The Species Composition of Plant Mining Dipterous (Insecta: Diptera) of Greenhouse Surroundings in Lithuania
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The species composition of plant mining dipterous (Insecta: Diptera) of greenhouse surroundings in Lithuania The species composition of plant mining dipterous (Insecta: Diptera) of greenhouse surroundings in Lithuania Henrikas Ostrauskas1, The greenhouse surroundings of 37 growers were tested for Liriomyza Saulius Pakalnikis2, bryoniae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) distribution in Lithuania. Plants as po- tential hosts for economically significant leaf miner pests were elucida- 1 Loreta Taluntytë ted and most frequent species of dipterous miners were determined. In 1 Lithuanian State Plant total, 119 species belonging to 7 families were indicated, and the hosts Protection Service, invaded 135 plant genera belonging to 40 families (20012002). The relative frequency of L. bryoniae was 38%, and this species attacked Pelesos 85, Cucumis sativa, Lycopersicon aesculentum, Solanum tuberosum, S. nig- LT-2014 Vilnius, Lithuania rum, Nicotiana affinis, Datura indica and Gypsophila paniculata in green- E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] house surrounding. The other available hosts for dipterous miners of 2 Institute of Ecology, economic importance were found as follows: Amaranthus, Antirrhinum, Vilnius University, Apium, Callistephus, Chenopodium, Dahlia, Galeopsis, Helianthus, La- Akademijos 2, mium, Linaria, Petunia, Sisymbrium, Surphinia and Tropaeolum. The spe- LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania cies Chromatomyia horticola, Liriomyza strigata, L. ptarmicae, L. conges- E-mail: [email protected] ta, L. sonchi, Phytomyza artemisivora, P. pullula (Agromyzidae), Trypeta artemisiae (Tephritidae) and Cystiphora sonchi (Cecidomyiidae) were most frequent dipterous leaf-miners in greenhouse environment, but only the first two could have the influence on crop growing in a closed system. The life histories of Ophiomyia bohemica and O. rostrata (Agromy- zidae) were confirmed for the first time; distribution data of five rare and three new to Lithuania Diptera species were supplemented. The further hosts of Chromatomyia horticola (Scaevola), Liriomyza eupatorii (Stachys), L. strigata (Cistus), Melanagromyza submetallescens (Lathyrus, Medicago) and Ophiomyia heracleivora (Chaerophyllum) were ascertai- ned. Also, unknown feeding behavior (no galls forming) of Melanagro- myza cunctans and stem rind mining of Liriomyza pisivora have been found. A hasted reactivation method for small insects is briefly presented. Key words: greenhouse, plant miners, host plant, bionomics, distribution INTRODUCTION houses. A settling of further quarantine species such as Liriomyza trifolii, L. huidobrensis or L. sativae is Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach, 1858) a quaranti- quite possible. The latest data (Ostrauskas, 2002) ne agromyzid species (Quarantine , 1997; Lietu- force us to take more care about this. vos , 2000) is known in Lithuania occurring free The aim of this work was to test the greenhouse (Pakalniki et al., 2000) as well as under greenhou- surroundings for Liriomyza bryoniae, to determine se conditions (Taluntytë, 2001; 2002). Greenhouses most frequent species of dipterous miners here, and are not strictly isolated from the nearest surroun- to elucidate plants as potential hosts for mining pests ding (absent are entomological nets or wind blinds) of economic importance. in Lithuania. Thus, leaf miners and other phytopha- gous insects occurring on wild plants have the pos- MATERIALS AND METHODS sibility to get into greenhouses and to attack the crops. On the other hand, when the temperature The investigation territory comprised direct surroun- reaches 40 °C, leaf miners can escape from green- dings of greenhouses, the neighbouring fields and ISSN 02357224. E k o l o g i j a (Vilnius). 2003. Nr. 3 3 Henrikas Ostrauskas, Saulius Pakalnikis, Loreta Taluntytë gardens, ornamental plots (decoration bar), peat in situ, and the plants were identified at the site. banks, compost lots and outskirts. Surroundings of Some plant parts with larvae were delivered to the 10 greenhouses (Liriomyza bryoniae focus of 2000) laboratory to dipterous imago stage exterminate the- were tested in 2001. Four of them were investiga- re. Male genitalia were mounted, special keys and ted in 2002 repeatedly together with surroundings descriptions (Beiger, 1978; 1989; Èernô, 1994; Sasa- of 27 further greenhouses (15 L. bryoniae foci of kawa, 1961; Spencer, 1964; 1966; 1973; 1976; 1990; 2001 including). were used. A survey was done once per year in JulyAu- Also, some additional material by S. Pakalnikis gust, with additional attention to cultivated, intro- collected earlier and deposited at the Institute of duced or adventive foreign plants. In total, 41 sur- Ecology (Vilnius) was used. veys of 37 growers in 2001 and 2002 were carried Hasted reactivation method. Dipterous, whose out to test the surroundings of 25 foci of L. bryo- imagos did not emerge at the laboratory up to the niae and 12 greenhouses without the pest indicated first days of October, have been considered to win- before (Fig. 1). All regions of Lithuanian State Plant ter diapause fallen. Tubes containing these insects Protection Service have been embraced. were taken to the open air and kept in a box, in The majority of insect species were determined the shade, under natural conditions. There were two according to the mining features exhibited by larvae meteorological limits fixed in the storage. A first Fig. 1. Districts of Lithuania investigated in 20012002. Liriomyza bryoniae in greenhouse surroundings detected; finding spots of rare dipterous species (with former data included): £ Cystiphora taraxaci, ¯ Chromatomyia centaurii, Liriomyza bulgarica, © Melanagromyza tschirnhausi, ² Ophiomyia rostrata, Phytomyza conyzae 1 pav. Lietuvos rajonai, tirti 20012002 metais. * Liriomyza bryoniae radvietës ðiltnamiø aplinkoje bei retøjø dvisparniø rûðiø radvietës (áskaitant ankstesnius duo- menis) 4 The species composition of plant mining dipterous (Insecta: Diptera) of greenhouse surroundings in Lithuania fall of air temperature to 10 °C (usually in No- Table 1 (continued) vember) means the end of reactivation. A first thaw 1 lentelë (tæsinys) to 0 °C (usually in December) means the day of safe return of the insects to the laboratory. Then 1234 they were kept as follows: at about +5 °C (one Angelica W4 day), +1015 °C (next two days) and at about Anthriscus W2 +20 °C up to insect expupation. In this way we can Apium C2 avoid the almost inevitable loss of material in a Chaerophyllum W2 refrigerator, where small dipterous are threatened Daucus C and W 2 by danger to be dried up as soon as in some days. Heracleum W3 And the emergence we have in January (leaf mi- Peucedanum W1 ners) to late March (stem miners). The method was Pimpinella W3 Selinum W1 a result of experiments with Agromyzidae and has Torilis W1 been in use for 20 years. Asteraceae Achillea W3 Anthemis W2 RESULTS Arctium W4 Artemisia W7 Host plants Bellis C2 Bidens W1 Liriomyza bryoniae was found on the following hosts: Callistephus C3 1) Cucumis sativa grown in fields near greenhou- Carduus W3 ses by 4 growers for individual purposes (3 cases of Centaurea W2 Chamomilla W2 them in focus surroundings) and 1 industrial grower; Chrysanthemum C3 2) Lycopersicon aesculentum, in industrial field Cichorium W2 (1 grower, focus surroundings), in vegetable garden Cirsium W8 (1 industrial grower, focus surroundings, and 1 gro- Crepis W1 wer for individual purposes) and in the outskirts (1 Dahlia C2 industrial grower, focus surroundings); Erigeron W2 3) Nicotiana affinis, in a field (1 industrial gro- Eupatorium W1 wer); Galinsoga W2 Helenium C1 4) Datura indica, in a garden (1 industrial gro- Helianthus C1 wer and 1 grower for individual purposes, both fo- Hypochoeris W1 cus surroundings); Inula C1 5) Solanum nigrum, near an industrial greenhou- Lactuca W2 se (1 case, focus surroundings); Lapsana W2 6) Solanum tuberosum, in the fields (2 industrial Leontodon W3 growers); Leucanthemum W2 7) Gypsophila paniculata, near a greenhouse (1 Matricaria W3 Mycelis W1 industrial grower). Picris W3 In total, plants of 135 genera belonging to 40 Rudbeckia C2 families were found to host various Diptera miners Solidago W1 (Table 1). The representatives of three genera (all Senecio W2 Sonchus W10 Tagetes C2 Table 1. The host plant list of dipterous miners found Tanacetum C and W 5 in greenhouse surroudings in 20012002 Taraxacum W4 1 lentelë. Dvisparniø minuotojø augalø ðeimininkø ðilt- Tragopogon W1 namiø aplinkoje 20012002 metais sàraðas Tussilago W4 Zinnia C2 Number Balsaminaceae Impatiens W1 Status, of the Betulaceae Betula W1 Plant family Genus cultural (C) / mining Boraginaceae Anchusa W2 wild (W) dipterous Echium W2 species Myosotis C and W 2 Symphytum W1 1234 Brassicaceae Armoracia C2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus C1 Barbarea W1 Apiaceae Aegopodium W1 Brassica C2 5 Henrikas Ostrauskas, Saulius Pakalnikis, Loreta Taluntytë Table 1 (continued) Table 1 (continued) 1 lentelë (tæsinys) 1 lentelë (tæsinys) 1234 1234 Capsella W2Rubiaceae Galium W2 Erucastrum W1Rutaceae Ruta C1 Erysimum W3Salicaceae Populus W2 Raphanus C and W 4 Scrophulariaceae Anthirrhinum W1 Roripa W2 Chaenorrhinum C1 Sinapis W4 Linaria W2 Sisymbrium W1 Veronica W1 Thlaspi W1Solanaceae Datura C2 Campanulaceae Campanula W2 Lycopersicon C2 Jasione W1 Nicotiana C2 Cappareceae Cleome C2 Petunia C2 Caprifoliaceae Sambucus W1 Solanum C and W 1 Caryophyllaceae Gypsophila C3 Surphinia C1 Cerastium W1Tropaeolaceae Tropaeolum C2 Saponaria W1Urticaceae Urtica W2 Silene W3Valerianaceae Valeriana W1 Stellaria W2Violaceae Viola W1 Chenopodiaceae