THE EFFECT OF THE FAILURE OF THE G30S PKI COMMUNISM ON POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN

Arumna Aryani; Moses Glorino Rumambo Pandin

Faculty of Humanities, Airlangga University [email protected] and [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Many ideologies develop in the world, one of which is communism. The doctrine of communism is a reaction to a system of capitalism that is considered to lack social sensitivities. In Indonesia itself, this ideology had developed, but not long ago this ideology collapsed precisely after the events of the Movement of September 30, 1965, which is believed to be carried out by the Communist Party of Indonesia. This event led to a change in all fields and one of the affected areas was the political field where there was no political right for those with communist ideology in Indonesia. The purpose of writing this article in addition to completing the course assignment "Philosophy of Science" is also a reference for those who want to know the failure of the Communist Party of Indonesia and its impact on the 21st century in politics. This research is guided by the question of “What are the consequences that arise from the failure of communism in the G30S PKI incident on political development in Indonesia today?”. From this question, information was obtained that the failure of the G30S PKI communism made the Indonesian political sector close the communist gap and restrict all traffic. This case study will be written through the literature review method which is conducted collecting data from several relevant scientific journals. Researchers realize that there are difficulties in collecting quality data that can support research results because of the limitations of journals related to the themes taken. As for recommendations from various research analyses to respect everyone's political rights and don't swallow information that has not been validated.

Keywords: Indonesia, communism, PKI, politics

INTRODUCTION

Communism was the ideology born of Karl Marx. Karl Marx was a philosopher and economist, and political expert. In Indonesia, communists have their history. Before being 'forbidden' after the bloody tragedy in 1965 aka G30S/PKI, communist understanding had developed massively. Communism entered Indonesia pioneered by Hendricus Josephus Fransiscus Marie Sneevliet. Hendricus was a Dutch citizen who came to Indonesia in 1913. Together with Adolf Baars, Hendricus founded the Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV).

Initially, the organization did not prop up communists but gradually transformed itself into a communist view. (3) After the success of the revolution in Russia, they entered mass organizations to spread this understanding, one of which was (SI) led by . (8)Then SI split into SI Merah and SI Putih. Finally, SI Merah became the Communist Party and rebelled in 1926, 1948 to 1965 which resulted in the fall of . Five years later, precisely in 1917, the communist party of Indonesia (PKI) was born. However, the name PKI has not been big because it was created secretly and became a left faction in SI.

Historically in Indonesia, the PKI carried out three rebellions. The first rebellion was in 1926. The rebellion failed and the PKI was liberated by the Dutch colonial government. Thousands of people were killed and about 13,000 detained. A total of 1,308 people, mostly party cadres, were sent to Boven Digul, a detention camp in Papua. (12)

The underground movement revived the PKI until it returned solidly. In 1948, the PKI launched a second rebellion. The rebellion intended to tear down the Republic of Indonesia and replace it with a communist state. This second attempt again failed. Literature records the third uprising in 1965, again failing. Communism is a failed world ideology. Democracy and capitalism with all their criticisms are much more comfortable and convenient than communism. (17)

The nation has for years been haunted by the specter of an obscure communist nose. Anything that smells communist is forbidden, including books. For them, the community in the class structure is one of the reasons for the lack of welfare. (17) With an iron fist, Lenin built a new society. Power under Lenin removed private ownership of all banks, shutting down all productive businesses and markets. He also destroyed the noble class, distributed land to farmers to later turn it into a state cooperative that provoked fierce resistance from farmers, and broke the dominance of religious institutions. In Indonesia, communism is often identified with atheism or not acknowledging the existence of God.

