Digitalizing Urban Latin America – a New Layer for Persistent Inequalities? Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 2

Vol. 5, No. 2

Digitalizing Urban Latin America – a new layer for persistent inequalities? Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 2

Critical Reviews on Latin American Research

Published by CROLAR at Lateinamerika-Institut, Freie Universität Berlin

Volume Editors: Frank Müller and Ramiro Segura Editor “Current Debates”: Markus Hochmüller

Editorial Committee: Sabina García Peter; Constantin Groll; Markus Hochmüller; Laura Kemmer; Frank Müller; Markus Rauchecker; Oscar Gabriel Vivallo Urra; Luis Emilio Martínez Rodríguez

Scientific Advisory Board: Manuela Boatcă; Marianne Braig; Martha Zapata Galindo; Ramiro Segura

Layout: Laura Kemmer

Translation Editorial: Camila Costa (Portuguese); Marilia Sette (English)

Proofreading: Marilia Sette (Englisch); Monaí de Paula Antunes (Portuguese); Hans Luis Carlos Kliche Navas (Spanish)

Cover: © Frank Müller, Smart City, Xiamen 2015; Image courtesy of the photographer.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Digitalizing Urban Latin America – a new layer for persistent inequalities?”, Vol. 5, No. 2, November 2016, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this Publication; the views and opinions expressed are solely those of the author or authors and do not necessarily reflect those of CROLAR.

Copyright Notice: From Vol. 1, Nr. 2 onwards this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

ISSN 2195-3481

All CROLAR Volumes are available free of charge on our website www.crolar.org. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 1

Contents/Contenido

EDITORIAL CROLAR 5 (2) Frank Müller y Ramiro Segura

Digitalizing Urban Latin America – A New Layer for Persistent inequalities? 3

Digitalizando la Latinoamerica Urbana – ¿Un nuevo estrato para las desigualdades persistentes? 6

Digitalizando a América Latina Urbana – Um novo estrato para as desigualdades persistentes? 10

FOCUS

Susana Finquelievich (2016) I-Polis. Ciudades en la era de Internet

Reseñado por Girolimo Ulises 14

Kaciano Barbosa Gadelha (2015) Virtualização do corpo e sexualidades online: encontros gay, gênero e performatividade

Reviewed by Nicolas Wasser 17

REVIEW ARTICLES

Localizing Surveillance: All Eyes on Latin America Claudio Altenhain 20

Mediaciones tecnofeministas en contra de la violencia a las mujeres en México Marcela Suárez 26 Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 2

SPECIAL SECTION

“A realidade de um tiroteio é muito mais forte que qualquer curso de IT” Interview with Nailton de Agostinho Maia, by Frank Müller 33

“Smart Cities for whom, for which Citizens?” Interview with Lucas Melgaço, by Frank Müller 39

INTERVENTIONS

Gisela Pérez de Acha (2015) Informe: Hacking Team malware para la vigilancia en América Latina

Reviewed by Carlos Alba Villalever 44

CURRENT DEBATES

Wiebke Keim, Ercüment Çelik, Christian Ersche y Veronika Wöhrer (2014) Global Knowledge Production in the Social Sciences. Made in Circulation.

Reseñado por Sabina García Peter 47

Aram Ziai (2015) Development Discourse and Global History: From Colonialism to the Sustainable Development Goals

Reviewed by Maximiliano Vila Seoane 50

Wil G. Pansters (Ed.) (2012) Violence, Coercion, and State-Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Other Half of the Centaur

Reseñado por Carlos Pérez Ricart 53 Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 3

EDITORIAL CROLAR 5 (2)

Digitalizing Urban Latin America – a New Layer for Persistent Inequalities?

Frank Müller and Ramiro Segura University of Amsterdam and Universidad Nacional de San Martín

Digitalization refers to a multifaceted studies have shown an heterogeneity and process which has experienced a multiplicity of expressions of urbanism vertiginous expansion on a global scale in the continent that hampers their in the last few decades. This issue of reduction to a single city model. On the CROLAR aims to explore one these other hand, it is necessary to reflect on facets: digitalization of urban space in the heterogeneity of social, cultural and Latin America. Thus, the contributions spatial realities grouped under urban submitted discuss how the advances census and administrative categories in in digital technology are connected to each country of the region – which usually social inequalities in urban Latin America, include from great megalopolises (that and which social, political, cultural and were often conceived from the model of economic opportunities and obstacles the “Latin American city”), to medium- they offer for a more equal, just and sized cities and small towns and villages participative urbanization. with a few thousand inhabitants. Similarly to the cautions urged with regard to the It is commonly said – perhaps quite idea of an “urban era” on a global scale, mechanically – that Latin America is the “the urban” in Latin America is much more most urbanized and the most unequal plural than it could be assumed at first continent in the world. Without losing sight. sight of the occasionally dramatic dimensions of inequality in the continent, Digitalization is thus inscribed in a complex but also attempting to avert the risk of and inequitable reality that it requires to falling into self-evident generalization, it is comprehend the specificity of situations worth noting that the expression “urban and urban contexts of which it detaches Latin America” refers, in this issue, to a itself and which it modifies. Hence, we begin heterogeneous spatial, social and cultural to investigate theories and methods that geography. Because, on the one hand, allow us to understand the ways in which instead of presuming a “Latin American digital and urban are connected, as well city” with well-defined boundaries and as the spatial, social, political and cultural regionally shared characteristics, in the effects produced by digital technologies last few decades urban Latin American in an inequitable urban scenario, avoiding Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 4 hopeful technophilic promises as much as the political applications of information pessimistic technophobic prognoses. from the Internet, emphasizing the need to update and strengthen legal boundaries In turn, it’s worth questioning how on the use of information by the state. digitalization – and its promises to improve quality of life, boost economic growth, In section “Review Articles”, Claudio and promote human development – Altenhain reviews four works grouped could contribute to overcome persistent in the field of surveillance studies in inequalities in the Global North and Brazil: “Máquinas de ver, modos de ser: South, providing opportunities of reversal vigilância, tecnologia e subjetividade” by for some, consumerism as a lifestyle for Fernanda Bruno, “Vigilância e visibilidade: many, but also disconnection and digital espaço, tecnologia e identificação” edited exclusion for the ever marginalized. by Fernanda Bruno, Marta Kanashiro and Rodrigo Firmino, “Todos os olhos: Bearing these questions in mind, the videovigilâncias, voyeurismos e (re) contributions contained in this issue review produção imagética” by Bruno Cardoso, works that essay possible approaches and and “Securização urbana: psicoesfera do different responses for the digitalization medo à tecnoesfera da segurança” by process in Latin America, from works such Lucas Melgaço. From the author’s as “I-Polis. Ciudades en la era de Internet”, perspective, this set of works discusses by Susana Finquelievich, in which a digitalization of and from Latin America. history, review and future prospection of Here, a series of specific processes – the relations between urbanism and new authoritarian regimes in recent history, technologies are laid out for Latin America, systematic police violence, persistent to books such as “Virtualização do corpo social inequalities, ubiquitous fear of e sexualidades online: encontros gay, violation and high levels of urbanization gênero e performatividade” by Kaciano – enables a locally- and culturally- Barbosa Gadelha, which investigates the oriented approach on the intersections role of digitalization in the transformation between digitalization (more specifically, of sociability, corporeality and sexuality. surveillance) and the urban space. Altenhain identifies the future challenge Between both these poles, a series of of producing from the South a theoretical contributions concerned particularly with vocabulary that allows not only the uses of technology in surveillance, specification of the dynamics in the region, security and control of the urban space and but also essentially “provincializing” Euro- their effects on urban life and relationships North American studies on surveillance. are found. In this respect, in section Interventions, the work “Hacking Team In particular, with the work of Marcela malware para la vigilancia en América. Suárez “Mediaciones tecnofeministas en Latina” by Gisela Pérez de Acha questions contra de la violência a las mujeres en Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 5

México”, we have included a second review Cities” and that presents, on the other article in this volume. Suárez presents a hand, a powerful and profound spatial critical review of the book “Networks of and social fracture. The other interview Outrage and Hope: Social Movements was carried out with Lucas Melgaço, in the Internet”, by Manuel Castells. Her Assistant Professor at the Department criticism is based on the feminist activism of Criminology of Vrije Universiteit experience of the collective Rexiste, in Brussel, on policing, surveillance and Mexico, which has used new technologies new technologies. In both cases, some and digital mediation strategies to maladjustments and contrasts are found intervene in urban and digital spaces – at least in Rio’s case – between a set of in order to make the growing violence policies and interventions around “smart against women in Mexico visible. The urbanism” and the day-to-day experience author seems sceptical before the nearly of large sectors of the city’s inhabitants deterministic hope with which Castells and marked by inequality and marginality. others have applauded the possibilities brought about by technological On the other hand, in section “Current innovations in communication to launch Debates”, and stepping away from social struggles against power. In this the focus theme of this number, we direction, it points to a lack of analytical are glad to present the discussion of tools in Castells’ work to analyze non- three other books: “Global Knowledge human agencies and evidence the power Production in the Social Science. Made in relations within a feminist narrative of Circulation” by Wiebke Keim, Ercüment collective action. It shows that, far from Çelik, Christian Ersche and Veronika constituting autonomous and neutral Wöhrer, “Development Discourse and objects, it is necessary to recognize the Global History: From Colonialism to the agency that digital technologies – in Sustainable Development Goals” by Aram this case, the drone – have in forming Ziai and “Violence, Coercion, and State- new spaces of intervention in cities. In Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The this sense, Castells’ work could benefit Other Half of the Centaur”, edited by Wil from extending its analytical focus to Pansters. the different types of technology and mediating actors that play an important Lastly, we would like to thank the authors role in urban spaces. for their excellent contribution, as well as everyone else that has provided their With concerns in line with the works support in the process of publishing this abovementioned, this issue encloses two number. interviews. One of them is given by Nailton de Agostinho Maia about the Smart City and inclusion in Rio de Janeiro, a city ranked as fifth in the global scale of “Smart Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 6

Digitalizando la Latinoamerica Urbana – ¿Un nuevo estrato para las desigualdades persistentes?

Frank Müller y Ramiro Segura University of Amsterdam y Universidad Nacional de San Martín

La digitalización remite a un proceso de definidos y características compartidas carácter multifacético que en las últimas regionalmente, en las últimas décadas décadas ha experimentado una expansión los estudios urbanos latinoamericanos vertiginosa a escala global. El presente han mostrado la heterogeneidad y dossier de CROLAR se propone explorar la multiplicidad de expresiones del una de esas facetas: la digitalización del urbanismo en el continente, difícilmente espacio urbano en América Latina. De reductibles a un modelo unívoco de esta manera, las contribuciones recibidas ciudad. discuten de qué forma se relacionan los avances en tecnologías digitales y las Por otro lado, porque debemos desigualdades sociales en la Latinoamérica reflexionar acerca de la heterogeneidad urbana, y cuáles son las oportunidades de realidades sociales, culturales y y los obstáculos sociales, políticos, espaciales que se agrupan bajo la culturales y económicos que ofrecen para categoría censal y administrativa una urbanización más igualitaria, justa y “urbano” en cada uno de los países de la participativa. región, que habitualmente incluye desde grandes megalópolis (las cuales han sido Se suele repetir – de un modo quizás un pensadas muchas veces desde el modelo tanto mecánico – que América Latina es de “la ciudad latinoamericana”) pasando el continente más urbanizado y desigual por ciudades intermedias y llegando a del mundo. Sin perder de vista las pequeños poblados de unos pocos miles dimensiones por momentos dramáticas de de habitantes. De modo similar a las la desigualdad en el continente, pero a la advertencias realizadas a la idea de una vez buscando evitar el riesgo de caer en la “era urbana” a escala global, “lo urbano” generalización autoevidente, vale destacar en América Latina es mucho más plural de que la expresión “Latinoamérica urbana” lo que a primera vista se podría llegar a remite en este dossier a una geografía suponer. espacial, social y cultural heterogénea. La digitalización se inscribe, entonces, Por un lado, porque en lugar de presuponer en una realidad compleja y desigual una “ciudad latinoamericana” de contornos que requiere para su comprensión de Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 7 la especificación de las situaciones y futura de las relaciones entre urbanismo los contextos urbanos en los cuales y nuevas tecnologías en América Latina, se despliega y a los cuales modifica. hasta libros como “Virtualização do De esta manera, se abre la indagación corpo e sexualidades online: encontros sobre teorías y métodos que permitan gay, gênero e performatividade” de comprender las formas en que se Kaciano Barbosa Gadelha, que indaga relacionan lo digital y lo urbano así como sobre el papel de la digitalización en las los efectos espaciales, sociales, políticos y transformaciones de la sociabilidad, la culturales que producen las tecnologías corporalidad y la sexualidad. digitales en un entramado urbano desigual, evitando tanto las esperanzadas Entre ambos polos se encuentran una promesas tecnofílicas como los pesimistas serie de contribuciones preocupadas pronósticos tecnofóbicos. especialmente por los usos de la digitalización en la vigilancia, la seguridad y Cabe preguntarse, en cambio, cómo y el control en el espacio urbano y sus efectos de qué manera la digitalización – y sus en la vida y las relaciones urbanas. En este promesas de mejorar la calidad de vida, sentido, en la sección “Intervenciones” el impulsar el crecimiento económico y informe “Hacking Team malware para la promover el desarrollo humano – podría vigilancia en América Latina” de Gisela contribuir a la superación de desigualdades Pérez de Acha indaga en los usos políticos históricamente constituidas y reafirmadas de la información de internet, enfatizando a nivel local y global. O, por el contrario, en la necesidad de actualizar y de reforzar indagar si la digitalización pudiera llegar los marcos legales regulatorios del uso de a convertirse en un “nuevo estrato” de las la información por el estado. desigualdades persistentes en el Norte y el Sur globales, ofreciendo oportunidades En la sección “Review Articles”, el artículo de inversión para algunos, consumismo de Claudio Altenhain reseña cuatro obras como estilo de vida para muchos, pero agrupadas en el campo del estudio de desconexión y exclusión digital para los la vigilancia en Brasil: “Máquinas de marginalizados de siempre. ver, modos de ser: vigilância, tecnologia e subjetividade” de Fernanda Bruno, Teniendo estos interrogantes en el “Vigilância e visibilidade: espaço, tecnologia horizonte, las contribuciones que integran e identificação” editado por Fernanda el presente dossier reseñan obras que Bruno, Marta Kanashiro y Rodrigo ensayan posibles abordajes y variadas Firmino, “Todos os olhos: Videovigilâncias, respuestas para el proceso de digitalización voyeurismos e (re)produção imagética” en América Latina, desde trabajos como de Bruno Cardoso, y “Securização urbana: “I-Polis. Ciudades en la era de Internet” de da psicoesfera do medo à tecnoesfera Susana Finquelievich, en el cual se realiza da segurança” de Lucas Melgaço. Desde una historia, un balance y una prospectiva la perspectiva del autor este conjunto de Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 8 obras hablan de la digitalización sobre y esta dirección se señala la ausencia en desde América Latina, donde un conjunto la obra de Castells de herramientas de procesos específicos – regímenes analíticas para analizar agencias no autoritarios en la historia reciente, humanas y visibilizar las relaciones de sistemática violencia policial, persistentes poder dentro de una narrativa feminista desigualdades sociales, omnipresencia de la acción colectiva. Muestra que lejos del miedo al delito y altos niveles de de ser objetos autónomos y neutrales, urbanización – habilitan a un abordaje es necesario reconocer la agencia que situado local y culturalmente sobre las las tecnologías digitales – en este caso el intersecciones entre digitalización (más dron – tienen en la formación de nuevos específicamente, vigilancia) y espacio espacios de intervención en las ciudades. urbano, con el desafío a futuro de producir En este sentido, la obra de Castells podría desde el sur un vocabulario teórico que enriquecerse al ampliar el foco analítico permita no solo especificar las dinámicas a diversos tipos de tecnologías y actores en la región, sino fundamentalmente mediadores que están teniendo un papel “provincializar” los estudios de vigilancia importante en los espacios urbanos. euro-norteamericanos. Con preocupaciones convergentes a las Por su parte, con el trabajo de Marcela obras mencionadas, este dossier cuenta Suárez “Mediaciones tecnofeministas en con dos entrevistas. Una de ellas a Nailton contra de la violencia a las mujeres en de Agostinho Maia acerca de Smart México” hemos incluido un segundo “ City e inclusión social en Río de Janeiro, review article” en este volumen. Suarez ciudad que se encuentra en el quinto presenta una lectura crítica del libro puesto en el listado de las “Ciudades “Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Inteligentes” a nivel global y presenta, a Movements in the Internet” de Manuel la vez, una poderosa y profunda fractura Castells. La base de su crítica es la espacial y social. La otra entrevista fue experiencia de activismo feminista del realizada a Lucas Melgaço de la Vrije colectivo Rexiste en México, quienes han Universiteit Brussel sobre policiamiento, utilizado nuevas tecnologías y estrategias vigilancia y nuevas tecnologías. En ambos de mediación digital para intervenir en casos se señalan ciertos desacoples y espacios urbanos y digitales para hacer contrastes – al menos, en el caso de Río visible la creciente violencia contra de Janeiro – entre un conjunto de políticas las mujeres en México. La autora se e intervenciones orientadas hacia el muestra escéptica frente a la esperanza “urbanismo inteligente” y la experiencia casi determinista con la cual Castells y social cotidiana de amplios sectores de otros han aplaudido las posibilidades habitantes de la ciudad signados por la brindadas por las innovaciones desigualdad y la marginalidad. tecnológicas de comunicación para lanzar luchas sociales contra-poder. En Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 9

