Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng • Xiaohong Dang • Yong Gao

Zhongju Meng · Xiaohong Dang Yong Gao Public Private Partnership for Deserti cation Control in Inner Mongolia Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng • Xiaohong Dang • Yong Gao Public Private Partnership for Desertification Control in Inner Mongolia Zhongju Meng Xiaohong Dang Desert Control Science and Engineering Desert Control Science and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China Yong Gao Desert Control Science and Engineering Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot, Nei Mongol, China ISBN 978-981-13-7498-2 ISBN 978-981-13-7499-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7499-9 © Science Press & Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword The achievements are funded by the Science and Technology Major projects of Inner Mongolia (2018058); National Natural Science Foundation of China (51769019). Judging from the actual situation in our country, preventing land degradation and innovating land management activities to promote sustainable development belong to the category of public works. Public-private partnerships have broad application and development prospects in this field. Inner Mongolia is one of the most degraded provinces in China. After unremitting efforts, China has made some achievements. With the deepening of public participation and ecological construction, private enterprises’ investment in land degradation management has made up for the short- age of government investment. Public-private partnerships to combat land degradation were first developed in the region. It has produced ecological, social, and economic benefits. In order to better promote the development of ecological construction and strengthen the control of land degradation, this subject has systemati- cally studied the public-private partnership to prevent and control land degradation in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region through field research and case analysis. The purpose of this study is to explore public-private partnerships that can help prevent land degradation and expand investments in sustainable land management. Professor, Department of Desert Control Science Zhongju Meng and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, Email: [email protected] Associate professor, Department of Desert Control Xiaohong Dang Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, Email: [email protected] Professor, Department of Desert Control Science Yong Gao and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China, Email: [email protected] v Contents 1 Introduction �� 1 1.1 Research Background �� 1 1.1.1 International Background �� 1 1.1.2 Domestic Background �� 2 1.2 Summary of Research �� 5 1.2.1 “PPP” Mode Connotation �� 5 1.2.2 Characteristics and Functions of Public-Private Partnerships �� 14 1.2.3 Services of Public-Private Partnerships �� 18 1.2.4 Introduction and Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships �� 19 1.2.5 The Importance of Public-Private Partnerships and the Necessity of Research �� 21 1.2.6 Implementation Problems Faced by PPP Mode �� 25 1.2.7 Suggestions on Perfecting the Financing Mode of Public-Private Partnership in China �� 31 1.2.8 Theoretical Research on Public-Private Partnership Model �� 38 1.2.9 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Performance of Nine Public-Private Partnerships �� 49 1.2.10 Research on Key Factors of Successful Public-Private Partnerships �� 61 1.2.11 The Important Role of the Government in the PPP Mode �� 67 1.2.12 The PPP Model Establishes the Necessary Incentive Mechanism in the Concession Agreement �� 68 1.2.13 Research Status and Practice of PPP Model Abroad �� 71 1.2.14 Research Status and Practice of PPP Mode in China �� 77 1.2.15 Problems Exposed in Public-Private Partnership Reform �� 82 vii viii Contents 1.2.16 Analysis on the Causes of Practical Problems of Public-Private Partnerships �� 83 1.2.17 Establishing a Legal Framework to Promote the Healthy Development of Public-Private Partnerships �� 85 1.2.18 Research Review and Enlightenment of PPP Model’s Development Path in China �� 89 1.2.19 The Concept of Joint Participation of All Actors in PPP Projects �� 90 1.2.20 SuDiscussion on the Application of Public-Private Cooperation Mode in Ecological Project Financing �� 91 2 Research Contents and Methods �� 97 2.1 Research Content �� 97 2.1.1 Theory of PPP Model �� 97 2.1.2 The Current Situation and Evaluation of Public-Private Partnerships in the Whole Region �� 97 2.1.3 Research on Typical Pilot Public-Private Partnerships �� 98 2.1.4 Methods of Establishing Public-Private Partnerships �� 98 2.2 Research Methods �� 99 2.3 Technology Roadmap (Fig. 2.1) �� 100 3 Land Degradation �� 101 3.1 Nature and Degree of Land Degradation �� 101 3.1.1 Definition of Land Degradation �� 101 3.1.2 Types of Land Degradation in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region �� 102 3.1.3 Historical Trends and Past Assessments �� 103 3.1.4 Status �� 105 3.1.5 Land Degradation Types and Relative Importance of Ecosystems �� 106 3.1.6 Sensitive Areas for Land Degradation and Distribution in Ecosystems �� 110 3.1.7 Distribution and Characteristics of Potential Geological Hazards �� 112 3.2 Reasons of Land Degradation �� 114 3.2.1 Natural Factors �� 114 3.2.2 Direct Causes �� 115 3.2.3 Underlying Reasons �� 116 3.3 Consequences of Land Degradation �� 118 3.3.1 Environmental Impacts in the Past and Present �� 118 3.3.2 Economic Losses in the Past and Present �� 118 3.3.3 Impacts of Social Welfare in the Past and Present �� 119 3.3.4 Importance Assessment ��

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