Chios

Ophrys Odyssey

A Greentours Tour Report

5– 15 th April 2010

Led by Mike Taylor, Stefano Doglio and Oliver Cheney.

Day 1 Monday 5 th April Arrival

Apart from Mike Taylor, who had been in Chios since mid March, all participants arrived by various routes and carriers by Monday 8 pm. All flights operated to schedule and the whole party was safely installed in their accommodation at the Voulamandis House by 8.30pm.

Maria Voulamandis had prepared a fine meal of Scorpion fish and other dishes which were despatched with relish. Most retired early to their well warmed rooms for a good nights sleep.

Day 2 Tuesday 6 th April Emporios & Kato Fana

The day dawned with bright but coolish conditions.

Our first stop of the day was a short distance from Emporios, where Anthea identified the first orchid of the trip, Orchis italica. The group of Ophrys bombyliflora first discovered during the Greentours visit in 2008, had expanded further. Nearby we examined and photographed extensive patches of Ophrys cesmeensis. Other orchids seen in the area included the recently described Ophrys orphanidea , also Ophrys umbilicata, Ophrys sicula, Orchis pyramidalis, Himantoglossum robertianum, Orchis anatolica and Serapias bergonii. Other plants seen at this site included Tulipa undulatifolia, Tragopogon hybridum and Allium trifoliatum. Large White, Orange Tip and Eastern Dappled White were seen.

We spent some time in a rough field beside the road and a low rocky ridge along its northern edge, to the sound of Corn and Black-headed Buntings. Many orchids were soon found including scores of Ophrys orphanidea together with Orchis italica, Himantoglossum robertianum, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys umbilicata, Ophrys mammosa, Ophrys regis-ferdinandii and five plants of Ophrys attaviria. Three fine plants of Ophrys calypsus were much admired and photographed these were growing strongly up through the low spiny machis shrubs. Other plants seen included Allium nigrum, Ornithogalum narbonense and Orobanche ramosa.

We then drove to our picnic lunch stop at the Appolinus Temple and small church at Kato Fana, pausing on our way to admire a fine group of Tulipa undulatifolia together with a few 1 plants of Ophrys mammosa . Whilst the picnic was being prepared the group explored the surrounding area. After finishing the picnic we explored the varied habitats in the area, finding more Ophrys umbilicata and Ophrys sicula. Moving inland away from the beach we found Ophrys ferrum-equinum and Ophrys mammosa . Unfortunately Orchis punctulata, seen in previous visits, had failed to appear this year.

We arrived back at the Voulamandis farm at 5.30pm. The plant checklist discussion in the early evening took rather long, plants seen during the day included 18 species of orchids. An excellent dinner saw most retiring soon afterwards.

Day 3 Wednesday 7 th April Kalamoti, Komi & Pyrgi

We left the Voulamandis farm at 9am in bright warm sunny conditions. We soon arrived at our first site of the day where many orchids were in flower on the phrygana-covered south-facing slope, many of them rather worn due to the early season. Orchis italica and Ophrys sicula were encountered as we entered the area followed by some rather faded Ophrys iricolor, however Judy soon found a nice Ophrys leochroma plant in the shade of a small shrub. Several Ophrys orphanidea, Ophrys umbilicata and Orchis picta var caucasica plants were found, and a very faded Ophrys blitopertha. Other plants seen included Globularia alypum and Cytinus hypocistus, the parasite of Cistus.

Many butterflies were on the wing including Common Blue, Clouded Yellow, Eastern Dappled White and Orange Tip.

Moving to the second site at Kalamoti as we found a number of species of interest. The Ophrys mammosa were very dried out , other orchids included Orchis italica, Orchis picta var caucasica, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys orphanidea, Ophrys umbilicata, Ophrys cinereophila and Ophrys calypsus .

Walter found an immature Praying Mantis, genus Empusa, these were seen subsequently on most days of the trip, and were always the subject of much photography.

We were unable to reach our planned picnic site at Blackstone Beach due to road closures so we diverted to the little harbour at Komi where the picnic was prepared under somewhat threatening skies. The picnic was eaten in cool conditions with a few spots of rain falling. Nearby we found numbers of Glaucium flavum.

After our picnic lunch we went to a small rocky hill beside the road from Pyrgi to Olympi seeing Alpine Swift en-route. We explored the site in warm sunshine seeing two new orchids for the trip, Ophrys sitiaca and Ophrys pelinaea. Other orchids seen included Orchis picta var caucasica and very advanced Serapias bergonii. Other plants seen included Lupinus varius and Bellardia trixago .

Additional butterflies for the day included Cleopatra and Swallowtail, birds included Yellow- legged Gull and House Martins.

The group made a cultural stop at the picturesque black and white decorated mastic village of Pyrgi where refreshments were taken. They returned to the Voulamandis Farm by 5.15pm. Day 4 Thursday 8 th April Avgonima, Lithi & Armolia

2

The usual 9am start saw the group on their way via Chios Town to Avgonima. En-route, below Nea Moni Monastery, a stop was made to view over one hundred fine flowering plants of Cyclamen persicum. Other plants seen included Campanula lyrata and Anemone pavonina.

We then stopped in the inland hill village of Avgonima and explored the central square and collected some orchid posters which Giorgos Missetzis had left for the members of the group. We briefly explored the village noting the progress being made in tastefully renovating some of the old stone houses. Plants seen included Malcolmia chia and Umbilicus rupestris .

We then went to the hilltop village of Anavatos perched on a natural rock garden with plants including Asphodelus lutea, Ornithologum collinum and Tragopogon porrifolius.

Proceeding to Elinta Bay the group was soon engaged in plant hunting, orchids seen included many fine and varied Ophrys ferrum-equinum, also Ophrys orphanidea, Ophrys sicula, Orchis italica and Serapias bergonii. Other plants seen included Centauria pulchellum, Gagea graeca and Onosma rigidum.

At 1pm we arrived at the fish taverna at Lithi where Mike had arranged for a fine lunch of fish which he had selected earlier in the morning, the fish were accompanied by a traditional selection of other Greek dishes and liquid refreshment.

We then moved on to our final stop of the day, an upland valley near Armolia. We were hoping to see newly arrived Rüppell’s Warblers on this one of their known regular Chios breeding locations. However we were not successful. We did find Ophrys orphanidea, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys homeri, Ophrys tenthredinifera and Ophrys regis-ferdinandii in the area. Birds included Common Buzzard, Short-toed Eagle and Sardinian Warbler. Butterflies seen during the day included Wall Brown, Cleopatra, Eastern Dappled White, Orange Tip, Small Copper, Common Blue, Large White and Red Admiral. We arrived back at the Voulamandis Farm at 5.45pm.

Day 5 Friday 9 th April Olympi, Pyrgi & Blackstone Beach

A prompt start at 9am saw the group on the way to Olympi, a site with 35 species of orchid recorded in an area of approx 5 hectares.

