recommendations of the 1977 United Nations Water Conference, the objectives of the International Hydrological Programme have been gradually expanded in order to cover not only hydrological processes considered in interrelationship with the environment and human activities, but also the scientific aspects of multipurpose utilization and conservation of water resources to meet the needs of economic and social development. Thus, while maintaining IHP's scientific concept, the objectives have shifted perceptibly towards a multidisciplinary approach to the assessment, planning, and rational management of water resources. As part of Unesco's contribution to the objectives of the IHP, two regular publication series are issued: "Studies and Reports in Hydrology " and 'Technical Papers in Hydrology ". Occasionally, documents such as the present one are produced by special arrangements with IHP National Committees or other national entities associated with the production of the basic report and are made available for distribution from the IHP headquarters at Unesco, Paris. Foreword This technical report was prepared conforming to the decision of the Bureau of the Intergovernmental Council of the International Hydrological Program, which in 1981 appointed a rapporteur (S. 3ruk) and two co-rapporteurs (Fan Jiahua nad H.E. Jobson), under Project IHP.II.A.2.6.1. In preparing the report, the rapporteurs were joined by the representatives of the International Commission on Continental Erosion (J. McManus) and of the International Training Center for Water Resources Management (CEFIGRE) (J. Evrard). The terms of reference were "to review methods of computing sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs and to prepare a report on recent developments." The report was to provide a summary of recent developments in the study of sedimentation in lakes and reservoirs and in practical computation methods. It had to include recommendations on appropriate ways to prevent or reduce silting of reservoirs during their operation. Finally, the report had to try to identify further research needs and suggest possible action within the framework of the third phase of the IHP (1984-1989). The contents of the report and the drafts of its chapters were discussed in the meetings in Paris, July 1981 and September, 1982. The six chapters were contributed by the following members of the group: Chapter 1 — Technical and Economic Impact of Reservoir Sedimentation by J. Evrard, Electricit6 de France, Beziers Chapter 2 - Physical Processes of Reservoir Sedimentation by J. McManus, University of Dundee, Dundee, U.K. Chapter 3 — Field Measurements by H.E. Jobson, U.S. Geological Survey, Mississippi, U.SA. Chapter 4 - Methods of Preserving Reservoir Capacity by Fan Jiahua, Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power Research, Beijing, China Chapter 5 — Prediction Methods by S. Bruk, "Jaroslav Cerni" Institute for Development of Water Resources, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Chapter 6 — Conclusions and Recommendations by writers of all chapters, collected and edited by S. Bruk Mr. B.R. Payne from the International Atomic Energy Agency contributed to Chapter 3. The drafts of all chapters were circulated among the members of the group and mutually commented. The manuscripts were reviewed by Dr. McManus for English editing and Mr. H£. Jobson took care of bringing the report into a camera—ready form. Mr. Zhang Youshi, Senior Program Specialist in the Department of Water Sciences of Unesco acted as Technical Secretary to the project and contributed to the coordination of the efforts. International organizations, such as the World Meterological Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, International Association of Scientific Hydrology and its Commission on Continental Erosion, as well as the International Training Center for Water Resources Management - CEFIGRE, were kept informed about the progress of the project. The contents of the report were discussed at the first meeting of the rapporteurs at Unesco, Paris, between June 29 and July 1,1981, and later revised at the 2nd meeting also held at Unesco, Paris, from September 20-24,1982. The report was completed and submitted in a preliminary form for discussion at a special session of the 2nd International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Nanjing, October 11-16,1983. In the final report, the authors responded to the comments and suggestions made during the discussions at Nanjing. A proposal of the follow—up activities worked out at the meeting in Nanjing is included in the last chapter of the present report. Belgrade, February, 1985 Stevan Bruk, Rapporteur Table of Contents Page INTRODUCTION Scope of the Report j. The Adopted Approach " Points Emphasized in the Report u CHAPTER 1 - TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RESERVOIR SEDI­ MENTATION 1.1 PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS 1 1.1.1 Influence on the Reservoir 1 1.1.2 Influences on the River Reach Upstream From the Reservoir 2 1.1.3 Influences on the River Downstream From the Dam 2 1.1.4 Influences of Sediments on the Aquatic Biocenosis 5 1.2 IMPACT ON THE SAFETY OF THE PROJECT 8 1.2.1 Influences of Sediment Deposits on the Bottom Outlets 8 1.2.2 Influence on Gates and Valves 8 1.2.3 Influences on the Dam 8 1.2.4 Influences on the Supervision of the Dam 8 1.3 