Effects of Direct Spray and Residual Exposure of Different Insecticides on the Cereal Leaf Miner Syringopais Temperatella Led

Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 4, No.1, 2008

Effects of Direct Spray and Residual Exposure of Different Insecticides on the Cereal Leaf Miner Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythrididae) under Laboratory Conditions

Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud*

ABSTRACT

The cereal leaf miner, Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythrididae) is a destructive pest on wheat in Karak District, Jordan. However, no research has been undertaken on the efficacy of insecticides for the control of this pest. Therefore, mortality of S. temperatella from direct spray and residual exposure was compared for eight insecticides under laboratory conditions. The obtained results indicated that S. temperatella mortality was significantly affected by insecticide, concentration and time after application. The mortality of S. temperatella larvae exposed to low and medium concentrations of insecticides in direct spray indicated that chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and fenitrothion had the highest mortality. While at high concentration, in addition to these three insecticides, diazinon gave 100% mortality. Generally, the overall effect of insecticides in direct spray indicated that chlorpyrifos caused the highest mortality. On the other hand, the results of residual exposure indicated that after one and three days, diazinon and chlorpyrifos caused significantly high mortality, while after five days cypermethrin and methomyl mortalities were significantly the highest. In conclusion, the insecticides tested in this study have the potential to control the pest.

Keywords: Syringopais temperatella, Insecticides, Direct Spray, Residual Exposure.

1. INTRODUCTION imports to cover national needs. Numerous insect pests have been described on wheat Wheat, Triticum durum L. is one of the staple crops in Jordan. Among these pests is the cereal leaf miner, grown in Jordan. The area planted for wheat in Jordan is Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythridaidae), estimated at 385782 dunums (dunum=1000 m2) which is considered one of the major constraints to the producing a total of 34363 tons. The average yield of production of wheat in Jordan (Mustafa, 2002; Al- wheat is still low with an average of only 89 kg/dunum Zyoud, 2007). This insect is endemic to Jordan, and was (Agricultural Statistics, 2005). Therefore, Jordan is not reported in the country more than 50 years ago self-sufficient in wheat production, and depends on (Klapperich, 1968). S. temperatella was initially considered a non-serious pest on wheat (Al-Momany *Assist. Prof. of Biological Control and IPM, Department of and Mustafa, 1990). But, since 2001, the insect has Plant Protection and IPM, Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah University, Al-Karak, 61710 Jordan, P. O. Box: 7, Tel.: 00962- become a destructive pest (Mustafa, 2002). The pest 0-777-351689, Email: [email protected]. feeds on the plant foliage, and the plant soon turns Received on 29/5/2007 and Accepted for Publication on 28/10/2007. yellow and production decreases sharply (Mustafa,

