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Effects of Direct Spray and Residual Exposure of Different Insecticides on the Cereal Leaf Miner Syringopais Temperatella Led

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Effects of Direct Spray and Residual Exposure of Different Insecticides on the Cereal Leaf Miner Syringopais Temperatella Led Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 4, No.1, 2008 Effects of Direct Spray and Residual Exposure of Different Insecticides on the Cereal Leaf Miner Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythrididae) under Laboratory Conditions Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud* ABSTRACT The cereal leaf miner, Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythrididae) is a destructive pest on wheat in Karak District, Jordan. However, no research has been undertaken on the efficacy of insecticides for the control of this pest. Therefore, mortality of S. temperatella from direct spray and residual exposure was compared for eight insecticides under laboratory conditions. The obtained results indicated that S. temperatella mortality was significantly affected by insecticide, concentration and time after application. The mortality of S. temperatella larvae exposed to low and medium concentrations of insecticides in direct spray indicated that chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and fenitrothion had the highest mortality. While at high concentration, in addition to these three insecticides, diazinon gave 100% mortality. Generally, the overall effect of insecticides in direct spray indicated that chlorpyrifos caused the highest mortality. On the other hand, the results of residual exposure indicated that after one and three days, diazinon and chlorpyrifos caused significantly high mortality, while after five days cypermethrin and methomyl mortalities were significantly the highest. In conclusion, the insecticides tested in this study have the potential to control the pest. Keywords: Syringopais temperatella, Insecticides, Direct Spray, Residual Exposure. 1. INTRODUCTION imports to cover national needs. Numerous insect pests have been described on wheat Wheat, Triticum durum L. is one of the staple crops in Jordan. Among these pests is the cereal leaf miner, grown in Jordan. The area planted for wheat in Jordan is Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythridaidae), estimated at 385782 dunums (dunum=1000 m2) which is considered one of the major constraints to the producing a total of 34363 tons. The average yield of production of wheat in Jordan (Mustafa, 2002; Al- wheat is still low with an average of only 89 kg/dunum Zyoud, 2007). This insect is endemic to Jordan, and was (Agricultural Statistics, 2005). Therefore, Jordan is not reported in the country more than 50 years ago self-sufficient in wheat production, and depends on (Klapperich, 1968). S. temperatella was initially considered a non-serious pest on wheat (Al-Momany *Assist. Prof. of Biological Control and IPM, Department of and Mustafa, 1990). But, since 2001, the insect has Plant Protection and IPM, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah University, Al-Karak, 61710 Jordan, P. O. Box: 7, Tel.: 00962- become a destructive pest (Mustafa, 2002). The pest 0-777-351689, Email: [email protected]. feeds on the plant foliage, and the plant soon turns Received on 29/5/2007 and Accepted for Publication on 28/10/2007. yellow and production decreases sharply (Mustafa, -1- © 2008 DAR Publishers/University of Jordan. All Rights Reserved. Effects of Direct… Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud 2002). Because of frequent occurrence of drought and lack individual larvae collected from open fields in Al- of proper rotations, outbreaks of this pest have occurred Rabbeh, Karak District, and maintained on potted wheat mostly in the south of the country, especially Karak District plants. The rearing was done in meshed cages of for the last six years (ICARDA Annual Report, 2005; Al- 50x50x80 cm under laboratory conditions of 20±5°C Zyoud, 2007). But during the 2005, severe damage by this temperature, 50±10% relative humidity and 12:12 (L: D) pest was also observed in the northern part of Jordan, Al h photoperiod at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mu'tah Ramtha area (ICARDA Annual Report, 2006). Wheat University. The meshed cages were sealed with gauze infestation by S. temperatella in Karak District has from their sides and tops to provide adequate ventilation. exceeded 90% in some fields, and in others has ranged Wheat plants, T. durum (cv. Horani 27) were used for S. between 25% and 75% (Mustafa, 2002). Such damage was temperatella rearing and laboratory experiments. The reported in other Arabian and foreign countries (Abu- plants were grown without fertilizers. Plants were grown Yaman, 1971; Serghiou, 1975; Kaya, 1976; Daamen et al., in small pots (12 cm by 12 cm, diameter and height) in 1989; Miller, 1991; Mamluk et al., 1992; Miller and an air-conditioned glasshouse. To maintain adequate Ghannoum, 1994; Rajabi, 2002a; Vrieze, 2002; Jemsi and host-plant supply, wheat plants were frequently replaced Rajabi, 2003; ICARDA Annual Report, 2006). whenever needed. In order to obtain the appropriate It is generally acknowledged that alternative control stage of S. temperatella for the different