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 9 1.3.1 Consequences of the Reduction of Storage 9 1.3.2 Influence of the Reduction of the Water Surface 10 CHAPTER 2 - PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 NATURE OF THE SEDIMENT SUPPLY 12 2.3 MORPHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RIVER IMPOUNDMENT 14 2.3.1 Aggradation Above the Reservoir 18 2.3.2 Degradation Below the Reservoir 19 2.4 MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENTS IN RESERVOIRS 19 2.4.1 Wind Effects 20 2.4.2 Solar Heating 24 2.4.3 River Input 25 2.5 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF LAKE FLOOR DEPOSITS 31 2.6 SHORELINE EROSION 32 Plage CHAPTER 3 - FIELD MEASUREMENTS 3.1 FIELD MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT INPUT AND DISCHARGE FROM LAKES AND RESERVOIRS 41 3.2 RATES OF ACCUMULATION 45 3.2.1 Surveying Methods 45 3.2.2 Dating of Sediment 50 3.2.3 Remote Sensing 52 3.3 SEDIMENT DENSITY 54 3.4 PARTICLE SIZE 55 3 J WATER CURRENTS 56 3.6 RESIDENCE TIME IN RESERVOIRS 58 CHAPTER 4 - METHODS OF PRESERVING RESERVOIR CAPACITY 4.1 METHODS OF MINIMIZING SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN A RESERVOIR .. 65 4.1.1 Reduction of Sediment Inflow by Soil Conservation 65 4.1.2 Trapping and Retention of Sediment by a Vegetative Screen 71 4.1.3 Bypassing of Heavily Sediment-Laden Flows 75 4.2 METHOD OF MAXIMIZING SEDIMENT
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 152 (2018) 52–68
    Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 152 (2018) 52–68 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Full length article Holocene evolution of the Liaohe Delta, a tide-dominated delta formed by T multiple rivers in Northeast China ⁎ Lei Hea,b, Chunting Xuec, Siyuan Yea,b, , Edward Allen Lawsd, Hongming Yuana, Shixiong Yanga, Xiaolei Due a Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, China b Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China c Department of Coastal Geology, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, China d College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA e Inspection & Test Center of Marine Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Liaohe Delta in Northeast China is one of the ecologically important estuarine deltas in China. It has been Sedimentary evolution formed via the accumulation of sediment discharged by four rivers in the Liaohe Plain that enter Liaodong Bay. Climate changes Twenty-seven 30–40 m long cores recovered from the Liaohe Plain and Liaodong Bay were analyzed for sedi- Human impacts mentary characteristics, grain size, foraminifera species, and ages determined by accelerator mass spectrometry Holocene (AMS) 14C to document the stratigraphical sequence and the spatio-temporal evolution of the Liaohe Delta. Our Liaohe Delta results revealed that the sedimentary environments have evolved from fluvial, tidal flat/estuarine, to neritic and finally to a deltaic environment since the Late Pleistocene. The Holocene transgression arrived at the present coastline at ∼8500 cal a BP and flooded the maximum area of land at ∼7000 cal a BP.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme and Book of Abstracts, a Receipt of the Registration Fee, and Souvenirs
    Table of Contents Page Welcome Message 1 Committees and Sponsors 2-6 General Information 7-9 APAC2011 Programme at a Glance 10-12 APAC2011 Oral Sessions 13-25 APAC2011 Poster Sessions 26-27 Keynote Lectures 29-72 Book of Abstracts 73-139 Welcome to APAC2011 It is our great pleasure to welcome you to this 6th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC2011) and to the great city of Hong Kong. The Conference, hosted by The University of Hong Kong during December 14–16, 2011, aims to provide a platform where engineers and researchers can keep abreast of the current scientific and technological advancements in coastal and port-related research and practice. The response to our Call for Papers announced in March 2011 was very heartening. We ended up receiving more than 300 submissions from more than 30 countries around the world. After peer review, some 250 papers have been accepted for presentation at the Conference. This volume contains the APAC2011 Conference Programme and the Book of Abstracts. The programme consists of 6 keynote lectures, 4 invited lectures, 10 contributions to the Special Session on the 2011 East Japan Tsunami, and 237 other contributions arranged in various oral and poster sessions. These presentations cover a wide range of topics related to coastal, ocean and harbour engineering, such as beach erosion and morphodynamics, climate change and sea level rise, coastal management and shore protection, estuaries and ports, hydrodynamics of offshore and coastal structures, marine ecology and environment, marine and offshore wind energy, seawater intrusion, sediment transport, tsunami and storm surges, waves and tides, wastewater disposal and water quality, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Report on the State of the Environment in China