Entering the area we saw a very faded Ophrys mammosa then on the first terrace Ophrys orphanidea, Epipactis turcica (not in flower), Orchis anthropophora, Orchis intacta, Himantoglossum robertianum, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys cinereophila, Orchis italica, Orchis anatolica and then a 'hybrid swarm' of Ophrys based on Ophrys parosica. No two plants were the same with great variation in form and colour. Moving higher up the site we found another 'hybrid swarm' again appearing to be based on Ophrys parosica but this time rather less variable than the group lower down the hillside. Finally the group looked at a group of five plants of Ophrys lindia all growing within a metre of each other, four were rather faded but one was in fine condition and subject to much photography. A total of twenty one species of orchid were seen during our visit to this site. Other plants seen here included Cytinus ruber, Polygala monspeliaca and Medicago orbicularis.

We then went to an area where we found six plants of Ophrys masticorum in fine flower. Other orchids seen included Ophrys villosa, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys umbilicata, Orchis italica and Ophrys regis-ferdinandii. A group of Ophrys parosica were found all of a more or less consistent colour

3 and labellum shape, in contrast to the Ophrys parosica based 'hybrid swarms' seen in the last few days. Other plants seen here included Trifolium uniflorum and Trifolium stellatum.

We then went to the Blackstone Beach, denied to us two days before due to road closures, for a sea birdwatch for shearwaters, however none were see. The botanical party headed up the beach to view the spectacular basalt cliffs and volcanic ash stratas containing ballistic pebbles. Several plants of Campanula hagiellii were seen growing in the narrow rock fissures. Other plants seen included Silene behen and Pancratium maritimum in leaf.

We returned early to the Voulamandis House to allow the party to spend some time in Chios Town prior to taking our evening meal. We all enjoyed a late meal after which suitcases were packed ready for transfer to Marmaro the following day.

Day 6 Saturday 10 th April Nea Moni, Avgonima & Marmaro

Transfer day to Marmaro dawned clear and warm and with the large luggage being sent to our hotel in Marmaro ahead of us.

We arrived at the Nea Moni Monastery at 9.45am having made an initial stop to look down at the monastery from the road above. We were soon finding orchids including Ophrys sicula, Ophrys iricolor, Ophrys umbilicata, Orchis anatolica and Himantoglossum robertianum. On arrival at the monastery, we commenced our walk up the zigzag path leading up to the Ag Pateres monastery higher up the mountain. We ascended the path alongside which we enjoyed the natural rock garden with its many and varied plants displayed to perfection we noted Saxifraga hederecea, Eruca sativa, Arabis verna, Campanula lyrata and Euphorbia rigida .

Returning to the monastery after about an hour and a half the party took the opportunity to go inside the recently restored buildings. The monastery was founded in 1067 and is reputed to have some of the finest mosaics in Greece. Much of the restoration work, which has taken about three years, has been funded by UNESCO. Male Serin and Greenfinch were singing in the trees around the monastery.

We then retraced our route back towards Chios Town and stopped at a high vantage point where the picnic lunch was prepared. The group explored the surrounding area where Fritillaria pelinaea was in full flower. Gynandriris sisyrinchium was also seen here . After the picnic we descended to Chios Town and then drove north along the coast road on the way to Marmaro. We stopped about two Km north of Daskalopetra to look at many flowering plants of the local Campanula hagiellii , which were conveniently positioned at eye level. Other plants seen here included Rosularia serrata and Malcolmia flexuosa. Another Campanula was seen here, much smaller than Campanula hagiellii , near to erinus/drabifolia . Proceeding northwards we arrived at our accommodation for the next five nights, the Kardamyla Hotel which backs onto the beach and is also conveniently placed close to the freshwater Marmaro Marsh. We arrived at 4.30 to find our luggage ready for us.

After we had settled in and drank a welcoming cup of Turkish tea a few ventured out to take a preliminary look at the marsh adjacent to the hotel. Here we found several plants of interest including Vinca major, Ranunculus marginatus and Orobanche crenata. Birds seen included Cetti’s Warbler, Reed Warbler and Moorhen. By six o'clock all were assembled in the comfortable 4 warm lounge of the hotel to go through the day’s checklist. Dinner at 7.30pm included excellent artichoke and beetroot dishes and was followed by a whole charcoal-grilled Sea Bream for each. Most had retired by 10pm as many had decided to 'go for' an early morning marsh birdwatch at 6.39am in the morning.

Day 7 Sunday 11 th April Psiles & The West Coast

Before setting forth for the day’s excursion, all the group spent an hour investigating the marsh near the hotel. Terrapins and eels were seen in the waters of the ditches alongside the cross marsh road. Birds seen included Cetti’s Warbler, Reed Warbler, Moorhen and Water Rail.

The group set off at 10am and soon stopped a short distance along the road to Pitios where many Orchis laxiflora were in fine flower, together with Ophrys orphanidea, Orchis italica, Orchis anatolica and Serapias bergonii. We arrived at our main area for the morning at Psiles, a particularly flower rich area by 11am. Orchids seen included Ophrys dodekanensis, Ophrys cinereopohila, Ophrys sicula, Ophrys ferrum-equinum, Orchis italica and Orchis anatolica. Other plants seen included Anchusa humilis, Silene colorata, Silene cretica, Iris suaveolens and Thymelaea argentia. Pauline saw a pair of Woodchat Shrikes.

We then moved down to the west coast where the picnic lunch was prepared in warm sunshine and beautiful surroundings. Orchids seen included Ophrys ferrum-equinum, Ophrys umbilicata, Ophrys sicula, Orchis anatolica and Orchis italica . Christopher and Helen then each found very fine plants of the newly described Ophrys masticorum on the banks of the dried up river bed about two hundred metres from our picnic site. Other plants seen included Aristolochia hirta and its active larvae of the rare and specially protected butterfly in Greece, the False Apollo, (Archon appolinus), Blackstonia perfoliata, Trifolium tomentosum, Ruta chalopensis and Reseda lutea.

We then returned to the hotel by 5.30pm. A frog watch in the evening yielded several green European Tree Frogs.

Day 8 Monday 12 th April Kampia Gorge

The group set off for the Kampia Gorge promptly at 9.00am, arriving at the start of the walk above ' The Castro', an ancient fortress now topped by a small church about forty minutes later. While Stefano and Oliver took the main party down the eastern side of the gorge past the church to the river, Mike accompanied by Judy took the picnic provisions down to the beach where the car was left and they then proceeded upriver, meeting the main party on their way downstream. The expected Nighingales were conspicuous by their absence so the walk was serenaded by the familiar trilling of the resident Wrens instead. Plants seen included Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus varius, Neostemma apulum, Evax pygmaea, Tuberaria guttata, Erica arborea, Ptilostemon chamaepeuce, Chrysanthemum segetum, Linaria pelisseriana, Erica verticillata, Campanula erinus (on the Castro wall) and Aristolochia rotunda (on top of the Castro wall).

A picnic lunch was then taken on the beach near which Malcolmia maritima and the red flowered form of Anagallis arvensis were seen.

A brief stop was made between Viki and Amahdes where Limodrum arbortivum were found in

5 fine flower beneath the pine trees, together with many plants of Ferulago humilis . The party returned to the hotel by 5.30pm.