2002). Because of frequent occurrence of drought and lack individual larvae collected from open fields in Al- of proper rotations, outbreaks of this pest have occurred Rabbeh, Karak District, and maintained on potted wheat mostly in the south of the country, especially Karak District plants. The rearing was done in meshed cages of for the last six years (ICARDA Annual Report, 2005; Al- 50x50x80 cm under laboratory conditions of 20±5°C Zyoud, 2007). But during the 2005, severe damage by this temperature, 50±10% relative humidity and 12:12 (L: D) pest was also observed in the northern part of Jordan, Al h photoperiod at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mu'tah Ramtha area (ICARDA Annual Report, 2006). Wheat University. The meshed cages were sealed with gauze infestation by S. temperatella in Karak District has from their sides and tops to provide adequate ventilation. exceeded 90% in some fields, and in others has ranged Wheat plants, T. durum (cv. Horani 27) were used for S. between 25% and 75% (Mustafa, 2002). Such damage was temperatella rearing and laboratory experiments. The reported in other Arabian and foreign countries (Abu- plants were grown without fertilizers. Plants were grown Yaman, 1971; Serghiou, 1975; Kaya, 1976; Daamen et al., in small pots (12 cm by 12 cm, diameter and height) in 1989; Miller, 1991; Mamluk et al., 1992; Miller and an air-conditioned glasshouse. To maintain adequate Ghannoum, 1994; Rajabi, 2002a; Vrieze, 2002; Jemsi and host-plant supply, wheat plants were frequently replaced Rajabi, 2003; ICARDA Annual Report, 2006). whenever needed. In order to obtain the appropriate It is generally acknowledged that alternative control stage of S. temperatella for the different experiments, tactics alone are unlikely to provide adequate pest control, third larval instars (L3) were selected randomly from the but through careful integration with insecticides it could rearing cages, and checked further under a binocular represent a significant source of sustainable control (Heinz, microscope. S. temperatella (L3) instars were used in all 1996). However, some insecticides have been used to studies. All experiments were conducted in 2007 control S. temperatella in Irak (Abu-Yaman, 1971), Cyprus growing season at the Faculty of Agriculture, Mu’tah (Melifronides, 1977), Turkey (Duran et al., 1979) and Iran University under the previous mentioned environmental (Rajabi, 2002b; Fard, 2000; Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). conditions. However, no research has been undertaken on the efficiency of insecticides on S. temperatella despite the 2.2 Insecticides Used outbreaks experienced over the past six years in Jordan. Eight materials were selected to represent five major Therefore, the objective of this study was to study the effect groups of insecticides and used as shown in Table 1. of direct spray and residual exposure of eight insecticides against S. temperatella. These data will be useful to help 2.3 Insecticides Treatment farmers to select the right insecticide in their control tactics, 2.3.1 Direct Spray and to develop a pest management approach that integrates The effect of directly spray with three concentrations the use of chemicals with other measures to control S. of each insecticide (low, medium and high) on the S. temperatella. temperatella (L3) was studied using Petri dishes of 5.5 cm in diameter and 1 cm in height. The Petri dishes were 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS partially filled with 0.5 cm thick layer of wetted cotton 2.1 Acquisition and Maintenance of Insects and Plants pad, and the lid of each Petri dish had a hole closed with A stock culture of S. temperatella was initiated from organdie fabric for ventilation. The Petri dishes were

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2 provided with wheat leaf discs (10 cm ), which were cut direct spray. Ten randomly selected L3 instars of S. from uninfested wheat plants. Larvae of S. temperatella temperatella were released into each Petri dish. Each at their third instars were gently transferred using a replicate consisted of 10 larvae, and four replicates (four Camel hairbrush into the Petri dishes in groups of ten Petri dishes) were run for each insecticide. Mortality of larvae/cage for the direct spray treatments. Larvae in the larvae was evaluated at each time 24 h after introduction Petri dishes in control groups (n=10) were sprayed with of larvae into the Petri dishes. The overall control 1 ml of distilled water, while larvae in treatment groups mortality was 11.25%. (n=10) were sprayed with 1 ml aqueous solution of the test material by using a calibrated little sprayer. The 2.4 Statistical Analysis Petri dishes were kept under laboratory conditions In both direct spray and residual exposure tests, mentioned before. For each material and concentration, mortality resulted from insecticide treatments was four replications were used (four Petri dishes), and each adjusted for control mortality using Abbott’s formula Petri dish contains ten individuals of the pest. The larval (Abbott, 1925). In the direct spray, in order to calculate mortality was recorded at 1, 2 and 3 days after spray. the overall mortality for each insecticide, the corrected Larvae were considered dead if they did not move when proportional mortality was expressed as a decimal for lightly prodded with forceps. The overall control each of the three material concentrations tested. The mortality was 9.17%, 18.75% and 32.08% at day 1, day resulting three values were then averaged. The data were 2 and day 3 of the experiments. analyzed by one-, or two-way ANOVA to detect any differences in mortality of the materials (Zar, 1999). 2.3.2 Residual Exposure When significant differences were detected, means were The effect of medium concentration of each compared using LSD at 0.05 probability level (Abacus insecticide on S. temperatella was determined by Concepts, 1991). All analyses were performed using the exposing the L3 instars to material residues on wheat leaf proc GLM of the statistical package SigmaStat 2.03 disks. For each insecticide, three potted wheat plants (15 (SPSS, 1997). cm height) were sprayed with 5 ml of the respective concentration (prepared insecticide solution) and placed 3. RESULTS under the previous mentioned laboratory conditions. 3.1 Direct Spray Test Control potted wheat plants were treated similarly with The mortality data for S. temperatella larvae tested distilled water. Three different times were selected to with direct spray, corrected for control mortality, are determine the effect of residual exposure of the given in Table 2. The results indicated that direct spray insecticides. These times were 1, 3 and 5 days post of S. temperatella larvae by all insecticides tested exposure. Freshly picked leaves were punched from the exhibited a range of mortality after one, two and three treated and untreated leaves using a blade at each time days of spray in all cases. S. temperatella larvae after spraying. Wheat leaf discs about 10 cm2 in area mortality was significantly affected by insecticide was prepared from both treated and untreated wheat treatment, time after insecticide application and leaves after punching them from the plants, and placed concentration of the material. The corrected mortality into labeled Petri dishes similar to those ones used in the percent of third larval instars of S. temperatella after

