DOCSLIB.ORG

Domestic Terrorism: Rethinking the Role of Islam in the Emerging Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Domestic Terrorism: Rethinking the Role of Islam in the Emerging Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria Scholarly Journal of Scientific Research and Essay (SJSRE) Vol. 4(3), pp. 47 -57, March 2015 Available online at http://www.scholarly-journals.com/SJSRE ISSN 2315-6163 © 2015 Scholarly-Journals Full Length Research Paper Domestic Terrorism: Rethinking the role of Islam in the emerging Boko Haram Phenomenon in Nigeria Obi Ndifon Neji Doctoral Fellow, Peace and Conflict Studies Program, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail:[email protected] Accepted 5 March, 2014 Many Nigerians, especially Christians see the terrorist attacks of Boko Haram as part of a wider global religious war between Muslims and Christians. Although there is a general perspective that Islam in the World and indeed Nigeria has historically had a violent past, with trickles of it still existing, Christians in Nigeria appear to present a variety of narratives around issues of the theocracy of Islam. Part of this narrative is to establish a nexus between Islam and violence with the intent of deploying such linkage in explaining the Boko Haram phenomenon in Nigeria. The rapidity with which the Boko Haram Sect attacks the Nigerian State, innocent citizens and critical installations threatens not only the security and corporate existence of Nigeria but further reinforces this seeming nexus. Central to this threat and confusion is the often misconceived, misinterpreted and misapplied notion that Islam is the major driver of the Boko Haram phenomenon. This article therefore attempts a reconstruction of these narratives. It argues that in the nation’s quest to proffer more durable management measures one must look beyond Islam to interrogate the actual interests and core needs of the perpetrators . Key words: Terrorism, Domestic Terrorism, Terrorist, Islam, Boko Haram, National Security, and Jihad. INTRODUCTION Terrorists utilizing suicide attacks are driven not by the presence of violence in many regions of the world Islamism but by a clear strategic political objective (Pape, ranging from Ireland to Lebanon to the Pacific Basin, 2005:28) to compel modern democracies to act in a Somali, Syria, Iraq and Palestine to Nigeria and involving particular way (Scott 2005). The official website of the many religions from Islam, Christianity to Hinduism, there Ahmadiyya Muslim Community under the heading Islam is a growing tendency to associate Islam more than any and Terrorism opens up with a statement that tend to other religion with violence. The Muslim conquest of suggest that the true meaning of Islam has been Spain, the crusades which were not begun by Muslims misconstrued, misinterpreted and misrepresented. The and the Ottoman domination of Eastern Europe have website noted that “It is unfortunate that Islam, the provided a historical memory of Islam as being related to religion of peace, hope, harmony, goodwill and force and power. Moreover, the upheavals of the past few brotherhood had been badly tarnished by perpetrators of decades in the Middle East, the American experience, various terrorist acts and barbarism as seen in recent the Boko Haram phenomenon in Nigeria and especially years (Al Islam, 2014)”. This coheres with a popular movements using the name of Islam and seeking to solve social media message which holds that “the biggest problems of the Muslim world created by conditions and enemy of Islam is the ignorant Muslim, whose ignorance causes beyond the control of Muslims have only leads him to intolerance, whose actions destroy the true reinforced the (mis)conception that in some special way image of Islam, and when the people look at him they Islam is supportive of violence. think that Islam is what he is” The above extracts After the events of September 11 th 2001, the issue of presupposes that Islam does not condone violence. To Islam and violence was brought to the front burner of Kramer, (2005), the motivation for suicide attacks is not social discourse. This issue attracted the attention of the just strategic logic but also an (mis) interpretation of Islam academia, clergy, civil society actors, multinational to provide a moral logic. Hezbollah for instance, initiated organizations and even artisans to cross fertilize ideas at suicide bombings after a complex reworking of the different levels on how to address the menace of concept of martyrdom (Kramer, 2005). However, despite terrorism. Unfortunately, what was considered an Scholarly J. Sci. Res. and Essay 48 ‘American ailment’ at the time has crisscrossed rivers, segment that follows attempts to answer the question, valleys, mountains and even forests, has defied border can religious principles actually cause terror without the security checks, defied the customs, immigrations, army human factor? The fourth segment interrogates the and even the police and has made its way into Nigeria in seeming extant assertion that Islam is responsible for the West Africa. As the charred ruins of the June 16, 2011 emerging Boko Haram phenomenon by bringing to the Police Headquarters bombing and the August 26, 2011 fore some triggers of the domestic terrorism in Nigeria. bombing of the United Nations (UN House) in Nigeria, the The last two