Future Mars Exploration - Science & Technology

S Vijendran & The ESA Mars Exploration Team

Presentation to the Swedish Science & Industrial Community, Swedish Space Centre 13 November 2018

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Future Mars Exploration activities at ESA

• Following on from Exomars 2020, ESA is currently focused on preparing European contributions to an international Mars Sample Return Campaign with NASA in the 2020’s

• If approved at CM19, the Mars Sample Return campaign is expected to form the bulk of Mars exploration activities through to the end of the next decade.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 2 MSR Campaign Objectives

• Acquire and return to Earth a rigorously documented set of Mars samples (>0.5kg) for investigation in terrestrial laboratories

• Ensure compliance with planetary protection requirements associated with the return of Mars samples to the Earth biosphere

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 3 History of Scientific Support for MSR Inner Planets, Dec. Survey Mars 2020 iMOST 1977 2011 SDT Report

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

ND-SAG iMARS-1 E2E iSAG OCP iMARS-2 2008 2008 2011 2014 2016 Notional MSR Architecture

Three flight elements plus one ground element - This multiple-launch approach limits the cost, mass/volume and technical challenges of each flight element

Sample Caching Sample Retrieval Earth Return Mars Returned Sample Rover Lander Orbiter Handling (Mars 2020) • Fetch Rover • Rendezvous and • Sample Receiving • Sample • Mars Ascent On-Orbit Capture Facility acquisition and Vehicle & Sealing System • Curation caching • Orbiting Sample • Earth Entry • Sample science container (OS) Vehicle investigations

Flight Elements Ground Element

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 5 Notional MSR Architecture

Three flight elements plus one ground element - This multiple-launch approach limits the cost, mass/volume and technical challenges of each flight element

Flight Elements Ground Element Science opportunities present here ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 6 Mars 2020 Rover mission

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Mars 2020 Mission Objectives

NASA Slide

GEOLOGIC HABITABILITY AND PREPARE A PREPARE FOR EXPLORATION BIOSIGNATURES RETURNABLE HUMAN CACHE EXPLORATION • Explore an ancient • Assess habitability of environment on Mars ancient environment • Capability to collect ~40 • Measure temperature, samples and blanks, 20 in humidity, wind, and dust • Understand processes of • Seek evidence of past life prime mission environment formation and alteration • Select sampling locations • Include geologic diversity • Demonstrate In Situ Resource with high biosignature Utilization by converting preservation potential • Deposit samples on the atmospheric CO 2 to O 2 surface for possible return

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 8 Robotic Field Geologist + Astrobiologist NASA Slide

New types of instruments to measure fine-scale mineralogy , elemental composition of rocks for determining habitability , detecting potential ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use biosignatures ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 9 Coring, samples and witnesses

drill bits hermetically sealed sample tubes ( 42 ) (rock and regolith bits) NASA Slide

core sample ~ 5 cm long x ~ 1 cm diameter witness tube assembly (5) for round trip ~ 15 grams contamination characterization in addition to drillable blank (1) similar to MSL organic check material

Pre-decisional. For planning and discussion purposes only. ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 10 Mars 2020 Landing Site Workshop: Outcome

• Report delivered from Mars 2020 Landing Site Steering Committee to Project Team and NASA management. • Decision expected soon. ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 11 1 1 Mars 2020 Returned Sample Science Participating Scientist Program

In recognition of international nature of MSR, there is agreement with NASA that they will work with ESA to: 1. Provide visibility on proposals from European scientists. 2. Involve European scientists/ESA to be involved in the review process.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 12 MSR Science Objectives: The 2018 iMOST Report

Primary conclusion Structure of MSR scientific objectives defined • 7 primary objectives • 2 objectives have sub-objs. Extra effort taken to validate with larger community • 71 co-authors • Presentation and community feedback at 4 major science conferences

Published on the MEPAG web site. • 31 reviewers

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 13 Mars Return Sample Handling

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use History of MRSH activities in Europe

AURORA 2018 EXPERT ESA Mars sample receiving facility ITT May 2018 requirements study Detailed Protocol to process Mars sample. COST evaluation of MSRF MREP

GSP MREP MC 2019

-2018

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 15 MRSH: Mars Returned Sample Handling — Single Intl. SRF

Ground Recovery Operations Unsterilised: Containment required. (GRO) • Capsule safing • Sterilised: Transfer permitted Quarantine • Sample transfer to SRF. outside containment.

