Radon As a Tracer of Groundwater

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Radon As a Tracer of Groundwater RADON AS A TRACER OF GROUNDWATER -- SURFACE WATER INTERACTION IN MARTIS VALLEY A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Geology By Elizabeth Ann DeRubeis December, 2013 ABSTRACT During the dry months of the water year, groundwater influx is essential to perennial streams for maintaining flow and regulating water temperature. Decreased groundwater influx can cause perennial streams to become intermittent, deleteriously affecting the ecosystem and animal populations that live in the stream. Martis Creek is a perennial, sub-alpine stream located in the Martis Valley Groundwater Basin, approximately 16.1 km north of Lake Tahoe in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. On average, snow accounts for approximately 77% of the annual precipitation in the Truckee region, and groundwater recharge is currently supplied mainly by the slow melt of snowpack in the mountains, which infiltrates into late spring. As climate change progresses, more precipitation will occur as rain and less as snow in the range of Martis Valley elevations, with earlier peak runoff, which is likely to affect late season baseflow in sub-alpine streams like Martis Creek. In this study, naturally occurring radon (Rn) was used as a tracer of groundwater influx to Martis Creek, as groundwater has much higher Rn activity levels than surface water. Quantification of groundwater influx from Rn activity in the stream depends on knowledge of the concentration of Rn in the influent groundwater, and, since Rn is volatile, its rate of loss from the stream. In this study, groundwater Rn is estimated based on measurements of Rn activity in nearby, deep wells and nearby springs. To determine the degassing constant, an extrinsic tracer, xenon (Xe), which has properties similar to Rn, was introduced to the stream and measured at eight downstream locations. ii Based on a survey of Rn activity along Martis Creek, groundwater influx was determined to be occurring at upstream reaches in the Lahontan Golf Club property. Radon activity levels were approximately 100 pCi/L in the upstream reaches, while downstream activity levels were near the detection limit of approximately 15 pCi/L. By comparison, wells and springs in Martis Valley had Rn activity levels of between 300 and 1300 pCi/L. Sediment from the streambed was also analyzed for Rn emanation, and this was found to contribute a negligible amount of Rn activity to the stream. From the introduced Xe tracer results, the degassing constant for Xe was determined to be 3-5 m/day, and from this, the degassing constant for Rn in the stream was calculated at 2.25- 3.75 m/day. Applying a simple model in which stream Rn activity is a balance between the main Rn source (groundwater) and sink (volatilization), influx in reaches of the upstream portion of Martis Creek were calculated to be 1-3 m3/m/day. Groundwater influx is typically difficult to quantify, and the estimate determined here for Martis Creek is useful in formulating a more accurate water budget for the basin. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge Dr. Jean Moran, Richard Bibby, Dr. Mitchell Craig, Dr. Bradley Esser, and Dr. Ate Visser for their mentoring and input on this thesis. I would also like to thank Stephanie Diaz, Andrew Benson, and Timothy Becker of UC Santa Barbara for their contributions during the mid-August 2012 stream survey, and Aaron Martin for his help during the March and April 2013 stream surveys. I would also like to acknowledge Lahontan Golf Club, Northstar CSD, and Truckee Donner PUD for their cooperation throughout this study. Finally, I would like to thank Jon Avery, Mary Ann Parins, Barbara Allcox, and Michael Libby for their support and patience. iv RADON AS A TRACER OF GROUNDWATER-- SURFACE WATER INTERACTION IN MARTIS VALLEY By Elizabeth Ann DeRubeis Approved: Date: Dr. Jean Moran Dr. Mitchell Craig Dr. Bradley Esser v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................5 Geologic Setting ..............................................................................................................5 Hydrogeology ..................................................................................................................9 Stream Morphology ......................................................................................................15 Climate ..........................................................................................................................16 Land Cover and Canopy ............................................................................................17 ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................21 Xenon: Introduced Gas Tracer to Constrain Degassing ..........................................24 Sediment Samples ........................................................................................................27 FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES ..........................................................32 Radon in Groundwater ................................................................................................32 Radon in Surface Water ...............................................................................................33 Radon From Sediment Samples ..................................................................................35 Xenon Tracer .................................................................................................................37 