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A Comparison of the Development Robert P. Edmonds BSc., University of Guelph, l9!Xl THESIS SUBMWED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department of Biological Sciences 63 Robert Edmonds 1995 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 1995 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. The author has granted an L'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant a la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, ban, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prater, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis avaifa bie to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exempfaires de cette these & la disposition des personnes int6ressees. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la thhe ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent &re imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. PRRTlAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simn Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the ti t 1e of which is shown below) to users of the Simn Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies oniy for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of irs users. i further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. ft ir understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Title of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay A COBPARISON OF Z!E DEt'ELOPA%ST, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, AND P'HEROHONE-BASED CO?E%WICATfOFI OF TWO INDONESIAN SOYBEAN POD BORERS Author : Robert- P, Edmnds (date) Degree: Master of Pest Management Title of Thesis: Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. N, H. Haunerland, Associate Professor WJ. H. %den, Professor, Senior Supervisor Departmentsf Biological SciencesSFU istant Pmfessor gical Sciences, SF?J bEB?'R GillespE, Research E3tomologist AgricuIaKe Canada Research Station, Agassiz Public Examiner Abstract Experimenfs cornedin West Java, indonesia investigated the developmentat biology and reproductbe behavior of two sympatric soybean pod borers. Etiefla zinckenalla Trietschke and E- hobsoni Butler (tepidoptera: Pyratidae). It was determined that 1) significant interspecies differences occurred between the egg, larval, pupal, and total egg-to-adult developmental periods of laboratory raised E- zkckenella and E. hubsoffk 2) the pie-pupal and total egg-to-adutt dwebpmentai periods of female E. zinckenella were significantly shorter than for males; 3) the longevity of virgin-female E- zinckenella was significantly bnger than that of virgin-male E. zinckenell$ or virgikmk and female E. hobsoni; 4; interspecies differences occurred in the female: male sex-ratios oflaboratory raised adults; 5) peak mating for both species occurred on the smrdt?igM &ei &SG~; 6)infeispedes bierems OIX~~R&in the temporal distribution of catling and mating behaviors; 7)repeated rrating was observed for both species at a very low frequency; 8) interspecific mating did not occur; 9) female E. zinckenella were significantly more fecund (160.8 2 49.0 eggs) than E. hob& (32.5 + 16.9 eggs); 10) the duration of copulation of E. zinckenella (123-6+ 12.5 min) was sigirificantty longer than that of E. hobsoni (73.7 f 16.1 min); 11) virgin-fernate baited traps caught only conspecific males, and reduced numbers of males were captured in traps simultaneousty baited with virgin-females of each species; 12) wing-traps baited with two conspecific virgin-females caught (Z f SE) 2.65 + 0.41 male E. aLInckene/laand 1.61 .+ 0.40 mak E. hobsoni per night; 13) the greatest number of males of both species were caught in traps placed at, or above the canopy level; and 14) no males were attraed to traps baited with synthetic candidate pheromone blends previously demonstrated to be altractE/e to E. dIldcene1l.a in Egypt and Hungary. This report demonstrates distinct biological differences and reprmveisold-on between the two Etiella spp. and suggests that E. zinckenel... in Indonesia is gene- 6Hereni from E. zinckenella in Europe and North Africa. AcknowOedgments I wish to thank the mayme who mmmed to this research. In particular, i wish to ttr& Dr. Aunu Rauf, Head of the Department of Plant Pests and Diseases at the Bogor Agricu@uralInstitute (IPB), West Java, lilcionesia, for generousty making his laboratory available to me, and for vatuabfe logistical support; and to Wawan and lis, for excellent laboratory and field assistance. To Dr. Fred Rumitwas, Department of Agronomy (IPB), for making his soybean fields av&lable, and for many hefpfol discussions. To Dr. A. Naito, and his faboratory staff at the Bogor Institute for Food Crops, 80gor. West Java, for important information on identifying, collecting and rearing Etiella spp., and donations of Eve specimens. To Regine Gries for GC-EAD work, and preparation of candiclate pheromone lures. To Jim Troubridge, Agriwtture Canada Research SWbn, Vancrrurer, for hewng %withqwmatopbre bis@*ons. To Dr. Geny Camer, Department of Entommy at Clemson University, for assistance with photography. To the staff of the Eastern Indonesian Universities Development Project, Jakarta and Burnaby offices, for helpful support throughout all stages of the project, and for helping to transport insect specimens. And finally, Iwish to thank Dr. John H. Borden, Dr. Nello Angerilfi, and Dr. Gerhard Gries for providing valuable supervidon for this project. This research was made possible by funding from the ClDA Awards for Canadians Scholarship. Table of Contents ... Abstract ................................................................................................................. .I11 Table of Contents................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................... vi .. List of Figures........................................................................................................ VII t nfroducf ion ............................................................................................................. I Soybeans in f ndonesia................................................................................ 1 Efieifa spp . in Indonesia............................................................................... 2 General biology................................................................................. 2 Damage by EW/a spp ................... .............................................. 4 Control of Etiela spp . populations................................................... -5 Reproductive Biology of Etielki spp ............................................................ -6 Pheromone Identification............................................................................ -7 Objectives............................................................................................................... 9 Materials and Methods......................................................................................... 10 Rearing...................................................................................................... 10 Development............................................................................................. 10 Reproductive bioiogy............................ .. ................................................ II Pheromone-based. communication............................................................ 13 Stat~st~calAnalysis .................................................................................... 4 Results.................................................................................................................. 15 Development............................................................................................. 15 Reproductive biofogy ................................................................................. 15 Pheromone-based mmmunication .......................................................... -33 Discussion............................................................................................................ 42 References........................................................................................................... 49 Tabk I. Cornpdsn sf deveiapmeni durations by iiie stage forEfielia zincfcenefffa (E.z.) and Efiefh hobsoni (E,h.).. ....................................1 6 Table 2. Comparisun of the mean ages of mortality of Efiefla zinckenella and E. hobsoni adults ........................................................................... I7 Table 3. Comparison of the calling parameters of femate Efidia zinckenel& and E. hobsoni. ..................................................................................... 20 Table 4. Cornparisan of calling and mating trends observed under normal and reverse photoregime data for interspecific mating experiment...... 26 Tabfe 5. Occurrence
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