-3- Effects of Direct… Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud one, two and three days of spraying by a low the larvae, there was an increase in the percentage of concentration of insecticides in direct spray test is mortality for all insecticides used (F=6.92-48.50; 2, 9 df; presented in Table 2. One day after spraying, P=0.000-0.015). chlorpyrifos had significantly caused the highest The corrected percent mortality of third larval instars mortality to the larvae with 64.22%, followed by of S. temperatella after one, two and three days of imidacloprid with 42.20% and fenitrothion with 39.45%, spraying by the high concentration of insecticides in while the lowest mortality was recorded for diazinon direct spray test is presented in Table 2. By day 1 after with 3.67% and cypermethrin with 9.17% (F=9.55; 7, 24 spray, all insecticidal treatments with the exception of df; P=0.000). After two days of application, the cypermethrin with only 6.42%, had larval mortality of mortality varied significantly among insecticides more than 36.69%; the highest mortality was recorded (F=7.19; 7, 24 df; P=0.000) and ranged from 13.85% for for chlorpyrifos with 72.48% (F=15.44; 7, 24 df; diazinon to 72.31% for chlorpyrifos treatments. P=0.000). After two days of spray, imidacloprid, Mortality levels were consistently higher at three days diazinon, chlorpyrifos and fenitrothion gave than at one and two days post-spray, in which the significantly high mortalities ranging from 72.31% to mortality levels reached up to 100% in the chlorpyrifos 84.62% (F=10.65; 7, 24 df; P=0.000). While after three treatment, whereas the least mortality was recorded for days of spray, most of insecticides caused significantly methomyl with 48.47% (F=6.07; 7, 24 df; P=0.000). high mortality, and it reached 100% for diazinon and However, with time, there was an increase in the fenitrothion (F=3.23; 7, 24 df; P=0.015). With time after percentage of mortality for all the insecticides used exposure there was an increase in the percentage of (F=5.87-228.50; 2, 9 df; P=0.000-0.024). mortality for all the insecticides used (F=10.50-122.68; The effect of direct spray of insecticides at a medium 2, 9 df; P=0.000-0.003). concentration on the S. temperatella larvae is Further statistical analysis of results indicated that represented in Table 2. One day after spraying, the increasing the concentration of the material had chlorpyrifos treatment with 61.47% mortality had the significantly resulted in an increase in the percentage of highest efficiency against the larvae, followed by mortality of the larvae. For example, in day 1, increasing fenitrothion and imidacloprid with 42.2%, while the concentration of abamectin and diazinon had cypermethrin with 6.42% had the lowest mortality significantly increased the mortality (F=14.25; 2, 9 df; (F=5.20; 7, 24 df; P=0.001). And by day 2 after spray, P=0.02) and (F=13.21; 2, 9 df; P=0.002), respectively. larvae mortality had the same trend, in which it was also In the day 2 after spray, increasing the dose of abamectin, the highest for chlorpyrifos (78.46%), followed by diazinon, fenitrothion and lamda-cyhalothrin treatments fenitrothion and imidacloprid (56.92%) (F=5.25; 7, 24 had significantly increased the percent mortality (F=5.25- df; P=0.001). After three days of application, 33.44; 2, 9 df; P=0.000-0.031). In day 3 after application, chlorpyrifos (96.32%) and fenitrothion (92.64%) caused the larval mortality has significantly increased due to the the highest mortality, followed by diazinon and increase in the concentration of abamectin (F=12.00; 2, 9 imidacloprid (85.28%), while cypermethrin with only df; P=0.003), cypermethrin (F=12.11; 2, 9 df; P=0.003) 48.47% mortality was the lowest effective insecticide and diazinon (F=93.00; 2, 9 df; P=0.003). (F=8.92; 7, 24 df; P=0.000). With time after exposure of The corrected percent mortality of third larval instars of

