International Journal of Research and Review Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Research Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Study of Oral Tradition of Deli in the Fading Process of to the Community in City

Nila Afningsih1, Debbi Chyntia Ovami2, Dewi Nurmala3

1Department of Language Education and Indonesian Literature, Faculty of Education and Teacher Science Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Washliyah, 2Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Washliyah, Indonesia 3Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Washliyah, Indonesia

Corresponding Author: Dewi Nurmala

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION At the present time the young The oral tradition of Javanese culture in North generation, especially in Binjai is in a is undergoing a shift that the Javanese "blind" position to the original values of in the area can no longer afford. This shift their culture. Our generations do not realize occurs not only because it is carried away by the that they do not preserve their original current changing times, but also family and environmental factors have great potential in its values, forget the past life and their movement. For example, their family or their beginnings and like people who lose their parents did not introduce Javanese oral memories ignoring their history. As the traditions to them. Especially at the present time effect, they are alienated and eliminated that teenagers are much more interested in from the original cultures (Supriatin, 2012). technological developments and continue to be The shift of Javanese cultural trapped in it. As a result, the future generations traditions in this city occurred not only of this country begin to lose their view of life as because of the changing times but the a culture as their identity. This is the biggest factor was family and environmental background for conducting this research. The factors which did not introduce them to the purpose of this research is to examine the Deli oral traditions of Javanese culture. In Javanese oral tradition and the process of fading Javanese culture in the community in the city of addition, our youth are more interested in Binjai. This type of research is descriptive technological developments. It is so broken qualitative. This research used triangulation our hearts when we see the next generation technique. The results of this study indicate that of this country began to lose sight of life in after the emergence of a second generation culture (Afningsih et al., 2019) called Heredity Javanese or Deli Javanese. In This Javanese oral tradition has general, these Heredity Javanese descendants existed since our ancestors did not know began not to use the original Javanese traditions. letters and writing. Establishing a The emergence of the Deli Javanese or Javanese relationship with the community directly Heredity began to diminish the values of the with the culture of the previous people is a original Javanese oral tradition and this finding very valuable. We can see in it, there are strengthens the statement that the Javanese oral tradition from generation to generation even cultural codes that have values and now in has experienced fading meanings that are so high in his era and is threatened with extinction. (Damono, 1984). Javanese cultural tradition of oral Keywords: Javanese Oral Traditions, Culture, form is divided into 2 aspects, namely: Community aspects of the process and aspects of the

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 354 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Nila Afningsih et.al. Study of oral tradition of deli Javanese in the fading process of Javanese culture to the community in Binjai city product. Oral tradition in the form of a The interviews were aimed at product is an oral message from the community leaders and residents around of ancestors. Whereas oral tradition as a Binjai city and also at the youths of the city. process is a form of inheritance of messages Interviews were conducted using interview through word of mouth all the time until the instructions prepared by the researcher. The message disappears. questions that have been made by If we look at it from a different researchers in the interview guidelines can perspective, in general the Javanese always be developed according to the information see that respect and harmony have values needed at the interview so that the interview and meanings that are very important and can run openly but still focus on the valuable to their interaction. All processes research problems. are based on noble values in Javanese expressions that read: sepi ing pamrih, rame 2. Observation ing gawe, memayu hayuning bawana Direct observation and passive observation become the choices that will be METHODS used in the research. According to This research is a descriptive study (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, 2010), passive with an ethnographic qualitative approach. participation means "in this case the This research seeks to describe and create researcher come to the place observed, but social and cultural structures in society. At the researcher does not get involved in the this stage, it will apply descriptive and activity". With direct observation, survey methods directly to the field. This is researchers make observations to find data because the Javanese oral tradition must that will later become sources of data and explore, discover, express, and explain the then it can be processed into analytical meaning and patterns of oral traditions that material. In this activity the researchers will be examined. In this way, the Javanese observed the development and use of oral tradition researcher must be close to the Javanese oral cultural traditions in Binjai, oral tradition he is investigating. especially the Javanese ethnics. Researchers will explore or photograph social situations that will be examined 3. Documentation thoroughly, broadly, and deeply According to (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, 2010). The technique 2010) "the document is a record of activities used to collect the data in this research is by that have passed". The notes can be written, interview, observation and documentation. photographed, or the works of someone. (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, 2010) explains that 1. Interview research results from observations or Interview is a conversation in interviews will be more reliable if supported searching of information. Usually by the existence of documents. interviews are conducted by two parties, Triangulation itself is a cross- namely the interviewer, one whose job is recheck or cross-checking process for the asking questions and the interviewee is the correctness of data and the process of one who gives the answers to these managing data. Cross-rechecking like this questions. And semi-structured interviews must be done in order to see the truth of became the technique chosen as interviews research. One way that can be done by in the study (Moleong, 2012).The purpose researchers is to use different informants; of the semi-structured interview according this is to get the truth of the information or to (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, 2010) is "to find the data. problem in a more focused manner, where The data analysis in this study uses the the interviewees are asked for their opinions following techniques: and ideas".

