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100 YEARS for a Resilient Planet

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100 YEARS for a Resilient Planet VOL. 100 • NO. 8 • AUG 2019 Our Water Cycle Diagrams Are Missing Something: Us Rivers of Antibiotics Magnetic Map Gaps 100 YEARS For a Resilient Planet Now Accepting Abstract Submissions OCEAN SCIENCES Deadline: 12 September 1621 FEBRUARY 2020 MEETING SAN DIEGO, CA, USA oceans2020.org FROM THE EDITOR Editor in Chief Heather Goss, AGU, Washington, D.C., USA; [email protected] Here Comes the Sun Editorial Manager, News and Features Editor Caryl-Sue Micalizio Science Editor Timothy Oleson ne year ago this month, NASA’s Solar physicists Senior News Writer Randy Showstack Parker Solar Probe launched from around the world are News Writer and Production Associate Kimberly M. S. Cartier O Cape Canaveral in Florida on a mission collaborating to cre- News and Production Fellow Jenessa Duncombe to the center of the solar system. Passing ate these data sets, as closer to the Sun than any mission before it, the team reports, and Production & Design the spacecraft is now taking the first in situ the result will even- Manager, Production and Operations Faith A. Ishii Senior Production Specialist measurements of the corona. Soon, we may tually be a deeper Melissa A. Tribur Editorial and Production Coordinator Liz Castenson have insight not only into the baffling coronal understanding of Assistant Director, Design & Branding Beth Bagley heating problem but also into the complex how the Sun’s vari- Senior Graphic Designer Valerie Friedman Earth-Sun relationship—the theme for this ability can affect us Graphic Designer J. Henry Pereira month’s issue as part of our yearlong AGU over the long term Centennial celebrations. here on Earth. Marketing Humans have surely been studying our The thermosphere is particularly sensitive Director, Marketing, Branding & Advertising Jessica Latterman Assistant Director, Marketing & Advertising closest star for as long as we could look up at to this variability, and another team of scien- Liz Zipse Marketing Program Manager Angelo Bouselli the sky, though the modern era of heliophys- tists recently published results from a study of Senior Specialist, Digital Marketing Nathaniel Janick ics hit its stride in the 1950s. During the 1957– how infrared power from two solar cycles Digital Marketing Coordinator Ashwini Yelamanchili 1958 International Geophysical Year (IGY), affected this outer layer of Earth’s atmosphere physicist James Van Allen played a key role in (p. 42). Because this radiative energy can cause Advertising turning interest to the particles coming from the thermosphere to change density, this rel- Display Advertising Dan Nicholas [email protected] space and interacting with our planet. He’d atively new field of study can provide helpful Recruitment Advertising Heather Cain already been launching instruments with his information for spacecraft, including the [email protected] University of Iowa students to study cosmic International Space Station, that orbit through rays and probe aurorae. At the end of the IGY, it. Science Advisers an instrument package designed by Van Allen Eos reports on a particularly intriguing Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism, and Julie Bowles Electromagnetism launched aboard Explorer 1, which collected result on page 5, in which scientists offer evi- Space Physics and Aeronomy Christina M. S. Cohen data confirming the existence of the radiation dence that planetary alignment in the solar Study of the Earth’s Deep Interior Edward J. Garnero belts that now carry his name, composed of system may be what regulates the Sun’s Geodesy Brian C. Gunter charged particles carried to Earth by solar 11-year sunspot cycle. They were able to match History of Geophysics Kristine C. Harper Planetary Sciences Sarah M. Hörst wind. (AGU awarded Van Allen its prestigious up, with decent regularity, sunspot minima Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology Emily R. Johnson William Bowie Medal in 1977, and he later with the alignment of Venus, Earth, and Jupi- Seismology Keith D. Koper served as president of the organization from ter in their orbits. Using simulations, these Tectonophysics Jian Lin 1982 to 1984.) researchers “showed that even a weak tidal Near-Surface Geophysics Juan Lorenzo Earth and Space Science Informatics Kirk Martinez In our cover story on page 18, a team of sci- tug of 1 meter per second every 11 years forced Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology Figen Mekik entists show how far we’ve come in under- unstable magnetic twists to pulse with that Mineral and Rock Physics Sébastien Merkel standing the Earth-Sun relationship and what same period,” and indeed, the simulation Ocean Sciences Jerry L. Miller challenges remain. Their group studies the showed the solar dynamo’s polarity flipping Global Environmental Change Philip J. Rasch Education Eric M. Riggs