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S. temperatella after one, two and three days of spray as a 4. DISCUSSION result of the overall effectiveness of insecticides in direct The cereal leaf miner is increasingly a destructive spray test is illustrated in Figure 1. Chlorpyrifos pest in Karak District of Jordan (Al-Zyoud, 2007). treatment (66.00%) caused mortality that was significantly However, the results of the direct spray in the current higher than that caused by any of the other insecticides after study demonstrated showed that S. temperatella larval one day of spray, while the lowest mortality was mortality was affected by insecticide treatment and significantly recorded for cypermethrin with only 7.33% concentration as well as time after insecticide (F=22.96; 7, 24 df; P=0.000). Mortality levels reached application. Madannat (2004) showed that spraying 76.41% in the chlorpyrifos treatment only two days after barley fields at early growing stages with chlorpyrifos larvae were exposed to the insecticide, while cypermethrin (1-1.5 liter/dunum) and diazinon (1-1.25 lt/dunum) gave with 30.28% had significantly the lowest mortality good level of control of the pest in comparison with the (F=19.12; 7, 24 df; P=0.000). Larvae exposed to control treatment. These results are in agreement with chlorpyrifos (97.57%) and fenitrothion (91.43%) had our findings, in which chlorpyrifos and diazinon were significantly higher mortality when compared with the the best insecticides that caused significantly high other insecticides after three days of spray (F=12.42; 7, 24 mortality to the pest larvae. In Iraq, Abu-Yaman (1971) df; P=0.000). carried out a study on chemical control of S. temperatella under field conditions, and he mentioned 3.2 Residual Exposure Test that azinphos-methyl (Gusathion®20%) was effective The corrected mortality data for S. temperatella third for the control of cereal leaf miner larvae. In the West larval instars tested with residual exposure test are given Bank, Karzem (1999) reported that lendrin, thionix and in Table 3. Curiously, after one day of exposure, gemacide chemicals were sprayed to control this pest. In diazinon, chlorpyrifos and methomyl caused significantly Cyprus, Serghiou (1975) reported that in field tests on substantial levels of mortality to S. temperatella larvae in barley that parathion, mevinphos, fenitrothion, diazinon residual test with mortalities of 69.01%, 63.56% and and chlorpyrifos at 216, 234, 210, 210g and 210 g/acre, 60.38%, respectively (F=5.30; 7, 24 df; P=0.001). While respectively were the best foliar-spray treatments. These after three days, diazinon with 54.93%, cypermethrin with results corroborate the findings of studies, in which 46.48% and chlorpyrifos with 46.48% were highly toxic to fenitrothion, diazinon and chlorpyrifos gave high percent larvae than the other insecticides (F=6.26; 7, 24 df; mortality. Also, in Cyprus, diazinon, fenitrothion, P=0.000). However, cypermethrin and methomyl phosphamidon, formothion, trichlorphon and mecarbam mortalities with 35.21% were significantly the highest after at 490, 515, 448, 511, 515 and 490 g/ha, respectively five days of exposure, while the mortality of abamectin was caused mortalities of 98.0, 97.2, 91.0, 89.2, 92.0% and the lowest with only 2.34% (F=4.21; 7, 24 df; P=0.004). 90.1% to larvae after 4 days of application There was significant reduction in the percentage of larval (Melifronides, 1977). The results obtained with diazinon mortality with time of residual exposure for all insecticides and fenitrothion were similar to ours; 100% mortality used (F=5.47-13.46; 2, 9 df; P= 0.002-0.028), except was achieved after three days from spraying the larvae cypermethrin and imidacloprid (F=2.05, 0.55; 2, 9 df; with high concentration of diazinon and fenitrothion. In P=0.19, 0.59). Turkey, a preparation containing 20% diazinon at 300

