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Lesson 26.3 • Lesson Overview • Lesson Notes 765 Unifying Concepts and Processes I, II, III, IV, V

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Lesson 26.3 • Lesson Overview • Lesson Notes 765 Unifying Concepts and Processes I, II, III, IV, V lesson Mammals Members of the traditional class Mammalia include about 5000 species that range in size from mice to whales. Characteristics unique to mammals include mammary glands in females, which pro- Getting Started duce milk to nourish young, and hair. Mammals also breathe air, have four- chambered hearts, and regulate their internal body temperature. Primate Evolution DOL•60–DOL•64 Objectives The First Mammals True mammals first appeared during the late 26.3.1 Identify the characteristics that all primates Triassic Period, about 220 million years ago. They were very small and resembled modern tree shrews, like the one in Figure 26–13. While share. 26.3 dinosaurs ruled, mammals remained generally small and were proba- THINK ABOuT IT Carolus Linnaeus placed our species, Homo sapiens, Key Questions 26.3.2 Describe the major evolutionary groups of bly active mostly at night. New fossils and DNA analyses suggest, how- in an order he named Primates, which means “first” in Latin. But what What characteristics do all primates. ever, that the first members of modern mammalian groups, including are primates “first” in? When primates appeared, there was little to dis- primates share? primates, rodents, and hoofed mammals, evolved during this period. tinguish them from other mammals, aside from an increased ability to 26.3.3 Describe the adaptations that enabled later After the great dinosaur extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period, What are the major hominine species to walk upright. use their eyes and front limbs together. As primates evolved, however, evolutionary groups of primates? about 65 million years ago, mammals underwent a long adaptive several other characteristics became distinctive. radiation. Over millions of years, mammals diversified, increased in What adaptations enabled 26.3.4 Describe the current scientific thinking size, and occupied many niches. The Cenozoic Era, which began at the later hominine species to walk about the genus Homo. upright? end of the Cretaceous Period, is usually called the Age of Mammals. What Is a Primate? Figure 26–13 Early Mammal What is the current What characteristics do all primates share? Look-Alike The first mammals Modern Mammals By the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, three scientific thinking about the appeared on Earth about major groups of mammals had evolved—monotremes (mahn oh Primates, including lemurs, monkeys, and apes, share several adapta- genus Homo? 220 million years ago. They Student Resources tions for a life spent in trees. In general, a primate is a mammal may have resembled this modern treemz), marsupials (mahr soo pee ulz), and placentals. These three tree shrew and probably ate groups differ in their means of reproduction and development. that has relatively long fingers and toes with nails instead of claws, Vocabulary Study Workbooks A and B, 26.3 Worksheets insects. Only five species of the egg-laying monotremes, including the arms that can rotate around shoulder joints, a strong clavicle, binocular vision • anthropoid • Spanish Study Workbook, 26.3 Worksheets duckbill platypus, exist today, all in Australia and New Guinea. Marsu- binocular vision, and a well-developed cerebrum. The lemur in prehensile tail • hominoid • pials, which include kangaroos, koalas, and wombats, bear live young Figure 26–14 shows many of these characteristics. DOL•64 hominine • bipedal • Lab Manual B, 26.3 Hands-On Activity that usually complete their development in an external pouch. Placen- opposable thumb Fingers, Toes, and Shoulders Primates typically have five flexible tal mammals—which include most of the mammals you are familiar fingers and toes on each hand or foot that can curl to grip objects Taking Notes Lesson Overview • Lesson Notes • with—have embryos that develop further while still inside the mother. firmly and precisely. This enables many primates to run along tree Outline Before you read, outline Activities: Art Review, Data Analysis • Assess- After birth, most placental mammals care for their young and nurse limbs and swing from branch to branch with ease. In addition, most this lesson. As you read, add ment: Self-Test, Lesson Assessment them to provide nourishment. primates have thumbs and big toes that can move against the details to your outline. other digits. This allows many primates to hold objects firmly in their hands or feet. Primates’ arms are well suited for climbing For corresponding lesson in the because they can rotate in broad circles around a strong shoulder Figure 26–14 Primate This Foundation Edition, see pages 634–637. lemur displays several primate joint attached to a strong clavicle, or collar bone. characteristics—it has flexible Review Key Concepts fingers and toes, arms that can Binocular Vision Many primates have a broad face, so both eyes rotate in broad circles around the 1. a. Review Name the group of animals whose ances- Evolution face forward with overlapping fields of view. This facial structure shoulder joint, and forward-facing Build Background tors were related to the earliest chordates. 