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 355 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Nila Afningsih et.al. Study of oral tradition of deli Javanese in the fading process of Javanese culture to the community in Binjai city

1. Data Collection who do not know the size from social itself, In this stage the activities carried out are because of context their cultures, all call searching, recording, and collecting data themselves coming from the same degree. through the results of interviews, We can see from the use of language in documentation, and observations related to social activities among Javanese the oral traditions of Javanese culture, themselves, namely the habit of using ngoko especially in the community and language, which is a language commonly adolescents. used for fellow lower class (Afningsih. 2. Data Reduction 2019) Reducing data means summarizing. Javanese from this group do not Choosing the main things that are important want to leave the culture that is already things, then looking for themes and patterns. attached to them and still carry the cultural Thus the results of the data that has been value of the pure oral tradition of . In reduced will present a clear picture, and his life as a plantation laborer who had lived greatly assist researchers in carrying out in plantation settlements for decades, the further activities, and find other data if Javanese of Deli no longer had the deemed necessary (Prof.Dr.Sugiono, 2010). opportunity to carry out their own cultural activities. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Even economically they are also History of the Birth of the Deli Java helpless so the opportunity to carry out The movement of the Javanese to the cultural activities both related to life circles North Sumatra region occurred within four and other ceremonies is very unlikely. In steps. The first step, namely the addition, they do not have a cultural figure era, invaded the Haru kingdom. Many to maintain the culture itself. These Javanese settled in North Sumatra; The Javanese contract laborers came from second step, namely the Dutch Indies various regions in Java that had different carried out colonization. Javanese ethnic cultural characteristics, but they were all groups were forcibly invited by the from proletarian groups in Java who were Colonialist as contract workers on a Dutch mostly poor and unemployed. And life on plantation in the North Sumatra area with a plantations that are shackling causes them to large number of people. However, the be less concerned with their Javanese movement of Javanese tribes in the third symbols. They did not have the energy to step occurred in the new order era through revitalize Javanese culture in Deli because government programs namely of pressure and isolation in plantation transmigration, and the fourth step, at barracks. Thus at this time there was a present with migration, commerce, business cultural break with their ancestral lands activities, learning tasks, and others (discontinued identity). The space for (Prihartono, 2016). freedom and expression only when it is a Between the year 1911-1920s there payday which is a big payday and small was mobility of the Javanese population and payday. Here they are presented with more than 50,000 contract workers were entertainment organized by the plantation brought in from . It is these who such as gambling, , and traders are considered the first generation or the around the plantation village. The system origin of appearance of Deli Java in not only entertained but also forced the Sumatra. The candidates recruit laborers in Javanese contract workers to spend their large coastal cities such as , and money in gambling and shopping places, so other densely populated areas of Java that that the money obtained at the time of are employed as plantation laborers in the payday was finished in one night. Deli area. Javanese in the Deli area, The life of Javanese contract generally as plantation or contract laborers laborers on plantations while they were still