Day 9 Tuesday 13 th April Pelinaeon Mountain

An early morning walk on the marsh yielded a number of warblers including Great Reed, Reed, Grasshopper/Savi’s, Cetti’s and Lesser Whitethroat and on the beach White Wagtails were also seen.

We left the hotel after breakfast at 9am for Pelinaeon Mountain in fine sunny conditions, and soon arrived at our base for exploring the mountain, a rocky outcrop high above the village of Viki. Numbers of Fritillaria pelinaea were soon found and as some were well lit by the sun they were therefore subject to much photography, together with a few Ophrys reinholdii . We then moved upwards towards the Refuge stopping to study a very faded group of Ophrys basilissa . Crossing over the track we entered the pine woods to emerge in a clearing with many Ophrys dodekanensis varying from white to pale pink. Other plants seen included Anemone pavonina and Aethionema saxatile. Much photography was done, Phillippa acting as 'spotter' for husband Jeremy, to good effect.

Near the Refuge female and displaying male Rüppell’s Warblers were seen already on their traditional breeding ground, as the resident Goshawks patrolled high in the skies above.

Several European Tree Frogs were seen by a trackside pool. Nearby a Balkan Green Lizard was also found. Plants seen here included very fine robust plants of Orchis anatolica and Orchis provincialis, Gill found some pristine Doronicum orientale, also seen were Aubretia deltoides, Scilla bifolia, a Corydalis and three species of Muscari; Muscari neglectum, Muscari commutatum and Muscari comosum. Whilst the botanists were engaged in their investigations, Jon found a quiet spot in which to read.

Crag Martins were continually swooping low over wet seepages on and by the roadside, catching small insects which were skimming above the water surface, as we were examining the nearby flowers.

The picnic lunch was taken on the rocky outcrop overlooking Viki, in the vicinity of the picnic we found two species of Aristolochia, Aristolochia hirta and Aristolochia rotunda. Then Irene found another one of medium size with flowers not yet fully developed which Mike will be monitoring in future when he services his museum pitfall traps which are in place nearby. We then moved through the pines emerging into more open terrain where we found many Orchis provincialis in fine flower. Shortly we found the main area for Ophrys reinholdii with about a dozen plants also in fine flower. Other orchids seen included Orchis intacta, Ophrys basilissa, Ophrys sicula and Orchis anatolica. The party returned to the Kardamyla Hotel by 5.45pm.

Day 10 Wednesday 14 th April Eko Knoll & Managros

The day dawned bright with a southerly wind. An early birdwatch in the marsh yield a pair of Little Crakes. The group left the hotel at 9.00am and drove to Eko Knoll near Managros. However on arrival the group found a major military exercise in full swing, Michaeli Voulamandis, who had taken over the driving from Stefano who was on his way to Gargano,

6 negotiated with the officer in charge of 'The Knoll Occupying Force', and we were allowed to inspect but not photograph the fine Ophrys blitopertha on display. Mike explained the difference in labellum profile and colour between Ophrys blitopertha and Ophrys persephonae which the group would be seeing later in the day. Fortunately the tank parked on the Knoll had not squashed these plants!! These plants were much appreciated. There were also many fine exceptionally large Orchis italica and several very worn Ophrys iricolor which flowers in February and March in this area . Other plants of interest included Hypericum empetrifolium, Limonium sinuatum and Teucrium divaricatum. We then went to the area of large oak trees near the Magaliotis river. We were soon on the north bank of the river looking at a fine group of Serapias bergonii , and one Orchis sancta in full flower. Other plants seen in this area included Kohlrauschia velutina, Silene gallica and Coronilla scorpiodes . We then ventured forth along hidden enclosed hunters trails entering a succession of small abandoned fields and enclosures surrounded by many varied shrubs and bushes. An Oil Beetle was found meandering amongst the vegetation in one of the closely enclosed abandoned fields, Mike explained the extraordinary life cycle of these beetles involving their 'Triangulin' larvae ambushing nectaring bees which transport them into their nests where they then consume all the contents. We then entered an area known for Ophrys apifera which normally flowers late May and June, a search failed to find the leaf rosettes of the plant. However several plants of Serapias parviflora were found here, it had spread here recently from the known patch some hundred metres away. We then moved on into a glade dominated by three large old Downy Oak trees on which many hundreds of brightly coloured ants were to be seen moving up and down the trunks and even out to the extremities of the large lower branches. Further on we found many plants of Orchis picta var caucasica. Several fine plants of Serapias politisii first recorded from Chios by Greentours last year, were found together with Serapias parviflora and Serapias bergonii. Many anemones were found still in good colour under the shade of the trees. On our emergence from this area, returning to the vehicles parked near the river, we saw several Little Egrets, Wood Sandpiper and Purple Heron. Peter and Jeremy then sallied forth, cameras 'at the ready' to try to photograph them. We returned to the vehicles and drove beyond Volissos to a small seaside hillock where the picnic was prepared. Whilst this was being prepared the group photographed several of the score or so plants of Ophrys persephonae which were still showing newly opened flowers with the range of margin colours from yellow through orange to light brownish, compared to the consistent yellow margins seen in all the Ophrys blitopertha at the previous site. The difference in labellum shapes between the two species was also noted.

Day 11 Thursday 15 th April Departure

All the group arrived in good time at the airport, the flight departed on schedule at 7.25am. Subsequent air traffic chaos due to the Icelandic volcano subsequently caused severe delays to our party on their arrival in Athens.

7

Systematic List Number 1 Plants

Dicotyledons

Aceraceae Acer sempervirens Mount Pelineon

Aizoaceae Carpobrotus acinaciformis Red Hottentot Fig Scattered

Anacardiaceae Pistacia lentiscus Mastic Tree Widespread at low altitudes Pistacia terebrinthus Terebrinth Scattered at low altitudes Rhus coriaria Nea Moni

Apiaceae Bifora testiculata Scattered Bupleurum lancifolium Nea Moni, Sidirounda Coriandrum sativum Sidirounda Crithmum maritimum İn leaf on the coasts Daucus carota Wild Carrot Lowlands, common Echinophora tenuifolia Scattered in leaf Elaeoselinum asclepium Kampia Gorge Eryngium creticum Leaves at Elinda Eryngium maritimum Leaves at Kato Fana Ferula communis Giant Fennel Leaves at Kato Fana Ferulago humilis Scattered in the north Foeniculum vulgare Common Fennel Scattered (in leaf) Lagoecia cuminioides Managros Oenanthe pimpinelloides Callous-fruited Water Marmaro Marsh Dropwort Orlaya platycarpa Nea Moni area Pimpinella cretica Pelineon Scandix australis Southernmost areas Scandix pecten-veneris Shepherd’s-needle Widespread Smyrnium olusatrum Alexanders Widespread Smyrnium rotundifolium Local Tordylium apulum Tordylium Widespread

Apocynaceae Nerium oleander Oleander Scattered Vinca major Greater Periwinkle Marmaro

Araliaceae Hedera helix Ivy Scattered

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia hirta Locally common Aristolochia parvifolia Pitious Aristolochia tournefortii Probably this species on Pelineon