Por otro lado, en la sección “Current Debates”, y saliendo del enfoque temático de este número, nos alegra presentar la discusión de otros tres libros: “Global Knowledge Production in the Social Science. Made in Circulation” de Wiebke Keim, Ercüment Çelik, Christian Ersche y Veronika Wöhrer, “Development Discourse and Global History: From Colonialism to the Sustainable Development Goals” de Aram Ziai y “Violence, Coercion, and State- Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Other Half of the Centaur”, editado por Wil Pansters.

Por último, queremos agradecer a las y los autoras/es por sus excelentes contribuciones, así como a todos y todas los y las demás personas que nos apoyaron en el proceso de publicación de este número.

Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 10

Digitalizando a América Latina Urbana – Um novo estrato para as desigualdades persistentes?

Frank Müller e Ramiro Segura University of Amsterdam e Universidad Nacional de San Martín

A digitalização remete a um processo de de contornos definidos e características caráter multifacetário que nas últimas compartilhadas regionalmente, nas décadas experimentou uma expansão últimas décadas os estudos urbanos vertiginosa em escala global. O presente latino-americanos têm mostrado a dossiê da CROLAR se propõe a explorar heterogeneidade e a multiplicidade de uma dessas facetas: a digitalização do expressões do urbanismo no continente, espaço urbano na América Latina. Desta dificilmente redutíveis a um modelo único maneira, as contribuições recebidas de cidade. discutem de que forma se relacionam os avanços das tecnologias digitais e as Por outro lado, devemos refletir acerca da desigualdades sociais na América Latina heterogeneidade das realidades sociais, urbana, e quais são as oportunidades e culturais e espaciais que estão agrupadas os obstáculos sociais, políticos, culturais embaixo das categorias censitárias e e econômicos que oferecem para uma administrativas urbanas em cada um urbanização mais igualitária, justa e dos países da região, que habitualmente participativa. incluem desde as grandes megalópoles (as quais foram pensadas muitas vezes a Geralmente se repete – de um modo partir do modelo da “cidade latino- talvez um tanto mecânico – que a América americana”), passando por cidades Latina é o continente mais urbanizado médias e chegando a pequenas cidades e e desigual do mundo. Sem perder de povoados de uns poucos mil habitantes. vista as dimensões por vezes dramáticas De modo similar às advertências realizadas da desigualdade no continente, mas à ideia de uma “era urbana” em escala também tentando evitar o risco de cair na global, “o urbano” na América Latina é generalização auto-evidente, vale destacar muito mais plural do que se poderia supor que a expressão “América Latina urbana” à primeira vista. remete neste dossiê a uma geografia espacial, social e cultural heterogênea. A digitalização se inscreve, então, em uma realidade complexa e desigual que requer Por um lado porque no lugar de para sua compreensão da especificidade pressupor uma “cidade latino-americana” das situações e dos contextos urbanos Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 11 dos quais se desprega e aos quais da sociabilidade, da corporalidade e da modifica. Desta maneira, se abre a sexualidade. indagação sobre teorias e métodos que permitam compreender as formas em Entre ambos os pólos, encontram-se que se relacionam o digital e o urbano, uma série de contribuições relacionadas assim como os efeitos espaciais, sociais, especialmente ao uso da digitalização políticos e culturais que produzem as na vigilância, segurança e controle no tecnologias digitais em um quadro urbano espaço urbano e seus efeitos na vida e nas desigual, evitando tanto as esperançosas relações urbanas. Neste sentido, na seção promessas tecnofilicas quanto os “Interventions” o trabalho “Hacking Team prognósticos pessimistas tecnofóbicos. malware para la vigilancia em América. Cabe perguntar, em troca, como e de que Latina”, de Gisela Pérez de Acha, questiona maneira a digitalização – e suas promessas o uso político da informação da internet, de melhorar a qualidade de vida, enfatizando a necessidade de atualizar e impulsionar o crescimento econômico e reforçar os marcos legais regulatórios do promover o desenvolvimento humano – uso da informação pelo estado. poderia contribuir para a superação de desigualdades persistentes no Norte e no Na seção “Review Articles”, o artigo de Sul globais, oferecendo oportunidades de Claudio Altenhain resenha quatro obras inversão para alguns, consumismo como agrupadas no campo do estudo da vigilância estilo de vida para muitos, mas também no Brasil: “Máquinas de ver, modos de ser: a desconexão e exclusão digital para os vigilância, tecnologia e subjetividade” de marginalizados de sempre. Fernanda Bruno, “Vigilância e visibilidade: espaço, tecnologia e identificação” Tendo estas interrogações em mente, as editado por Fernanda Bruno, Marta contribuições que integram o presente Kanashiro e Rodrigo Firmino, “Todos os dossiê resenham obras que ensaiam olhos: videovigilâncias, voyeurismos e (re) possíveis abordagens e variadas respostas produção imagética” de Bruno Cardoso, e para o processo de digitalização na América “Securização urbana: psicoesfera do medo Latina, desde trabalhos como “I-Polis. à tecnoesfera da segurança” de Lucas Ciudades en la era de Internet” de Susana Melgaço. Na perspectiva do autor, este Finquelievich, no qual se realiza uma conjunto de obras falam da digitalização história, um balanço e uma prospecção sobre e da América Latina, de onde futura das relações entre urbanismo e um conjunto de processos específicos novas tecnologias na América Latina, – regimes autoritários na história a livros como “Virtualização do corpo recente, sistemática violência policial, e sexualidades online: encontros gay, persistentes desigualdades sociais, gênero e performatividade” de Kaciano onipresença do medo ao delito e altos Barbosa Gadelha, que indaga sobre o níveis de urbanização – possibilitam uma papel da digitalização nas transformações abordagem situada local e culturalmente Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 12 sobre as interseções entre digitalização Neste sentido, a obra de Castells poderia (mais especificamente, vigilância) e espaço enriquecer-se ao ampliar o foco analítico urbano, com o desafio futuro de produzir aos diversos tipos de tecnologia e atores no sul um vocabulário teórico que permita mediadores que estão tendo um papel não somente especificar as dinâmicas importante nos espaços urbanos. na região, mas também fundamental “provincializar” os estudos de vigilância Com preocupações convergentes às obras euro-norteamericanos. mencionadas, este dossiê conta com duas entrevistas. Uma delas a Nailton Por sua vez, com o trabalho de Marcela de Agostinho Maia sobre a Smart City e Suárez “Mediaciones tecnofeministas inclusão social no Rio de Janeiro, cidade em contra de la violência a las mujeres que se encontra em quinto lugar na lista em México”, incluímos um segundo de “Cidades Inteligentes” a nível global e artigo neste volume. Suárez apresenta apresenta, por outro lado, uma poderosa uma leitura crítica do livro “Networks of e profunda fratura espacial e social. A Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in outra entrevista foi realizada com Lucas the Internet” de Manuel Castells. A base Melgaço de la Vrije Universiteit Brussel de sua crítica é a experiência de ativismo sobre policiamento, vigilância e novas feminista do coletivo Rexiste no México, tecnologias. Em ambos os casos, se que tem utilizado novas tecnologias e registram certos desajustes e contrastes – estratégias de mediação digital para ao menos, no caso do Rio de Janeiro – entre intervir nos espaços urbanos e digitais de um conjunto de políticas e intervenções modo a tornar visível a crescente violência orientadas para o “urbanismo inteligente” contra as mulheres no México. A autora e a experiência social cotidiana de amplos mostra-se cética frente à esperança quase setores de habitantes da cidade marcados determinista com a qual Castells e outros pela desigualdade e marginalidade. aplaudiram as possibilidades trazidas pelas inovações tecnológicas de Por outro lado, na seção “Current Debates”, comunicação para lançar lutas sociais e saindo do enfoque temático deste contra o poder. Nesta direção, se número, temos o prazer de apresentar registra na obra de Castells a ausência a discussão de outros três livros: “Global das ferramentas analíticas para analisar Knowledge Production in the Social agencias não humanas e visibilizar as Science. Made in Circulation” de Wiebke relações de poder dentro de uma narrativa Keim, Ercüment Çelik, Christian Ersche e feminista de ação coletiva. Mostra que, Veronika Wöhrer, “Development Discourse longe de serem objetos autônomos and Global History: From Colonialism to e neutros, é necessário reconhecer a the Sustainable Development Goals” de agência que as tecnologias digitais – neste Aram Ziai e “Violence, Coercion, and State- caso, o drone – tem na formação de novos Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The espaços de intervenção nas cidades. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 13

Other Half of the Centaur”, editado por Wil Pansters.

Por último, queremos agradecer aos autores(as) por suas excelentes contribuições, assim como a todos e todas as demais pessoas que nos apoiaram no processo de publicação deste número. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 14

FOCUS

Susana Finquelievich (2016) I-Polis. Ciudades en la era de Internet Buenos Aires: Diseño Editorial, 311 p.

Reseñado por Girolimo Ulises Universidad de Buenos Aires

La relación entre las ciudades y espacio real? ¿Cuál sería entonces el las Tecnologías de Información y irreal? Son algunos de los interrogantes Comunicación (TIC) ha sido abordada que estructuran el libro. desde diversos enfoques y disciplinas. Las miradas tecnofóbicas, en las que las La relación entre la ciudad y la tecnología ciudades eran asoladas por catástrofes no comienza con el despliegue de las TIC tecnológicas y aparecían como víctimas que se produjo en las décadas pasadas. de la tecnología, exhibieron los temores Por el contrario, el propio surgimiento respecto al avance tecnológico, de las ciudades estuvo vinculado con el principalmente en la década del 80 y 90. desarrollo tecnológico y de conocimientos Al mismo tiempo, un peso similar tuvieron que permitieron la radicación de una las miradas tecnofílicas, que depositaban porción de la población en un territorio grandes expectativas en que las determinado. La ciudad es tecnología. tecnologías resolvieran per sé Es el espacio en el que éstas se crean, se problemáticas que ni la política ni la difunden, se transforman. sociedad habían sido capaces de hacer. Existe un amplio debate respecto a ¿Qué se cumplió en la Sociedad del cómo conceptualizar la etapa en la cual Conocimiento en los últimos 30 años con surge el informacionalismo, o al decir de respecto a lo que se esperaba de ella en el Castells, el nuevo modelo de desarrollo universo particular de las ciudades? ¿Cuáles informacional. Sociedad postindustrial, fueron las consecuencias del avance de capitalismo informacional, capitalismo internet y las TIC sobre el territorio social y cognitivo, sociedad de la información, físico urbano? ¿De qué manera es posible sociedad del conocimiento, son sin duda realizar una apropiación beneficiosa para conceptualizaciones que, si bien no se la ciudad de la tecnología? ¿Cómo se refieren específicamente a los mismos relaciona el espacio virtual con el espacio fenómenos, caracterizan una etapa en la real? ¿Podemos seguir pensando en un cual internet – no como tecnología sino Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 15 como forma de organización social – se ciertas sociedades en las que la esparce por todas las dimensiones de la revolución tecnológica – focalizada en sociedad. el procesamiento de información y la consiguiente creación, difusión, recreación Finquelievich retoma debates y y utilización de nuevos conocimientos – producciones teóricas que adquirieron adquiere un rol central para alentar el notoriedad a mediados de la década de desarrollo socioeconómico. 1990, y que marcaron un punto de inflexión en la temática. 1995 fue un año especial, El trabajo se organiza en cuatro partes. dice la autora. No sólo fue el momento En la primera, se abordan las rupturas crucial de penetración de internet en tecnológicas, los puntos de inflexión que América Latina, sino que además se marcaron el quiebre de los modos de publicaron dos libros fundamentales: “La hacer técnicos y sociales preexistentes y ciudad informacional“ de Manuel Castells, ejercieron efectos sobre las ciudades. La y “City of Bits“ de William Mitchell. Previo a segunda parte aborda los temores que ello, en 1991 se publicó “The Global City“ trajo aparejado el desarrollo tecnológico de Saskia Sassen. El abordaje de estos en las ciudades: el descontrol de la estudios, con matices, profundidades tecnología, el desempleo tecnológico, la y objetivos diferentes, pusieron sobre desaparición de la ciudad, y la vigilancia el tapete la discusión en torno a la de los ciudadanos. reconfiguración de las relaciones entre lo local y lo global, las transformaciones en La tercera parte se sumerge en las las ciudades producto de la expectativas y las promesas cumplidas reestructuración capitalista que como consecuencia del desarrollo trajo aparejado el nuevo modelo de tecnológico en la ciudad: la producción organización socio-técnica: el modo de de conocimiento mediante la creación desarrollo informacional. Incluso, desde de medios innovadores, la incorporación un abordaje diferente en cuanto al estilo de tecnologías para avanzar en la ensayístico, el trabajo de William Mitchell construcción del gobierno electrónico – de tinte netamente tecnofílico – anima y los nuevos equipamientos urbanos la discusión sobre las tensiones y nuevas (desde Centros Tecnológicos interacciones entre lo virtual, electrónico, Comunitarios, pasando por los cibercafés digital y lo físico-material: entre el hasta el surgimiento del concepto del espacio y un nuevo territorio que podría coworking). denominarse como ciberespacio. Sin desconocer los aportes teóricos de En la cuarta parte se indaga sobre las los autores mencionados, Finquelievich tendencias y fenómenos no previstos: decide apoyarse en el concepto de la búsqueda de la ciudad inteligente, Sociedades del Conocimiento para que parece ser una de las principales caracterizar el estadio que atraviesan temáticas que impregnan las agendas Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 16 públicas sobre la utilización de internet y el estudio sobre las formas en las que en la ciudad; y la penetración de las redes ciudad, tecnología y sociedad interactúan. sociales, sus tensiones y potencialidades Una lectura aguda del trabajo arroja una en la generación de nuevas identidades, guía completa de investigaciones futuras, prácticas y vínculos socio-políticos que ya que lejos de cerrar los debates, hay una debilita los muros que separan al espacio búsqueda por abrirlos. físico del virtual.