segments presents an argument that beyond bombing of St. Theresa's Catholic Church Madalla, Niger the ‘position’ presented by the Boko Haram sect lies their State and the emerging ‘child and female suicide ‘interests’ and core ‘needs’ and suggests that for any bombers’ as well as the multiple explosions in Adamawa, meaningful engagement to be made with the sect, these Bornu, Kaduna, Kano and Yobe States that claimed the core ‘interests and needs’ must be identified and lives of many lingers, since they can neither be washed addressed. The paper rounds off with a concluding away by the forces of space nor time, one cardinal but remarks captured in the submission that rather than look salient message is reiterated by these ruins – no to Islam for answers, the context, behaviors and attitudes individual, edifice nor nation is free from terrorist attack. of the conflict parties must change by ensuring that basic This assertion has placed one important but contentious demands of groups are not ignored. conundrum in the forefront of debate. Is there ‘something’ in Islam that encourages acts of violence and terrorism? Contextualizing Jihad As the impact of the various attacks in Nigeria penetrates more deeply, and the indications that the perpetrators The notion of Jihad has often elicited heated emotional came from the Islamic World (Boko Haram) appear to debates from scholars and practitioners alike. It has often grow clearer and more convincing, there is an apparent been used to justify fundamentalism yet it is also temptation to make generalizing statements about the considered a process of internal spiritual struggle. With Islamic religion or at least the societies it predominates. the ambiguity that seems to surround the notion, it has There are also historic, political and cultural reasons, become difficult to determine its true meaning. The which favor a prejudice against Islam especially in narrative that appears to have gained currency is that Western societies. While the weights of these reasons which qualify Jihad as a "holy war". This assertion has may threaten to further cement and reinforce this been criticized by Islamic scholars and practitioners. The prejudice, this study takes exception to them. This paper word Jihad according to Dodge (2009) stems from the is therefore built on the understanding that although Arabic root word J-H-D, which means "strive." Other religious fanaticism and Islamic fundamentalism have words derived from this root word include "effort," "labor," significantly contributed to the rise of violence and and "fatigue." Essentially Jihad is an effort to practice terrorism in contemporary Islam, it is however easy to religion in the face of oppression and persecution. As reconstruct this narrative drawing from available further noted by Dodge (2009), the effort may come in evidences that the hatred that Boko Haram direct against fighting the evil in your own heart, or in standing up to a the Nigeria State has more to do with political and social dictator. Military effort is included as an option, but as a factors than religion. last resort. Religiously, jihad is the expending of utmost The major preoccupation of this article therefore, is to effort in upholding and defending justice (Handwerk, establish a line of reasoning and argument that whereas 2010). Some scholars hold the view that there are two there exist historical and religious facts that may reinforce kinds of jihad because there are two kinds of violations of the (mis)conception that Islam like several other religions justice. These include jihad with words against false has some violence inducing provisions, the Boko Haram beliefs, and jihad with the sword against acts of injustice. phenomenon in Nigeria cannot be strictly tied to Islam. To Handwerk (2010), the first is the basic and continuous This line of reasoning can go a long way to blunt the jihad but it is the jihad of the sword that has received the sharp edges of protracted reprisal attacks, whether extant lion's share of global attention. Jihad in elaborate terms or prospective. The paper is divided into six segments. according to Pipes (2002) means the legal, compulsory Following the introduction is the first segment which and communal efforts to expand the territories ruled by examines the concept of Jihad. This is necessary in the Muslims at the expense of territories ruled by non- light of the fact that the concept seems to be a ‘clarion Muslims. Encarta (2009) summarily defined Jihad as an call’ for war against non-Muslims hence it is instructive to Islamic campaign waged by Muslims in defense of the examine it with the intent of situating it in the context of Islamic faith against people, organizations, or countries this discourse. The second segment x-rays the concept regarded as hostile to Islam.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BOKO HARAM Emerging Threat to the U.S