-5- Effects of Direct… Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud ml/acre proved effective against the small larvae, giving in formulation are needed (Croft, 1990). up to 96% mortality, but timing of application was very There are many factors affecting larval survival, i.e., important since mature larvae were more resistant to predation, parasitism, rainfall, ploughing, sowing date these compounds and suffered only 31% kill (Kaya, and varieties (Duran et al., 1979). Therefore, chemical 1976). Also in Turkey, 20% diazinon at 350 ml/decare control should be used with other control methods. Since and 20% azinphos-methyl (Cotnion®) at 300 ml applied the pest diapauses as first instar larvae at a depth of 15- at tiller formation in wheat and barley fields gave good 30 cm, deep ploughing can help in controlling the pest results against S. temperatella (Koyuncu and Kurcman, (Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). In this regards, a single deep 1977). Moreover, in the same country, in the control ploughing in summer was not effective against larvae, tests with insecticides, the best rates of larval mortality but gave a reduction in the pest population (Serghiou, were caused by chlorpyrifos (89% kill), trichloronate as 1975). One-time ploughing, two-time ploughing and 20% Agritox® or Phytosol® (85 or 79.65%) and burning of stubble gave larval mortalities of 4%, 30% endosulfan as 35% Thiodan® (71.82%) (Duran et al., and 100%, respectively (Fard, 2000). Moreover, Al- 1979). In our study, we also obtained similar results; the Zyoud (2007) reported one parasitoid species of this best rates of larval mortality were mostly caused by pest. Therefore, special care should be taken not to chlorpyrifos. In Iran, dursban gave 50% mortality of the disturb the agro-ecosystem to give the chance for this pest (Fard, 2000). Also in Iran, application of diazinon parasitoid to build up its population. EM 60% at 1.5 litres/ha was effective when done at the In conclusion, Jordan has begun to address the cereal 3- to 4-leaf stage (Jemsi and Rajabi, 2003). leaf miner pest problem, although there is a scarcity of It is important to be noted that the correct time of research in this area. The current study provides basic chemical application is very important. In this regards, information on the efficacy of some insecticides against Melifronides (1977) and Georghiou and Lagunes-Tejeda the pest. Our study shows that the synthetic insecticides (1991) reported that the best time for chemical treatment are toxic to the larval stage of the pest, which should is when the crop is at the 3-leaf stage. Al-Zyoud (2007) dramatically reduce the pest populations in the field, reported that the larvae started feeding on leaves early although the study was a laboratory one. But, the use of February, while Mustafa (2002) reported that the larvae insecticides is neither economic nor sustainable, and has penetrate the leaves in January and February in 2001. a negative impact on the environment and farmers using These observations can help in determining the right them. Therefore, new and alternative methods for time of chemical application. controlling the pest are needed to maintain natural balances In Cyprus, S. temperatella has developed resistance within the ecosystem. However, further research is to insecticides (Georghiou and Lagunes-Tejeda, 1991). warranted to determine the impact of insecticide on S. Therefore, the use of insecticides should be minimized temperatella under field conditions, the economic injury to prevent or at least to delay development of resistance. level and the economic threshold level of the pest, study of And because insecticides are likely to remain a major the dynamics of the insect population in comparison with component of pest suppression, therefore, reduced rates the phenological development of host plants to optimize of application, use of less persistent materials, temporal planting and harvesting dates, conduct economic feasibility and spatial changes in application methods, and changes studies on the replacement of wheat with alternative crops,

-6- Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 4, No.1, 2008 screen wheat varieties for pest resistance, and monitor results and the results of Al-Zyoud (2007) on the biology natural enemies to increase their impact on the pest and ecology of the pest are expected to form the populations. These future studies together with the present foundation of IPM for S. temperatella in Jordan.

