The Aceh Case
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Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on the Regional Parliaments 1999-2009 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES in EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY and SOCIAL RESEARCH 528
JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 528 Ratih D. Adiputri Political Culture in the Indonesian Parliament Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on the Regional Parliaments 1999-2009 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 528 Ratih D. Adiputri Political Culture in the Indonesian Parliament Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on the Regional Parliaments 1999-2009 Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Historica-rakennuksen salissa H320 elokuun 15. päivänä 2015 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in building Historica, hall H320, on August 15, 2015 at 12 o’clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2015 Political Culture in the Indonesian Parliament Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on the Regional Parliaments 1999-2009 JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 528 Ratih D. Adiputri Political Culture in the Indonesian Parliament Analyzing Parliamentary Debates on the Regional Parliaments 1999-2009 UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2015 Editors Jussi Kotkavirta Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Ville Korkiakangas Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-6248-7 ISBN 978-951-39-6248-7 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-6247-0 (nid.) ISSN 0075-4625 Copyright © 2015, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä -
Indonesia Beyond Reformasi: Necessity and the “De-Centering” of Democracy
INDONESIA BEYOND REFORMASI: NECESSITY AND THE “DE-CENTERING” OF DEMOCRACY Leonard C. Sebastian, Jonathan Chen and Adhi Priamarizki* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: TRANSITIONAL POLITICS IN INDONESIA ......................................... 2 R II. NECESSITY MAKES STRANGE BEDFELLOWS: THE GLOBAL AND DOMESTIC CONTEXT FOR DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA .................... 7 R III. NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ................... 12 R A. What Necessity Inevitably Entailed: Changes to Defining Features of the New Order ............. 12 R 1. Military Reform: From Dual Function (Dwifungsi) to NKRI ......................... 13 R 2. Taming Golkar: From Hegemony to Political Party .......................................... 21 R 3. Decentralizing the Executive and Devolution to the Regions................................. 26 R 4. Necessary Changes and Beyond: A Reflection .31 R IV. NON NECESSITY-BASED REFORMS ............. 32 R A. After Necessity: A Political Tug of War........... 32 R 1. The Evolution of Legislative Elections ........ 33 R 2. The Introduction of Direct Presidential Elections ...................................... 44 R a. The 2004 Direct Presidential Elections . 47 R b. The 2009 Direct Presidential Elections . 48 R 3. The Emergence of Direct Local Elections ..... 50 R V. 2014: A WATERSHED ............................... 55 R * Leonard C. Sebastian is Associate Professor and Coordinator, Indonesia Pro- gramme at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, S. Rajaratnam School of In- ternational Studies, Nanyang Technological University, -
Illicit Arms in Indonesia
Policy Briefing Asia Briefing N°109 Jakarta/Brussels, 6 September 2010 Illicit Arms in Indonesia activities. Recruitment by jihadis of ordinary criminals in I. OVERVIEW prisons may also strengthen the linkage between terror- ism and crime in the future. A bloody bank robbery in Medan in August 2010 and the discovery in Aceh in February 2010 of a terrorist training There are four main sources of illegal guns in Indonesia. camp using old police weapons have focused public at- They can be stolen or illegally purchased from security tention on the circulation of illegal arms in Indonesia. forces, taken from leftover stockpiles in former conflict These incidents raise questions about how firearms fall areas, manufactured by local gunsmiths or smuggled into criminal hands and what measures are in place to stop from abroad. Thousands of guns acquired legally but later them. The issue has become more urgent as the small groups rendered illicit through lapsed permits have become a of Indonesian jihadis, concerned about Muslim casualties growing concern because no one has kept track of them. in bomb attacks, are starting to discuss targeted killings as Throughout the country, corruption facilitates the circula- a preferred method of operation. tion of illegal arms in different ways and undermines what on paper is a tight system of regulation. The Indonesian government could begin to address the problem by reviewing and strengthening compliance with procedures for storage, inventory and disposal of fire- II. GUN CONTROL IN INDONESIA arms; improved vetting and monitoring of those guarding armouries; auditing of gun importers and gun shops, in- At the national level, Indonesia takes gun control seriously. -
Foresight Hindsight