    112TH CONGRESS COMMITTEE " COMMITTEE PRINT ! 1st Session PRINT 112–B BOKO HARAM Emerging Threat to the U.S. Homeland SUBCOMMITTEE ON COUNTERTERRORISM AND INTELLIGENCE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES December 2011 FIRST SESSION U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 71–725 PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY PETER T. KING, New York, Chairman LAMAR SMITH, Texas BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California LORETTA SANCHEZ, California MIKE ROGERS, Alabama SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas HENRY CUELLAR, Texas GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia LAURA RICHARDSON, California CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois TIM WALBERG, Michigan BRIAN HIGGINS, New York CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota JACKIE SPEIER, California JOE WALSH, Illinois CEDRIC L. RICHMOND, Louisiana PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan BEN QUAYLE, Arizona WILLIAM R. KEATING, Massachusetts SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia KATHLEEN C. HOCHUL, New York BILLY LONG, Missouri VACANCY JEFF DUNCAN, South Carolina TOM MARINO, Pennsylvania BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas MO BROOKS, Alabama MICHAEL J. RUSSELL, Staff Director & Chief Counsel KERRY ANN WATKINS, Senior Policy Director MICHAEL S. TWINCHEK, Chief Clerk I. LANIER AVANT, Minority Staff Director (II) C O N T E N T S BOKO HARAM EMERGING THREAT TO THE U.S. HOMELAND I. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 II. Findings ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “Political Shari'a”? Human Rights and Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria
    Human Rights Watch September 2004 Vol. 16, No. 9 (A) “Political Shari’a”? Human Rights and Islamic Law in Northern Nigeria I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 6 To Nigerian government and judicial authorities, at federal and state levels ............... 6 To foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations...................................... 8 III. Background ............................................................................................................................. 9 Shari’a.....................................................................................................................................10 IV. The extension of Shari’a to criminal law in Nigeria........................................................13 Shari’a courts and appeal procedures................................................................................18 The role of the “ulama” ......................................................................................................19 Choice of courts...................................................................................................................19 V. Human rights violations under Shari’a in northern Nigeria............................................21 Use of the death penalty .....................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Transition in Anglophone West Africa Byjibrin Ibrahim
    Democratic Transition in Anglophone West Africa Democratic Transition in Anglophone West Africa Jibrin Ibrahim Monograph Series The CODESRIA Monograph Series is published to stimulate debate, comments, and further research on the subjects covered. The Series will serve as a forum for works based on the findings of original research, which however are too long for academic journals but not long enough to be published as books, and which deserve to be accessible to the research community in Africa and elsewhere. Such works may be case studies, theoretical debates or both, but they incorporate significant findings, analyses, and critical evaluations of the current literature on the subjects in question. Author Jibrin Ibrahim directs the International Human Rights Law Group in Nigeria, which he joined from Ahmadu Bello University where he was Associate Professor of Political Science. His research interests are democratisation and the politics of transition, comparative federalism, religious and ethnic identities, and the crisis in social provisioning in Africa. He has edited and co-edited a number of books, among which are Federalism and Decentralisation in Africa (University of Fribourg, 1999), Expanding Democratic Space in Nigeria (CODESRIA, 1997) and Democratisation Processes in Africa, (CODESRIA, 1995). Democratic Transition in Anglophone West Africa © Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa 2003, Avenue Cheikh Anta Diop Angle Canal IV, BP. 3304, Dakar, Senegal. Web Site: http://www.codesria.org CODESRIA gratefully
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a New Type of Regime in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Towards a New Type of Regime in Sub-Saharan Africa? DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS BUT NO DEMOCRACY Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos cahiers & conférences travaux & recherches les études The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental and a non- profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. The Sub-Saharian Africa Program is supported by: Translated by: Henry Kenrick, in collaboration with the author © Droits exclusivement réservés – Ifri – Paris, 2010 ISBN: 978-2-86592-709-8 Ifri Ifri-Bruxelles 27 rue de la Procession Rue Marie-Thérèse, 21 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – France 1000 Bruxelles – Belgique Tél. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tél. : +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Internet Website : Ifri.org Summary Sub-Saharan African hopes of democratization raised by the end of the Cold War and the decline in the number of single party states are giving way to disillusionment.