experiments, tactics alone are unlikely to provide adequate pest control, third larval instars (L3) were selected randomly from the but through careful integration with insecticides it could rearing cages, and checked further under a binocular represent a significant source of sustainable control (Heinz, microscope. S. temperatella (L3) instars were used in all 1996). However, some insecticides have been used to studies. All experiments were conducted in 2007 control S. temperatella in Irak (Abu-Yaman, 1971), Cyprus growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah (Melifronides, 1977), Turkey (Duran et al., 1979) and Iran University under the previous mentioned environmental (Rajabi, 2002b; Fard, 2000; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). conditions. However, no research has been undertaken on the efficiency of insecticides on S. temperatella despite the 2.2 Insecticides Used outbreaks experienced over the past six years in Jordan. Eight materials were selected to represent five major Therefore, the objective of this study was to study the effect groups of insecticides and used as shown in Table 1. of direct spray and residual exposure of eight insecticides against S. temperatella. These data will be useful to help 2.3 Insecticides Treatment farmers to select the right insecticide in their control tactics, 2.3.1 Direct Spray and to develop a pest management approach that integrates The effect of directly spray with three concentrations the use of chemicals with other measures to control S. of each insecticide (low, medium and high) on the S. temperatella. temperatella (L3) was studied using Petri dishes of 5.5 cm in diameter and 1 cm in height. The Petri dishes were 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS partially filled with 0.5 cm thick layer of wetted cotton 2.1 Acquisition and Maintenance of Insects and Plants pad, and the lid of each Petri dish had a hole closed with A stock culture of S. temperatella was initiated from organdie fabric for ventilation. The Petri dishes were -2- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 4, No.1, 2008 2 provided with wheat leaf discs (10 cm ), which were cut direct spray. Ten randomly selected L3 instars of S. from uninfested wheat plants. Larvae of S. temperatella temperatella were released into each Petri dish. Each at their third instars were gently transferred using a replicate consisted of 10 larvae, and four replicates (four Camel hairbrush into the Petri dishes in groups of ten Petri dishes) were run for each insecticide. Mortality of larvae/cage for the direct spray treatments. Larvae in the larvae was evaluated at each time 24 h after introduction Petri dishes in control groups (n=10) were sprayed with of larvae into the Petri dishes. The overall control 1 ml of distilled water, while larvae in treatment groups mortality was 11.25%. (n=10) were sprayed with 1 ml aqueous solution of the test material by using a calibrated little sprayer. The 2.4 Statistical Analysis Petri dishes were kept under laboratory conditions In both direct spray and residual exposure tests, mentioned before. For each material and concentration, mortality resulted from insecticide treatments was four replications were used (four Petri dishes), and each adjusted for control mortality using Abbott’s formula Petri dish contains ten individuals of the pest. The larval (Abbott, 1925). In the direct spray, in order to calculate mortality was recorded at 1, 2 and 3 days after spray. the overall mortality for each insecticide, the corrected Larvae were considered dead if they did not move when proportional mortality was expressed as a decimal for lightly prodded with forceps. The overall control each of the three material concentrations tested. The mortality was 9.17%, 18.75% and 32.08% at day 1, day resulting three values were then averaged. The data were 2 and day 3 of the experiments. analyzed by one-, or two-way ANOVA to detect any differences in mortality of the materials (Zar, 1999). 2.3.2 Residual Exposure When significant differences were detected, means were The effect of medium concentration of each compared using LSD at 0.05 probability level (Abacus insecticide on S. temperatella was determined by Concepts, 1991). All analyses were performed using the exposing the L3 instars to material residues on wheat leaf proc GLM of the statistical package SigmaStat 2.03 disks. For each insecticide, three potted wheat plants (15 (SPSS, 1997). cm height) were sprayed with 5 ml of the respective concentration (prepared insecticide solution) and placed 3. RESULTS under the previous mentioned laboratory conditions. 3.1 Direct Spray Test Control potted wheat plants were treated similarly with The mortality data for S. temperatella larvae tested distilled water. Three different times were selected to with direct spray, corrected for control mortality, are determine the effect of residual exposure of the given in Table 2. The results indicated that direct spray insecticides. These times were 1, 3 and 5 days post of S. temperatella larvae by all insecticides tested exposure. Freshly picked leaves were punched from the exhibited a range of mortality after one, two and three treated and untreated leaves using a blade at each time days of spray in all cases. S. temperatella larvae after spraying.
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