Sample Curation Facility (SCF) • Protect and preserve • Distribute and control.

Sample Receiving Facility (SRF) Laboratories • Science outside • Internationalised • Quarantine, isolate containment • Access by competed from terrestrial contamination • Sample AOs to internationalised sample characterisation (life, biohazard management entity.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For detection)Official Use • Safety certification . ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 16 MSR Returned Sample Science: Current activities • The MSPG (MSR Science Planning Group) has been setup by ESA/NASA with an overall goal to generate science inputs to Sample Receiving Facility and definition of other post-receipt requirements. • Relatively small group (11 people), started in Sept to draft framework of requirements • Initial work will happen in 3 workshops during 2019 involving a mixture of subject matter experts • Report will be presented to the International Mars Exploration Working Group (IMEWG) for review and comment by autumn 2019

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 17 MSR Science: MSPG composition

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 18 Recent Swedish science involvement in MSR

Sandra Siljeström - RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden),Goteborg. Sandra is an astrobiologist and co-author on the iMOST study, defining the science objectives for Mars Sample Return as well as a member of the MSPG.

David Fernández-Remolar - Luleå Tekniska Universitet (LTU), Luleå. Davidis an atmospheric scientist and a co-author on the iMOST study, defining the science objectives for Mars Sample Return.

Javier Martin-Torres — Luleå Tekniska Universitet (LTU), Luleå. Javier isa senior research scientist and has been involved in many avenues of Mars Exploration in Europe and the USA. He was awarded travel funding by ESA to participate in the Mars 2020 Landing Site Workshop, now acknowledged as the first mission in Mars Sample Return.

María-Paz Zorzano —Luleå Tekniska Universitet (LTU), Luleå. María-Paz is a professor of atmospheric physics, astrobiology and climatology and has been involved in many avenues of Mars Exploration in Europe and the USA. She was awarded travel funding by ESA to participate in the Mars2020 Landing Site Workshop, now acknowledged as the first mission in Mars Sample Return.

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 19 MSR Technology

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use MSR Earth Return Orbiter

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ERO MISSION PROFILE

Outbound Cruise Earth Avoidance RdV and OS Capture

EEV Release

Inbound cruise

Launch Ariane 6.4

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 22 ERO Phase A/B1 study consortiums

Airbus consortium consists of: Toulouse (FR) Stevenage (UK) Friedrichshafen (D)

TAS-I consortium consists of: TAS-I, (Torino) TAS-UK GMV (I) OHB (D) DEIMOS (E)

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 23 Lightweight Solar Arrays Heritage from telecom CCRS payload platforms Return Stage Partial jettison of Provides ~ 30 kW at 1 AU Full EP unneeded payload in Mars orbit

Separation plane

Launch Mass: Drop Stage Solar Electric Propulsion 6000 kg Full CP outbound Thrust ~ 190 mN Earth Return Mass Stage jettisoned in Isp ~ 4000 s 1500 kg LMO Image credit: Thales Alenia Space ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 24 The Capture, Containment, and Return System JPL payload ensuring bio-containment and safe return to Earth Breaking the chain of contact of unsterilized Mars material with Earth OS Capture Break-the-Chain Jettison of non-return elements in LMO Capture and Containment Module Mass saving for return journey Orientation Module

EEV Protection and Release Earth Return Module Image credit: NASA/JPL ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 25 ESA Closing Technology Gaps Technology readiness is key to lowering mission development risk On-going European technology developments aim to buy down risk

Credit: NAMMO Credit: Ariane Group Credit: Airbus Group (Sodern) Credit: GMV

High Thrust Apogee EP Engine Delta- Narrow Angle Camera Autonomous Mars Engine Qualification Qualification EM Rendezvous System Validation TRL 6 by end 2019 is targeted before ERO mission adoption

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 26 Potential technology/equipment opportunities for Swedish industry

• On-board computer/mass memory • Heritage technologies expected to be sufficient for s/c data-handling.