    [Show full text]
  • The Izala Movement in Nigeria Genesis, Fragmentation and Revival
    n the basis on solid fieldwork in northern Nigeria including participant observation, 18 Göttingen Series in Ointerviews with Izala, Sufis, and religion experts, and collection of unpublished Social and Cultural Anthropology material related to Izala, three aspects of the development of Izala past and present are analysed: its split, its relationship to Sufis, and its perception of sharīʿa re-implementation. “Field Theory” of Pierre Bourdieu, “Religious Market Theory” of Rodney Start, and “Modes Ramzi Ben Amara of Religiosity Theory” of Harvey Whitehouse are theoretical tools of understanding the religious landscape of northern Nigeria and the dynamics of Islamic movements and groups. The Izala Movement in Nigeria Genesis, Fragmentation and Revival Since October 2015 Ramzi Ben Amara is assistant professor (maître-assistant) at the Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines, Sousse, Tunisia. Since 2014 he was coordinator of the DAAD-projects “Tunisia in Transition”, “The Maghreb in Transition”, and “Inception of an MA in African Studies”. Furthermore, he is teaching Anthropology and African Studies at the Centre of Anthropology of the same institution. His research interests include in Nigeria The Izala Movement Islam in Africa, Sufism, Reform movements, Religious Activism, and Islamic law. Ramzi Ben Amara Ben Amara Ramzi ISBN: 978-3-86395-460-4 Göttingen University Press Göttingen University Press ISSN: 2199-5346 Ramzi Ben Amara The Izala Movement in Nigeria This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Published in 2020 by Göttingen University Press as volume 18 in “Göttingen Series in Social and Cultural Anthropology” This series is a continuation of “Göttinger Beiträge zur Ethnologie”.
    [Show full text]
  • First Election Security Threat Assessment
    SECURITY THREAT ASSESSMENT: TOWARDS 2015 ELECTIONS January – June 2013 edition With Support from the MacArthur Foundation Table of Contents I. Executive Summary II. Security Threat Assessment for North Central III. Security Threat Assessment for North East IV. Security Threat Assessment for North West V. Security Threat Assessment for South East VI. Security Threat Assessment for South South VII. Security Threat Assessment for South West Executive Summary Political Context The merger between the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), All Nigerian Peoples Party (ANPP) and other smaller parties, has provided an opportunity for opposition parties to align and challenge the dominance of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). This however will also provide the backdrop for a keenly contested election in 2015. The zoning arrangement for the presidency is also a key issue that will define the face of the 2015 elections and possible security consequences. Across the six geopolitical zones, other factors will define the elections. These include the persisting state of insecurity from the insurgency and activities of militants and vigilante groups, the high stakes of election as a result of the availability of derivation revenues, the ethnic heterogeneity that makes elite consensus more difficult to attain, as well as the difficult environmental terrain that makes policing of elections a herculean task. Preparations for the Elections The political temperature across the country is heating up in preparation for the 2015 elections. While some state governors are up for re-election, most others are serving out their second terms. The implication is that most of the states are open for grab by either of the major parties and will therefore make the electoral contest fiercer in 2015 both within the political parties and in the general election.
    [Show full text]
  • PROVISIONAL LIST.Pdf
    S/N NAME YEAR OF CALL BRANCH PHONE NO EMAIL 1 JONATHAN FELIX ABA 2 SYLVESTER C. IFEAKOR ABA 3 NSIKAK UTANG IJIOMA ABA 4 ORAKWE OBIANUJU IFEYINWA ABA 5 OGUNJI CHIDOZIE KINGSLEY ABA 6 UCHENNA V. OBODOCHUKWU ABA 7 KEVIN CHUKWUDI NWUFO, SAN ABA 8 NWOGU IFIONU TAGBO ABA 9 ANIAWONWA NJIDEKA LINDA ABA 10 UKOH NDUDIM ISAAC ABA 11 EKENE RICHIE IREMEKA ABA 12 HIPPOLITUS U. UDENSI ABA 13 ABIGAIL C. AGBAI ABA 14 UKPAI OKORIE UKAIRO ABA 15 ONYINYECHI GIFT OGBODO ABA 16 EZINMA UKPAI UKAIRO ABA 17 GRACE UZOME UKEJE ABA 18 AJUGA JOHN ONWUKWE ABA 19 ONUCHUKWU CHARLES NSOBUNDU ABA 20 IREM ENYINNAYA OKERE ABA 21 ONYEKACHI OKWUOSA MUKOSOLU ABA 22 CHINYERE C. UMEOJIAKA ABA 23 OBIORA AKINWUMI OBIANWU, SAN ABA 24 NWAUGO VICTOR CHIMA ABA 25 NWABUIKWU K. MGBEMENA ABA 26 KANU FRANCIS ONYEBUCHI ABA 27 MARK ISRAEL CHIJIOKE ABA 28 EMEKA E. AGWULONU ABA 29 TREASURE E. N. UDO ABA 30 JULIET N. UDECHUKWU ABA 31 AWA CHUKWU IKECHUKWU ABA 32 CHIMUANYA V. OKWANDU ABA 33 CHIBUEZE OWUALAH ABA 34 AMANZE LINUS ALOMA ABA 35 CHINONSO ONONUJU ABA 36 MABEL OGONNAYA EZE ABA 37 BOB CHIEDOZIE OGU ABA 38 DANDY CHIMAOBI NWOKONNA ABA 39 JOHN IFEANYICHUKWU KALU ABA 40 UGOCHUKWU UKIWE ABA 41 FELIX EGBULE AGBARIRI, SAN ABA 42 OMENIHU CHINWEUBA ABA 43 IGNATIUS O. NWOKO ABA 44 ICHIE MATTHEW EKEOMA ABA 45 ICHIE CORDELIA CHINWENDU ABA 46 NNAMDI G. NWABEKE ABA 47 NNAOCHIE ADAOBI ANANSO ABA 48 OGOJIAKU RUFUS UMUNNA ABA 49 EPHRAIM CHINEDU DURU ABA 50 UGONWANYI S. AHAIWE ABA 51 EMMANUEL E.