Hindsight, Foresight ThinkingI Aboutnsight, Security in the Indo-Pacific EDITED BY ALEXANDER L. VUVING DANIEL K. INOUYE ASIA-PACIFIC CENTER FOR SECURITY STUDIES HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT HINDSIGHT, INSIGHT, FORESIGHT Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Edited by Alexander L. Vuving Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific Published in September 2020 by the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, 2058 Maluhia Rd, Honolulu, HI 96815 (www.apcss.org) For reprint permissions, contact the editors via [email protected] Printed in the United States of America Cover Design by Nelson Gaspar and Debra Castro Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Name: Alexander L. Vuving, editor Title: Hindsight, Insight, Foresight: Thinking About Security in the Indo-Pacific / Vuving, Alexander L., editor Subjects: International Relations; Security, International---Indo-Pacific Region; Geopolitics---Indo-Pacific Region; Indo-Pacific Region JZ1242 .H563 2020 ISBN: 978-0-9773246-6-8 The Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies is a U.S. Depart- ment of Defense executive education institution that addresses regional and global security issues, inviting military and civilian representatives of the United States and Indo-Pacific nations to its comprehensive program of resident courses and workshops, both in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Through these events the Center provides a focal point where military, policy-makers, and civil society can gather to educate each other on regional issues, connect with a network of committed individuals, and empower themselves to enact cooperative solutions to the region’s security challenges. -
Indonesia's Transformation and the Stability of Southeast Asia
INDONESIA’S TRANSFORMATION and the Stability of Southeast Asia Angel Rabasa • Peter Chalk Prepared for the United States Air Force Approved for public release; distribution unlimited ProjectR AIR FORCE The research reported here was sponsored by the United States Air Force under Contract F49642-01-C-0003. Further information may be obtained from the Strategic Planning Division, Directorate of Plans, Hq USAF. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabasa, Angel. Indonesia’s transformation and the stability of Southeast Asia / Angel Rabasa, Peter Chalk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1344.” ISBN 0-8330-3006-X 1. National security—Indonesia. 2. Indonesia—Strategic aspects. 3. Indonesia— Politics and government—1998– 4. Asia, Southeastern—Strategic aspects. 5. National security—Asia, Southeastern. I. Chalk, Peter. II. Title. UA853.I5 R33 2001 959.804—dc21 2001031904 Cover Photograph: Moslem Indonesians shout “Allahu Akbar” (God is Great) as they demonstrate in front of the National Commission of Human Rights in Jakarta, 10 January 2000. Courtesy of AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE (AFP) PHOTO/Dimas. RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Maritta Tapanainen © Copyright 2001 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, -
Security Threats to a Stable Democracy
At a glance October 2016 Indonesia: Security threats to a stable democracy Indonesia is a stable country which has undergone a successful transition to civilian democracy. However, there are still concerns about the military's continuing strong influence. There are also a number of internal and external threats to stability, although these remain fairly low-level, for now. Indonesian armed forces Indonesia's defence budget is just 0.9 % of GDP, much less than in Southeast Asian neighbours such as Malaysia (1.5 %) or Thailand (1.6 %). However, actual military spending is more than this, as the budget does not include all government spending on the armed forces or the military's own revenues (see below). The Indonesian military has 395 000 personnel (0.15 % of population) — mostly in the army (300 000), with the navy in second place (65 000). Again, this is relatively small — 0.53 % of Thais serve in the armed forces. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea have highlighted the need for Indonesia to have a strong military, and military expenditure is gradually increasing. President Jokowi aims to raise the defence budget to 1.5 % of GDP, provided that economic growth exceeds 6 %, which is questionable. Armed forces retain substantial political and economic influence Indonesia's military was at its most powerful under former dictator General Suharto, who ruled the country from 1967 to 1998. During that time, one fifth of parliamentary seats were held by unelected military representatives, and active military officers headed numerous ministries and provinces. Since then, democratic reforms have curbed the military's political role – military representatives no longer sit in the parliament, and active military personnel are barred from standing in elections. -
“Liberal Democracy” in Yogyakarta Special Regions of Indonesia