Por último, la autora arriesga algunas conclusiones y una serie de caminos que todavía quedan por transitar. Una de las aseveraciones fuertes que plantea es que a pesar de la poca percepción de la influencia física de la Sociedad del Conocimiento en las ciudades, se han producido transformaciones profundas en las formas en las cuales las personas utilizan el espacio y tiempo social, y en las cuales se movilizan, trabajan, se relacionan con el gobierno, hacen política, se vinculan en la amistad y el amor, enseñan y aprenden.

Una de las hipótesis establece que los desarrollos tecnológicos que se producirán de aquí en más ejercerán cambios socio-espaciales más profundos que los registrados hasta la actualidad. La inevitable metropolización y densificación de las ciudades conducirá a la necesaria implementación de planes de desarrollo sustentables que difícilmente puedan prescindir de las TIC para hacer soportable la vida en dichas aglomeraciones.

A modo de cierre, se destaca como elemento transversal al trabajo la búsqueda permanente por evitar caer en el determinismo tecnológico. Hay un esfuerzo por complejizar la comprensión Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 17

Kaciano Barbosa Gadelha (2015) Virtualização do corpo e sexualidades online: encontros gay, gênero e performatividade Berlin: Freie Universität Dissertationen Online1/FB Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften, 233 p.

Reviewed by Nicolas Wasser Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and University of Basel

Digitalization and technological tools gay platform users are drawing new and advancements are profoundly de- sexual cartographies by intra-acting with and reterritorializing urban spaces at a technologies, humans, non-humans, global level. Leading social media and genders and desires. What emanates online app platforms have redistributed from these moving processes, the author both the sites of identity production and concludes, are not simply new hybrids the circulation of bodies. How do digital or fragmented bodies in the form of communication and new forms of online- digitalized codes and pixels. Gadelha also offline encounters affect subjectivity as observes an intensification of erotic forces well as the (im)materialities of space? that has given rise to virtual-material And are traditional social theory concepts spaces and non-identitarian subjectivities. able to sufficiently comprehend these changes? Brazilian queer-feminist The book is comprised of five chapters theorist Kaciano Gadelha faces these along with an introduction and concluding challenges, taking Bruno Latour’s call remarks. In its compact introduction, for a reassembling of the social Gadelha emphasizes situated knowledge seriously (Latour 2005). (Harraway 1991), which echoes his personal experiences of “being gay in a In his dissertation, defended at Freie big Brazilian city” that had very restricted Universität Berlin, he studies the universe spaces for the LGBT community. His of online gay dating and networks by participant approach as a user of online critically reexamining the performativity gay dating platforms is interpreted as of sexuality and gender. Gadelha, who assemblages of connection and social is currently working on gender and “disconnection from normality” (15). queer studies at Universidade Federal Calling for a “technological perspective of do Ceará, endeavors to understand how gender” (19), Gadelha’s research questions take two directions. On the one hand, 1 http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/servlets/ he explores which “performativities of MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDISS_derivate_000000017608/ BarbosaGadelhaKdiss.pdf Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 18 gender and sexuality are being endorsed” the analytical keys of archive and repertoire (21) through online sites like Gayromeo. as coined by performance theorist Diana On the other hand, he is engaged with Taylor (2003). Gadelha describes how overcoming “constructivist reductionism” many users experience the gay dating (21), thus seeking a symmetric agency of platform as something that liberates human, as well as non-human, actors and their sexuality in empowering ways. Also, new technologies. Gadelha focuses on how masculinity and heteronormativity both change and Chapter One outlines the theoretical coexist with online gender performativities apparatus essential for a technological (148). Several users, for instance, admitted perspective on gender. Gadelha’s main to have changed their real age in their concern are the flaws of constructivist online profiles in order to seem more theory and namely the paradoxical attractive to other users. Furthermore, the insistence in searching for a “territory of virtual plays articulate social markers of identitarian purity” (60). In the author’s race or nationality, often idealizing “foreign opinion, this could be corrected by territories” (165). Nevertheless, Gadelha acknowledging the hybrid conditions in insists that these markers should not to which technological machines and power be seen as “identitarian segmentations”, can produce sexually differentiated but rather as “parodic effects” (175) of bodies. performative practices.

Chapter Two describes the technological This sometimes surprising effort to de- tools, functions and users’ interactions on and reconstruct an analytical distinction Gayromeo. After a conceptual discussion between online and offline, virtual and about online gay communities, Gadelha real, continues in Chapter Five through a exposes his participant research methods theoretical discussion around processes as a platform user; this included online and of virtualization. Drawing upon Deleuze offline interviews carried out in Germany, (2007), Gadelha highlights the virtual as Brazil, Mexico and Austria. A user’s looks a “perceptive realm” different from that and virtual navigations turn out to lend of “the actual present, in which things to a “digital subjectivity to bodies without are materialized” (176). The subject of faces, for example” (95). Compared to the gay dating platform can chat or flirt the outcomes of offline meetings, these with numerous users simultaneously, subjectivities are filed in an online archive something that is not visible or known by – possessing a virtual materiality that can other users. Furthermore, these virtual be examined by other users independent interactions take place in moments or of their location (99). spaces not previously defined as gay zones. These “new erotic geographies” Chapters Three and Four explore the and sexualities, Gadelha observes, have experiences of Gayromeo users through left behind static localization in favor Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 19 of an “aesthetics of navigation”, where Nevertheless, Gadelha’s book is highly “pulverized excitement” defines the erotic inspiring in its efforts to overcome (de) momentum of space (216). constructivist understandings of (gender) performativity, space and agency. Thus, it This book is captivating by its theoretical presents an essential reading for all those acuteness and refined language. Gadelha interested in processes of digitalization skillfully discusses concepts such as and sexuality together with new materialist performativity or heteronormativity, that approaches to spatial and cultural effects have been put forward by queer and of digital technologies. feminist studies, relating them to his empirical inquiry. He essentially widens Bibliography the scope of reflection regarding Barad, Karen (2003): Posthumanist technology, sexuality and the virtual with Performativity: toward an understanding of the guidance of recent approaches from how matter comes to matter. In: Signs Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), pp. 801- (feminist) new materialism (see Barad 831. 2003). Deleuze, Gilles; Parnet, Claire (2007): Dialogues II. New York: Columbia University Press. One point of criticism is certainly the partially fragile balance between empiric Haraway, Donna (1991): Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The reinvention of nature. New York: data and theory, as the reader is, at some Routledge. point, left to speculate as to whether Latour, Bruno (2005): Reassembling the social: the narratives of Gayromeo users can an introduction to actor network theory. New be matched with the arguments of York: Oxford University Press. nonrepresentational analytics. Owing to Meccia, Ernesto (2011): La sociedad de los Gadelha’s strong emphasis on flux and the espejos rotos. Apuntes para una sociología de la gaycidad. In: Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad, hybrid, it becomes difficult to grasp the 8(aug), pp. 131-148. political implications that are so pervasive Taylor, Diana (2003): The archive and the in the texts of feminist authors discussed. repertoire: performing cultural memories in the Whether online sexualities enable “affinity Americas. Durham/London: Duke University Press. politics” (Harraway 1991) remains an open question. Finally, a historical or time- diagnostic contextualization of how the interplay of technological innovations and the articulation of gay identities and gender relations are linked to deep social and political transformations in urban spaces – as for example the works of Ernesto Meccia (2011) show – would have been useful. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 20

REVIEW ARTICLES

Localizing Surveillance: All Eyes on Latin America

Fernanda Bruno (2013): Máquinas de ver, modos de ser: vigilância, tecnologia e subjetividade, Porto Alegre: Editora Sulina, 190 p.

Fernanda Bruno, Marta Kanashiro & Rodrigo Firmino (ed.) (2010): Vigilância e visibilidade: espaço, tecnologia e identificação, Porto Alegre: Editora Sulina, 296 p.

Bruno Cardoso (2014): Todos os olhos: Videovigilâncias, voyeurismos e (re)produção imagética, Rio de Janeiro: Editora UFRJ e FAPERJ, 321 p.

Lucas Melgaço (2010): Securização urbana: da psicoesfera do medo à tecnoesfera da segurança, São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, 274 p.

Claudio Altenhain University of Kent

During the past decade or so, surveillance by problematizing some of its tacit studies have established themselves as an underpinnings. autonomous branch of social research in Latin America. Given the fact that the field De-centering entrenched accounts of originated in Western Europe and North state sovereignty, neoliberal governance, America (for a brief historical outline, cf. or the public-private divide are integral to Lyon, Haggerty & Ball 2012), this is certainly its overdue provincialization, as urged by a highly welcome development – not Murakami Wood (2009). For this reason, least since many Latin American societies both pertinent research on Latin America display certain peculiarities which are as well as from a Latin American point likely to affect surveillance practices in one of view might do a lot to advance this way or another. relatively new and fast-growing field of study. While the present article draws In view of factors such as the recent history almost exclusively upon Brazilian authors, of authoritarian regimes and notoriously it is supposed to serve as a “directional violent police, stark social inequalities and reference” that might be extrapolated to the pervasive fear of street crime, high other national contexts within the “Global levels of urbanization, or the often frail South” and beyond. public infrastructure(s), carrying out surveillance studies in Latin America Out of the four books, Fernanda Bruno’s promises to yield outcomes which Máquinas de ver, modos de ser is both the might change the field as a whole most general and the least empirical. The Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 21 author traces the intricate relationship emption which has to be understood between visibility and subjectivity, as performative rather than ideological, particularly in our present age of productive rather than repressive. CCTV pervasive, automated surveillance and all- cameras, for instance, enforce a regime of encompassing communication networks visibilities in which “‘appearing normal’ is as the main facilitators of an ever- more decisive than ‘being normal’” (Bruno increasing production and distribution 2013: 96) – a techno-spatially enacted of digital images. The book is based on reconfiguration of subjectivity, as it were. a collection of essays that have already appeared in various journals; however, it The numerical mode of governmentality also contains some vignettes taken from described in the third chapter would, her blog1 so as to elucidate her train of then, take this configuration a step thought. further insofar as it dissolves its object into a huge pile of aggregated data; The book’s scope is a truly comprehensive correlation and extrapolation would one, but Bruno still manages to deliver a come to irrevocably supplant any notion nuanced argument far from commonplace. of causality in governing individuals as Her core argument is that we live in an well as populations and herald the advent era of “distributed surveillance” (Bruno of a thoroughly “post-theoretical” age 2013: 17), drawing mostly on Deleuze’s (Anderson 2008). The author does not fail comments about the “societies of control” to mention the crucial role of the private (Deleuze 1992), as well as on insights about sector in data mining for governmental “distributed agency” (Latour 1993) and purposes. Indeed, as if to prove her right, techno-social actor-networks, which can one of Brazil’s major cellphone providers be derived from science and technology recently announced that it will cede its studies. In a nutshell, her main argument data to the COR, Rio de Janeiro’s multi- holds that late modernity has brought purpose surveillance center – as part of a about a new topology of subjectivity – public-private effort to make the city more an eversion, as it were, of the bourgeois “intelligent”.2 distinction between interiority and exteriority, the public and the private (as While Maquinas de ver, modos de ser is famously elaborated in Habermas 1989), theoretically dense and well-written, it after which the inherited difference of still treats surveillance as a somewhat surface and depth has ceased to capture “placeless” phenomenon – as becomes anything substantial. clear when consulting the bibliography, Correspondingly, contemporary practices in which Latin American scholars of surveillance would draw upon an actuarial paradigm of risk and pre- 2 Cf. “TIM disponibiliza big data a parceiros externos para desenvolvimento de soluções inteligentes”; http:// www.tim.com.br/sp/sobre-a-tim/sala-de-imprensa/ press-releases/institucional/tim-disponibiliza-big- 1 Cf. http://dispositivodevisibilidade.blogspot.com/ . data-a-parceiros-externos-para-desenvolvimento-de- Last access on 09/13/2016. solucoes-inteligentes. Last access on 09/13/2016. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 22 represent an almost negligible minority. as it highlights a crucial, yet often ignored Vigilância e visibilidade: espaço, tecnologia feature of surveillance practices – namely, e identificação is a more locally specific that they frequently aim at disciplining publication insofar as it is explicitly and/or controlling a particular social concerned with Latin American “cases” of group. surveillance and the regional peculiarities it may entail. In a similar vein, Rafael Barreto de Castro and Rosa Maria Leite Ribeiro Pedro Among the contributions most pertinent propose a “cartography” of the CCTV to our understanding of surveillance network implemented in Guarujá, a in digitalized urban spaces, one might wealthy beach resort nearby São Paulo. mention Nelson Arteaga Botello’s However, while Botello’s contribution on article on the implementation of CCTV Huixquilucan depicts the deployment cameras in Huixquilucan, an affluent of surveillance technology as a but socioeconomically divided suburb materialization of mostly pre-defined of Mexico City. Botello observes that social interests, Castro and Pedro concede surveillance practices always oscillate a broader margin of agency to the actor- between a logic of protection and a logic network itself, that is: they go at greater of social control – and that it is crucial to lengths to describe its growth as an carefully examine the discourses uttered to emergent and non-linear process that justify and legitimize it so as to determine generates its proper truth-effects along how both aspects are balanced against the way. It is from this perspective that the each other. In the case of Huixquilucan, authors conceive the system’s “expansive” the author argues, administrative dividing development not as an intrinsic quality, but lines – largely coinciding with existing as a dynamic that unfolds incrementally – patterns of socioeconomic segregation and which, nonetheless, gains sufficient – came to delineate two classes of momentum to make future scenarios populations, one of which depicted as without this kind of virtually unconceivable transient and deviant and, therefore, as infrastructure. In this context, the way the threatening the municipality’s “proper” system is couched in terms of “efficiency” citizens. and “modernity” by both the police and civil society is particularly insightful. Botello shows how this questionable Meanwhile, in their article on identification division was promoted by a coalition and exclusion in Brazil, David Murakami of local governmental officials, private Wood and Rodrigo Firmino draw attention security companies and neighborhood to a frequently overlooked feature of associations and, not least, how it was contemporary surveillance practices: their eventually “inscribed” into the surveillance ambiguous character between repression scheme installed. In the given context, and inclusion. Accordingly, especially the article is especially insightful insofar for socially marginalized Brazilians, Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 23 anonymity would be a threat rather than Likewise, the “surveillance workers” a promise, that is, the horror of oblivion entrusted with evaluating the camera’s weighs heavier than potential fears of the images were mostly overcharged by the surveillance state. The authors exemplify sheer amount of information they had to their argument by referring to the case of deal with. Besides, the reader learns that Bolsa Família, a landmark welfare scheme the “purely technical” infrastructure also which links the will to identification to did not work as smoothly as announced: the broadening of social rights. Keeping with a major part of the surveillance this ambivalent connotation of (state) network drawing upon radio surveillance in mind – particularly in such communication, the heavy rainfalls “disjunctive” (Holston & Caldeira 1998) common in Rio weaken the signal up to societies as Brazil – might add some the point of disruption. nuance to better understand the seemingly uncritical acceptance of surveillance in A major thread running through the study various countries of the “Global South”. is the phenomenological similarity (and, at times, indistinguishability) of surveillance In Todos os olhos, Bruno Cardoso presents and voyeurism. Cardoso’s second his doctoral thesis about CCTV in Rio de ethnographic site being the monitoring Janeiro. The starting point of his inquiry is room in Copacabana, the proximity of simple, yet elegant: the author proposes the famous beach as a locus of lax morals an ethnography of the (surveilling) gaze – and sexual transgression clearly has a of the practices and devices through which structuring impact upon the policemen’s it is brought into being, of what it reveals (they are indeed predominantly male in and conceals, and of its embedding in both settings) watching practices – a fact regimes of regulation and moralization. which becomes manifest in the jokes and His thesis’ centerpiece consists in a thick anecdotes by means of which the staff description of the working (and watching) seems to negotiate this kind of dilemma. routines in two monitoring centers, This ambivalence is also taken up in the established in anticipation of the FIFA book’s last part dedicated to the “super- World Cup and operated by Rio’s military abundant” online circuits along which police. Rich in ethnographic detail, the surveillance imagery is distributed, thus work puts particular emphasis on the satisfying and sustaining the desire for many unresolved issues that impede the ever more “real” material – typically in the system’s daily operations. It is often placed “genres” of sex and violence. However, on the interface between the human and the author also underlines how this kind the non-human actors constituting the of fetish generates a flourishing economy surveillance network: a significant share of simulacra in which the very distinction of the policemen did not bring along the between “real” and “fake” images becomes technical skills necessary to perform increasingly contingent. even the simplest computer operations. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 24