Table 1: List of common and trade names, insecticide family, formulation and active ingredient (AI), manufacturer and application rate of materials tested. Application rate Formulation ml of the Common name Trade name Insecticide family Manufacturer and AI material solution per 20 L water Fenitrothion Senthion-50%® Organophosphate EC, 50% w/v Vapco 20, 30, 40 Chlorpyrifos Dursban-4® Organophosphate EC, 480 g/l Megdadi 40, 45, 50 Diazinon Diazinon-60%® Organophosphate EC, 60% w/v Vapco 20, 25, 30 Abamectin Vapcomic® Avermectin EC, 10.8% w/v Vapco 5, 6, 7 Methomyl Acinate-24L® Carbamate EC, 24% w/v Megdadi 20, 25, 30 Cypermethrin Cypermethrin-10® Pyrethroid EC, 100 gm/v Vapco 5, 7.5, 10 Lamda cyhalothrin Phoenix® Pyrethroid EC, 5% w/v Vapco 10, 12.5, 15 Imidacloprid Comodor-20SL® Nicotinoid EC, 20% w/v Medmac 20, 22.5, 25 EC: Emulsifiable concentrate.

Table 2: Corrected % mortality of Syringopais temperatella after spraying by different rates of the tested insecticides. Rate of Corrected % mortality (±SE) after different days Tested materials application (ml/20l water) 1 2 3 20 39.45±11.9 bA 44.62±8.7 abA 81.60±6.3 abB Fenitrothion 30 42.20±9.5 abA 56.92±8.7 abA 92.64±5.0 aB 40 55.96±7.1 abA 84.62±2.5 aB 100.00±0.0 aB 40 64.22±9.6 aA 72.31±2.5 aB 100.00±0.0 aC Chlorpyrifos 45 61.47±5.0 aA 78.46±2.5 aB 96.32±2.5 aC 50 72.48±2.9 aA 78.46±4.8 aA 96.32±2.5 aB 20 03.67±5.5 cA 13.85±0.0 bcB 59.51±2.5 bcC Diazinon 25 25.69±8.5 bcA 47.69±2.5 bB 85.28±0.0 abC 30 55.96±7.1 abA 75.38±7.1 abB 100.00±0.0 aC 5 17.43±2.9 bcA 35.38±2.5 bB 74.23±2.5 abC Abamectin 6 28.44±2.9 bA 35.39±4.8 bB 74.23±2.5 bC 7 44.95±4.1 bcA 60.00±4.8 bB 96.36±2.5 aC 20 20.18±4.8 bcA 32.31±5.0 bAB 48.47±8.7 cB Methomyl 25 28.44±5.0 bA 38.46±7.1 bA 66.87±4.8 bcB 30 39.45±5.0 bcA 50.77±4.1 bcB 81.60±4.8 bC 5 09.17±4.8 cA 23.08±11.8 bA 74.23±4.8 abB Cypermethrin 7.5 06.42±5.0 cA 32.31±2.9 bcB 48.47±5.0 cC 10 06.42±2.9 cA 35.38±4.8 cB 92.64±2.9 abC

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Rate of Corrected % mortality (±SE) after different days Tested materials application (ml/20l water) 1 2 3 10 28.65±2.8 bcA 32.31±2.9 bB 66.87±2.5 bcC Lamda cyhalothrin 12.5 28.44±2.9 bA 26.15±4.1 bcA 63.19±2.9 bcB 15 36.69±2.5 bcA 44.62±2.9 bcB 77.92±5.0 bcC 20 42.20±6.3 bA 66.15±6.3 aB 88.96±2.5 aC Imidacloprid 22.5 42.20±8.5 abA 56.92±10.4 abAB 85.28±4.1 abB 25 61.47±2.9 abA 72.31±2.5 abB 92.64±2.9 abC Means in columns followed by different small letters indicate significant differences among the different insecticides within the same concentration level (low, medium or high) and the same day, while means in rows followed by different capital letters indicate significant differences among the different days within the same insecticide and concentration at p<0.05 (two-factor analysis of variance).