Stream Flow ...................................................................................................................40 RADON RESULTS IN WATER SAMPLES ................................................................40 Groundwater Data ......................................................................................................40 Surface Water Data .....................................................................................................48 Hyporheic Zone Data ..................................................................................................60 vi Xenon Tracer ...............................................................................................................62 Influx ............................................................................................................................66 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................71 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................73 vii LIST OF FIGURES 1. 238Uranium Decay Sequence .................................................................................2 2. Map of Nevada and Placer Counties ...................................................................6 3. Geologic Map .........................................................................................................8 4. Martis Valley Stratigraphy ...................................................................................9 5. Average Discharge for Martis Creek .................................................................13 6. Gaining and Losing Streams ...............................................................................14 7. Martis Creek Characteristics .............................................................................16 8. Land Cover in Martis Valley ..............................................................................18 9. Canopy in Martis Valley .....................................................................................19 10. Impervious Surfaces in Martis Valley................................................................20 11. Xenon Percentage vs. Distance Downstream ....................................................25 12. Hyporheic Zone ....................................................................................................28 13. Radon Inputs and Outputs ..................................................................................31 14. Well Sampling .....................................................................................................32 15. Surface Water Analysis ......................................................................................34 16. Sediment Analysis ...............................................................................................37 viii 17. Xenon Tracer Introduction Point ......................................................................39 18. Noble Gas Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer ..............................................39 19. Radon Activity in Wells ......................................................................................44 20. December 2011 Radon
Recommended publications
  • Martis Valley Groundwater Basin Sustainable Groundwater Management Act Alternative Submittal
    MARTIS VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ACT ALTERNATIVE SUBMITTAL December 22, 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS MARTIS VALLEY GROUNDWATER BASIN SGMA ALTERNATIVE SUBMITTAL ........................ 1 PART ONE: DESCRIPTION OF HYDROGEOLOGY OF MVGB ........................................................... 4 1. INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................... 4 2. BASIN HYDROGEOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 4 2.1. Soils and Geology ......................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Groundwater Recharge and Discharge ......................................................................................... 9 2.3. Groundwater in Storage .............................................................................................................. 14 3. DESCRIPTION OF BENEFICIAL USES...................................................................................... 14 PART TWO: BASIN MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION AND PLAN ................................................ 15 1. GENERAL INFORMATION ......................................................................................................... 15 1.1. Summary of Management Approach, Organization of Partners, and General Conditions in the MVGB ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bear Creek Watershed Assessment Report