    2005 Report on the State of the Environment in China State Environmental Protection Administration Table of Contents Environment....................................................................................................................................7 Marine Environment ....................................................................................................................35 Atmospheric Environment...........................................................................................................43 Acoustic Environment ..................................................................................................................52 Solid Wastes...................................................................................................................................56 Radiation and Radioactive Environment....................................................................................59 Arable Land/Land Resources ......................................................................................................62 Forests ............................................................................................................................................67 Grassland.......................................................................................................................................70 Biodiversity....................................................................................................................................75 Climate and Natural Disasters.....................................................................................................81
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment and Analysis of Groundwater Overexploitation in China
    E3S Web of Conferences 228, 01008 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202122801008 CCGEES 2020 Assessment and analysis of groundwater overexploitation in China Zepeng Li1, Xin He1, *, Chuiyu Lu1 1China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China Abstract: As an important water resource, groundwater has been unreasonably developed for a long time in our country, causing a lot of problems. This paper combines the data from the national groundwater monitoring stations and the groundwater depth data collected locally to statistics and analysis of groundwater overexploitation across the country. Especially in key plains, through the water level variation method. The research results are compared and verified with national authoritative data such as Groundwater Dynamics Monthly Report and predecessors' records in the literature, revealing the current key areas of groundwater overexploitation, and clarifying the importance and urgency of groundwater governance in the future. This study also put forward some suggestions of groundwater overexploitation. groundwater monitoring data recorded in the China 1 Introduction Geological Environment Monitoring Groundwater Yearbook (hereinafter referred to as the yearbook) in 2006 Groundwater resources play an indispensable role in and 2016[6]. The groundwater monitoring wells in the social and economic development, food security, and Yearbook are spatially uneven in terms of regional drinking water safety. In China water resources are distribution. This spatial distribution is directly related to unevenly distributed in the north and south, and the total the utilization of groundwater in the local area: Areas amount of water resources is deficient seriously. As a where groundwater is used frequently are also densely reliable source of water supply, groundwater plays an distributed with observation wells.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths
    Coal, Water, and Grasslands in the Three Norths August 2019 The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH a non-profit, federally owned enterprise, implementing international cooperation projects and measures in the field of sustainable development on behalf of the German Government, as well as other national and international clients. The German Energy Transition Expertise for China Project, which is funded and commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), supports the sustainable development of the Chinese energy sector by transferring knowledge and experiences of German energy transition (Energiewende) experts to its partner organisation in China: the China National Renewable Energy Centre (CNREC), a Chinese think tank for advising the National Energy Administration (NEA) on renewable energy policies and the general process of energy transition. CNREC is a part of Energy Research Institute (ERI) of National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Contact: Anders Hove Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH China Tayuan Diplomatic Office Building 1-15-1 No. 14, Liangmahe Nanlu, Chaoyang District Beijing 100600 PRC [email protected] www.giz.de/china Table of Contents Executive summary 1 1. The Three Norths region features high water-stress, high coal use, and abundant grasslands 3 1.1 The Three Norths is China’s main base for coal production, coal power and coal chemicals 3 1.2 The Three Norths faces high water stress 6 1.3 Water consumption of the coal industry and irrigation of grassland relatively low 7 1.4 Grassland area and productivity showed several trends during 1980-2015 9 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng • Xiaohong Dang • Yong Gao
    Zhongju Meng · Xiaohong Dang Yong Gao Public Private Partnership for Deserti cation Control in Inner Mongolia Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng • Xiaohong Dang • Yong Gao Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng Xiaohong Dang Desert Control Science and Engineering Desert Control Science and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China Yong Gao Desert Control Science and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China ISBN 978-981-13-7498-2 ISBN 978-981-13-7499-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7499-9 © Science Press & Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatiotemporal Distribution Patterns of Archaeological Sites In