Local Politics and Local Identity: Resistance to “Liberal Democracy” in Yogyakarta Special Regions Of Indonesia A Thesis Submitted To the Graduate Devision of The University Of Hawai’i at Mānoa in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Of Master of Arts In Political Science August, 2012 By David Efendi Thesis Committee: Ehito Kimura, Chairperson Benedict J. Kerkvliet Nevzat Soguk Keywords: Transitional Politics, Liberal Democracy, Social Movement, Everyday Politics DEDICATION For my beloved son: Iqra Garda Nusantara i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “There is no time to rest before grassroots politics becomes a well-established field of study in Indonesian political discourse. It is my dream to see this happen soon after my graduation from the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, USA.” I have been blessed with a great opportunity, and I deeply owe a debt of gratitude to the people of Yogyakarta who have inspired me to study local and grassroots politics. Yogyakarta, as the center of Javanese culture, was an ideal location to study everyday politics, and the creativity of the people of Yogyakarta impressed me during my field research. The movement against the Dutch in Yogyakarta is a manifestation of Javanese ideology called “Manunggaling Kawulo lan Gusti,” meaning the people and the King aer united. It was inspiring for me to learn more about the recent movement in Yogyakarta under the banner of defending the special status of this region as part of the decentralization and democratization project led by the central government. The Pisowanan Agung (The Great Mass Gathering), which was attended by millions of Yogyakartans in 1998, clearly showed the solidarity of the people and the King. -
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The Politics of National Integration in Indonesia: An Analy sis o f The Ro le of M ilit ary in t he P ro vince o f A ce h This page is intentionally left blank Dr. Muhammad bin Abubakar The Politics of National Integration in Indonesia: A n A n a l y s i s o f T h e R o l e o f M i l i t a r y i n t h e P r o v i n c e o f A c e h Muhammad bin Abubakar, 2015 THE POLITICS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN INDONESIA: An Analysis of The Role of Military in the Province of Aceh Editor: Nanda Amalia, SH, M.Hum Unimal Press, Lhokseumawe, Aceh ISBN 978-602-1373-23-1- Hak Cipta © 2015, pada Dr. Muhammad bin Abubakar, All rights reserved. No parts of this book may be reproduced by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopy, recording, or information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Dilarang mengutip sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini dengan cara apa pun, termasuk dengan cara penggunaan mesin fotokopi, tanpa izin sah dari penerbit THE POLITICS OF NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN INDONESIA: An Analysis of The Role of Military in the Province of Aceh Hak Penerbitan pada Unimal Press Layout: Eriyanto Darwin Cetakan Pertama, Juni 2015 Dicetak oleh: Unimal Press Alamat Penerbit: Universitas Malikussaleh Jl. Panglateh No. 10, Keude Aceh, Lhokseumawe 24351 Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam INDONESIA +62-0645-47512 PREFACE the socio-political and cultural beliefs of the early Buddhist Kingdom of Shrivijaya and the Hindu Kingdom of Majapahit completely failed to penetrate into Aceh. -
Transnational Cooperation on Anti-Terrorism: a Comparative Case Study of Saudi Arabia and Indonesia
A.S.M. Ali Ashraf TRANSNATIONAL COOPERATION ON ANTI-TERRORISM: A COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY OF SAUDI ARABIA AND INDONESIA A.S.M. Ali ASHRAF* Abstract Most western security experts suggest that transnational cooperation on anti-terrorism, especially with predominantly Muslim countries, will significantly help control the violent groups, prone to using jihadi ideology against western targets in general and American targets in particular. Security cooperation with the oil rich Middle Eastern countries and the Muslim majority Southeast Asian nations are particularly important. In this backdrop, this paper investigates the policy actions of two Muslim majority countries—Saudi Arabia and Indonesia—in addressing the growing concerns about jihadi ideology and lax anti-terror regimes. It finds that the two countries (Saudi Arabia and Indonesia)—faced with the threats of international terrorism at home—are increasingly engaged in transnational anti-terrorism programs within bilateral and multilateral frameworks. In conclusion, the paper briefly discusses the theoretical and policy implications of such anti- terrorism cooperation, and stresses the need for sustained policy attention and resource allocation for building a robust counterterrorism regime. Key Words Anti-terrorism, Intelligence & Law enforcement, Security Regime, Transnational Cooperation Introduction Most western security experts suggest that transnational cooperation on anti-terrorism, especially with the predominantly Muslim countries, will significantly help control the violent groups, prone to using jihadi ideology against western targets in general and American targets in particular.1 Security * The author is a Ph.D. Candidate, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, University of Pittsburgh, USA; and Lecturer (on leave), Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. -