    [Show full text]
  • Boko Haram, Terrorism and Failing State Capacity in Nigeria: an Interrogation
    BOKO HARAM, TERRORISM AND FAILING STATE CAPACITY IN NIGERIA: AN INTERROGATION DR. VICTOR EGWEMI KEY TERMS: Nigeria, Boko Haram, terrorism ABSTRACT: This paper is an interrogation of the activities of the Boko Haram sect especially since the killing of it leader Mohammed Yusuf under very controversial circumstances in 2009. It examines how the activities of Boko Haram have threatened the security and well-being of Nigerians and how it seems to have in turn undermined the Nigerian government’s ability to justify the reason for its existence, namely, to ensure the security and welfare of her citizens. Boko Haram has with seeming ease unleashed an orgy of violence characterized by bombing and killing Nigerians, especially in the north. This paper argues that sects like Boko Haram are a reaction to perceived and real injustices perpetrated by the state and its agencies. This paper is also of the opinion that the activities of Boko Haram have stretched Nigeria’s delicate socio-political and ethno-religious divides to the limit. The paper makes the point that a political solution, a well-meaning engagement between the government and the Boko Haram sect, is a more probable solution than the current attempt to engage the sect militarily. A political solution is not to be seen as a sign of weakness on the part of government but is, on the contrary, a sign of responsibility. The need to explore such a solution in the face of the crisis cannot be overemphasized. As a corollary, the government needs to tackle the crisis of infrastructure in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria: Obasanjo Backs Lamido/Amaechi Ticket for 2015
    Nigeria: Obasanjo Backs Lamido/Amaechi Ticket for 2015 Written by Administrator Thursday, 23 August 2012 09:29 Ahead of political horse trading over who become the presidential and vice presidential candidates of the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) in 2015, indications emerged last night that former President Olusegun Obasanjo is backing Jigawa State Governor Sule Lamido and his Rivers State counterpart Rotimi Amaechi for the coveted positions respectively. A source close to Obasanjo also confided in LEADERSHIP that the former president is now drumming support for a power shift to the North on the grounds that the region deserves the development. The source, who sought anonymity because of the sensitive nature of the matter, added that Lamido and Amaechi will slug it out with President Goodluck Jonathan and Vice -President Namadi Sambo if Jonathan decides to contest the 2015 poll. He said, "I can authoritatively tell you that Baba (Obasanjo) has thrown his weight behind Lamido/Amaechi ticket for 2015. He is of the opinion that the duo will put in place a dynamic government for positive development. The two governors, you will agree with me, are delivering the dividends of democracy to the people of their states. 1 / 3 Nigeria: Obasanjo Backs Lamido/Amaechi Ticket for 2015 Written by Administrator Thursday, 23 August 2012 09:29 "You will recall that Obasanjo was the mastermind of the late Umaru Yar Adua-Goodluck Jonathan ticket in 2007 when it became clear that the third term agenda had flopped and this was done at the expense of former Minister of the Federal Capital Territory, Mallam Nasir el-Rufai who had been endorsed by the technocrats that served in his second term.