Asteraceae Anthemis chia Widespread Anthemis rigida Emporia Beach, Managros Beach Anthemis tomentosa Managros area Aster squamatus Scattered Aster aquaticus Road Pyrgi-Olimpi, Sidirounda Atractylis cancellata In bud Atractylis gummifera In leaf here and there

8

Bellis annua Annual Daisy Local Bellis sylvestris Southern Daisy Mount Pelineon Bellis perennis Daisy Widespread Calendula arvensis Widespread Carduus macrocephalus In bud on Pelineon Carduus pycnocephalus Kambos Carlina corymbosa In leaf near Olimpi Carthamus dentatus In leaf Centaurea aegialophia Kampia Gorge Centaurea solstitialis In leaf Centaurea spinosa In leaf on sand dunes Centaurea urvillei In bud in Kampia Gorge Chondrilla juncea Widespread on roadsides, Chrysanthemum coronarium Crown Daisy Locally common Chrysanthemum segetum Kampia G. Cirsium arvense Creeping Thistle Widespread Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle In leaf Conyza canadensis Scattered Crepis foetida Kalamoti Dittrichia viscosa In leaf Doronicum orientale Mount Pelineon Evax pygmaea Locally common Filago gallica Kato Fana Filago pygmea Kampia Gorga Filago pyramidata Kampia Gorge Filago vulgaris Scattered Galactotes tomentosa Galactotes Widespread Geropogon hybridus Scattered Hedypnois cretica Scattered Helichrysum stoechas Locally common Inula graveolens Scattered Inula verbascifolia Scattered on rocks (in leaf) Inula viscosa Ochrea, Lapsana communis Nipplewort Recorded Leontodon tuberosus Kalamasia, Matricaria chamomilla Armolia Valley, Matricaria recutita Kato Fana Notobasis syriaca In leaf at Kambos Pallenis spinosa Managros Phagnalon graecum Widespread Ptilostemon chamaepeuce Emporio cliffs, Picnomon acarna In leaf in the south Pulicaria dysentarica In leaf in Marmaro marsh Reichardia picroides Scattered, Rhagadiolus stellatus Elinda Scariola viminea Scattered Senecio vernalis Widespread Senecio vulgaris Common Groundsel Widespread Silybum marianum Milk Thistle In leaf Sonchus asper Prickly Sow-thistle Widespread Sonchus oleraceus Smooth Sow-Thistle Widespread Sonchus tenerrimus Widespread Taraxacum hellenicum Dandelion Scattered Tolpis barbata Managros area Tragopogon porrifolius Scattered Tragopogon pratensis Goat’s-beard Scattered Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot

9

Berberidaceae Berberis cretica Mount Pelineon Leontice leontopetalum Leontice Emporio, Agios Ioannes

Boraginaceae Alkanna orientalis Around Bafa Lake Alkanna tinctoria Widespread Anchusa azurea Large Blue Alkannet Scattered throughout Anchusa humilis Recorded in the south Anchusa hybrida Widespread Anchusa undulata hybrida Widespread Borago officinalis Borage Common in the south Buglossoides arvensis Mount Pelineon Cerinthe major Honeywort Common in the south Cynoglossum creticum Blue Houndstongue Widespread Echium italicum Pale Bugloss Dead spikes seen Echium parviflorum Near Chios Echium plantagineum Purple Viper’s-Bugloss Widespread at low levels Echium vulgare Scattered Lithospernum officinale Corn Gromwell Scattered Neatostemma apulum Nea Moni, Kampia G. Myosotis cadmaea Probably this species in the centre of the island Myosotis incassata Psiles Myosotis ramossisimum Widespread Onosma aucherianum Scattered records, e.g. in the north Onosma graecum Lithi

Brassicaceae Aethionema saxatile Locally common, e.g. Anavatos, Alyssum fulvescens Nea Moni, Pelineon Arabis verna Spring Rockcress Scattered throughout Aubretia deltoidea Above Pitios and on Pelineon Aurinia saxatile Anavatos, Pelineon Biscutella didyma Biscutella Widespread Cakile maritima Coasts Calepina irregularis Armolia Valley, Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s-purse Widespread Clypeola jonthlaspi Scattered, Erophila verna Early Whitlow Grass Scattered Eruca sativa Very local, Eryssimum hayekii Pelineon Hirschfeldia incana Noted in the west Lepidium draba Marmaro Lepidium perfoliatum Scattered Malcolmia chia Chian Stock Elinde Bay and elsewhere, Malcolmia flexuosa Scattered on coasts, Malcolmia incana Bottom of the Kampia Gorge Malcolmia maritima Bottom of the Kampia Gorge Matthiola tricuspidata Kato Fana, Raphanus raphinastrum Scattered throughout Sinapis alba Widespread Sinapis arvensis Widespread Sisymbrium officinale Scattered Sisymbrium orientale Scattered Thlaspi bulbosum An isolated population on Pelineon, Thlaspi perfoliatum Widespread

10

Cactaceae Opuntia ficus-indica Prickly Pear Scattered at low levels

Campanulaceae Campanula hagielia Headlands above Emporio beach and north-east, Campanula lyrata Kato Fana Campanula tomentosa A fine plant with very large flowers. Dilek Legousia pentagonia Large Venus’s Looking-glass Kampia Gorge, Pelineon Legousia speculum-veneris Venus’s Looking-glass Turkey and Pelineon,

Caprifoliaceae Lonicera etrusca Etruscan Honeysuckle Scattered Viburnum tinus Laurustinus Local,

Caryophyllaceae Cerastium brachypetalum Grey Mouse-ear Widespread Cerastium glomeratum Sticky Mouse-ear Widespread Dianthus elegans Nea Moni, Psiles, Kohlrauschia velutina Psiles, Minuartia hybrida Fine-leaved Sandwort Scattered records, Paronychia capitata Scattered, Petrohagia dubia Locally common Silene behen Widespread, Silene colorata Widespread, Silene cretica Nea Moni, Pelineon Silene fabaria Emporio Beach Silene gallica Small-flowered Catchfly Kampia G. Silene gigantea Emporio Beach Silene italica Italian Catchfly Kampia G. Silene sedoides Emporio Beach Silene vulgaris Bladder Campion Lithi Spergularia marina Managros, Lithi Spergularia rubra Scattered Stellaria media Common Chickweed Widespread

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium murale Kampia G. Chenopodium opulifolium Armolia Valley, Halimione portulacoides Sea Purslane Kato Fana

Cistaceae Cistus creticus Locally abundant, Cistus parviflorus Widespread and common, Cistus salvifolius Sage-leaved Cistus Locally common, Fumana arabica Fumana Widespread on dry soils, Fumana procumbens Scattered records Fumana thymifolia Widespread Helianthemum hymettium Managros area Helianthemum lavandulifolium Armolia Helianthemum nummularium Common Rockrose Only seen on the Chios-Volissos Pass Helianthemum salicifolium Scattered Tuberaria guttata Spotted Rockrose Kampia Gorge

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis Field Bindweed In leaf, Convolvulus elegantissimus Scattered Cuscuta paleastina Lamsa,