The understanding that communism was atheist refers far to Marx's idea that religion is an opiate for society. According to Marx, religion is opium that can dampen pain. For the oppressed, religion is the savior. (11) Religion advises those who are oppressed to be patient in hope and interpret that order as God's way of educating His people. In other words, religion perpetuates order. (4) There is also a criticism of Marx for the religion that makes people submit to the situation. Religion is not empowering. Religion has no revolutionary disposition to change the state of communism. The greatest experiment in the history of humanity to create a just and prosperous society in communism failed miserably. Welfare doesn't manifest. The great shock to international communism occurred in 1991 when the died in silence. The superpower collapsed, destroyed. It is difficult to imagine the closed ideology of communism being able to return to life in the political and economic map between countries that are currently so strongly linked to each other to show that communism is not worthy of being embraced not by the phobia of facing the image of a sledgehammer and closing the public's eyes to the hidden story of the events of 1965, but rather opening the widest space so that the public can get acquainted, discuss, and criticize what communism is.

The state should give assurances to the public that discussions around these issues take place safely without the intimidation of dissolution. What the police have to defend is an open discourse in public spaces, not a community that wants to disband those discourse spaces. (18) Deceit never advances a nation. The way to fight stupidity is to fulfill people's right to information. The discussion in the article uses descriptive qualitative theory and analyzes the existing problems.

Based on the problems presented above, the stigma of society towards communists who had been in Indonesia influenced the political development that existed in this era of globalization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the failure of communism in Indonesia to answer the question "What are the consequences that arise from the failure of communism in the G30S PKI incident on political development in Indonesia today?".

METHOD

The research model used by the author is to use the Literature review method. The use of this method is based on the related situation in which the writing of this article is taken from national and international journal data. The literature review is a research method in which the data of research results are obtained from sources collected from some books, journals, other studies related to the topic of the author's research. This method aims to compare several theories that exist and are relevant to the problems studied as a reference of the results of research discussions. This library review can be used to see what has been done related to the topic being researched.

The research in this article is guided by the following research question: What was the beginning and existence of communism in Indonesia and how did the failure of communism in the 20th century affect the political development in the 21st century? To answer the question, the researchers collected several journals related from Google Scholar to answer these questions by analyzing the data obtained. The data analysis techniques in this article use thematic analysis that is, get results by compare (find similarities from some literature), contrast (find differences from some literature), and criticize (give opinions based on the source read).

RESULTS

Literature Review in this study was conducted to find out the question of how communism began in Indonesia and its existence, and the influence of communist failure in the 20th century on political development in the 21st century. After several journals were collected from several accredited journal sites, 20 journals that supported the research topic of this article were obtained.

The results of the 20 journals reviewed as reference articles are journals that discuss the history of communists in Indonesia, eight journals discussing criticism and issues related to the ideology of communism in Indonesia, four journals discussing communism from the point of view of a branch of science, and six journals discussing related to communism and politics in Indonesia. Based on the 20 journals obtained results in general the failure of the Communist Party of Indonesia had an impact on the silence of political rights related to communist ideology.

DISCUSSION

1. The Beginning of the Development of Communism in Indonesia The entry of communism in Indonesia was started by a Dutchman named Hedricus Josephus Fransiscus Marie Sneevliet in 1913. He and his colleague Adolf Baars founded an organization called the Indische Social Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV) whose original purpose was not to prop up communists but, over time, became communist. (1) At that time, the Revolution in Russia had a success that led them to spread communist understanding into many mass organizations, one of which was Sarekat Islam (SI) under semaun leadership. SI split into two namely SI Putih and SI Merah which became the Communist Party and carried out several rebellions. In 1917, exactly five years after the existence of SI Merah, the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) was formed. The party was founded by Semaun and who were graduates of communist education from Sneevlit in the Indische Social Demoratische Partij (ISDP). At the beginning of its formation, the party secretly underwent its organization and remained a left-wing party within si. (5) In 1921, Sarekat Islam figure Haji implemented a party discipline. The name SI was changed to The Islamic Company Party. After the party's discipline, the name PKI became known. In the course of Indonesian history, the PKI rebelled three times. Until the last rebellion, precisely in 1965, the PKI failed to change the ideology of the Republic of Indonesia into its communist ideology. (1)