• Two failure-tolerance for commanding Earth Avoidance Manoeuvre may require a third OBC or other unit.

OBC from RUAG (SE) ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 27 MSR Sample Fetch Rover

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA SFR Industrial activities

Exomars • Two main streams Phase A/B1 to support MSR campaign 2016: TGO & Technology development Schiarapelli lander • Building on • Heritage of Exomars and past ESA mission to Mars • MREP (Mars Robotic

Exploration Program) Mars Express Exomars landing platform BEAGLE 2

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 29 SFR key mission requirements for industrial activities (at kick-off in June 2018) Reference mission options : • 26-26-29 and 28-28-34 launch opportunities • Delivery of flight model in April 2025 for 26-26-29 opportunity

Surface operations: • Pick up between 20 and 36 tubes • Return to SRL within 150 sols after traversing up to 15 km (inbound + outbound). - Mass allocation: 120 kg for the rover, 25 kg for the egress system - No radioisotope material

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 30 SFR Operational concept

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 31 SFR Phase A/B1 study consortiums

Thales Alenia Space (I)

GMV Leonardo Canadensys HTR TRASYS Int. AAC Microtec ALTEC IRSPS (E) (I) (CDN) (GR) (B) (S) (I) (I) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 32 SFR rover concepts TAS-I (phase 0) ADS (phase 0)

LRPDP (Canadensys) EXM STM (Summer 2018) Exofit (Tabernas, 24/10/2018) ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 33 Technology development status • Two additional activities are being prepared for ITT: - Design and characterization of battery EM for Sample Fetch Rover : - Long Martian traverse actuator

• Future activities: - With funding already approved: Rover Actuator Control Electronics (ITT delayed at least to Jan 2019) - Additional funding potentially available to cover other development: Global localization, terrain characterization, IMU

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 34 Potential technology/equipment opportunities for Swedish industry • Integrated avionics system • Low mass/volume needed for SFR drives strongly to the need for a highly integrated avionics system • MREP Programme, through a contract with RUAG (SE) developed an elegant breadboard of the MINAVIO system for planetary landers/rovers.

• Rover Actuator Control Electronics • Motion control electronics unit design, breadboarding and testing. • Low temperature evaluation for manufacturing processes, materials, EEE components. OBC from RUAG (SE) ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 35 Sample Transfer Arm (STA)

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Sample Transfer Arm

STA Conceptual Configuration

STA on Lander • Primary Function: Transfer the sample tubes Sample Tubes inside Transfer from the Sample Fetch Rover to the sample Container ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use container on the ascent vehicle ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 37 Related Developments/Activities at ESA

Motion Control Chip

DEXARM

DELIAN

European Robotic Arm

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 38 STA Breadboarding Activity (STABLE)

• ESA ITT currently open

• System design and breadboarding activity aiming at TRL5

• Expected KO in Q1 2019

• Parallel contracts anticipated

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 39 Potential technology/equipment opportunities for Swedish industry

• Avionics

• Control computer

• Actuator control

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 40 SUMMARY SUMMARY SLIDE MSR OF FOR BENEFITS PURPOSES PROMOTIONAL

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 41 Longer term technology development

Energy Fuel cells/Nuclear

Propulsion/Landing systems Chemical/Electrical

Robotics/Autonomy Non-wheeled rovers Aerial vehicles

Sampling systems Deep Subsurface access Contamination control

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 42 Questions?

• For specific science questions related to MSR, please contact Elliot Sefton-Nash, MSR Study Scientist ( [email protected] )

ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use ESA | 09/11/2018 | Slide 43