    [Show full text]
  • 156 a Study of the Concession Speech by President Goodluck Jonathan Adaobi Ngozi Okoye & Benjamin Ifeanyi Mmadike
    A Study of the Concession Speech by President Goodluck Jonathan Adaobi Ngozi Okoye & Benjamin Ifeanyi Mmadike http://dx.doi.org//10.4314/ujah.v17i1.8 Abstract When language is used to communicate to an audience, the listeners are given an insight into the intention of the speaker. This study analyses the concession speech made by President Goodluck Jonathan. It adopts the speech act theory in the classification of the illocutionary acts which are contained in the speech. The simple percentage is used in computing the frequency of the various illocutionary acts. Our findings show a preponderance of the representative speech act and the absence of the directive. Introduction Political discourse has in recent times attracted the interest of researchers hence the role of language in politics and political speeches have been investigated by researchers (Akinwotu, (2013), Waya David (2013) and Hakansson (2012)) . A political speech is seen as a highly guarded form of speech when compared to a commercial speech. Its guarded form is due to its expressive nature and its importance. Speeches are made by politicians as a means of conveying information and opinion to the audience. Usually, these speeches are written in advance by professional speech writers. They are written to be spoken as if not written. In transmitting most of these political speeches via the social networks, it is often the case that highlights of the speeches ,referred to as sound bites, are transmitted. These speeches which are usually communicated through language could be in the form of a campaign speech made before the elections, 156 Husien Inusha: Coherentism in Rorty’s Anti-Foundationalist Epistemology acceptance of nomination speech made after the party’s primaries, concession speech made by a candidate who lost an election or an inaugural speech delivered by the candidate who won an election during his swearing in to the elected office.
    [Show full text]
  • How Senate, House of Reps Passed 2016 Budget - Premium Times Nigeria
    How Senate, House of Reps passed 2016 budget - Premium Times Nigeria http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/200742-senate-house... Opinion About Us Contact Us Careers AdvertRates PlayGames The sm arttrading app Startnow w itha free £10K D em o! Yourcapitalisatrisk. Thursday, May 19, 2016 Abuja 23 Home News #PanamaPapers Investigations Business Arts/Life Sports Oil/Gas Reports AGAHRIN Parliament Watch Letters How Senate, House of Reps passed 2016 budget March 24, 2016 Hassan Adebayo Search Our Stories The Nigerian Senate SHARING RELATED NEWS The two chambers of Nigeria’s National Assembly, the Senate and the House Finally, Senate, House of Representatives, on Wednesday passed the 2016 budget after the adoption of Reps receive 2016 of the conference report of their respective appropriations committees. Email budget report The National Assembly approved N6.06 trillion, a reduction on the 6.08 Print trillion proposed by President Muhammadu Buhari. National Assembly More fails to pass 2016 But the committees on appropriations of the Senate and the House chaired budget as promised by Danjuma Goje and Abdulmumin Jibrin, delivered damning remarks on the harmonized budget report presented to their separate chambers. Senate, House pledge 2016 budget passage in In the adopted report, the National Assembly observed the late presentation 2 weeks of the budget, saying it “was seen to be fraught with some inconsistencies from the MDAs; given subsequent reference by them to different versions of Saraki warns senators against taking bribes the budget”. for 2016 budget “This is strange and goes against proper budgetary procedures and processes; with attendant implications,” the report said.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigeria: from Goodluck Jonathan to Muhammadu Buhari ______
    NNoottee ddee ll’’IIffrrii _______________________ Nigeria: From Goodluck Jonathan to Muhammadu Buhari _______________________ Benjamin Augé December 2015 This study has been realized within the partnership between the French Institute of International Relations (Ifri) and OCP Policy Center The French Institute of International Relations (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. OCP Policy Center is a Moroccan policy-oriented think tank whose mission is to contribute to knowledge sharing and to enrich reflection on key economic and international relations issues, considered as essential to the economic and social development of Morocco, and more broadly to the African continent. For this purpose, the think tank relies on independent research, a network of partners and leading research associates, in the spirit of an open exchange and debate platform. By offering a "Southern perspective" from a middle-income African country, on major international debates and strategic challenges that the developing and emerging countries are facing, OCP Policy Center aims to make a meaningful contribution to four thematic areas: agriculture, environment and food security; economic and social development; commodity economics and finance; and “Global Morocco”, a program dedicated to understanding key strategic regional and global evolutions shaping the future of Morocco.
    [Show full text]