2. The Existence of Communism in Indonesia 1926 uprising The PKI rebelled against colonial rule in and West Sumatra in November 1926. Here, the PKI announced the formation of a republic. Of course, this immediately got a response from the colonial government by destroying this rebellion. Thousands of people were killed and detained, believed to be communist party cadres. In 1927, the PKI was declared a banned organization by the Dutch Government. Early in this prohibition period, the PKI tried not to stand out and move underground. In 1935, the PKI leader, Muso, returned from exile to reorganize the organization. (5) Events of 1948 After the , Amir Syarifuddin's cabinet was considered to be detrimental to the nation and had to give up its mandate. Amir Syarifuddin formed the People's Democratic Front (FDR) in June 1948. It became an opposition group to the government under Hatta's cabinet. FDR joined the PKI and planned a power struggle. This attempt at power struggle was realized by waging antigovernment propaganda, organizing many democracies, strikes, attacking and killing political opponents, and creating riots in several places. In line with the event, Musa who was a communist figure came and joined amir Syarifuddin. The PKI stepped up its action by committing terror, pitting the Indonesian National against each other, and discrediting Sukarno-Hatta's leadership. The culmination of this action was the uprising against the Republic of Indonesia on September 18, 1948, in Madiun, . This rebellion aimed to tear down the state of Indonesia and change the ideology from Pancasila to Communist. Many officials, officers, clerics, and people condemned the PKI. Gatot Subroto and Colonel Sungkono were appointed to carry out the crackdown on the PKI rebellion. In September 1948, the operation was crushed by his capture and sentenced to death for PKI leaders. (5) PKI 1950-1965 The Communist Party of Indonesia from 1950 to 1965 was led by D.N. Aidit. The strategy used by D.N. Aidit in leading the party by going through a parliamentary legal path and cooperating with some noncommunist factions. According to Aidit's understanding, communists and small-minded bourgeoisie could fight the feudal class if cooperation was done. (5) Based on this understanding, the PKI approached the workers and peasants. Aidit also cooperated with noncommunist anti-colonial groups by approaching PNI and Nahdatul Ulama. Aidit realized his party's progress and setbacks were influenced by the party's relationship with the national bourgeoisie. The PKI was not trusted by those who occupied the political and military elites. Therefore, Aidit's goal is to defend the party from those who expect its destruction. PKI’s cooperation with the noncommunists was evident when Sukiman's Cabinet fell. The PKI offered the PNI to form a new cabinet without the role of Masyumi party. This cooperation was carried out by the PKI with the aim that other political parties would throw away negative stigma and suspicion of the PKI. In 1955, the PKI was involved in elections. In that year, the PKI was free from oppression because it existed under Ali's cabinet. Members of the party tripled from the previous period of March to November 1945. In the first phase of the election, which was the election of members of parliament, the PKI ranked fourth with 39 seats. While in the second phase of the constituency elections, the PKI ranked fourth with 80 seats. With this unexpected victory, the PKI tried to re-realize their failed goal in 1948. In expanding communist ideology, the PKI made efforts to replace Pancasila. In addition, the party also expanded its party's influence by occupying the cabinet and occupying some of its members to become regional heads. Of course, it was approved by Ir. Soekarno who was president at the time. In addition to legal efforts, the PKI also made several illegal attempts by infiltrating political structures such as the Abri political party. The PKI accused the 1954 Indonesian government of being an anti-communist government. The PKI also pointed to ABRI as a tool of PKI oppression. This was done by the PKI to instill communism in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) who strongly opposed the PKI. In 1965, the PKI increasingly wanted to take control of the Indonesian government. The party demanded to implement "NASAKOMISASI" on ABRI and proposed the establishment of the Fifth Army as a communist-led security defense. The PKI's proposal was rejected but, Aidit secretly received approval from Sukarno. Of course, this resulted in a tremendous ups and downs that led to the conflict between the PKI and the Army. The tension between the PKI and TNI-AD was exacerbated by the general council issue. (17)