Anomie and Violence in Indonesia and Timor-Leste, 1997–2009
Asian Criminology (2011) 6:51–68 DOI 10.1007/s11417-010-9087-2 Anomie and Violence in Indonesia and Timor-Leste, 1997–2009 John Braithwaite Received: 13 March 2010 /Accepted: 10 May 2010 / Published online: 4 June 2010 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract The Indonesian social system began to disintegrate in 1997. In the aftermath of social collapse, many forms of state crime, organized crime, terrorism, ethnic violence, religious violence, assassinations and other political violence escalated. An anomie theory interpretation is offered of this rise and the subsequent fall of a complex of serious crime problems. Security sector reintegration, reintegration of perpetrators and reconciliation (without truth) played important parts in enabling the rebuilding of institutions of security. Keywords Indonesia . Timor-Leste . Anomie . Violence . Reconciliation Collapse The Indonesian economy suffered more than any other from the Asian Financial Crisis beginning 1997. Financial collapse was followed by collapse of the political order in 1998, then progressive unraveling of the social order for regulating violence between 1998 and 2001. Amidst horrific violence and the razing of most of the infrastructure of society, Timor Leste seceded from Indonesia as an independent nation in 1999. This essay interprets the violence of the late 1990s and early years of this decade in Indonesia as a product of anomie. Yet it seeks to summarize how that society transcended the sense of normlessness it suffered as the old regime of President Suharto collapsed and a democratic transition began to consolidate. As anomie subsided, so did violence of many kinds. From being the society with the biggest terrorism problem in the world in 2002 (Kivimäki 2007: 50)—a place thereafter lost to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan—it became the first Muslim society with a massive terror problem to get on top of it. -
Challenges to Southeast Asia's Democratization Processes: a Case Study on Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand
Challenges to Southeast Asia’s Democratization Processes: A case study on Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand Gatra Priyandita U4995039 31 October 2014 Submitted for a Bachelor of Asia-Pacific Security (Honours) College of Asia and the Pacific Australian National University Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Christopher Roberts Declaration This statement is a declaration that this thesis is my own work. All sources used have been acknowledged. Gatra Priyandita 1 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my research supervisor, Dr. Christopher Roberts. Without his kind and helpful guidance, this paper would have been far more difficult to accomplish. His patience, immense knowledge, and dedication have made this journey a much easier and more enjoyable one. I thank him deeply for all his assistance and commitment to helping me write this thesis. I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Honours convenor, Dr. Tamara Jacka, as well as Dr. Sally Sargeson, for their kind and helpful guidance in our Honours classes. It was through these classes that I have managed to further improve my writing, speaking, and research skills. I would like to thank my Honours cohorts, whom I have shared the pains and joys of Honours with throughout the year. I wish to also congratulate them for finishing the Honours year with me! I also would like to thank my friends, Jayshendra Karunakaren and Haseeb Ikram, for their assistance in proof-reading my thesis. Without their last minute assistance, the last few days of Honours would be very tough. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family, particularly my parents, Susanto Prio Utomo and Ratu Silvy Gayatri. -
Unfulfilled Promises
Unfulfilled Promises Achieving Justice for Crimes Against Humanity in East Timor November 2004 CIJ C OALITION FOR INTERNATIONAL J USTICE Unfulfilled Promises Achieving Justice for Crimes Against Humanity in East Timor November 2004 © 2004 by the Open Society Institute and the Coalition for International Justice. All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 8 EAST TIMOR’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE............................................ 11 Portuguese Withdrawal and Indonesian Invasion..................................................... 11 International culpability.............................................................................................. 15 The transition to independence and the events of 1999 ............................................. 16 THE INDONESIAN AD HOC HUMAN RIGHTS COURT...................................... 19 Background ................................................................................................................. 19 Prosecution – Unable and Unwilling ......................................................................... 21 Prosecutorial incapacity.......................................................................................... 22 Lack of political will................................................................................................