    BEAR CREEK WATERSHED ASSESSMENT PLACER COUNTY, CALIFORNIA Prepared for: Prepared by: PO Box 8568 Truckee, California 96162 February 16, 2018 And Dr. Susan Lindstrom, PhD BEAR CREEK WATERSHED ASSESSMENT – PLACER COUNTY – CALIFORNIA February 16, 2018 A REPORT PREPARED FOR: Truckee River Watershed Council PO Box 8568 Truckee, California 96161 (530) 550-8760 www.truckeeriverwc.org by Brian Hastings Balance Hydrologics Geomorphologist Matt Wacker HT Harvey and Associates Restoration Ecologist Reviewed by: David Shaw Balance Hydrologics Principal Hydrologist © 2018 Balance Hydrologics, Inc. Project Assignment: 217121 800 Bancroft Way, Suite 101 ~ Berkeley, California 94710-2251 ~ (510) 704-1000 ~ [email protected] Balance Hydrologics, Inc. i BEAR CREEK WATERSHED ASSESSMENT – PLACER COUNTY – CALIFORNIA < This page intentionally left blank > ii Balance Hydrologics, Inc. BEAR CREEK WATERSHED ASSESSMENT – PLACER COUNTY – CALIFORNIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Project Goals and Objectives 1 1.2 Structure of This Report 4 1.3 Acknowledgments 4 1.4 Work Conducted 5 2 BACKGROUND 6 2.1 Truckee River Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) 6 2.2 Water Resource Regulations Specific to Bear Creek 7 3 WATERSHED SETTING 9 3.1 Watershed Geology 13 3.1.1 Bedrock Geology and Structure 17 3.1.2 Glaciation 18 3.2 Hydrologic Soil Groups 19 3.3 Hydrology and Climate 24 3.3.1 Hydrology 24 3.3.2 Climate 24 3.3.3 Climate Variability: Wet and Dry Periods 24 3.3.4 Climate Change 33 3.4 Bear Creek Water Quality 33 3.4.1 Review of Available Water Quality Data 33 3.5 Sediment Transport 39 3.6 Biological Resources 40 3.6.1 Land Cover and Vegetation Communities 40 3.6.2 Invasive Species 53 3.6.3 Wildfire 53 3.6.4 General Wildlife 57 3.6.5 Special-Status Species 59 3.7 Disturbance History 74 3.7.1 Livestock Grazing 74 3.7.2 Logging 74 3.7.3 Roads and Ski Area Development 76 4 WATERSHED CONDITION 81 4.1 Stream, Riparian, and Meadow Corridor Assessment 81 Balance Hydrologics, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 LAHONTAN MOUNTAIN SUCKER Catostomus Lahontan (Rutter
    LAHONTAN MOUNTAIN SUCKER Catostomus lahontan (Rutter) Status: Moderate Concern. The Lahontan mountain sucker does not appear to be at risk of extinction in California in the near future; however, many populations are declining and their range is fragmented. Description: Mountain suckers are small (adults 12-20 cm TL), with subterminal mouths and full lips that are covered by many large papillae (Moyle 2002). Their lips are protrusible, have deep grooves where the upper and lower lips meet, and a cleft on the middle of the lower lip. The lower lip has two semicircular smooth areas along the inner margin next to a conspicuous cartilaginous plate that is used for scraping. The front of the upper lip is smooth. They have 75-92 scales along the lateral line and 23-37 gill rakers on the first gill arch. Fin rays typically number 10 (range 8-13) and nine for the dorsal and pelvic fins, respectively. An axillary process is easily visible at the base of the pelvic fins. Internally, their intestine is long (up to six times TL), and the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) is black. Their coloration is brown to olive green on the dorsal and lateral surfaces, white to yellow on their bellies, and dark brown in blotches in a lateral row or line. Mature males have two lateral bands, one red-orange on top of another that is black-green. Spawning males have tubercles covering their bodies and fins, with the exception of the dorsal fin. Tubercles on the enlarged anal fin become especially prominent. Spawning females also have tubercles but only on the top and sides of their heads and bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Martis Valley Groundwater Management Plan
    Martis Valley Groundwater Management Plan April, 2013 Free space Prepared for Northstar Community Services District Placer County Water Agency Truckee Donner Public Utility District Client Logo (optional) Northstar Community Services District Free space Martis Valley Groundwater Management Plan Prepared for Truckee Donner Public Utility District, Truckee, California Placer County Water Agency, Auburn, California Northstar Community Services District, Northstar, California April 18, 2013 140691 MARTIS VALLEY GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN NEVADA AND PLACER COUNTIES, CALIFORNIA SIGNATURE PAGE Signatures of principal personnel responsible for the development of the Martis Valley Groundwater Management Plan are exhibited below: ______________________________ Tina M. Bauer, P.G. #6893, CHG #962 Brown and Caldwell, Project Manager ______________________________ David Shaw, P.G. #8210 Balance Hydrologics, Inc., Project Geologist ______________________________ John Ayres, CHG #910 Brown and Caldwell, Hydrogeologist 10540 White Rock Road, Suite 180 Rancho Cordova, California 95670 This Groundwater Management Plan (GMP) was prepared by Brown and Caldwell under contract to the Placer County Water Agency, Truckee Donner Public Utility District and Northstar Community Services District. The key staff involved in the preparation of the GMP are listed below. Brown and Caldwell Tina M. Bauer, PG, CHg, Project Manager John Ayres, PG,CHg, Hydrogeologist and Public Outreach Brent Cain, Hydrogeologist and Principal Groundwater Modeler Paul Selsky, PE, Quality
    [Show full text]
  • Martis Wildlife Area Restoration Project
    Basis of Design – Martis Wildlife Area Restoration Project February 2018 Prepared for: Sierra Ecosystems Associates 2311 Lake Tahoe Boulevard, Suite 8 South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150 Truckee River Watershed Council P.O. Box 8568 1900 N. Northlake Way, Suite 211 Truckee, CA 96162 Seattle, WA 98103 SIERRA ECOSYSTEM ASSOCIATES/TRUCKEE RIVER WATERSHED COUNCIL . MARTIS WILDLIFE AREA RESTORATION PROJECT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Project Background ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Geomorphic Condition ...................................................................................................................................... 2 3. Basin Characteristics & Hydrology ................................................................................................................... 3 4. Restoration Goals and Design .......................................................................................................................... 6 5. Hydraulic Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 13 6. References ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Martis Wildlife Area Restoration Project Area ...................................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Regional