    HOL0010.1177/0959683616641743The HoloceneHosner et al. 641743research-article2016 Research paper The Holocene 2016, Vol. 26(10) 1576 –1593 Spatiotemporal distribution patterns of © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav archaeological sites in China during the DOI: 10.1177/0959683616641743 Neolithic and Bronze Age: An overview hol.sagepub.com Dominic Hosner,1 Mayke Wagner,1 Pavel E Tarasov,2 Xiaocheng Chen1 and Christian Leipe1,2 Abstract A total of 51,074 archaeological sites from the early Neolithic to the early Iron Age (c. 8000–500 BC), with a spatial extent covering most regions of China (c. 73–131°E and c. 20–53°N), were analysed over space and time in this study. Site maps of 25 Chinese provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, published in the series ‘Atlas of Chinese Cultural Relics’, were used to extract, digitalise and correlate its archaeological data. The data were, in turn, entered into a database using a self-developed mapping software that makes the data, in a dynamic way, analysable as a contribution to various scientific questions, such as population growth and migrations, spread of agriculture and changes in subsistence strategies. The results clearly show asynchronous patterns of changes between the northern and southern parts of China (i.e. north and south of the Yangtze River, respectively) but also within these macro-regions. In the northern part of China (i.e. along the Yellow River and its tributaries and in the Xiliao River basin), the first noticeable increase in the concentration of Neolithic sites occurred between c. 5000 and 4000 BC; however, highest site concentrations were reached between c.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulation and Experimental Studies of a Multi-Tubular Floating Sea Wave Damper
    energies Article Simulation and Experimental Studies of a Multi-Tubular Floating Sea Wave Damper Leszek Chybowski ID , Zenon Grz ˛adzieland Katarzyna Gawdzi ´nska* ID Faculty of Marine Engineering, Maritime University of Szczecin, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (Z.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-914-809-941 Received: 26 March 2018; Accepted: 11 April 2018; Published: 20 April 2018 Abstract: This article explores the issue of shore protection from sea waves and has presented the main methods used for coastal protection. It discusses the construction and operation of the multi-tubular floating sea wave damper that has been developed at the Maritime University of Szczecin by Professor Bolesław Ku´zniewski.This paper presents the results of the research project aimed at creating and examining a prototype of the device. The research aimed to confirm the two hypotheses: “the largest damping force should occur when the damping units are placed at an optimal distance equal to half the length of the wave to be damped” and “a compensation of the horizontal forces caused by the rippling of water should occur in the damping device”. Simulation studies of the behaviour of the device’s buoyancy elements when floating on waves were performed using the ANSYS AQWAWB and AQWA software. The buoyancy components were modelled as TUBE elements with a diameter of 0.11 m and a length of 1.5 m and as triangular and square surface elements. The results of the experimental research and the computer simulation of the operation of the prototype device have also been presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Thesis Wave Overtopping and Crown Wall Stability of Cube and Cubipod-Armored Mound Breakwaters
    PhD Thesis Wave overtopping and crown wall stability of cube and Cubipod-armored mound breakwaters AUTHOR: Jorge Molines Llodrá SUPERVISED BY: Dr. Josep Ramon Medina Folgado Date: January 2016 A mi familia y amigos Wave overtopping and crown wall stability of cube and Cubipod-armored mound breakwaters Agradecimientos Tras varios años de trabajo presento esta tesis doctoral, que no habría sido posible sin el apoyo de las personas que me rodean. Ha habido momentos fáciles y otros menos fáciles pero todos ellos forman parte de esta tesis. A todas las personas que han participado de ellos están destinadas estas líneas. A mis padres y mi hermano: siempre conmigo al pie del cañón para tenderme una mano amiga o un comentario agradable en momentos en los que se torcían algunas cosas. A mis amigos, con quienes en muchas ocasiones no he podido pasar todo el tiempo que desearía. A la gran familia formada en el Laboratorio de Puertos y Costas, con quienes he compartido este largo viaje de principio a fin. Quique y Vicente, ¿aún recordáis aquél día que como buenos estudiantes íbamos preguntando por PFC y terminamos en el despacho de Josep? Ahí empezó nuestra andadura por el LPC y la época en la que íbamos en pack indivisible por la escuela y fuera de ella. Gracias Tomás y Guille por regalarme muy buenos momentos, donde una simple carcajada aliviaba la tensión de todo un día. Y por supuesto a Ainoha, Gloria y Cesar, quienes me habéis sufrido durante la última etapa de la tesis y con los que comparto mi día a día.