11

Crassulaceae Sedum acre Biting Stoencrop Local Sedum dasyphyllum West coast rocks Sedum sediforme Scattered in leaf in the south, Umbilicus rupestris Local, Umbilicus parviflorus Local,

Cucurbitaceae Ecballium elaterium Squirting Cucumber Marmaro Marsh,

Dipsacaceae Knautia integrifolia Avgonima, Pterocepahlus sp. Bafa Lake

Ericaceae Arbutus andrachne Eastern Strawberry Tree Widespread and locally common, Arbutus unedo Strawberry Tree More local than the above species but widespread, Erica arborea Tree Heath Scattered – e.g. Kampia Gorge, Erica verticillata Noted in the south

Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia acanthothamnos Greek Spiny Spurge Widespread in the south, Euphorbia biumbellata Locally common, Euphorbia characias ssp. wulfenii Scattered at low altitudes Euphorbia exigua Dwarf Spurge Scattered Euphorbia helioscopia Sun Spurge Widespread, Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge On sand dunes near Marmaro Euphorbia peplus Petty Spurge Scattered Euphorbia rigida Widespread, Euphorbia terracina Near Pyrgi Mercurialis annua Widespread,

Fabaceae Anagyris foetida Bean Trefoil Widespread, Anthyllis hermanniae Locally common, e.g. Limnos, Anthyllis tetraphylla Scattered, Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney Vetch Scattered, Astragalus hamosus Scattered Astragalus sp. Small with purple flowers Bituminaria bituminosa Pitch Trefoil Widespread, Calycotome villosa Spiny Broom Widespread in the south, Ceratonia siliqua Carob Widespread, Cercis siliquastrum Judas Tree Widespread, Coronilla cretica Volissos Coronilla emerus Scorpion Senna Anavatos and scattered in the north Coronilla parviflora Scattered, Coronilla scorpioides Elinde Bay etc., Dorycnium hirsutum Scattered, Genista acanthoclada Widespread in the south, Hippocrepis unisiliquosa Widespread, Hymenocarpus circinnatus Disc Trefoil Widespread at low levels, Lathyrus annuus Widespread, Lathyrus aphaca Yellow Vetchling Lithe Bay, Lathyrus cicera Widespread Lathyrus clymenum Widespread, Lathyrus digitatus Pelineon, Lathyrus laxiflorus Elinde, Lathyrus ochrus Marmaro marshes,

12

Lathyrus setifolius Scattered, Lathyrus sphaericus Scattered in the north, Lotus angustissimus Sand dunes at Volissos Lotus corniculatus Common Bird’s-foot Trefoil Scattered Lotus creticus Elinde and Lithe Bays Lotus edulis Edible Lotus Widespread Lotus ornithopodioides Elinde, Lotus pedunculatus Marmaro Lotus peregrinus Kato Fana Lotus tetragonolobus Asparagus Pea Sacattered Lupinus angustifolius Narrow-leaved Lupin Kampia G. Lupinus varius Kampia G. Medicago arabica Spotted Medick Scattered, Medicago arborea Tree Medick Locally common, e.g. Lithi Medicago disciformis Scattered Medicago littoralis Coasts, Medicago lupulina Black Medick Scattered Medicago marina Sea Medick Sand dunes and coasts generally, Medicago orbicularis Large Disk Medick Widespread, Medicago polymorpha Scattered, Medicago rugosa Olimpia, Medicago scutellata Noted in the south Melilotus indica Small Melilot Scattered Melilotus italica Scattered Melilotus neopolitanus Kampia G. Onobrychis aequidentata Scattered, Onobrychis caput-gallii Cockscomb Sainfoin Scattered, Onobrychis ebenoides Kalamasia, Ononis ornithopodioides Olimpia, Ononis viscosa Managros, Ornithopus sativus Recorded Pisum sativum Wild Pea Scattered, Robinia pseudacacia False Acacia Planted – not widespread Scorpiurus muricatus Local Securigera securidaca Scattered Spartium junceum Spanish Broom Widespread, Trifolium arvense Hare’s-foot Clover Locally common Trifolium boissieri Lithi, Trifolium campestre Hop Trefoil Scattered, Trifolium cherleri Nea Moni, Trifolium clypeatum Shield Clover Widespread, Trifolium lappaceum Local Trifolium pilulare Kampia Gorge, Trifolium repens Kampia G. Trifolium resupinatum Reversed Clover Local Trifolium scabrum Rough Clover Volissos Trifolium speciosum Kampia G. Trifolium squarrosum Sea Clover Elinde Bay Trifolium stellatum Star Clover Scattered throughout, Trifolium tomentosum Woolly Trefoil Widespread Trifolium uniflorum Widespread and locally common, Trigonella balansae Locally numerous, Trigonella foenum-graecum Agios Todoros, Trigonella monspeliaca Star-fruited Fenugreek Lithi Trigonella spruneriana Armolia, Lithi, Vicia bithynica Scattered Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch Scattered Vicia cretica Cretan Vetch Common amongst Euphorbia acanthothamnos Vicia hirsuta Marmaro

13

Vicia hybrida Hairy Yellow Vetchling Widespread and common, Vicia laxiflora Managros, Vicia peregrina Widespread, Vicia sativa Common Vetch Widespread, Vicia tetrasperma Managros, Vicia villosa Widespread

Fagaceae Quercus coccifera Kermes Oak Widespread and locally dominant, Quercus pubescens Downy Oak Scattered. Locally dominant as old groves,

Gentianaceae Centaurium maritimum Near Bafa Lake Centaurium tenuifolium Dilek National Park

Geraniaceae Erodium acaule Stemless Storksbill West Coastal areas Erodium botrys Didyma Erodium cicutarium Common Storksbill Widespread, Erodium gruinum Long-beaked Storksbill Scattered, Erodium malacoides Mallow-leaved Storksbill Widespread at low levels, Geranium dissectum Cut-leaved Cranesbill Local, Geranium lucidum Shining Cranesbill Scattered, Geranium molle Dovesfoot Cranesbill Scattered, Geranium purpureum Little Robin Scattered Geranium robertianum Scattered, Geranium rotundifolium Round-leaved Cranesbill Widespread, Geranium tuberosum Tuberous Cranesbill Locally common in the south

Globulariaceae Globularia alypum Shrubby Globularia Widespread in the south,

Hypericaceae Hypericum empetrifolium Scattered but not yet in flower, Hypericum perfoliatum In leaf Hypericum triquetrifolium In leaf

Juglandaceae Juglans regia Walnut Cultivated in damper valleys,

Lamiaceae Acinos rotundifolius Local Ajuga chamaepitys Ground-Pine Olimpi Ballota acetabulosa Garden Horehound Scattered Corydothymus capitatus In leaf Lamium amplexicaule Henbit Deadnettle Widespread and common, Lavandula stoechas French Lavender Widespread, Marrubium vulgare White Horehound Recorded, Mentha longifolia Pelineon Mentha spicata Spear Mint Scattered in wet areas Micromeria juliana Scattered throughout Origanum onites Locally common in leaf, Phlomis fruticosa One plant in flower near the south coast Prasium majus Prasium Widespread, Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Scattered throughout, Salvia fruticosa Widespread, Salvia verbenaca Wild Clary Widespread, Salvia viridis Red-topped Sage Scattered throughout,

14

Satureja thymbra Satureja Widespread. In flower on the west coast, Stachys cretica Managros, Teucrium brevifolium Emporio area and south coast generally, Teucrium polium In leaf, Thymus zygioides Armolia Valley,

Lauraceae Laurus nobilis Scattered

Linaceae Linum bienne Pale Flax Widespread, Linum trigynum Lamsa,

Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria In leaf in Marmaro

Malvaceae Lavatera arborea Tree Mallow West coast Lavatera cretica Scattered, Malope malacoides Pitious Malva cretica Cretan Mallow North-west coast Malva neglecta Scattered, Malva nicaensis Local, Malva sylvestris Common Mallow Widespread

Moraceae Ficus carica Fig Widespread, Morus alba Planted, Morus nigra Planted

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus species Planted here and there, Myrtus communis Myrtle Kampia G.