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Decade of Research in the Tahoe-Truckee Area And
    TAHOE REACH REVISITED: THE LATEST PLEISTOCENE/EARLY HOLOCENE IN THE TAHOE SIERRA SHARON A. WAECHTER FAR WESTERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH GROUP DAVIS, CALIFORNIA WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY WILLIAM W. BLOOMER LITHIC ARTS MARKLEEVILLE, CALIFORNIA The last decade of research in the Tahoe-Truckee area and surrounding High Sierra has provided clear evidence of early Holocene and perhaps latest Pleistocene human activity, probably coming immediately on the heels of the Tioga glacial retreat. In this discussion we summarize this research, and compare environmental proxy data and obsidian hydration profiles from high-elevation sites in Sierra, Placer, Nevada, El Dorado, Alpine, and Washoe counties, to suggest “big-picture” trends in prehistoric use of the Tahoe Sierra. The title “Tahoe Reach Revisited” is in reference to work by Robert Elston, Jonathon Davis, and various of their colleagues along the Tahoe Reach of the Truckee River – that section of the river from Lake Tahoe to Martis Creek (Figure 1). In the 1970s these researchers did the first substantive archaeology in the Truckee Basin, and developed a cultural chronology that has stood for 30 years without significant revision – not, as I’m sure Elston would agree, because it was completely accurate, but because no one offered any meaningful alternative. Instead, archaeologists working in the Tahoe Sierra and environs – even as far away as the western foothills – simply compared their data to the Tahoe Reach model to date their sites: “Lots of big basalt tools? It must be Martis.” But this is not a paper about Martis. My focus instead is on a much earlier period, which Elston and his colleagues called the Tahoe Reach Phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Martis Valley Community Plan
    MARTIS VALLEY COMMUNITY PLAN Adopted by the Board of Supervisors December 16, 2003 MARTIS VALLEY COMMUNITY PLAN Prepared by: PLACER COUNTY WITH ASSISTANCE FROM: Pacific Municipal Consultants LSC Associates Placer County Water Agency Adopted by the Board of Supervisors December 16, 2003 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Board of Supervisors Bill Santucci ............................................................................................................................... District 1 Robert Weygandt ........................................................................................................................ District 2 Harriet White .............................................................................................................................. District 3 Ted Gaines ................................................................................................................................. District 4 Rex Bloomfield .......................................................................................................................... District 5 Contact: 175 Fulweiler Avenue, Auburn, CA 95603 (530) 889-4010 Fax (530) 889-4009 www.placer.ca.gov/bos ________________________________________________________________________________ Planning Commission Noe Fierros ................................................................................................................................. District 1 Ken Denio .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Martis Valley Groundwater Basin Bulletin 118
    North Lahontan Hydrologic Region California’s Groundwater Martis Valley Groundwater Basin Bulletin 118 Martis Valley Groundwater Basin • Groundwater Basin Number: 6-67 • County: Nevada, Placer • Surface Area: 35,600 acres (57 square miles) Basin Boundaries and Hydrology The Martis Valley Groundwater Basin is an intermontane, fault-bounded basin east of the Sierra Nevada crest. The Martis Valley is the principal topographic feature within the Basin, although the Basin extends to the north and west of the well-defined valley. The floor of Martis Valley is terraced with elevations between 5,700 and 5,900 feet above mean sea level. The valley is punctuated by round hills rising 1,000 feet or more around the valley perimeter. Mountains along the southern margin of Martis Valley rise dramatically to elevation in excess of 8,000 feet mean sea level. The basin boundaries are based on detailed field investigations developed by Hydro Search Inc. (1975). The Truckee River crosses the basin from south to east in a shallow, incised channel. Principal tributaries to the Truckee River are Donner Creek, Martis Creek, and Prosser Creek. Major surface water storage reservoirs include Donner Lake, Martis Creak Lake, and Prosser Creek Reservoir. Average precipitation is estimated to be 23 inches in the lower elevations of the eastern portion of the basin to nearly 40 inches in the western areas. Hydrogeologic Information Water Bearing Formations The following summary of water bearing formations is from Nimbus Engineers (2001). Basement Rocks. Basement rocks include all rock units older than the basin- fill sediments and interlayered basin-fill volcanic units, specifically Cretaceous-Jurassic plutonic and metamorphic rocks and Miocene volcanic units.