As compared to the other publications the deployment of security devices) and discussed, Lucas Melgaço’s Securização immaterially (by the proliferation of crime- urbana differs insofar as, being a related fears). Santos’ œuvre also provides geographical piece of work, it is mainly many of Melgaço’s other basic terms concerned with questions of spatiality – which is gratifying insofar as Santos or, rather, the production as well as was committed to come up with proper productivity thereof. Consequently, theoretical categories made to specifically practices of surveillance do not constitute fit the formation of territory in Brazil and in the conceptual starting point; instead, the countries of the “Global South”, more they come in as an explanatory factor for generally (cf. in particular Santos 2004). the “securitization of (urban) territory” (Melgaço 2010: 66), which represents In the context of surveillance and the main object of study. Besides the digitalized urbanism, the most insightful installation of CCTV cameras, Melgaço chapter is certainly the one on the therefore also deals with the phenomena “informatization of the everyday”, of “defensive” architecture (ibid.: 120) and according to which territory, crime, and the proliferation of gated communities. security are all subject to increasing His case is the city of Campinas, a major techno-spatial mediations. Drawing town in upstate São Paulo. Despite being upon Santos’ notion of a “violence of one of Brazil’s richest cities, Campinas is information” (Melgaço 2010: 184), it characterized by stark socio-economic indeed appeals to similar phenomena contrasts and high rates of violence as well such as the imagetic circuits analyzed by as organized crime. Consequently, the fear Bruno Cardoso, albeit from a different of being victimized is pervasive among the theoretical starting point and much less in- better-off parts of its population. depth. Generally speaking, the conceptual toolbox provided by Milton Santos entails It is here, in the “psycho-sphere of fear” a stronger emphasis upon processes of (ibid.: 105), that Melgaço starts his inquiry globalization and totalization. Besides, which later leads him towards the “techno- men seems to stand firmly in the center sphere of security” (ibid.: 106) – the sphere of his reasoning, which includes a more of commodified protection against the categorical differentiation between the lurking criminal threat. The concepts of social and the non-social “matter” of “psycho-” and “techno-sphere” are derived surveillance technologies. This is clearly from the work of Milton Santos, a Brazilian different in Bruno Cardoso’s thesis, where geographer advocating a dialectical human and non-human actors interact concept of space as in-becoming rather more symmetrically and the notion of than a static and a-historical “container” “alienation”, recurrent in Melgaço’s study, of social praxis. Melgaço is thus able to is absent for good reasons. depict “securization” as a spatial dynamics which takes place both materially (by Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 25

In short, the four publications discussed Bibliography provide a broad – albeit far from Anderson, Chris (2008): The End of Theo- exhaustive – idea of how surveillance ry: The Data Deluge Makes the Scientific studies could benefit from a more locally Method Obsolete, in: Wired, https://www. wired.com/2008/06/pb-theory/, last access as well as culturally situated approach. 10/16/2016. More specifically, they might draw our Comaroff, Jean & Comaroff, John L. (2011): attention towards the question of how the Theory from the South: Or, how Euro-America is Evolving Toward Africa, Boulder: Paradigm. loci of surveillance emerge as provisional Deleuze, Gilles (1992): Postscript on the Societ- outcomes of complex techno-social ies of Control, in: October 59, 3-7. mediations which are virtually impossible Holston, James & Caldeira, Teresa (1998): to apprehend in advance. Ideally, “Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship”, in: Agüero, Felipe & such an approach would abstain from Stark, Jeffrey (ed.): Fault Lines of Democracy “contextual” explanations (such as in Post-transition Latin America, Miami: North- South Center Press, 263-296. “culture” or “technology”) altogether. Latour, Bruno (1993): We Have Never Been Mod- ern, Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Virtually all of the publications discussed Law, John & Lin, Wen-yuan (2015): Provincial- here grapple with this challenge in one way ising STS: postcoloniality, symmetry and beyond, at: http://www.heterogeneities.net/publica- or another, which makes them a valuable tions/LawLinProvincialisingSTS20151223.pdf, reading for scholars of surveillance way last access 09/13/2016. beyond Latin America’s geographical Lyon, David; Haggerty, Kevin D.; Ball, Kirstie (2012): “Introducing Surveillance Studies”, in: borders. Meanwhile, a desideratum idem (ed.): Routledge Handbook of Surveillance for future research might consist in Studies, London, New York: Routledge, 1-11. constructing a more emphatically Murakami Wood, David (2009): The “Surveil- lance Society”: Questions of History, Place and “indigenous” theoretical vocabulary, that Culture, in: European Journal of Criminology 6 is: “provincializing” not only the “typical” (2), 179-194. cases and underlying grand narratives Santos, Milton (2004): O espaço dividido: os dois circuitos da economia urbana dos países subde- of Euro-American surveillance studies, senvolvidos (2nd ed.), São Paulo: Edusp. but also the conceptual foundations it draws upon – even if they skillfully hide their proper origin within Euro-modernity (Law & Lin 2015). In this sense, a call for a more self-confident “theory from the South” (Comaroff & Comaroff 2011) would particularly entail more emphatically Latin American scholarship on European cases – an uncomfortably scarce phenomenon at present. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 26

Mediaciones tecnofeministas en contra de la violencia a las mujeres en México

Manuel Castells (2015): Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet, Cambridge/Malden: Polity Press, 318 p.

Marcela Suárez Freie Universität Berlin

La violencia contra las mujeres es un de participación política. Rexiste produce problema latente en México. Según lo que Castells llama “espacios híbrido” estadísticas proporcionadas por el que significa la combinación de un espacio Gobierno Federal y por ONU Mujeres, en un determinado lugar y territorio con en el país de 1985 a 2014 hubo un espacio de flujos en Internet (Castells 47,178 feminicidios (SEGOB, 2016). Es 2015, p. 171). preocupante que en los últimos cuatro años se han incrementado los casos En la segunda edición del libro Networks de feminicidios de manera vertiginosa. of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in Estos hechos no pueden entenderse de the Internet publicada en 2015, Castells manera aislada. México está atrapado en analiza las dinámicas, los valores y las altos niveles de corrupción, impunidad potenciales transformaciones sociales e incremento generalizado de violencia de los movimientos sociales para asociados al combate al narcotráfico. articular resistencias. El libro parte de Por desgracia, dichos feminicidios no se hipótesis derivadas de la observación han investigado con una perspectiva de de la naturaleza y perspectivas de los género. movimientos sociales con el objetivo de identificar nuevos patrones de cambio De hecho, la mayoría de ellos permanecen social e incitar el debate acerca de invisibles o sin castigo. En este contexto, diferentes movilizaciones a nivel global. colectivos feministas han utilizado nuevas La primera edición de este libro fue en tecnologías y estrategias de mediación el 2012. Esta segunda edición cuenta digital para intervenir en espacios urbanos con diez capítulos, siendo dos de éstos y digitales y así hacer visible la creciente nuevos. En uno de ellos Castells analiza violencia contra las mujeres en el país. Este la formación de espacios híbridos en los es el caso del colectivo feminista Rexiste. casos de #Yosoy132 en México (2012), las Dicho colectivo está desarrollando redes protestas por la denuncia de corrupción socio-digitales para abrir nuevos espacios en Brasil (2013-2014), los enfrentamientos Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 27 en Turquía (2013) y el movimiento El ensayo toca tres temas discutidos por el estudiantil en Chile (2011-2013). El otro autor relacionados con el papel que está capítulo añadido analiza el impacto de teniendo Internet en dichos movimientos. dichos movimientos en términos de El primer tema se refiere al papel de cambio político. El libro contiene una Internet en la emergencia de espacios caracterización de las formas y significados híbridos. El segundo tiene que ver con de lo que Castells llama los networked la emergencia de estrategias de contra- social movements. Con este término el poder. El tercero está relacionado con la autor analiza el papel que tiene Internet conexión entre los diferentes movimientos en la movilización de la acción colectiva sociales a nivel global. Al respecto, el más allá de sus contextos locales. El libro autor señala que los movimientos en red está dirigido a investigadores, activistas, tienen un elemento en común: la creación pensadores críticos, entre otros. de redes autónomas de comunicación a través de la red y sistemas de comunicación A través del análisis del caso del colectivo inalámbricas. Esto promueve la emergencia Rexiste, este ensayo tiene como objetivo de comunidades locales y globales a la vez, problematizar los entendimientos así como prácticas comunes debido a que actuales de las diversas tecnologías sus acciones están conectadas. digitales como artefactos autónomos y neutrales para visibilizar las relaciones Los tres temas propuestos por Castells de poder que se reproducen. El objetivo serán analizados a la luz de las prácticas es plantear reflexiones basadas en dicha del colectivo Rexiste que lleva a cabo obra de Castells para promover nuevos intervenciones en espacios urbanos con la entendimientos del papel que las nuevas ayuda de su así llamada hermana pequeña tecnologías digitales tienen en la apertura “Droncita”. Droncita es, por un lado, un de espacios híbridos para articular la vehículo aéreo no tripulado (dron) que participación política y la impugnación ha sido apropiado por el colectivo como de poder. Sin embargo, al cumplir dicho tecnología socio-digital para tomar fotos cometido, este ensayo también muestra y videos en protestas e intervenciones los límites de la obra de Castells en cuanto públicas a manera de crear narrativas a la falta de herramientas analíticas visuales de contra-cultura. Por otro lado, para analizar agencias no humanas y Droncita es también un personaje de visibilizar las relaciones de poder dentro ficción femenino en la lucha por el cambio de los movimientos sociales. En este sociopolítico en México. De hecho, tiene su sentido, la obra de Castells puede ser propia cuenta de Twitter y YouTube donde complementada con la literatura feminista a través de sus posts desafía los discursos tecnoscientifica como detallo al final de públicos de las autoridades. Droncita es este ensayo. así un actor híbrido que conecta y traduce, es decir, media los espacios urbanos y digitales. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 28

Droncita en Twitter se dio un seguimiento de la marcha a través de videos. Las fotografías fueron posteadas en la cuentas de redes sociales con frases como „vivas nos queremos“ o „primavera violeta“. Después del mega tag en la explanada de Ecatepec, la movilización continuó hacía el Monumento a la Revolución en la Ciudad de México. Las y los manifestantes Fuente: Captura de pantalla tomada por Marcela Suarez de la cuenta de Twitter de Droncita con vestían de color violeta a manera de acto autorización del colectivo. simbólico para ocupar el espacio público y reivindicar prácticas históricas de El colectivo Rexiste junto con Droncita activismos feministas. ha participado en varias intervenciones y movilizaciones públicas para aumentar la conciencia a escala global sobre los feminicidios y la violencia contra las mujeres, la desaparición de personas (como la de los 43 estudiantes normalistas de Ayotzinapa), violaciones a los derechos humanos, así como la criminalización de protestas civiles.