response of Earth’s climate to solar variability, every 22 years, just as it does on the Sun. Tectonophysics Carol A. Stein which involves an intricate statistical analysis We hope the Sun continues to shine on Atmospheric Sciences Mika Tosca to extract its actual effects from natural vari- these studies explaining the unique give and Nonlinear Geophysics Adrian Tuck ability and anthropogenic effects. They sug- take between our planet and the star it formed Earth and Planetary Surface Processes Andrew C. Wilcox Atmospheric and Space Electricity Yoav Yair gest that modern analysis should use a newer around over 4 billion years ago. GeoHealth Ben Zaitchik observation data framework that takes into Societal Impacts and Policy Sciences Mary Lou Zoback account variations at specific wavelengths, but these observations must be made from space ©2019. AGU. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may be photocopied by from multiple well-calibrated instruments, individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission is also granted to use short quotes, fi gures, and tables for publication in scientifi c books and journals. For making it a challenge even in an age when we permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications Offi ce. can send spacecraft to make observations Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published monthly by AGU, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, within spitting distance of the Sun’s surface. Heather Goss, Editor in Chief Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; [email protected]. Submit your article proposal or suggest a news story to Eos at bit.ly/Eos-proposal. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refl ect offi cial positions of AGU unless expressly stated. Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 CONTENTS 24 30 34 18 Features Cover Story 24 Finding the Gaps in America’s 18 Better Data for Modeling Magnetic Maps the Sun’s Influence on Climate By Benjamin J. Drenth and V. J. S. Grauch By T. Dudok de Wit et al. Several international initiatives are working to stitch together data describing solar forcing of Earth’s climate. Their objective is to 30 Gauging in the Rain improve understanding of climate response to solar variability. By Bas den Hond On the Cover The Solar Dynamics Observatory observed this X1.6 class solar flare in 34 El Reventador 131 Angstrom wavelength light in 2014. Credit: NASA/SDO Continually Remakes Itself By Marco Almeida et al. 2 // Eos August 2019 CONTENTSNEWS 8 15 Columns From the Editor AGU News 1 Here Comes the Sun 40 Changes to the Eos Scientist-Authored Submission Process News Research Spotlight 4 Antibiotics Are Flooding Earth’s Rivers 5 Planetary Low Tide May Force Regular Sunspot Sync Ups 41 Data Mining Reveals the Dynamics of Auroral Substorms 7 Senator Urges Ending Dark Money’s Stifling 42 The Thermosphere Responds to a Weaker Than Normal of Climate Action Solar Cycle 8 Spy Satellite Reveals Accelerated Pace of Himalayan 43 Understanding the Turbulent Nature of the Solar Wind Glacier Melt 10 Many Water Cycle Diagrams Promote Misconceptions Positions Available 11 North Carolina Bald Cypress Tree Is at Least 44 Current job openings in the Earth and space sciences 2,674 Years Old 12 Damselfish in Distress? 13 Banned CFC Emissions Tracked to Eastern China Postcards from the Field 14 National Academy Can Now Expel Scientists in Cases 53 Greetings from a 5-week ice camp at the North Pole, of Misconduct where researchers are studying Arctic aerosols and 15 World’s Oldest Meteorite Collection Found clouds. in World’s Oldest Desert Opinion 16 Stress Testing for Climate Impacts with “Synthetic Storms” AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos company/american-geophysical-union AGUvideos americangeophysicalunion americangeophysicalunion Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 3 NEWS Here, “safe” refers to those levels above Antibiotics Are Flooding which the alliance says that bacteria can start to develop antibiotic resistance. According to Earth’s Rivers Boxall, those levels can range anywhere from 20 to 32,000 nanograms per liter of water, depending on the antibiotic. Doctors use antibiotics to treat a raft of bacteria-caused ailments, from tuberculosis to staph infections. Some bacteria can become antibiotic-resistant when exposed to the drugs, which can make treatment next to impossible for doctors. In the United States alone, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 23,000 people die each year from antibiotic-resistant bac- terial infections. At the Odaw, concentrations of antibiotics like metronidazole, used to treat things like People who use the rivers are more likely to be exposed to the resistant bacteria. skin and mouth infections, exceeded safe levels by a factor of 68. The Odaw, though, is not the worst-off river. More than 110 of the Steam rises from garbage at the Odaw River in Ghana.
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