    [Show full text]
  • Nevada County Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
    Local Hazard Mitigation Plan for Nevada County 2011-2016 This plan incorporates the jurisdictions of Grass Valley, Nevada City, Truckee, California Department of Forestry, US Forest Service, and various special districts. 1. Table of Contents 2. Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Executive Overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5. County Background Information ..................................................................................................................................... 6 5.1. County Profile ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 5.2. History of County .................................................................................................................................................... 7 5.3. Population, Income and Growth Trends ................................................................................................................. 7 5.4. History of Disasters ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River Basin, California and Nevada, 1998
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River Basin, California and Nevada, 1998 Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4017 Prepared in cooperation with the TRUCKEE–CARSON PROGRAM RIVER AND OPERATIONS MODEL, TRUCKEE RIVER BASIN, CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA, 1998 River and Reservoir Operations Model, Truckee River Basin, California and Nevada, 1998 By Steven N. Berris, Glen W. Hess, and Larry R. Bohman U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4017 Prepared in cooperation with the TRUCKEE–CARSON PROGRAM Carson City, Nevada 2001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For additional information contact: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey 333 West Nye Lane, Room 203 Carson City, NV 89706–0866 email: [email protected] http://nevada.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Purpose and Scope ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 40, Fall/Winter 2011
    TRUCKEE DONNER LAND TRUST The Truckee Donner Land Trust preserves and protects scenic, historic Fall/Winter Newsletter and recreational lands with high Volume 40 ❖ November, 2011 natural resource values in the Truckee Donner region. ProtectingProtecting thethe headwaters,headwaters, pagepage fourfour DonnerDonner SummitSummit CanyonCanyon nownow openopen toto thethe public,public, pagepage sixsix Fall/Winter 2011 Newsletter Page 2 AN OPPORTUNITY ON DONNER SUMMIT Dear Friends, Royal Gorge, comprising 3,000 acres on Donner Summit, and recently slated for the development of 950 new residential units, is now in default of a $16.7 million loan. While Royal Gorge, LLC, still owns the property, it has relinquished control of Royal Gorge to a court appointed receiver. By the time you read this the receiver will be marketing the property. The Land Trust’s Board has directed staff to work in partnership with The Trust for Public Land and other stakeholders to pursue a fee title acquisition of the property. For the Land Trust, this is our Number 1 priority. For more than 20 years, the Land Trust has tried to protect all or parts of the Royal Gorge property, especially Devil’s Peak at the western edge of the property. Photo by Anne Chadwick. Van Norden Meadow. We now have our best shot in a generation to protect its remarkable meadows, peaks, forests, In the meantime, we continue to work on closing the streams, and lakes. gap in funding another 3,000-acre project: Webber Lake and Lacey Meadows in the Little Truckee River watershed. Much of our work — by luck or design — is focused on the precious headwaters of the South Yuba, the North Fork of the American River, and the Little Truckee River.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 6 CNDDB Occurrence Report
    Occurrence Report California Department of Fish and Wildlife California Natural Diversity Database Query Criteria: Quad is (Sattley (3912054) or Sierraville (3912053) or Sardine Peak (3912052) or Dog Valley (3912051) or Webber Peak (3912044) or Independence Lake (3912043) or Hobart Mills (3912042) or Boca (3912041) or Soda Springs (3912034) or Norden (3912033) or Truckee (3912032) or Martis Peak (3912031) or Royal Gorge (3912024) or Granite Chief (3912023) or Tahoe City (3912022) or Kings Beach (3912021)) Map Index Number: 73692 EO Index: 74664 Key Quad: Kings Beach (3912021) Element Code: AAABH01170 Occurrence Number: 10 Occurrence Last Updated: 2009-02-27 Scientific Name: Lithobates pipiens Common Name: northern leopard frog Listing Status: Federal: None Rare Plant Rank: State: None Other Lists: CDFW_SSC-Species of Special Concern IUCN_LC-Least Concern CNDDB Element Ranks: Global: G5 State: S2 General Habitat: Micro Habitat: NATIVE RANGE IS EAST OF SIERRA NEVADA-CASCADE CREST. NEAR HIGHLY AQUATIC SPECIES. SHORELINE COVER, SUBMERGED AND PERMANENT OR SEMI-PERMANENT WATER IN A VARIETY OF EMERGENT AQUATIC VEGETATION ARE IMPORTANT HABITAT HABITATS. CHARACTERISTICS. Last Date Observed: 1934-06-29 Occurrence Type: Transplant Outside of Native Hab./Range Last Survey Date: 1934-06-29 Occurrence Rank: Unknown Owner/Manager: UNKNOWN Trend: Unknown Presence: Presumed Extant Location: KINGS BEACH AREA, NORTH END OF LAKE TAHOE. Detailed Location: LOCATION GIVEN AS, "TROUT CREEK, 2.5 MI W STATELINE". MAPPED ACCORDING TO COORDINATES PROVIDED BY MVZ BETWEEN KINGS BEACH AND TAHOE VISTA. Ecological: Threats: General: 6 INDIVIDUALS (MVZ #17175-80) COLLECTED ON 29 JUN 1934 BY H.S. FITCH. TRANSPLANT OUTSIDE OF NATIVE RANGE. PLSS: T16N, R17E, Sec.
    [Show full text]