    [Show full text]
  • An Observation on the Historical Geography of the Prehistoric Production in China
    Lecture Notes on History (2020) 3: 1-11 DOI: 10.23977/history.2020.030101 Clausius Scientific Press, Canada ISSN 2616-227X An Observation on the historical geography of the prehistoric production in China Jiaqi Xiao Northwest Institute of historical environment and economic and social development, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119 [email protected] Keywords: Prehistory, man-land relationship, Location factor, Nature of production area, Law of hierarchical evolution Abstract: The transformation process of "gathering-hunting, fire-farming, hoeing and ploughing farming " from lower level to higher level profoundly reflects the three stages of the prehistoric man-land relationship: dependent man-land relationship, utilization man-land relationship and transformation man-land relationship; Starting from two aspects of natural factors and human activity factors, this paper uses the analysis method of production location factors to divide production area and explore the nature of production area, so as to clarify the production location level and its spatial evolution law of “generative area, transition zone secondary area, marginal zone secondary area”. 1. Introduction In the narrow sense, production only refers to human's agricultural production activities, while in the broad sense, it refers to the combination of activities formed by human's acquisition of survival materials, including gathering, fishing and hunting, agricultural planting and livestock raising. This paper takes the broad concept as the criterion. From the perspective of historical geography, the first thing to be clear is the evolution of prehistoric production in China. The evolution of the prehistoric industry in China is a comprehensive expression of chronology and regionalism, which profoundly reflects the spatiotemporal characteristics of the prehistoric industry and the phased expression of the human-earth relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • China's 13Th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020)
    THE 13TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA (2016–2020) Central Compilation & Translation Press THE 13TH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 2016–2020 Translated by Compilation and Translation Bureau, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Beijing, China Central Compilation & Translation Press CONTENTS PART I GUIDING THINKING, MAJOR OBJECTIVES, AND DEVELOPMENT PHILOSOPHY Chapter 1 The Development Environment Chapter 2 The Guiding Thinking Chapter 3 Major Objectives Chapter 4 The Development Philosophy Chapter 5 The Main Thread of Development PART II INNOVATION-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT Chapter 6 Ensure Innovation in Science and Technology Takes a Leading Role Chapter 7 Encourage Public Startups and Innovations Chapter 8 Establish Innovation Promoting Institutions and Mechanisms Chapter 9 Prioritize Human Resource Development PART III NEW SYSTEMS FOR DEVELOPMENT Chapter 10 Open Up New Space for Drivers of Development Chapter 11 Uphold and Improve China’s Basic Economic System Chapter 12 Establish a Modern Property Rights System Chapter 13 Improve the Modern Market System Chapter 14 Deepen Reform of the Administrative System Chapter 15 Accelerate Reform of the Fiscal and Tax Systems Chapter 16 Accelerate Financial Reform Chapter 17 Innovate and Improve Macroeconomic Regulation PART IV AGRICULTURAL MODERNIZATION Chapter 18 Strengthen Capacity for Ensuring Safety of Agricultural Products Chapter 19 Establish a Modern Agricultural Operations
    [Show full text]
  • Groundwater Depletion China.Pdf
    remote sensing Article Groundwater Depletion in the West Liaohe River Basin, China and Its Implications Revealed by GRACE and In Situ Measurements Yulong Zhong 1,2 ID , Min Zhong 1,2, Wei Feng 1,* ID , Zizhan Zhang 1, Yingchun Shen 1,2 and Dingcheng Wu 1,2 1 State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth’s Dynamics, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China; [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (D.W.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-27-6888-1997 Received: 30 January 2018; Accepted: 19 March 2018; Published: 21 March 2018 Abstract: The West Liaohe River Basin (WLRB) is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in China and an important grain production base in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Groundwater depletion in this region is becoming a critical issue. Here, we used the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data and in situ well observations to estimate groundwater storage (GWS) variations and discussed the driving factors of GWS changes in the WLRB. GRACE detects a GWS decline rate of −0.92 ± 0.49 km3/yr in the WLRB during 2005–2011, consistent with the estimate from in situ observations (−0.96 ± 0.19 km3/yr). This long-term GWS depletion is attributed to reduced precipitation and extensive groundwater overexploitation in the 2000s. Long-term groundwater level observations and reconstructed total water storage variations since 1980 show favorable agreement with precipitation anomalies at interannual timescales, both of which are significantly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
    [Show full text]