3. The End of Communism in Indonesia The PKI struggle ended after the G30SPKI event which marked the end of communism in Indonesia. The event of the Movement of September 30, 1965 was the event of kidnapping and murder of the TNI-AD. They were , R. , Harjono Mas Tirtodarmo, S. Parman, D.I. Panjaitan, and Soetojo Siswomihardjo and A.H. Nasution escaped the kidnapping. The PKI was considered the culprit behind this event to change the direction of the Indonesian state from Pancasila to communist rule. In addition to wanting to change the direction of the country, the PKI was considered to want to communique Indonesia as its international destination. (5) With this event, the PKI was denounced by all Indonesians. Therefore, all Army officers led by Maj. Gen. decided to confront the rebels. Suharto carried out ubiquitous sieges against PKI members and disbanded all societies associated with communism. However, President Sukarno did not acknowledge that the PKI was the mastermind of the coup. This led to Sukarno's abdicating as president and was replaced by Suharto. The eradication of the PKI was continued by Suharto. Until entering 1966, the PKI communism power was paralyzed. Suharto received a Warrant of 11 March 1966 from Sukarno which was intended to disband the PKI and its people. This event marked the end of communism in Indonesia. (17)

4. The Effect of Communism's Collapse on Political Development in Indonesia in the 21st Century The failure of communism due to the historic events of the G30S/PKI in the 20th century was used by some as a tool to gain power. (16) After the crackdown on communism and its people, a film emerged that recounted the grim events. The film features many scenes of murder, persecution, raids, beatings, and other acts of violence. The film is believed to be a tool of political propaganda that occurs during the transition from the Old Order era to the era. (7) After the failure of the PKI for the third time due to the G30SPKI event, the parliamentary leader General issued TAP MPRS Number XXV/MPRS/1966 on 5 July 1966 which contained the Dissolution of the PKI and the Prohibition of Spreading or Developing Communist/Marxist-Leninism. With the release of the TAP MPRS, the PKI and its organizations became a banned organization in Indonesia. For 32 years precisely under the leadership of Suharto consistently carried out the rule. (9) However, in 2000, the government of President Abdurrahman Wahid once tried to revoke the TAP MPRS. His efforts drew widespread condemnation from those who were anticommunist. (15) President Abdurrahman Wahid issued a Presidential Proclamation on the dissolution of the MPR and DPR parliaments. As a result, the next day, the MPR leader fired Abdurrahman Wahid as president and he was replaced by his deputy, Megawati Soekarno Putri. In 2004, Megawati was replaced by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono who expressly supported TAP MPR No. XXV so that there was no gap for communism ideology to develop in Indonesia, especially in politics. Today, the Communist Party of Indonesia is still seen by the public as a threat to the individual and the country. Everything related to communism is considered something that needs to be annihilated and too sensitive to be discussed. The ideology of communism is widely doubted by people including the intellectual class. Communism is doomed and is no longer relevant to be discussed again in the current era of globalization. (19) The emergence of Decree of the People's Consultative Assembly (TAP MPRS) XXV and Law No. 27 of 1999 which contains about maintaining the sovereignty of the country and the integrity of the Indonesian nation prohibits the development of communist ideology in Indonesia. The prohibition against the development of communism/Marxism-Leninism indirectly limits the rights of adherents of the ideology of communism which also has the right to freedom of thought and expressing opinions in the democratic state of Indonesia. With this prohibition, adherents of the ideology of communism are prohibited from participating in government and other matters related to civil and political rights. (13) Political developments today are still based on Pancasila and democracy. Anything that smells communist will not be able to penetrate the political gaps of Indonesia. However, many people on behalf of communism as a form of government down. (19) This cycle of communist issues usually arises during elections. (20) No wonder some take advantage of fear and hatred of communism with unvalidated info, hoaxes and misinformation that must be clarified or debunked by the mass media. (2) Similar to ghost stories spread by word of mouth, communist labels spice up various fake news stories that are widely shared through social media. (19)

CONCLUSION

The events of 1965 became the beginning of the silence of the political rights of communists in Indonesia. To prevent communism from returning, the government issued a Regulation of TAP MPRS Number XXV/MPRS/1966 concerning the Prohibition of Communism/Marxism-Leninism. Communism is considered forbidden to be discussed in Indonesia and gets a negative stigma from the public. From the question "What are the consequences that arise from the failure of communism in the G30S PKI incident on political development in Indonesia today?" the answer is that politics in Indonesia is currently free from the influence of communism but the challenges to developing this radical ideology keep coming. Therefore, in the field of politics, communists are forbidden to participate in this realm. Anything that smells communist will be directly denounced by the public.