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 356 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Nila Afningsih et.al. Study of oral tradition of deli Javanese in the fading process of Javanese culture to the community in Binjai city living in barracks in labor system ties that does not have social, economic, and resulted in Javanese contract laborers political power. This certainly has an impact becoming isolated groups. The contract on the weak preservation of Javanese workers have no space for social and culture and language in North Sumatra. In cultural expression. They are bound as terms of language, for example, they are not "contract people" whose lives are spent dominant in using Javanese as a working in tobacco plantations. With such a communication tool among its members. situation there is no chance and space to try Instead, they chose to use Indonesian with to rebuild Javanese customs. Aside from their accent. Not a few Javanese being situational, they are also economically ethnic that are adaptive, melting together helpless so the opportunity to carry out with Malay culture in North Sumatra, leave cultural activities both related to life circles Javanese culture and language. Usually they and other ceremonies is very unlikely. And are a minority who live in enclaves of also strengthened by the absence of cultural dominant Malay culture and language. For figures in the early life of the plantation example, in the coastal area of Asahan. made the Javanese contract workers lose Another thing that drives ethnic their role models in carrying out their Javanese to merge with Malay culture is the customs. nature of flexibility and openness of Malay However, around the 1945s culture and ethnicity itself (Syahpani, the contracted laborers of the Java 2010).Malay ethnicity has always been open plantations tried to distance themselves to other ethnic groups. They are quite from the status of worker of the contract, experienced in adapting to outside cultures and most of them had concentrated their because the east coast is the route and gate efforts on building their own houses and of trade and commerce from the past. yards for small agricultural production - Islamic ethnic Javanese feel comfortable small on the edges of the plantation. It was and they feel part of Malay. Javanese is not at this time that Javanese descendants were used as a basis for the construction of born in North Sumatra called Jawa Javanese ethnic identity. Peranakan (Javanese Heredity) or Jawa Deli At that time born of the first (Deli Java) generation, namely the second generation Javanese tribes began to spread out often in called Jawa of the plantation into villages and cities in Peranakan (Javanese Heredity). At this time North Sumatra, including one of the cities is the emergence of a generation of Deli Java. Binjai, Deli Serdang, Serdang Bedagai and In general, the descendants of this Javanese several areas in North Sumatra. It is these Heredity, they began not to use the groups who have fled their distance from traditions and languages of native Java. The the plantations and interact with the emergence of Deli Java or Javanese Javanese elite in urban areas. This is Heredity began to wear off the values of the possible because they distanced themselves oral traditions of the original Javanese. from the plantation after the work contract In the interaction that did not occur period expired. The awareness that arose intensely against the Javanese elite, it had from within the Javanese who were former appeared a mention or term that plantation workers made them more distinguishes the Javanese planters from the selective in choosing and adopting the Javanese elite. In the context and the new symbols of Javanese culture that they historical space, Deli, is a place to express carried (Afningsih, 2019). culture that is reflected in grammar, and Suparlan (2010) said that the norms that serve as a guide for their lives in Javanese who constitute the majority ethnic dealing with their environment which is the group in Medan is not the dominant group, result of adjustments to the situation of because they are a low social class group

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 357 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Nila Afningsih et.al. Study of oral tradition of deli Javanese in the fading process of Javanese culture to the community in Binjai city social life while in the plantation (Khairani, century until the 20th century was a 2008). multicultural cultural area that was The emergence of the mention of the cosmopolitan in its era. Jawa Peranakan is from the Entering the 1970s-80s, a third Javanese group who also call themselves generation of Jawa Peranakan (Deli Java) Javanese is a term to distinguish them was born. And this generation is often called from the Jawa Peranakan group. Totok Pujakesuma ( Born in Javanese consider themselves as people who Sumatra). In this generation the distribution uphold the Javanese tradition and culture of Deli Java is growing rapidly. From this from the origin. The difference that was third generation, some Javanese people still made the basis for them at that time was use Deli as the through language and manners. Cultural communication even though they use expressions identified through the language Ngoko Language. And this generation of used in the interaction between Totok Peranakan Javanese still knows some of oral Javanese and Jawa pranakan indicate a traditions known by parents and their statement about the new orientation of Deli environment. For example, children who Javanese culture. Jawa pranakan in this case still use Javanese songs. Children's songs uses language that is used daily in their are usually used to make the game more social interactions. They do not have or interesting. Javanese children's song usually even know that there is a need for them to not only just a song but a song that has a speak with certain types of language that message. indicate a hierarchy of social relations as in And the fourth generation can be Java (Khairani, 2008). called millennia generation. This generation The expression reflected in the is a generation that was born in the 2000s. interaction between Jawa Pranakan and In this generation of Pujakesuma Javanese Kromo cannot be imagined as a descendants, most of the characters are not hegemony of Javanese culture. But it must able to speak Javanese, even though be seen in a different context. As stated by Ngoko's Javanese. In this generation that the (Khairani, 2008) that the symbolic Deli Javanese oral tradition experienced a expression of culture is not always a severe fading, it could even be said that this statement of a cosmology or the same value generation did not know the language of its because the orientation center begins to own tribe. form polycentrically, no longer concentrated After observing the researchers and at one point, which shows a deconstruction other informants found several things that of traditional relations. Priayi Javanese must affect the extinction of oral tradition in this know that Jawa Pranakan constitutes era. This is influenced by several factors, different people from Javanese on Java namely: because their identities are formed in a. Inter-tribal marriages occur different social spaces and conditions. It b. Parents (Generation III / Javanese forces them to live and carry it out Pujakesuma) do not apply the oral traditions according to the cultural patterns created by and Javanese culture to their children. themselves. But today the terms of Totok c. Living with an environment that has a Javanese and Jawa Peranakan are not known mixture of tribes anymore. Javanese people in North Sumatra d. Teenagers are more interested in the are more popularly referred to a special development of technology and shopping mention namely Deli Java. Deli is a malls so that from time to time they leave conception, intended not only as a place or their own oral cultural traditions location in the geographical sense, but also in terms of cultural history. Deli since the development of plantations in the late 19th