3. Recall what you learned about plant gives primates excellent binocular vision. Binocular vision is the eyes that allow for binocular vision. b. Compare and Contrast Why did scientists classify evolution in Chapter 22. Based on ability to combine visual images from both eyes, providing depth Show students several pictures of living primates, Pikaia as a chordate instead of as a worm? the evolutionary changes shown in perception and a three-dimensional view of the world. This comes such as gorillas, gibbons, spider monkeys, and 2. a. Review What two aspects of evolutionary history the cladograms on pages 636 and 758, in handy for judging the locations of tree branches, from which baboons. Then, have students work in small groups identify the first major adaptations does the cladogram of chordates show? many primates swing. to make a list of characteristics all primates share and b. Explain How do nonvertebrate chordates differ that allowed plants and chordates to from other chordates? live on land. In what ways are chor- Well-Developed Cerebrum In primates, the “thinking” part of discuss it with the class. After students have finished date adaptations to life on land similar the brain—the cerebrum—is large and intricate. This well- developed c. Interpret Visuals According to Figure 26–5, which this lesson, have them look at their lists again and to plant adaptations to life on land? chordate feature evolved earlier—endothermy or lungs? cerebrum enables more-complex behaviors than are found in many correct any errors. other mammals. For example, many primate species create elaborate social systems that include extended families, adoption of orphans, Lesson 26.2 • Lesson Assessment • Self-Test and even warfare between rival troops. #0701 national sCienCe edUCation standards FPO 764 Chapter 26 • Lesson 2 Lesson 26.3 • Lesson Overview • Lesson Notes 765 Unifying ConCepts and proCesses I, II, III, IV, V 0757_Bio10_se_Ch26_S2_003_0764 764 12/5/11 12:39 PM 0765_Bio10_se_Ch26_S3_0765 765 3/26/11 6:34 PM Teach for Understanding Content C.3.a, C.3.b, C.3.c, C.3.d, C.3.e, C.6.a, C.6.c, C.6.d, ENDURING UNDERSTANDING Animals have evolved diverse ways to carry out basic G.2, G.3 life processes and maintain homeostasis. gUIDING qUESTION How did primates evolve? inqUiry eVIDENCe OF UNDERSTANDING The following assessment, to be given after the A.1.b, A.1.c, A.2.e, A.2.f lesson is finished, should show student understanding of the characteristics of primates and how hominines evolved. Have students work in small groups to make a poster that includes a labeled drawing showing the characteristics all primates share and a time line of hominine evolution that includes when important hominine species lived. Animal Evolution and Diversity 765 0750_mlbio10_Ch26_0765 765 12/16/11 11:24 AM Evolution of Primates Teach What are the major evolutionary groups of primates? Humans and other primates evolved from a common ancestor that Binocular Vision lived more than 65 million years ago. One recently discovered fossil, Use Visuals 1 Throw a paper ball to Carpolestes, which lived 56 million years ago in Wyoming, has been your partner, who should proposed as an example of the fi rst primate. Early in their history, Use the cladogram in Figure 26–15 to introduce stu- try to catch the ball with one primates split into two groups. Primates in one of these groups dents to the major groups of modern primates. hand. Record whether your look very little like typical monkeys. This group contains the lemurs prehensile tail partner caught the ball. and lorises. The other group includes tarsiers and the anthropoids, Ask If you were to draw a bracket similar to the the group that includes monkeys, great apes, and humans. Refer 2 Now have your partner to Figure 26–15 as you read about the evolutionary relationships Hominoids bracket that would include all the anthro- close one eye. Repeat Step 1. poids, where would the bracket begin and end? (It between these groups. Analyze and Conclude would begin with the New World monkeys and end With few exceptions, lemurs and lorises are 1. Use Tables and Graphs Lemurs and Lorises with humans.) Exchange results with other small, nocturnal primates with large eyes adapted to seeing in the dark. Many have long snouts. Living members include the bush babies hominoids, LESSON 26.3 groups. Make a bar graph for Ask Which primate group does this cladogram show of Africa, the lemurs of Madagascar, and the lorises of Asia. is most closely related to humans? (chimpanzees) the class data comparing the results with both eyes open Tarsiers and Anthropoids Primates more closely related to humans and one eye shut. than to lemurs belong to a different group, members of which have DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION 2.
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