Oleaceae Olea europea Olive Widely cultivated, Phillyrea latifolia Noted in the south

Onagraceae Epilobium adnatum In leaf

Orobanchaceae Orobanche caryophyllacea Bedstraw Broomrape Voulamandis Orobanche crenata Locally common, Orobanche lavandulacea Pitious Orobanche minor Common Broomrape Managros, Limnos Orobanche ramosa Branched Broomrape Scattered, e.g. Marmaro, Orobanche schultzii Kalamoti,

Oxalidaceae Oxalis pes-caprae Scattered at low levels. Locally abundant, with much of the double flowered form,

Papaveraceae Fumaria capreolata Ramping Fumitory Scattered Fumaria judaıca Kambos Fumaria gaillardotii Armolia Valley, Anavatos,

15

Fumaria macrocarpa Local, Fumaria officinalis Scattered in the south Fumaria parviflora Recorded Glaucium flavum Yellow Horned Poppy Noted in the north and Elinde area, Hypecoum imberbe Ephesus Papaver argemone Noted in the north Papaver dubium Widespread Papaver rhoeas Corn Poppy Widespread

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum tobira Planted,

Plantaginaceae Plantago cretica Cretan Plantain Scattered Plantago coronopus Scattered Plantago lagopus Widespread, Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain Scattered throughout, Plantago major Greater Plantain Rather local Plantago sp. Very small, numerous at Volissos

Platanaceae Platanus orientalis Oriental Plane Widespread along rivers,

Plumbaginaceae Limonium sieberi ?possibly this species near Emporio and west coast Limonium sinuatum Winged Sea Lavender Coastal areas in the north,

Polygalaceae Polygala monspeliaca West coast,

Polygonaceae Atraphaxis billardieri Kampia G. Rumex acetosa Common Sorrel Scattered Rumex bucephalophorus Bull’s-head Dock Kato Fana and west coast Rumex pulcher Fiddle Dock Kampia Gorge

Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis Scarlet Pimpernel Widespread, mostly the blue form, Anagallis foemina Scattered, Asterolinon linum-stellatum Olimpia, Cyclamen hederifolium In leaf only Cyclamen persicum Common at mid-levels in the centre of the island Cyclamen repandum In leaf only,

Punicaceae Punica granatum Pomegranate Cultivated,

Rafflesiaceae Cytinus hypocistus Kalamoti Cytinus ruber Kampia G.

Ranunculaceae Anemone pavonina Peacock Anemone Locally common, Anemone blanda In woods in Dilek National Park Anemone coronaria Very widespread and common, Clematis cirrhosa Virgin’s Bower In leaf in the south Clematis flammula Scattered throughout Delphinium staphisagria In leaf

16

Nigella damascena Olimpia, Elinda, Ranunculus aegyreus ?probably this species widespread Ranunculus arvensis Corn Buttercup Local, e.g.near Kampos Ranunculus chius Kampia G. Ranunculus ficaria Lesser Celandine Mostly in leaf Ranunculus gracilis Local Ranunculus marginatus In ditches at Marmaro Ranunculus millefoliatus Mount Pelineon? Ranunculus muricatus Scattered, Ranunculus paludosus Jersey Buttercup Widespread, Ranunculus sprunerianus Scattered Ranunculus velutinus Pitious

Resedaceae Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette Widespread, Reseda luteola Kampia G.

Rhamnaceae Rhamnus alaternus Mediterranean Buckthorn Widespread in the south Rhamnus prunifolius Possibly this species seen in the south

Rosaceae Amygdalus communis ssp. dulcis Scattered, Crataegus azarolus Kampia Gorge, Crataegus monogyna Limnos, Cydonia oblonga Planted, Potentilla reptans In leaf at Marmaro Prunus dulcis Almond Cultivated Prunus persica Peach Cultivated Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Pelineon Pyrus amygdaliformis Almond-leaved Pear Widespread, Pyrus communis Planted, Rosa canina In flower in north Rubus sanctus Widespread, Sanguisorba minor Salad Burnet Scattered, Sarcopoterium spinosum Spiny Burnet Locally very common,

Rubiaceae Asperula nitida Mount Pelineon, Galium aparine Cleavers Scattered Gallium samothracicum Mount Pelineon, Galium tricornutum Widespread Galium spp. Several other species were present but not identified Rubia tenuifolia Scattered Rubia peregrina Kampia G. Rubia tinctorum Noted in the south Sherardia arvensis Sherardia Widespread, Valantia hispida Widespread,

Rutacaeae Ruta chalepensis Fringed Rue West coast,

Salicaceae Populus alba Managros, Populus nigra Ochrea Salix alba White Willow Scattered,

17

Santalaceae Osyris alba Osyris Scattered throughout

Saxifragaceae Saxifraga granulata Kampia Gorge Saxifraga hederacea Nea Moni

Scrophulariaceae Antirrhinum majus Snapdragon Ephesus Bellardia trixago Scattered, mostly in leaf, Linaria chalepensis Scattered in the south, Linaria pelisseriana Near Pyrgi Misopates orontium Weasel’s Snout Scattered, Parentucellia latifolia Widespread, Parentucellia viscosa In leaf, Scrophularia canina French Figwort Scattered, Scrophularia heterophylla In flower on walls at Nea Moni Scrophularia peregrina Nettle-leaved Figwort Turkey Verbascum sinuatum Scattered in the south Verbascum spp. Other species not ID with certainty Veronica anagallis-aquatica Blue Water Speedwell Marmaro Marsh Veronica beccabunga Brooklime In leaf, Marmaro Veronica cymbalaria White Speedwell Scattered,

Solanaceae Solanum nigrum Kampia G. Hyoscyamus albus White Henbane Walls at Nea Moni,

Tamaricaceae Tamarix hampeana Emporio Tamarix parviflora Scattered in the south Tamarix smyrnensis Scattered,

Theligoniaceae Theligonium cynocrambe Widespread on Chios

Thymelaeaceae Thymelaea tartonraira Noted in the south, Thymelaea argentea Psiles

Urticaceae Prietaria judaica Scattered Parietaria diffusa Widespread Parietaria lusitanica Widespread on walls Parietaria officinalis Widespread Urtica urens Annual Nettle Scattered