Una movilización importante fue la llevada a cabo el pasado 24 de abril de 2016 en la Fuente: Captura de pantalla tomada por Marcela marcha en contra de la violencia machista Suarez de la cuenta de Facebook de Rexiste con autorización del colectivo. en la Ciudad de México. La protesta empezó en la explanada de Ecatepec ¿Internet o una red de tecnologías socio- (Estado de México) que es el municipio digitales? que actualmente ocupa el primer lugar en defunciones femeninas con presunción de Las prácticas de Rexiste muestran el homicidio en México (SEGOB, 2016). Ahí, se papel que están teniendo las tecnologías reunieron diferentes colectivos feministas digitales en la generación de nuevas quienes pintaron con enormes letras formas de intervención en espacios blancas un tag monumental con la frase: urbanos y estrategias de contra-cultura. „Estado Feminicida“. Desde arriba y a la Si bien la obra de Castells se enfoca en el distancia, Droncita tomó fotos de las letras papel de Internet en la acción colectiva, a manera de acto simbólico en el espacio la experiencia de este colectivo muestra urbano para visibilizar la impunidad y la que es una red más amplia de tecnologías falta de investigación judicial en los casos digitales junto con agencias distribuidas de feminicidios. Además, en la cuenta de Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 29 con las integrantes de los colectivos las y prácticas diarias (Postill, 2012; Shah, que explican las movilizaciones y creación Purayil Sneha, & Chattapadhyay, 2015). de espacios híbridos (urbanos y digitales). Entre ellas destacan por ejemplo software, Sin embargo, tanto en la obra de Castells drones, plataformas de redes sociales, como en la de los autores que proponen tabletas, computadoras, entre otras. trascender el „digital divide“, todavía hace Rexiste, por ejemplo, está apropiando un falta profundizar y discutir quiénes son los dron como una tecnología socio-digital actores que hacen posible este continuum disruptiva para promover redes de actores para trascender la división de espacios y heterogéneos. Esta apropiación es a la mediante qué mecanismos los conectan. vez una innovación en la intervención en Es decir, quiénes son los mediadores. espacios públicos y protestas que también forma parte de los movimientos sociales El caso de Rexiste muestra que los en red. Esto hace un llamado a descentrar diversos actores, agencias, materialidades el enfoque común en Internet sobre el y fenómenos culturales están conectados análisis de las tecnologías digitales y abrir a través de Internet y que Droncita el debate a la red de actores humanos y no actúa como mediadora de la acción humanos que movilizan la acción colectiva colectiva al conectar el espacio digital y para intervenir en espacios híbridos. los espacios urbanos. Desde su cuenta de Twitter y YouTube, Droncita convoca a movilizaciones, provee contraevidencia de abusos de poder y hace visible la creciente criminalización de la protesta. Además del espacio digital, Droncita también ha contribuido con innovaciones sociales inesperadas al permitir la construcción Fuente: Captura de pantalla tomada por Marcela Suarez de la cuenta de Facebook de Rexiste con de nuevas y alternativas realidades y autorización del colectivo. espacios públicos, a saber, el espacio aéreo que estaba reservado para usos De espacios híbridos y mediaciones gubernamentales, militares o comerciales.

La literatura de participación política y Contra-poder y estrategias feministas movimientos sociales hace un llamado para trascender la llamada „división digital“ Otro de los temas planteados por Castells (off/on-line) entre los espacios urbanos y se refiere al contra-poder. El autor define virtuales. La idea es analizar las prácticas a este como la capacidad que tienen los de los colectivos con el fin de rastrear las actores sociales de desafiar el poder de interconexiones mediante la exploración las instituciones a través de reivindicar de las formas en que las tecnologías formas propias de representación de sus digitales son inseparables de nuestras valores e intereses. El colectivo Rexiste ha actividades, materialidades, tecnologías Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 30 creado estrategias de contra-poder, por preocupada por impulsar cambios socio- ejemplo, al apropiar un dron con un fuerte políticos en México. imaginario militar para usos sociopolíticos. Asimismo, las mismas imágenes del dron Movimientos conectados son también instrumentos de contra-poder pues permiten desafiar las narrativas Por último, el caso de Rexiste corrobora visuales de los medios de comunicación y el argumento de Castells respecto al del gobierno en un contexto de creciente carácter global de movimientos en criminalización de la protesta. la acción colectiva. Los drones están desempeñando un papel cada vez mayor Sin embargo, para analizar las estrategias como tecnologías sociales y disruptivas de contra-poder tenemos que pensar en en los espacios urbanos a través del la tecnología que le da vida a Droncita desarrollo de plataformas transnacionales no sólo en términos de su diseño, sus políticas, comunidades virtuales, y acciones ventajas o riesgos como tecnología socio- colectivas en red que demandan el digital. Si bien es cierto que dentro de los derecho a „la vista desde arriba“ movimientos sociales se crean estrategias apropiando con ello el espacio aéreo como de contra-poder, es también necesario espacio público (Suarez, 2016). no caer en visiones triunfalistas de las tecnologías digitales. Rexiste pone en el Sin embargo, cada colectivo lo hace a través centro del debate la necesidad de hacer de diferentes estrategias innovadoras. Por visibles las relaciones de poder de género. ejemplo, un colectivo está apropiando drones para llevar a cabo contra- De hecho, la misma apropiación del cartografías en Rio de Janeiro y denunciar espacio urbano y digital de este colectivo el desplazamiento de comunidades es a través de narrativas visuales, textuales locales debido a la violencia de empresas y simbólicas feministas a manera de constructoras en el marco de los juegos hacer visibles las asimétricas relaciones olímpicos en esa ciudad (de Soto, 2015). de género, los abusos de autoridad e impunidad, pero también los imaginarios Por su parte, el artista TEC, parte de un sociales respecto al género dominante colectivo artístico, realiza intervenciones en los usos de tecnologías digitales. En la en las calles de São Paulo y juega con misma lógica, hay también límites en los diversas perspectivas visuales ofrecidas mismos espacios digitales en términos por el dron a manera de apropiar espacios de quién tiene acceso a este tipo de urbanos. Por último, las prácticas que han tecnologías y por lo tanto quién termina sido exclusivas de Rexiste interviniendo en al final siendo representado. No es el espacio público a través de pintar tags casualidad entonces que Droncita sea una monumentales en plazas emblemáticas personificación de una mujer-maquina se han replicado en otros lugares tanto en Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 31

México como en Francia para denunciar sugiere Feigenbaum en su artículo „From abusos de poder. cyborg feminism to drone feminism: Remembering womens’ anti-nuclear A la luz de estas reflexiones se hacen activisms“ (2015). En este artículo la autora visibles los vacíos en la obra de Castells que mapea la historia del activismo feminista pueden llenarse a través de conexiones a manera de conceptualizar la influencia con la literatura feminista. Uno de ellos actual y futura de las tecnologías de los es la necesidad de incorporar en el drones en las prácticas de los movimientos análisis la gama de diversas tecnologías sociales (p. 270). A través de hacer digitales y agencias distribuidas entre referencia al feminismo como una práctica actores humanos y no humanos que dan activista, la autora destaca el paralelismo paso a nuevas formas de intervención entre la metáfora de ciborg de Haraway en espacios urbanos. Otro vacío que con el de dron desde que es también una hay que atender es el del papel de los tecnología que nace de las estructuras de mediadores en los espacios híbridos, poder del militarismo y sistema capitalista específicamente, quiénes son los actores patriarcal pero en una nueva generación que conectan espacios a través de en la era de los algoritmos (p. 280). Estos procesos de traducción. Esos mediadores elementos enriquecerán el repertorio de no tienen que ser precisamente resultado análisis de los espacios en conceptualizar de agencias humanas. y discutir el papel de mujeres-máquinas como Droncita como actor importante Por último, es necesario pensar los en las dinámicas sociopolíticas de las movimientos sociales y el uso de ciudades globales. tecnologías más allá de una visión determinista y triunfalista para analizar Bibliografía también las mismas relaciones de poder Castells, M. (2015): Networks of Outrage que se reproducen, especialmente en and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet. cuanto a relaciones de género y acceso Cambridge: Polity Press. y uso de las nuevas tecnologías digitales. de Soto, P. (2015): Contravisualidad aérea Para ello será necesario hacer visibles y ciencia ciudadana para el uso de UVAs como tecnología social, in: Teknocultura, otras divisiones relacionadas con el género, 12(3), 449-4471. clase y etnicidad que son reproducidas Feigenbaum, A. (2015): From cyborg por las nuevas tecnologías. feminism to drone feminism: Remembering women’s anti-nuclear activisms, in: Feminist Theory, 16(3), 265- Para esto, se debe hacer referencia a otras 288. obras que nos brinden los elementos Latour, B. (1994). On technical mediation, para pensar los movimientos sociales, los in: Common Knowledge, 3(2), 29–64. activismos y el uso de tecnologías digitales Postill, J. (2012): Digital Politics and Political desde posiciones no privilegiadas, es decir, Engagement, in: Digital Antropology. desde visiones feministas como las que Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 32

SEGOB (2016): La violencia feminicida en México. Aproximaciones y tendencias 1985- 2014. México; D.F.

Shah, N., Purayil Sneha, P., & Chattapadhyay, S. (2015): Digital Activism in Asia Reader. Digital Activism in Asia Reader. Milton Keynes: Meson press.

Suarez, M. (2016): Colectivos sociales y cyborgs: hacia una lectura feminista de los drones, in: Teknocultura, 13(1), 271-288. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 33

SPECIAL SECTION

“A realidade de um tiroteio é muito mais forte que qualquer curso de IT” Nailton de Agostinho Maia on Smart Cities and Social Inclusion in Rio de Janeiro’s Favelas

Interview by Frank Müller University of Amsterdam

Rio de Janeiro, May 2016

“Smart Urbanism” refers to technological internet, big data collection and overall innovation and digitization of urban connectedness. With the aim of facilitating environments. It usually implies normative access to digitization and as one of the assumptions about the relation between central drivers for this appraisal, Ships of social and technical improvements. Smart Knowledge (Naves do Conhecimento), also Urbanism, as its proponents argue, enables known as Squares of Knowledge (Praça more effective solutions to problems do Conhecimento), have been installed in like traffic congestion, criminality and eight marginalized neighborhoods of Rio environmental degradation via more de Janeiro. These multimedia libraries are elaborated surveillance, monitoring and offering courses in digital literacy, software faster and rationalized decision-making and hardware to the general public, all free based on “big data analyses”1. The question of charge. for whom, how and why smart urbanism provides all these improvements has evoked The Ship of Knowledge unit in neighborhood broad academic attention.2 Nova Brasilia, located in the area known as “Complexo Alemão”, in Rio´s northern zone, In the Urban South, where access to is a case in point. This area is considered infrastructure and technology can be one of the most crime-driven conglomerate considered highly unequal, the implications of neighborhoods, where police brutality of Smart Urbanism as the international against the youth, drug trafficking and low ideal for policy-making needs detailed and chances for social ascendance form part of space-sensitive analyses. As Latin Americas´ the social reality of most inhabitants. The “smartest city”, Rio de Janeiro has been following interview with Professor Emeritus celebrated for its efforts in access to the of Education and coordinator of this publicly financed multimedia library since its inauguration in January 2012, Nailton de 1 Rob Kitchin (2014): The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism, in: GeoJournal 79, 1-14. Agostinho Maia, addresses the relationship 2 Simon Marvin, Andrés Luque-Ayala and Colin between social opportunities and McFarlane (2015): Smart Urbanism: Utopian Vision or False Dawn?, New York: Routledge. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 34 technological innovation in the particular Rio de Janeiro acabou de criar um decreto context of marginalization. He argues for the da Prefeitura em que diz que jovens e central position digital inclusion occupies in crianças que pegarem um ônibus na zona individual and collective emancipation and norte serão barrados se não tiverem social mobility. dinheiro no bolso.3 Eles não podem ir até o lugar onde eles quiserem ir, praticamente Frank Müller (F.M.): O Rio de Janeiro na praia, porque não estão incluídos na mantém o quinto lugar na classificação “cidade inteligente“, porque não podem das Cidades Inteligentes no mundo. Como participar da “cidade inteligente”. você explicaria este sucesso? O que vejo hoje na cidade é que a Nailton de Agostinho Maia (N.A.): Isso tecnologia é uma realidade e é necessária. verdadeiramente assusta! Eu trabalho em Mas então, se na cidade todos tivessem a uma Nave que está inserida nesse contexto possibilidade de participar, de ter acesso, de prover um espaço de tecnologia de e interação (respostas), isso realmente acessibilidade e acesso às redes. Como um poderia ser uma “Cidade Inteligente”. Mas, cidadão e não como especialista, eu diria por exemplo, se aqui na comunidade tem assim: Se é que o Rio é no quinto lugar, uma senhora que precisa falar com um o mundo vai muito mal. O primeiro ponto médico, a rede de tecnologia poderia ser é, quem é que tem acesso? Acesso para um instrumento fantástico para promover que? Tem uma população no RJ, eu diria o encontro e solucionar com os cuidados 2/3 da população que não está incluída médicos necessários. No entanto ela não nos direitos à cidadania. Ela está muito tem as condições de falar com ele porque distante das condições do bem-estar social não tem acesso, porque não existe um - porque tem outras necessidades, que programa inteligente para as populações são mais básicas e não estão disponíveis. pobres, porque não há médico para A “cidade inteligente” não cuida de seus orientação. Como essa cidade está no jovens, por exemplo. quinto lugar na lista, quando as pessoas estão morrendo por não serem atendidas Então, por que é que a cidade é pelos médicos? inteligente? Inteligência está ligada à condição humana, só nós damos o nome F.M.: Como as Naves do Conhecimento da “Cidade Inteligente“. Se o humano podem contribuir para melhorar essa tem essa inteligência, primeiro tem que situação? favorecer à vida humana, do cidadão, com 3 Agostinho se refere a um debate sobre ações policiais a possibilidade de compartilhar a vida boa que no ano passado incluíram detenções arbitrárias e simples para todas e todos. E com isso de até 200 jovens que, andando de ônibus, estavam no caminho da Zona Norte, onde moram, às praias da zona de fato automaticamente se chegaria a sul. www1.folha.uol.com.br/vice/2015/08/1673548- pm-do-rio-impede-adolescentes-da-periferia-de- uma cidade inteligente. E eu acho que essa ir-as-praias-da-zona-sul.shtml e www.ebc.com.br/ noticias/2015/08/pezao-diz-que-retirada-de-jovens- ideia é mistificada, e isso traz perigos: o de-onibus-e-para-impedir-crimes-nas-praias, ultimo accesso: 21/10/16. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 35