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 358 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Nila Afningsih et.al. Study of oral tradition of deli Javanese in the fading process of Javanese culture to the community in Binjai city

CONCLUSION 4. Damono, S. D. (1984). Sosiologi Sastra : Based on the results of the research Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas/ Sapardi Djoko and discussion in the previous chapter it can Damono. : Pusat Pembinaan dan be concluded that: Pengembangan Bahasa. 1. From the results of interviews, 5. Khairani. (2008). Analisis Determinan Konsumsi Masyarakat Di Indonesia. observations, documentation that the oral Medan. Medan: USU Respository. tradition in Binjai City has appeared extinct, 6. Moleong, L. J. (2012). Metodologi especially teenagers in the city are mostly Penelitian Kualitatif. : PT. Remaja unfamiliar with the oral tradition of Java, Rosdakarya.ADDIN Mendeley especially for Javanese. Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY 2. The extinction of the Javanese oral 7. Prihartono, W. (2016). Diaspora Etnik Jawa tradition in Binjai occurred not only because Dan Transmisi Bahasa Jawa Antargenerasi it was carried away by the changing times Di Sumatra Utara. Ranah: Jurnal Kajian but the biggest factor was the family and Bahasa, 5(1), 34. environmental factors which did not https://doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v5i1.36 introduce them to the oral tradition of 8. Prof.Dr.Sugiono. (2010). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif Dan R&D. Bandung: Javanese culture. In addition, our youth are AlFABETA. more interested in technological 9. Sibarani, R. (2014). Kearifan Lokal : developments. HAkikat, Peran, Dan Metode Tradisi Lisan. Jakarta Selatan: Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan REFERENCES (ATL). 1. Afningsih, N. (2019). Revitalisasi Tradisi 10. Suparlan. (2010). Bahasa dan Budaya. Lisan Jawa Dalam Membangkitkan Sikap : Intan Permata. Entreprenuer Berbudaya. Medan: 11. Supriatin, Y. M. (2012). Tradisi Lisan Dan Universitas Muslim Nusantara Al Identitas Bangsa: Studi Kasus Washliyah. Adat Sinarresmi, Sukabumi. Patanjala : 2. Afningsih, N., Ovami, D. C., Samosir, S. H., Jurnal Penelitian Sejarah Dan Budaya, Muslim, U., Al Washliyah, N., & Id 4(3), 407. Abstrak, N. A. (2019). Dampak Pemudaran https://doi.org/10.30959/patanjala.v4i3.155 Tradisi Lisan Jawa Pada Remaja Di Kota 12. Syahpani, D. (2010). Sejarah Datangnya Binjai. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Orang Jawa di Sumatra. Medan: USU Bahasa Dan Sastra, 4(2), 1–5. Repository. 3. Afningsih, N. D. (2019). TRADISI LISAN JAWA SEBAGAI JATI DIRI REMAJA DI How to cite this article: Afningsih N, Ovami KOTA BINJAI. Prosiding Seminar DC, Nurmala D. Study of oral tradition of deli Nasional & Expo II Hasil Penelitian dan Javanese in the fading process of Javanese Pengabdian Masyarakat 2019 (hal. 1192- culture to the community in Binjai city. 1198). Medan: LPPM UMN Al Washliyah. International Journal of Research and Review. 2020; 7(9): 354-359.

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International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 359 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020