Valerianaceae Centranthus calcitrapae Seen in the south, Valeriana dioscoridis Scattered, Valerianella discoidea Kato Fana, near Pyrgi Valerianella echinata Olympi Valerianella vesicaria Noted in the south, Valerianella spp Other species not in fruit so difficult to identify

18

Verbenaceae Vitex agnus-castus Chaste Tree Noted on recce

Violaceae Viola alba ssp. dehnattii Kampia G. Viola sieheana Mount Pelineon, Vitaceae Vitis vinifera Grape Vine Locally naturalised

Monocotyledons

Agavaceae Agave americana Century Plant Scattered,

Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum In leaf in Marmaro Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-Plantain Flowering in Marmaro Marsh,

Amaryllidaceae Narcissus tazetta Polyanthus Narcissus 1 in flower near Kampos Pancratium maritinum Sea Daffodil In leaf at various coastal localities,

Araceae Arisarum vulgare Friar’s Cowl Very local Arum dioscoridis Possibly on Chios and probably at Didyma Arum italicum Marmaro Dracunculus vulgaris Dragon Arum Widespread and locally common in leaf,

Cyperaceae Carex caryophyllea Spring Sedge Local Carex distachya Widespread Carex distans Distant Sedge Marmaro Marsh etc., Carex divisa Divided Sedge Kato Fana Carex divulsa Grey Sedge Kampia Gorge Carex flacca Glaucous Sedge Very local in the north Carex hirta Probably this species in Ochrea Carex muricata Kampia G. Carex otrubae False Fox Sedge Marmaro, Carex praecox Early Sedge Kato Fana Carex spp. Several other species present Blysmus rufus Elinde and Lithi Scirpus maritimus Sea Clubrush Marmaro Scirpoides holoschoenus Clustered Clubrush Local

Dioscoraceae Tamus communis Black Bryony Scattered

Gramineae (Poaceae) Aira elegans Volissos Anisantha tectorum Kalamoti Arundo donax Giant Reed Locally common Avena sterilis Winter Wild Oat Widespread, Brachypodium ramosum Locally very common Briza humilis Recorded Briza maxima Large Quaking Grass Locally common, Briza minor Widespread Bromus (Anisantha) diandrus Great Brome Scattered

19

Bromus madritensis Elinda Bromus rigidus Managros Bromus sterilis Scattered Catapodium marinum Scattered Catapodium rigida Nea Moni Cynosurus echinatus Rough Dog’s-tail Kampia Gorge Dactylis glomerata Cock’s-foot Recorded Dasypyrum villosum Kampia G. Desmazeria rigida Fern Grass Local Festuca laevis Probably this species widespread Gaudinia fragilis French Oat Noted on one day Hordeum leporinum Widespread Hordeum murinum Wall Barley Widespread and locally common Imperata cylindrica Local Lagurus ovatus Hare’s-tail Scattered records, Lolium perenne Perennial Rye-grass Turkey Melica eligulata Kampia G. Melica minuta Nea Moni Phragmites australis Reed Marmaro Marsh Poa annua Annual Meadow-grass Scattered Poa bulbosa Bulbous Meadow-grass Widespread and common, Poa littoralis Olimpi Stipa capensis Noted on Chios Vulpia ciliata Bearded Fescue Volissos

Iridaceae Crocus chrysanthus In flower on Mount Pelineon at about 1200m above Viki. Only leaves in 2006. Gladiolus italicus Field Gladiolus Locally common on Chios, Gynandriris sisyrinchium Widespread and locally common, Iris albicans Planted, Iris attica Psiles, Iris suaveolens This beautiful little yellow and purple- brown flower at the start of the tour. Iris unguicularis Only seen in the vicinity of Vrondados on the recce Romulea columnae Scattered throughout. 2006 not in flower. Romulea linaresii This pretty species flowered on Mount Pelineon. Romulea ramiflora A very few near Nea Moni

Juncaceae Juncus acutus Sharp Rush Locally common, Juncus bufonius Eco Knoll Juncus maritimus Marmaro Luzula nodulusa Field Wood-rush On Pelineon, Nea Moni

Liliaceae Allium ampeloprasum Wild Leek In bud on the first day Allium roseum Rosy Garlic Local Allium subhirsutum Scattered, Allium neapolitanum Naples Garlic Widespread and common, Asparagus acutifolius Widespread, Asphodelus aestivus Common Asphodel Widespread and locally common, Asphodelus fistulosus Hollow-leaved Asphodel Athens Asphodeline lutea Yellow Asphodel In bud on Chios,

20

Bellevalia dubia Just two plants seen in flower in the south, Bellevalia trifoliata Scattered records, Colchicum variegatum Presumably this species in seed, Drimia maritima Widespread in leaf Fritillaria pelinea A good colony on Mount Pelineon, Gagea bithynica Mount Pelineon – in flower 2005 Gagea bohemica Mount Pelineon – in flower 2005 Gagea graeca Widespread and locally common, Gagea peduncularis Mount Pelineon – in flower 2005 Muscari neglectum Widespread and common, Muscari comosum Tassel Hyacinth Widespread and common, Muscari commutatum Scattered in the south Ornithogalum collinum Scattered records, Ornithogalum fimbriatum Pelineon Ornithogalum montanum Widespread in the south Ornithogalum narbonense Kampia Gorge, Ornithogalum nutans Very common in fields near Kampos Ornithogalum oligophyllum Limestone garrigue above Pitios Ornithogalum pedicellare A beautiful large-flowered species. Noted in a few localities always low down – e.g. Kato Fana, Ornithogalum umbellatum Star-of-Bethlehem Widespread Scilla bifolia Mount Pelineon 2005 Smilax aspera Widespread, Tulipa clusiana A few in very good flower in the south, lvs Tulipa praecox A good colony in the south Tulipa undulatifolia Locally abundant in fields in the south, lvs Urginea maritima Widespread in leaf

Orchidaceae Cephalanthera longifolia Sword-leaved Helleborine 1 in flower in Dilek National Park, Turkey, in bud on Pelineon, Epipactis densiflora In leaf at Olympi, Epipactis turcica 5 shoots at Olympi Limodorum abortivum Violet Limodore İn bud in Viki Anacamptis pyramidalis Pyramidal Orchid Several locations Himantoglossum robertianum Giant Orchid Many locations mainly faded Ophrys astypalaeica One plant in Sidirounta, Ophrys iricolor Rainbow Ophrys Many locations mainly faded Ophrys attaviria Emporios Ophrys leucadica Scattered – sites included near Kalamoti and above Pitios. Flowers small and neat with a striking yellow margin and a not-so-strongly arched base to the labellum. Seen on 5 days. Kalamoti, Kato Fana, Olympi, Ophrys punctulata Scattered – only seen in the south. This one we all found difficult to be sure about and is one of the least clear with features somewhere in between leucadica, attaviria and parosica. Kalamoti, Kato Fana, Olympi, Ophrys parosica Many locations inlcluding hybrid swarms