N. A.: Se tem essa Nave aqui que é estão Claudius Ceccon e Paulo Freire. fantástica – mas ela é surreal! A 50 metros Nessa linha se faz a gestão da Nave. A deste ponto, você vai ver jovens armados. gente procura espaço para mostrar que Qual é a grandeza desse lugar aqui num é possível fazer um trabalho público de contexto assim? Que espetáculo é esse? qualidade. Eu poderia dizer: isto é uma maravilha, olha toda essa tecnologia... Mas eu vou F.M.: Parece essencial a relação entre a dizer, isso aqui é um lugar em que se tenta Nave e a comunidade. Como vocês se mascarar uma cidade que deve muito no acercam aos vizinhos e moradores da campo social, de um país que tem dívidas comunidade? sociais, que se está recuperando, está tentando corrigir 500 anos de dívida social. N.A.: Aqui em Nova Brasília o CECIP tem Que não é fácil. a metodologia de “Preciso Conhecer“, o CECIP não inventa nada, não constrói Se os professores assumirem este modelo nada sozinho. Nós chegamos aqui em de tecnologia sem essa consciência crítica, 2011, o projeto começou em janeiro de sem uma fundamentação humanística 2012. Chegamos antes do que aqui se frente a qualquer tecnologia, pensar na começou a construir. É uma maneira Cidade Inteligente como tecnologia, na nossa de trabalhar. Eu fui convidado, na tecnologia pela tecnologia, o problema época, fui dispensado da universidade em começa. A fundação humanística tem que atuava há 30 anos , tive uns conflitos que vir antes. A minha formação é essa, com a nova geração de gestores, trataram ver as coisas com reflexão crítica. A a educação como mercadoria, acho que tecnologia tem que servir nessas questões eu não estava preparado para isso, e aí humanísticas e não pode ser um fim em si o CECIP me convidou para este projeto, mesmo. o que foi muito bom. E a maneira era conhecer e aprender aqui, então cheguei F.M.: Como a Nave está se organizando aqui muito antes de começar construir, para dar preferência às questões sociais passei tempos conhecendo aqui os frente à tecnologia? grupos. O CECIP participou muito antes de inaugurar a Nave, começou a dialogar com N.A.: É um ponto importante. No Rio de as pessoas e a prefeitura sobre como ia a Janeiro existem 8 Naves. Aqui, em Nova ser o processo aqui, que cursos daria, qual Brasília, tem uma ONG que faz a gestão autonomia teríamos para fazer o trabalho. desse equipamento, se chama Centro de Criação de Imagem Popular (CECIP). Em 2012 se chegou a inaugurar com as Ela tem 30 anos trabalhando aqui no RJ, lideranças da comunidade já conhecendo trabalha com equipe profissional de arte, um pouco mais o CECIP. Teve muita cultura e tecnologia, com fundamentação conversa, muito diálogo, um entendimento humanística. Entre os seus fundadores que a educação é um lugar neutro. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 36 neutralidade não num sentido de que não e pensamento é relacionar coisas, é há ideologia. Neutralidade num sentido produzir conhecimento e crítica. Quem que todas as ideologias devem estar se relaciona faz crítica. Se a gente vai presentes, mas tem uma que normatiza ensinar Adobe Indesign ou sistema Cisco, o espaço: aqui tem o CECIP com a sua ou mesmo inglês técnico, a gente gostaria metodologia. Mas isso não pode excluir de pensar essas coisas em conjunto com o o diferente, isso foi muito importante. pensamento crítico. É importante saber-se Porque a gente está num território, no no mundo. E isso é uma grande tarefa. qual há forças oficiais, e forças não oficiais. F.M.: Nessa ideia entram também ideias F.M.: Vocês estão em contato com a de como melhorar o lugar onde moram UPP4 e as associações de moradores, por os frequentadores, quer dizer, a questão exemplo? urbana? Vocês têm cursos para discutir os problemas do entorno da comunidade? N.A.: Temos tido sempre quando necessário, no início muito mais, algumas N.A.: Tudo o que acontece aqui dentro reuniões com a polícia aqui. As associações é pensado nessa linha de que tudo aqui de moradores passaram a confiar nesse tem que ter sentido, e o sentido aqui para espaço, o espaço e as pessoas passaram gente é exatamente pensar a vida boa e a ter uma legitimidade. Temos um simples, falando filosoficamente. É dizer, reconhecimento de todas as forças do pensar as mudanças necessárias, pensar o território, elas nos apoiam muito. Tem cotidiano, pensar a família, a vida, o lugar. os que consideram que poderia ser de Diante disso, tudo o que se imagina aqui outra maneira, mantemos o diálogo não é solto, em algum momento se vai permanente com todos, como método e juntar às pessoas para falar. Quando eles o posicionamento com as atividades que a vão fazer um site, eles vão pesquisar quais gente faz aqui. são as necessidades para fazer um site para a comunidade. A gente recebe alunos A gente acredita muito que se há uma de vários lugares, a maioria é daqui, mas transformação possível e necessária ela se vem de outros lugares também, porque a dará muito mais por desenvolvimento de nossa meta também é a mistura. pensamento crítico por meio da arte, da educação, da cultura e tecnologia. Arte e Mas, o importante é a identificação com cultura podem subverter! Todos os nossos a comunidade: dentro do pessoal que cursos têm um pensamento, não são só trabalha aqui tem 50% de moradores técnicos. O humano não é só técnico, o do Complexo e 50% moradores de fora. humano é inteligência, é pensamento, Mas antes de começar o projeto, a gente teve uma meta que era que ao terminar

4 UPP (Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora/ Pacification o contrato, que todos os trabalhadores Police Units) refers to a policing program which, starting in late 2008, has been implemented in low- sejam moradores daqui, mas com income communities (favelas) of Rio de Janeiro. um entendimento de que se houver Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 37 necessidade que não se encontre no tecnologia pode servir para mudar essa local, se contrate profissionais de fora realidade? da localidade. Tudo isso faz parte dessa preparação de discutir a relação com a N.A.: A realidade de um tiroteio é muito comunidade. Não tem um mês que a mais forte que qualquer curso de IT ou gente chegue aqui para dar aula sem que discurso filosófico que se possa dar. Aqui tenha havido um tiroteio na madrugada tem coisas fantásticas. Ninguém escolhe ou durante o próprio dia. Então como o lugar de nascimento, mas ele decide atender às crianças aqui, sem conversar as possibilidades que a criança tem. E sobre isso? Sem conversar sobre que isso é a coisa surreal, que o estado deve cidade é essa? ajudar. No início houve muito espanto de todos, dado a diferença do que se Como nesse contexto social e geográfico tem neste espaço e a realidade do lugar. você consegue não discutir a violência Como se trabalha isso? O equipamento foi urbana, e também as oportunidades dos construído com dinheiro público, então jovens? Por que é que nas escolas não isso aqui é de todos nós. Essa conversa se discute, por que para os jovens da que se faz com todo mundo que chega periferia as oportunidades são sempre de aqui. Se é de todos nós, devemos cuidar, trabalhar em mecânica, de trabalhar em nós somos responsáveis, não foi dado. Ou portarias, de trabalhar como cabeleireiro, seja, atuamos para esclarecer o sentido num salão de beleza ou numa sala policial, público da coisa pública. Temos no Brasil no exército militar? Nada contrário aos uma cultura de clientelismo, de fazer cursos, mas por que só esses? Por que é política dessa forma, você deixa uma coisa que não tem recursos para ser piloto de em troca de votos, principalmente quando helicóptero, não tem curso de filosofia, chegam as eleições. É um modelo que a de pensamento crítico? São necessários gente ainda não chegou a superar. Aqui no para fazer melhor as coisas técnicas. Eu Rio, e no Brasil em geral, se tem uma classe acho que um cabeleireiro será melhor média que não quer mudanças, e que faz por quanto mais ele tiver um pensamento de tudo para que essa população não se crítico. Mas as oportunidades dos jovens misture economicamente e socialmente. ficam muito nessa linha. E nós estamos Eu sou a favor de começar com mudanças aqui para apresentar os conhecimentos da consciência, do pensamento. das novas tecnologias com o pensamento reflexivo, crítico. Antes de formar F.M.: As crianças têm essa consciência programadores é necessário discutir essas da polarizacao social, das injustiças que questões humanas, fundamentais. a sociedade urbana impõe sobre a vida delas? F.M.: Se a tecnologia chega no segundo lugar, depois da realidade social, como a N.A.: A gente faz essa discussão aqui, o resultado é limitado por um silêncio Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 38 perigoso, a opressão está por dentro da pessoa: o pobre, o desfavorecido economicamente, ele é crescido, nascido para não falar, não ver, não escutar.

Você tem o equipamento, bom. Mas é do governo. Se as pessoas que entram aqui experienciam que o espaço pode funcionar para todo mundo, isso cria um sentido público. E eu acho que é essa consciência que a gente tocou aqui nesse espaço.

F.M.: Seria essa uma cidade inteligente, então, onde a tecnologia incentiva o diálogo entre vizinhos e classes sociais?

N.A.: A tecnologia é fundamental para a vida em sociedade. Acredito que a tecnologia pode servir à ascensão social se ela for usada com intenções libertárias, de emancipação, prestar o serviço para as pessoas, ampliando o diálogo e criando uma consciência sobre as condições que reproduzem a injustiça, como a opressão policial, a violência, a exclusão de certos segmentos do povo do mercado liberal, e mesmo de um pensamento crítico sobre a sociedade. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 39

“Smart Cities for whom, for which Citizens?” Lucas Melgaço, Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Interview by Frank Müller University of Amsterdam

Rio de Janeiro, May 2016

So-called “smart” solutions are changing (how) do these change the way we live in the way we experience and talk about the cities? security in urban environments. The shifting relations between new Lucas Melgaço (L.M.): When one thinks technologies of information and security about the connections between policing therefore deserve increased academic and surveillance, the first image that comes interests. It is in this vein that Lucas to mind is that of Closed-Circuit Television Melgaço is skeptical about the positive Cameras (CCTV). It is not uncommon to impact of technophile surveillance policies think of CCTV systems as centralized in the in cities around the globe. Despite the hands of the state, something Orwellian or profound differences regarding practices alongside the Big Brother idea. However, and discourses of crime and security, present and future scenarios seem to Melgaço does outline some similarities indicate a different model. Nowadays, between cities of the Global North and besides these videos, there is an almost those of the Global South (a dichotomy infinite number of images generated whose explanatory capacity seems today, by a large variety of public and private more than ever, doubtable). These, he surveillance cameras, as well as by other argues, deserve taking into account the technologies such as drones, digital academic works of authors like Brazilian cameras, smartphones, body cams and so Geographer Milton Santos, whose thinking on. - among that of many other researchers - has been marginalized out of the “English- What calls my attention today is exactly speaking bubble”. the possibility of integrating and converging data from all of these different Frank Müller (F.M.): Which most sources. Take, for example, the case of important changes in the field of policing the man in the hat, Mohamed Abrini, and surveillance in the last decade do you the terrorist at the airport in Brussels observe? Which technological innovations that did not explode himself. The police have been important for research in asked the general public to send all sort security studies and criminology? And of images they possessed from the date of Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 40 the attack. With the images they received more of a globally circulating label that (mainly footage from diverse types of fuels inter-urban competition? private CCTV cameras), they managed to retrace his steps after the event (a video L.M.: Once I heard that Rio de Janeiro, compilation can be found at youtube.com/ maybe the most complex and unique of watch?v=eha_KqdSvCI). Brazilian cities, could become the first Smart City in Latin America. As part of the Although this is an example in which city’s “preparation” to hold mega-events information is still centred in the hands – such as the World Cup and the Olympic of law enforcement agents, the sources Games – considerable funds are being involved are multiple and are not limited spent in equipping the city with high-tech to those produced by the state. More than urban technology. The best example is the a specific technology, I believe that “data creation of the Integrated Command and integration” seems to be the new keyword Control Centre (CICC). to understand the near future in terms of policing and surveillance. Such integration Among the many functions of the CICC, is obviously not limited to images, but there is traffic management. However, includes a wide range of data generated in if one analyses the efficiency of public our daily digital life. transportation in Rio, the precariousness with which traffic information is handled The main challenge for law enforcement becomes obvious. To give but one example, agents will be to find ways of making many of the bus stops in Rio de Janeiro do sense of all this different data that are now not give any information about the bus referred to as Big Data. We do not only lines that serve that spot. Moreover, there have a myriad of information available, are even stops where there is absolutely but above all, there is the possibility of nothing, not even a pole indicating that connecting dots and telling stories. This there is a bus stop there. is at the same time exciting, if one thinks in terms of the possibilities for police I find this example didactic, as it shows investigation (although the increase how the Smart City label is embedded of surveillance has shown to be very with a certain fetishism of the digital, a ineffective in preventing recent terrorist fetishism that does not necessarily make attacks), and terrifying, if one thinks about the city “smarter”. Thus, a city can be at the the risks to privacy or the chances of same time digitized and “dumb”. We have reinforcing racial profiling, xenophobia or to ask ourselves what are the interests other forms of prejudice. behind the use of such labels. I agree with F.M.: Smart Urbanism/ Smart City – what you that the main motivation behind the do you think of these concepts? Do they term is that of marketing cities. But most have an analytical use for you? Are they importantly, we must ask: Smart Cities for whom, for which citizens? Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 41

can calculate the number and weight of F.M.: However one understands those users, the most frequent accessed floors terms, which are the implementations for and so on. It is a physical object that is also urban transformation, considering urban a sensor. planning, governance and surveillance, for instance? Is the situation in Europe similar The same can be said about our homes. or different from Latin American cities? Think about all the gadgets you have at home and how they are collecting your L.M.: Despite being sceptical about the private data. Or even think about how uncritical use of the Smart City label, it is much data and traces a person leaves undeniable that cities are changing and during a normal journey from home to becoming more and more digitized. This work: all the CCTV cameras that capture digitization changes the way we see urban one’s movements, the logs generated by planning, governance and surveillance. the use of mobility cards, the geolocated One of the main novelties here is the data generated by phones embedded with spread of the internet through two main GPS etc. ways: smartphones and the internet of things. A new digital layer is covering the “physical”, “tangible” space. For urban Although smartphones are still expensive planners, it would be interesting, for and therefore not accessible to all, they example, to see how this digital layer is are becoming increasingly cheaper and being unequally spread across cities, how ubiquitous. If in the past we had to sit in certain neighbourhoods are more digital front of a computer in order to connect than others, how poor neighbourhoods are to the worldwide web, today even the finding alternative ways to be connected expression “connecting to the internet” and digital, and how smartphones are seems to be losing its utility. being used, for example, to record acts of police abuse and violence. We can always be connected, always be on the internet and, most interestingly, we can In terms of governance (although I bring the internet with us wherever we go. have some issues with using this term See, for example, the role of the internet as a proper concept), I believe there is in some favelas of Rio, where locals are a new trend of citizen empowerment. using social media and smartphones to Such technologies may boost citizens’ report all sort of injustices, including police participation in democratic decisions. It brutality. The second point I wanted to must be highlighted, however, that there highlight is the fact that once just normal is a dialectical situation, that is to say, physical structures, like an elevator, for there are two confronting trends: one example, today can become part of this of data integration and centralization of so-called internet of things. The elevator information in the hands of hegemonic Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 42 forces, as I presented before, and one more. In Rio, militarization is happening of more democratic and bottom-up mainly in poor neighbourhoods (as the initiatives, where ordinary citizens are rich can count on private initiatives), empowered by new information and whereas in Brussels, you can see that it is communication technologies. more prevalent in the wealthy and central neighbourhoods of the European Union F.M.: Thinking of the attacks in Brussels headquarters. In Rio, they try to fight a in the spring of 2016, in Paris last year, in more predictable target, drug-trafficking London or Madrid, and of the increasing criminals. In Brussels, however, they have militarization of urban space: What can to deal with the unpredictability of terrorist researchers in the vague field of urban attacks. security studies learn from research in Urban Latin America, particularly in Brazil? I just don’t see how the presence of And even more precisely, what can they military officers in a crowded public learn from the studies of conflict and space or in some of the metro stations insurgency in the urban peripheries of could prevent a terrorist from carrying that continent? a hidden bomb and blowing himself up. Militarization of public spaces did not L.M.: This is a difficult question. At first solve the problem in Brazilian favelas, sight, I don’t see how one can learn from and it is not going to solve the problem of each other, since the situations in Brazil terrorism. Such militarization just proves and in Europe vis-à-vis criminality are that there is a lack of decent public policies very different. Terrorism, for example, is for social inclusion. Moreover, both the a word absolutely absent in the security intelligence of drug cartels and terrorist discourse in Brazil. This may be changing networks will not simply surrender to flat now in light of the mega sporting events, law enforcement actions, but may have but it is still not a major priority for the to be fought through complex strategies authorities. Brazilians fear different that include social policies and counter- things. Brazil is a divided country where intelligence strategies. Thus, the presence the rich fear the poor, and the poor fear of military forces on the streets is no the police. However, in one point they more than a “security theatre”. In that may be indeed comparable and you have sense, we could say Belgian and Brazilian already mentioned it in your question: the urban militarization appear to be similar militarization of urban space. in at least one aspect: they are part of a “security spectacle”. The militarization of favelas in Rio de Janeiro proved to be a complete failure. It F.M.: You wrote an article on the is not only an ineffective strategy against discrepancy of the reception of Milton criminality, but also an initiative that Santos´ work in Europe and North America criminalizes and punishes the poor even on one side, and Latin America on the other side. Which are the most important Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 43 contributions of his work from which even if they are set apart. I am applying urban studies in the “North” can learn from this idea to understand the use of live - in what sense is it helpful? How does his streaming (like those promoted by the work help you in your understanding of collective Mídia Ninja during the vinegar new phenomena, such as Smart Urbanism protests in Brazil) as an act of resistance and Big Data, for contemporary security during street protests. issues? This is what is outstanding about his L.M.: You are being very optimistic by theory. Many of his concepts, if not saying there is an actual “reception” of most of them, are still applicable to the his works in Europe and North America. understanding of this ever-evolving reality. People from what you are calling the It is a pity, however, that Europe and North “North” (a dichotomy that does not America are imprisoned in this English- explain the world of today anymore) may speaking bubble. have heard about Santos, but his work is not in fact being used. You don’t see his works being quoted or his concepts being applied. Santos’s contributions to urban studies, to geography and, broadly, to human sciences, are very vast. He did not only launch one good idea, one important concept, as many important authors have done, but he put together a set of interconnected concepts that form a very strong theory.