Table 3: Corrected % mortality of Syringopais temperatella as affected by residual exposure to the tested insecticides. Tested materials Corrected % mortality (±SE) after different days 1 3 5 Fenitrothion 54.93±7.1 abA 43.66±5.8 aAB 23.94±4.8 abB Chlorpyrifos 60.56±5.0 aA 46.48±7.5 aAB 26.76±6.5 abB Diazinon 69.01±6.3 aA 54.93±5.8 aA 26.76±2.9 abB Abamectin 35.21±4.8 bcA 09.86±4.1 cB 02.34±5.8 cB Methomyl 63.38±4.8 aA 38.03±2.9 abB 35.21±4.8 aB Cypermethrin 52.11±4.8 abA 46.48±4.8 aA 35.21±6.3 aA Lamda cyhalothrin 38.03±6.5 bA 29.58±4.8 bAB 15.49±2.9 bB Imidacloprid 29.58±4.8 bcA 23.94±4.8 bcA 21.13±5.8 abA Means in columns followed by different small letters indicate significant differences among the different insecticides within the same day, while means in rows followed by different capital letters indicate significant differences among the different days within the same insecticide at p<0.05 (two-factor analysis of variance).

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20 d 10

90 a y 80

70 b b Two days 60 c 50 c cd 40 d cd 30

Corrected mortalit 10

0 a 100 a

90 Three days ab b b 80 bc c bc 70 60 50

40 30

20 10 0 Fenitrothion Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Abamectin Methomyl Cypermethrin Lamda- Imidacloprid cyhalothrin

Figure 1: Corrected percent mortality of third larval instars of Syringopais temperatella after one, two and three days of spray as a result of the overall effectiveness of eight insecticides in direct spray test. [Different small letters above bars indicate significant differences among the different insecticides within the same day at p<0.05 (one-factor analysis of variance)].

-9- Effects of Direct… Firas Ahmad Al-Zyoud

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Mustafa, T. 2002. Cereal Leaf Miner: A Destructive Pest on Serghiou, C. S. 1975. Control of Syringopais temperatella Wheat in Karak District. J. Agric. Eng., 17–19. in Cyprus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 68: 491– Rajabi, G. H. 2002a. Biology of Cereal Leaf Miner 494. Syringopais temperatella Led. in Cereal Post Harvest SPSS, Statistical Product and Service Solutions, INC. 1997. Period in Khuzestan Province, 15th Iranian Plant SIGMASTAT 2.03: SigmaStat Statistical Software Protection Congress. User's Manual, Chicago, United States. Rajabi, G. H. 2002b. Study on Post Harvest Cultural Vrieze, M.De. 2002. Interessante Waarnemingen van Measures and Effect of Chemical Application in Crop Lepidoptera in Griekenland. Phegea, 30: 41–47. Management to Reduce Wheat Leaf Miner Syringopais Zar, J. 1999. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper temperatella Led. in Khuzestan Province. 15th Iranian Saddle River, NJ, 663. Plant Protection Congress.

ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻭﺏ / ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ (Syringopais temperatella Led. (Lep., Scythrididae ﺘﺤﺕ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ

ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻭﺩ*

ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ

ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻭﺏ / ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ Syringopais temperatella ﺁﻓﺔ ﻤﺩﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ- ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ. ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ، ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺠﺭ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻀﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﻓﺔ، ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ. ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﺕ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﻴﺩ. ﺇﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻭﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻠﻭﺭﺒﺎﻴﺭﻴﻔﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻴﻤﻴﺩﺍﻜﻠﻭﺒﺭﺩ ﻭﻓﻴﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺜﻴﻭﻥ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ. ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ، ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺯﻴﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻋﻁﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ 100%. ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ، ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﺒﺎﻴﺭﻴﻔﻭﺱ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ. ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ، ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺯﻴﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭﺒﺎﻴﺭﻴﻔﻭﺱ ﺴﺒﺒﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻉ، ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻴﺒﺭﻤﻴﺜﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﻭﻤﺎﻴل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎ. ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻓﺔ. ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ: Syringopais temperatella، ﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺤﺸﺭﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﺭﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ، ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺩﺍﺕ.

______* ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ، ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺅﺘﺔ، ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻙ، ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ، ﺹ. ﺏ.: 7، ﻫﺎﺘﻑ: 0777351689-00962، ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ: [email protected] . ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ 29/5/2007، ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ 2007/10/28.

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