21

Ophrys phaseliana Noted from a site in the south – a large-lipped species a little with a reddish cast to the lip Ophrys leucopthalma Kalamoti & Kallimasia, Ophrys blitopertha Eko Knoll Ophrys persephone Lamsa, Ophrys leochroma Avgonima Ophrys lindia Olympi, Ophrys cinereophila Many locations Ophrys cesmensis Emporios Ophrys sicula Very widespread and locally common, Ophrys phryganae Emporios & Pelineon, Ophrys omegaifera Pyrgi Ophrys orphanidea Many locations in the south and centre Ophrys polycratis Psiles Ophrys masticorum Vroulidia Ophrys pelinaea Kato Fana, Pyrgi Ophrys basilissa Mount Pelineon, Ophrys sitiaca Pyrgi Ophrys regis-ferdinandii Widespread and locally common. Ophrys villosa Many locations Ophrys mesaritica Psiles Ophrys tenthredinifera Sawfly Orchid Scattered. Both the usual and the ‘villosa’ form (now separated by Delforge) were seen. Ophrys bombyliflora Bumble-bee Orchid Emporios Ophrys apifera Bee Orchid İn bud in Olympi Ophrys scolopax Woodcock Orchid The single plant in the woods near Volissos amongst all the morio and picta was this species Ophrys oestrifera This or a recently split close species found near Akkoy in Turkey, Olympi, Ophrys bremifera/ceto Singles at Elinde and Volissos, widespread, Ophrys fuciflora Late Spider Orchid Lithi, Ophrys calypsus Kalamoti, Ophrys minutula Nea Moni, Ophrys dodekanensis Mount Pelineon and Psiles, Ophrys homeri Iin bud Kalamoti, Ophrys attica Nea Moni Ophrys umbilicata Widespread and reasonably common along the north coast. Ophrys bucephala Mount Pelineon, 1 plant Ophrys lapethica 1 near Pyrgi, Ophrys reinholdii Noted on Mount Pelieneon, Ophrys straussii Several on Mount Pelineon. It does seem odd that we should find a population that has just a few of both reinholdii and straussii flowering in it – another pointer to them being the same species? 2006, a very important discovery was of a single plant having flowers of both types on it. Ophrys ferrum-equinum Kato Fana, Elinta, Avgonima and Psiles Ophrys spruneri Psiles, Ophrys mammosa Widespread in the south, and centre Orchis intacta Dense-flowered Orchid Ag Thodoros and Olympi Orchis italica Naked Man Orchid Widespread and common,

22

Orchis lactea Milky Orchid One on Mount Pelineon. A new record for the island though known from outlying islands Orchis laxiflora Lax-flowered Orchid Near Pitios Orchis morio Green-winged Orchid Widespread, Orchis picta var. caucasica Several locations Orchis papilionacea var. heroica Pink Butterfly Orchid Faded flowers in Kalamoti Orchis provincialis Provence Orchid Mount Pelineon, Orchis punctulata Kato Fana, Orchis anatolica Anatolian Orchid Widespread and locally abundant, Orchis anthropophora Man Orchid Ag Thodoros and Olympi Orchis sancta Holy Orchid In bud, throughout, one flower only Orchis fragrans Bug Orchid A few in bud at various sites. In good flower in Serapias bergonii Scattered throughout, locally common, Serapias orientalis Possibly this species seen in bud at Volissos Serapias parviflora Ochrea Serapias politisii Flowering in Ochrea, new Chios record Serapias vomeracea Tongue Orchid Many records

Potamogetonaceae Posidonia oceanica Posidonia Washed up on beaches

Pteridophyta Anogramma leptophylla Jersey Fern Kampia G. Asplenium ceterach Rusyback Fern Widespread Cheilanthes fragrans Scattered throughout, Polypodium cambricum Southern Polypody Kampia Gorge

Equisetaceae Equisetum ramossisimum Marmaro Equisetum variegatum Local

Selaginellaceae Selaginella denticulata Mediterranean Selaginella Locally very common

Cupressaceae Cupressus sempervirens Italian Cypress Scattered, Juniperus oxycedrus Prickly Juniper Very local Juniperus phoenicea Phoenician Juniper Scattered

Pinaceae Pinus brutia Calabrian Pine Widespread and locally dominant especially in the north,

23

Systematic List Number 2 Birds

Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Seen several times Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Marmaro Little Egret Egretta garzetta Kato Kana Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Elinda Bay and Marmaro Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus Common Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Pelineon and Kampia Common Buzzard Buteo buteo 1 seen on day 5 Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus Reasonably commo Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni 1 seen in Vroulidia Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus 1 seen on day 8 Eleonora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae 1 seen on day 2 Quail Coturnix coturnix Eco Knoll Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Marmaro Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Marmaro Yellow-legged Herring Gull Larus cachinnans Widespread and common Audouin’s Gull Larus audouini Seen on Kampia Gorge beach Rock Dove Columba livia Seen on several days Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Widespread and common Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur Heard on the north Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Seen several days Scops Owl Otus scops Heard at Voulamandis Common Swift Apus apus Commonly seen Alpine Swift Apus melba Commonly seen Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Kampia Gorge European Bee-eater Merops apiaster Ochrea Hoopoe Upupa epops Common Crested Lark Galerida cristata Reasonably common Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla Managros Sand Martin Riparia riparia Scattered Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris 1 seen on day 9 Swallow Hirundo rustica Widespread and common Red-rumped Swallow Hirundo daurica Widespread and common House Martin Delichon urbica Widespread and common Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris Pelineon Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Psiles and Kampia G. Blue-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava Marmaro Grey-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava thunbergii Marmaro Black-headed Wagtail Motacilla flava feldegg Marmaro White Wagtail Motacilla alba Reasonably common Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba yarellii Marmaro Wren Troglodytes troglodytes Heard only 1 day Nightingale Luscinia megarhynchos Marmaro Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Marmaro Whinchat Saxicola rubetra Scattered Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Several in north Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius Vroulidia Blackbird Turdus merula Widespread Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus Psiles Cetti’s Warbler Cetiia cetti Marmaro Grasshoper Warbler Locustella naevia Heard only in Marmaro Savi’s Warbler Locustella luscinioides 1 seen in Marmaro Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon A few in Marmaro Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus Marmaro schoenobaenus Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus A few in Marmaro Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus Several in Marmaro Sardinian Warbler Sylvia melanocephala Widespread and common Ruppell’s Warbler Sylvia rueppelli Pelineon 24

Orphean Warbler Sylvia hortensis Agios Ioannis Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca Marmaro Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla Scattered Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix Seen on day 9 Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collubita Pelineon Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Nea Moni Semi-collared Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata Kampia G. Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis Kampia G. Great Tit Parus major Widespread and common Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator Seen on several days Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus Nea Moni and Psiles Jay Garrulus glandarius Common Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix Widespread and common Raven Corvus corax A few seen in the south House Sparrow Passer domesticus Widespread and common Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis Common in Marmaro Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs Widespread and common Serin Serinus serinus Several seen in Marmaro Greenfinch Carduelis chloris Several seen in Marmaro Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Seen a few Cretzschmarr’s Bunting Emberiza caesia Scattered in the north Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra Seen on several days

25

26