For Santos, geography is the “philosophy of the techniques”. Only this is already enough to show the sophistication of his ideas. His periodization of space through the idea of different technical ages is very useful to understand the world today. In spite of him having passed away in 2001, much before terms like Big Data and Smart Urbanism were in vogue, his theory remains vivid today. Right now, I am finishing an article where I make use of his brilliant concept of “convergence of moments”, that is to say, the possibility of two people sharing the same “moment” Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 44

INTERVENTIONS

Gisela Pérez de Acha (2015) Informe: Hacking Team malware para la vigilancia en América Latina Website: derechosdigitales.org, 82 pp.

Reviewed by Carlos Alba Villalever Freie Universität Berlin

When we connect to the internet, the us about surveillance practices plays an internet connects back to us. Every day we important role in holding the authorities willingly give out our personal information and companies involved accountable. A and those of friends and acquaintances, on good example is this report, written by whom we constantly report to services like Mexican lawyer and activist Gisela Pérez Facebook or LinkedIn in order to remain de Acha and issued by Derechos Digitales, “connected”. Data about us is continually a Chilean NGO present in all Latin harvested, aggregated and analyzed, not America that focuses on advocacy issues only for commercial purposes, but also for concerning fundamental human rights in mass surveillance, policing and control. the digital sphere. The private data we leave behind as much on the internet as in our own electronic In this case, the work of Pérez de Acha devices – search history, e-mails, text avails itself of a trove of more than 400 messages, phone calls, locations, address Gigabytes of data delivered to WikiLeaks books, calendars, documents, pictures, by hacker Phineas Fisher that exposes videos, and even records of the food we the dealings of Hacking Team, an Italian eat – tells a story about us that is made information technology company up of facts that are not necessarily true. specialized in surveillance and “offensive As State sanctioned surveillance practices security” products for governments motivate the systematized recollection around the world. Through a series of all these data and feed a growing of leaked internal e-mails, invoices, international market for spying tools, files and source codes from Hacking we are losing control over the narrative Team, her report exposes the details of of our lives by becoming increasingly negotiations between this company and vulnerable to abusive policing justified by thirteen countries in the Latin American unwarranted scrutiny. region: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, In this context, the information that Honduras, Mexico, Panama and Argentina, whistleblowers and activists convey to Guatemala, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 45 and Venezuela. Her emphasis is on the communication interception technologies first seven countries, as for these there is by nation states. The work’s conclusion actual proof of Hacking Team’s products states that the legal frameworks necessary and services having been purchased, to regulate the use of surveillance software while for the other six there is only proof by the police exist, but are outdated and of communication between parties. should be enforced with greater care.

Hacking Team’s dealings with these The report engages in two main governments mainly involve licensing of a discussions: the (in)security of information, piece of software called “Remote Control especially with regard to controlling the System” (RCS), which can infiltrate almost sale and trafficking of so called “dual use any electronic device from a distance technologies” (which can have both a and take control of most of its features. civilian and military purpose) - in this case RCS can turn a device’s GPS, microphone Latin American States’ use of proprietary and cameras on and off to track one’s hacking tools to spy on the population; and movements and to listen to, watch and the region’s legal frameworks surrounding log their activities. It can intercept, record the respect for digital human rights, and alter all incoming and outgoing particularly concerning the right to privacy, communications, as well as access any freedom of speech and due process. file stored in the device and record every single character typed into it - without its The overall analysis of the report focuses owner ever knowing it. strongly on the second discussion by bringing forward the discrepancies The report has a straightforward structure. between the use of spying software and The summary provides a brief overview the protection that the legal frameworks of the work’s problem, objectives and of each of the referred Latin American findings. A succinct introduction presents countries should provide. It analyzes the context of the report and draws the the legality of using RCS through three main lines of questioning – namely, what lines of questioning: 1) in the context of the purchase of Hacking Team’s software judicial investigations or the activities of implies for Latin American democracies, intelligence organizations; 2) with regard how the software is utilized, its reach to the rules and regulations that allow and potential dangers, whether its use is geolocalization of people through their legal or not and whether or not there are devices; 3) as compared to the use of sanctions in the second case. Two parts search warrants. In this sense, the report made up by five chapters focus, first, on shows a markedly normative character the details about the human and technical that seeks to put forward the illegality of aspects of how the RCS works. Secondly, producing, purchasing and using hacking/ on the ethical and legal issues around spying software. More specifically, it the use of unregulated surveillance and argues that even though interception of Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 46 private communications is regulated in The main concern is the overall normative all of the alluded countries, RCS escapes approach that it presents. Not only does judicial order not only because it is much it rely too heavily on the letter of the more invasive than traditional surveillance law to make its assertions and fails to techniques, but because its features are provide and analyze concrete examples hardly contemplated by the letter of the of the use of RCS, but, more importantly, law. Thus, its use jeopardizes the right to it is completely oblivious to the existence privacy, freedom of speech and – especially of a very broad information security – to due process. community that incarnates the “civilian side” of these “dual use technologies”. A Ultimately, the report pushes for an open very active community that develops, uses discussion to draw out the adequate and analyzes both proprietary and free norms, legal regimes and sanctions that and open source software for penetration have to regulate these technologies. It testing and signals’ intelligence, and that also states that intelligence services, constantly spurs debate and exposes the which have far greater legal leeway to spy (in)security of information against the on the population, should be bound by backdrop of a worldwide market that feeds a framework that specifies well-defined from it, as well as against overbearing controls and responsibilities, clearly State espionage. established capacities and application parameters, transparent and openly discussed criteria to decide who might be a “suspect” or whose devices can be spied on.

The report is interesting in many respects; its strongest suit is the detailed legal overview it makes for each of the alluded Latin American countries. Another strong point is that it evidences a growing strategy for mass State surveillance of the public – namely, the hacking of personal electronic devices - and puts a strong emphasis on the extent to which it can be detrimental to any individual. It exploits primary sources that are very rich and seldom used and gives salience to hacking, leaking and information (in)security. However, it is not devoid of problems. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 47

CURRENT DEBATES

Wiebke Keim, Ercüment Çelik, Christian Ersche y Veronika Wöhrer (2014) Global Knowledge Production in the Social Sciences. Made in Circulation Farnham: Ashgate, 267 p.

Reseñado por Sabina García Peter Freie Universität Berlin

En un esfuerzo por proveer La compilación incluye trece artículos, conceptualizaciones actuales en torno a agrupados en cuatro partes, más una la idea de ‘circulación’, presentar estudios introducción y una conclusión que guían empíricos novedosos sobre la circulación el desarrollo de la misma. A diferencia internacional del conocimiento en las de lo que ocurre en muchos volúmenes ciencias sociales y dar respuesta a la compilatorios, destaca un verdadero pregunta acerca del tipo de conocimiento esfuerzo por contribuir colectivamente al que se produce en los procesos de desarrollo (auto-reflexivo) de una temática circulación, es que en 2014 se publica el común, por encima de las particularidades presente volumen. del trabajo de cada investigador e investigadora – sus objetos, disciplinas Los editores, cuatro jóvenes y lugares geográficos de estudio e investigadores e investigadoras, investigación. pertenecieron al proyecto de investigación “Universality and the Acceptance Potential El volumen comienza con una introducción of Social Science Knowledge: On the cuyo propósito no es solamente presentar Circulation of Knowledge between Europe el contenido del libro, si no posicionarse and the Global South” (2010-2014), dentro de los debates académicos más acogidos por el Instituto de Sociología de actuales que son, como señalan los editores, la Universidad de Friburgo, Alemania, bajo producto de encuentros, intercambios la dirección de la socióloga Wiebke Keim. El y colaboraciones científico-académicas volumen es el resultado de las discusiones internacionales. Ésta es la única referencia y los debates que se generaron en el respecto al tipo de conocimiento que marco de este proyecto, y que contó con aborda el libro, a saber el conocimiento la visita de investigadores e investigadoras científico-académico. Durante la lectura de distintas partes del mundo, varios de introductoria destaca la importancia los cuales participan en la publicación. otorgada al concepto de ‘circulación’, sin embargo, no se problematiza lo que es el Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 48 objeto mismo de circulación, es decir, la La primera parte del libro se titula ‘Desafíos idea de ‘conocimiento’, aunque se señala actuales respecto al tiempo, el espacio y los que el foco está puesto en la sociología conceptos de la circulación: sugerencias’1. como disciplina académica. Los desafíos en relación al tiempo y el espacio son presentados por Mary E. John Esto último representa, a su vez, una de y Leandro Rodríguez. La primera, al sugerir las limitaciones del volumen, ya que una la utilización del término ‘posnacional’ dimensión importante en la circulación (“postnational”) – en reemplazo de de conocimientos es no sólo la asimetría términos como ‘global’ o poscolonial’ – existente entre y dentro de lugares geo- para dar cuenta de la conformación de políticos que ocupan distintas y desiguales la actual agenda de investigación dentro posiciones dentro de la comunidad y más allá de los estados nacionales; el científica internacional –caracterizadas segundo, al analizar la interacción de los en el libro como asimetría Norte-Sur–, niveles micro y macro en la práctica de las sino también las asimetrías existentes relaciones entre centro y periferia, a partir entre disciplinas y actores productores del caso particular de la circulación de las de conocimiento que, a su vez, están teorías de Luhmann en Hispanoamérica atravesados por distintos ejes de y el papel de esta circulación en la (re) desigualdad. estructuración del campo de la sociología.

En este sentido, si bien las contribuciones Las otras dos contribuciones hacen una reconocen la existencia de asimetrías referencia directa a los desafíos del materiales y de poder que afectan la concepto de circulación: Nicolas Guillot producción del mismo, poco se ahonda – desde una perspectiva más empírica en las diferentes formas en que dichas que pone en el centro la historia de las asimetrías se materializan y las distintas teorías sobre relaciones internacionales – dimensiones que atraviesan, las cuales y Wiebke Keim – quien dedica su capítulo van más allá de la dimensión geográfica. a la conceptualización del concepto de circulación – critican la noción de Ahora bien, los editores son claros en circulación propuesta por Bourdieu en términos de los objetivos y la contribución su artículo ‘Les conditions sociales de la del libro: se trata de re-pensar las distintas circulation internationale des idées’ (2002) ciencias sociales que se desarrollan en y proponen una conceptualización que forma paralela con escasas referencias vaya más allá. las unas sobre las otras, presentando en forma conjunta distintas visiones y La segunda parte, denominada ‘Redes proyectos (11), a la vez que intentando de las ciencias sociales a través del Sur’2, ser coherentes con su discurso al incluir contribuciones de autores del Sur global. 1 “Current Challenges regarding Time, Space and Concepts of Circulation: suggestions” 2 “Social Science Network across the South” Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 49 es un esfuerzo basado en la empírea parte, aprovecha el contexto de la crítica por poner el foco en las posibilidades poscolonial para dar cuenta de tres de ‘aprender más allá de la periferia’3 formas en que la sociología ha intentado como una forma de reflexionar –desde compensar su negligencia respecto a el Sur– sobre las posibilidad de un incluir a aquellos que son representados diálogo Sur-Norte, a partir de las redes y como los ‘otros’ en la construcción de la cooperaciones desarrolladas, tanto desde modernidad –modernidades múltiples, una perspectiva histórica (Devés Valdés) sociología multicultural y cosmopolitismo–. como actual (Valdés; Webster). Para finalizar, Savransky sugiere que sólo la experiencia de vacilación (“hesitation”) ‘Perspectivas alternativas desde el Sur’4 permite transformar la tarea de construir es la tercera parte del libro encargada de una ciencia social ‘global’ en una aventura presentar formas alternativas de hacer cosmopolítica. sociología en una escala global, más allá de los cánones hegemónicos actuales de El libro finaliza con una conclusión donde la disciplina, donde se plantean nuevas se retoman tres reflexiones generales formas de preservar y diseminar el elaboradas colectivamente a lo largo de la conocimiento (Sitas), la importancia de la obra, a la vez que se plantean una serie relación entre arte y movimientos sociales de desafíos para el futuro : la necesidad en contextos metropolitanos (Damodaran) de ahondar en un abordaje teórico- y los alcances de basarse en teorías y conceptual de la circulación internacional desarrollos del neoliberalismo desde el del conocimiento en las ciencias sociales; Sur global para estudiar las consecuencias la necesidad de establecer los arreglos de éste último a nivel local y global (Connell internacionales de cooperación que son y Dados). necesarios para permitir una circulación del conocimiento no hegemónica; y En la cuarta parte, ‘Nuevas disposiciones el desafío epistemológico que implica epistemológicas de las ciencias sociales abandonar la presuntuosa idea de después de las críticas al eurocentrismo y universalidad sin caer en un relativismo el giro poscolonial’5, Rehbein se enfrenta absoluto. a la pretensión de universalidad y verdad hasta ahora dominantes en el En definitiva, se trata de un libro tanto contexto de un mundo multicéntrico (y actual como importante y necesario en su multiperiférico) donde los dominantes y temática, toda vez que ofrece reflexiones dominados no pueden ser vistos como interesantes para cualquier persona grupos homogéneos. Bhambra, por su involucrada en la producción y circulación de conocimientos. 3 “learning across the periphery” 4 “Alternative Perspectives from the South” 5 “Epistemological rearrangements of the social sciences after critiques of eurocentrism an the postcolonial turn” Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 50

Aram Ziai (2015) Development Discourse and Global History: From Colonialism to the Sustainable Development Goals London and New York: Routledge, 244 p.

Reviewed by Maximiliano Vila Seoane University of Bonn

Post-development researchers advocate suited for the task; he is a Professor of the end of international development Development and Postcolonial Studies at because they understand it as a tool of the University of Kassel, in Germany. domination of the Global North over the Global South. How do they arrive to this Compared to previous post-development Manichaean assessment? Generally, works, Ziai skillfully adapts and applies researchers in this tradition employ concepts from Foucault’s discourse discourse analysis to unveil power relations analysis, offering historical and more implied in concepts frequently used in the nuanced statements about development development industry, such as sustainable discourse. In effect, in chapter 2 Ziai development. At first sight, these concepts describes his post-structuralist approach are quite broad and positive. However, to discourse analysis, which considers post-development researchers assert discourses infinite, unstable and dynamic that, upon closer scrutiny, other not-so- in time. Samaritan patterns emerge. Within this framework, the aim of the book Aram Ziai’s book is part of this tradition as is to analyze the discourse of international it examines the changes in development development organizations by studying discourse, by means of a Foucauldian their reports and projects from two discourse analysis, in order to unveil Foucauldian-inspired perspectives: its structure, aims and implicit power archeology and genealogy. Archeology relations. The book has 15 conceptually refers to the systematic study of clear, engaging and well-written chapters, regularities in discourse production. In where the author argues in favor of chapters 3-6, Ziai claims that development discourse analysis for development broke with the colonial discourse in research in response to criticism that has several ways. For instance, it focuses challenged the previous sloppy application on nation states and no longer overtly of the approach (Pieterse 2011). Ziai is well speaks of racism. Nevertheless, it also Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 51 presented several continuities, such as as economic liberalization – with an the assumption that the Global North is inherently positive view on free trade, superior to the Global South, imposing disregarding its consequences. On the its own values and models of a good other hand, they include issues previously society and accepting that these models ignored, such as inequality and climate can be achieved thanks to objective and change. apolitical experts that have the know-how needed to develop the underdeveloped. Perhaps to compensate for the overall However, Ziai asserts that these models pessimistic perspective of development, and knowledge hide the unequal global Ziai recognizes that development structures that might produce the discourse can be adapted and may be problems development industry aims to transformed by Global South elites in solve. progressive ways contrary to the interests of those who created it. Nonetheless, Ziai For these reasons, Ziai describes prefers the contestation of the discourse development as Eurocentric, authoritarian instead of appropriations in order to and depoliticizing, which leads him to overcome the structural limits he detects firmly believe that the concept should in development. However, it is fair to say be abandoned. In chapters seven to 14, that the space for these is minimal in the Ziai conducts a genealogical analysis of book. development discourse in order to reveal its historical changes and the associated Overall, Ziai makes a strong argument dynamics of knowledge-power relations. in favor of discourse analysis in order to Throughout the chapters, Ziai shows the reveal the assumptions taken for granted continuity of the authoritarian, Eurocentric by development organizations and experts and depoliticizing features of the original who continuously claim to hold the truth to version of the discourse. achieve the good life in countries which, in many cases, they might barely know. This However, he recognizes some tension is important for researchers working in around new concepts, such as Latin America, where the influence of such “participation” or “climate change”, objective and apolitical organizations and which cause interference with the experts is still quite present. Therefore, rules of formation of the initial the approach could be useful to examine development discourse created after the features of discourses and its local World War II. For example, in chapter 14, adaptations in the region. Likewise, it can Ziai argues that the Sustainable be employed to study discourses that Development Goals (SDG) have elements contest development, for example, the beyond the original structure of Buen Vivir in Bolivia and Ecuador. development discourse. On one hand, they embrace globalization – understood Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 52

Despite its theoretical lucidity, the book imbalances that sustain development is less clear on the methods of analysis discourse, let alone change them. employed. There are few methodological Accordingly, other types of research notes or references to literature explaining methods – such as case studies or how discursive structures were analyzed, ethnographic research, which are which would have helped the reader to more sensitive to the effects of other extend the analysis to other organizations material factors – would have further and discourses. Additionally, the strengthened (or disproved) much of the conclusions of most chapters seem to arguments of the book (Pieterse 2011). neglect evidence that might contradict Such strategies are indispensable because its arguments. Simply selectively what organizations say they will do does using documents from international not always align with what they ultimately organizations is a reductionist strategy implement in practice. to analyze and assess the work of these organizations, which makes many of the Nonetheless, I would still recommend conclusions of the book not empirically the book to researchers, activists and convincing. readers interested in learning about critical discourse analysis of international Moreover, it is true that discourse analysis development organizations of the USA based on ethnographic research can and Europe, who could get inspired for deal with the critique of losing sight of conducting more empirically grounded materiality, but it is certainly not the case research. of this book. For example, Ziai claims that progressive change can only take Bibliography place if we change discursive structures, Pieterse, Jan Nederveen. 2011. “Discourse which in his view would involve replacing Analysis in International Development Studies”, in: Journal of Multicultural Dis- development with global social policy or courses, 6(3), 237-240. social change.

However, this proposal seems unrealistic even within Ziai´s theoretical framework, because a change in names neither directly alters the practices of powerful actors, nor of all the institutions dedicated to profit, and replicate the contradictions of development that the book so well describes. Therefore, discourse analysis of the way of speaking is important, but it is definitely not enough to analyze the geopolitical and geoeconomic power Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 53

Wil G. Pansters (Ed.) (2012) Violence, Coercion, and State-Making in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Other Half of the Centaur Stanford University Press: California

Reseñado por Carlos Pérez Ricart Freie Universität Berlin

¿Cuánto hubo de violencia y coerción en al menos interpelado, con lo escrito en los el proceso de construcción del Estado once capítulos que componen el cuerpo mexicano en el Siglo XX? Esa es la pregunta del libro. central que articula la compilación de artículos escritos por una cohorte de En segundo término, la compilación ofrece historiadores, antropólogos, politólogos una importante contribución a la discusión y sociólogos coordinados y convocados sobre el papel de la violencia en los procesos por Wil. G. Pansters. Cada uno de los once de democratización en América Latina capítulos del libro hace contrapunto a la en contextos de adopción de políticas idea, más bien dominante en la bibliografía, neoliberales. A lo largo de varios de los de que la violencia proveniente del Estado capítulos se señala lo que otros ya han o de grupos cercanos a éste debe ser apuntado para el resto del continente: los entendida como fenómeno aberrante del procesos de democratización en América sistema político mexicano. Por el contrario, Latina no estuvieron acompañados de una en este libro, se propone que la violencia disminución de la violencia y coerción. Por y coerción son, precisamente, ejes el contrario, la alternancia política provocó constitutivos del sistema: un prerrequisito el desplazamiento, descentralización y para la institucionalización del régimen – vaya paradoja – democratización de la posrevolucionario. violencia. A lo largo del libro se presenta evidencia empírica a este respecto. El libro participa, cuando menos, en tres debates académicos de manera paralela. Por último, el debate sobre la relación En el primero,sienta las bases mínimas entre Estado, crimen organizado y para un debate teórico capaz de analizar sociedad. Ante el reto de interpretar críticamente los temas de violencia, aquella violencia que emana de actores coerción y construcción del Estado para ligados a las instituciones formales, en el caso mexicano. En ese sentido, todo el libro se discuten, interpelan y ponen mexicanista debería sentirse convocado, o a prueba un conjunto de conceptos Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 54 como son el de “violencia para-estatal” cumple el objetivo con poca fortuna; del mismo Pansters, “lado obscuro no por falta de destreza sino por límites del Estado” [dark side of state] de John estructurales: la falta de archivos Gledhill, “áreas marrones del Estado” disponibles. Cierra el primer bloque de [brown areas of the state] de Guillermo artículos David A. Shirk quien trata el O’Donnell, “zonas grises del Estado” tema de la frontera norte como zona de [gray zones of the state] de Javier Auyero ambigüedad y caja de resonancia de las o “instituciones crepusculares” [twilight crisis políticas del Estado mexicano. institutions] de Christian Lund. (La lista la hace Pansters en p.24). Si bien al editor El segundo bloque está dedicado a la y a sus contribuidores les interesa cómo “zonas grises del Estado”. En su capítulo, esas zonas emergen, se expanden o se Alan Knight propone una exploración reducen en México, cualquier interesado preliminar a la relación Estado-crimen en entender la nebulosa relación entre organizado en el México del siglo XX; el crimen organizado, Estado y sociedad en historiador inglés logra desentrañar el otras geografías, encontrará en el libro papel mafioso de las estructuras estatales casos para el análisis, el contraste y la en la cadena de producción y exportación comparación. de drogas. Se echa de menos, sin embargo, una búsqueda más amplia por teorizar sus Además de la introducción de Pansters y casos. Esa falencia la suple en su capítulo la conclusión escrita por Kees Koonings, el Mónica Serrano. libro está compuesto por tres apartados que articulan, por partes iguales, nueve La académica mexicana analiza el capítulos. El primer bloque –dedicado vínculo entre el fin de las capacidades a los “pilares coercitivos del Estado”– regulatorias del Estado y dos transiciones lo encabeza el capítulo del historiador relevantes: la desarticulación del sistema Paul Gillingham; en éste se cuestiona el de sustitución de importaciones, y los carácter pacífico de la así llamada pax primeros brotes de alternancia política priista. Para hacerlo, Gillingham inquiere en el país. Lo que le sigue es un buen en el empleo de la violencia selectiva por análisis de cómo la desarticulación de parte de Crispín Aguilar – pistolero del ciertos arreglos institucionales del sistema líder regional Manuel Parra en Veracruz. político modificó también la naturaleza del La figura de Aguilar funciona como la del narcotráfico en México. representante de la violencia para-estatal teorizada por Pansters en la introducción. José Carlos Aguiar toca el tema de la “otra guerra” iniciada en los últimos años: el de En su capítulo, Diana Davis describe el la guerra contra la piratería – una serie de papel de la policía en las transformaciones políticas públicas destinadas a proteger la políticas que van del periodo revolucionario propiedad legal e intelectual de productos a nuestra época. En extremo ambicioso, de corporaciones transnacionales. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 55

El Mercado de San Juan de Dios en El excepcionalísimo mexicano – si lo hubo Guadalajara le sirve como sitio para su – ha terminado, concluye Kees Koonings. investigación etnográfica. La violencia de hoy, como la de ayer, sigue siendo política y tiene consecuencias El tercer y último bloque de artículos políticas. Ni la transición política ni la versa sobre corporativismo, clientelismo apertura económica contuvieron las y comunidades indígenas. Marcos Águila y lógicas del pasado; en muchos casos Jeffrey Bortz analizan el uso de la violencia las profundizaron. En esa idea se capta en la relación entre Estado y sindicalistas bien el sentido de un libro urgente y en dos momentos diferentes: la década de recomendado tanto para el gran público los años veinte y la de los años sesenta: son como para especialistas. Esperemos momentos en que el Estado se presenta que su aproximación transdisciplinaria, de manera distinta y, en consecuencia, historicista y sin esencialismos haga aplica la violencia de formas disímiles. En escuela en la bibliografía que busca ambos casos, sin embargo, la conclusión entender las bases sobre las que se es parecida: el uso de la violencia estatal asienta el Estado mexicano de hoy. no siempre fue legal, no siempre fue justa, y no siempre favoreció a los trabajadores.

En su capítulo, basado en algunas observaciones etnográficas realizadas en una zona cañera de Michoacán, la antropóloga Kathy Powell afirma que distintas formas de coerción y violencia son constitutivas a las relaciones de poder sobre las que se apoyan las relaciones de patronazgo; más aún, sostiene que en un contexto neoliberal, éstas se intensifican.

En la misma línea que Powell, otro antropólogo, John Gledhill, subraya, en su texto sobre la relación entre Estado y comunidades indígenas, cómo los discursos multiculturales aceptados desde el Estado ayudaron y ayudan a perpetuar situaciones de marginalidad y exclusión en comunidades indígenas – su trabajo etnográfico en Ostula, Michoacán, sirve como base a sus afirmaciones. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 56

CROLAR Volumes published since July 2012:

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Inequalities”, Vol.1, No.1, July 2012, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Violence & (In)Security”, Vol.1, No.2, December 2012, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Resistance and Social Movements”, Vol.2, No.1, April 2013, Berlin: Lateinamerika- Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Lo Urbano: Current Urban Research in and from Latin America”, Vol.2, No.2, October 2013, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Politics, Societies and Cultures in Contemporary Central America”, Vol.3, No.1, April 2014, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Asymmetries of Knowledge in Latin America”, Vol.3, No.2, October 2014, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Gender and Deviance in Latin America”, Vol. 4, No.1, April 2015, Berlin: Lateinamerika- Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Sound and dissonance: music in Latin American culture”, Vol.4, No.2, October 2015, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Science, Technology, Society – and the Americas?”, Vol.5, No.1, April 2016, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin. Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 57

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research: “Digitalizing Urban Latin America - A New Layer for Persistent Inequalities?”, Vol. 5, No.2, October 2016, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research (forthcoming): “Latin American Public Finance and Taxes in the Digital Era”, Vol.6, No.1, April 2017, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin.

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research (forthcoming): “Rethinking Latin American Memories: Trajectories of their Study and Construction”, Vol.6, No.2, April 2017, Berlin: Lateinamerika-Institut of the Freie Universität Berlin. Critical Reviews on Latin American Research | 58

CROLAR Critical Reviews on Latin American Research

CROLAR is an online review journal offering critical reviews of recently published writings on Latin America, founded in July 2012 and domiciled at the Institute for Latin American Studies at the Freie Universität Berlin. CROLAR is peer-reviewed by at least two external reviewers.

It is an interdisciplinary journal embracing contributions on literary studies, history, sociology, economics, anthropology and political science. It is an open access and free to use journal. CROLAR is a multilingual journal and is published twice a year since 2012.

This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.

CROLAR (ISSN 2195-3481) is indexed in GoogleScholar, BASE, OAI-PMH, and _JURN

Further information on www.crolar.org Vol. 5(2) (2016): Digitalizing Urban Latin America | 59

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