There are several shortcomings and limitations in the process of working on research articles. Researchers find it a little difficult to collect journals related to research themes that have been validated and the lack of information related to communism today because it is considered as something negative to talk about.

The Communist Party in Indonesia is vanished but its ideology is still growing in search of a gap in the activities of Indonesian society and even hiding behind the motto of democracy. Therefore, the gap needs to be closed before the ideology that once gave the dark history in Indonesia does not redevelop. Today the best way that public can do is to cooperate under the ideology of Pancasila and the motto of Bhineka Tunggal Ika to bring about unity and form a society that is aware of the dangers of radicalism that can evoke communism.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Aditia, Ningrum Desi. 2019. Sejarah Masuknya Komunisme di Indonesia. Diakses pada 17 Mei 2021 dari https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/sejarah-masuknya- komunisme-di-indonesia.html?page=1. 2. Adawiyah, Robiatul. 2021. Pemberitaan Klarifikasi Isu Jokowi PKI Pada Media Online Tempo.Co. Jurnal Studi Jurnalistik UIN . 3. Anshori, Akhyar, dkk. 2019. Komunikasi Politik di Indonesia. : Buku Litera Yogyakarta. 4. Azizah, Qois, dkk. 2020. Ideologi Komunis dalam Perspektif Al-Quran. 2020. Jurnal of Islam and Plurality. 5. Hasanah, Siti. 2020. Sejarah Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) dan Bahayanya. 6. Hendrawan, Iwan. 2020. Cegah Ideologi Komunis dengan Menghadirkan Kebahagiaan. Diakses pada 26 Mei 2021 dari https://kominfo.bengkulukota.go.id/cegah-ideologi-komunis-dengan-menghadirkan- kebahagiaan/ 7. Mirnawati, Nor Huda Ali, dkk. 2019. Film dan Propaganda Politik. Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Sastra Islam. 8. Noor, Yazid Mohd. 2020. Keruntuhan Soviet Union 1991 dan Struktur Politik Antarbangsa: Satu Analisis. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 9. Nuroni, Abdul Muiz. 2021. Penghapusan Partai Politik dalam Metode Ketatanegaraan Indonesia. Jurnal UIN Sunan Djati Gunung 10. Putra, Gilang Rizki Aji. 2019. Bahaya Doktrin Politik Komunisme. Jurnal Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 11. Rachmawati, Fadhilah. 2020. Kritik terhadap Konsep Ideologi Komunisme Karl Marx. Jurnal Universitas Darussalam Gontor. 12. Rahayu, Fitriana, dkk. 2020. Perjalanan Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) dalam Novelet Sri Sumarah dan Bawuk Karya Umar Kayam. Jurnal UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. 13. Rasyid, Harun. 2021. ASN Dilarang Ikut Organisasi Terlarang. Bhirawa Opini. 14. Rizki, Lestari Chadijah, dkk. 2021. Peran Negara dalam Menanggulangi Upaya Kembali Ideologi Komunisme melalui Buku di Indonesia. Jurnal Universitas Syiah Kuala. 15. Saputra, Ramadhan Rizki. 2020. Gonjang-ganjing Kebangkitan PKI dalam RUU Ideologi Pancasila. Diakses 26 Mei 2021 pada https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20200518085333-32-504340/gonjang- ganjing-kebangkitan-pki-dalam-ruu-ideologi-pancasila 16. Shofia, Nadhifatus. 2019. Eksistensi Partai Politik di Indonesia Masa Pra dan Pasca Kemerdekaan. Jurnal UIN Sunan Ampel . 17. Soedarmo, Runalan dan Ginanjar. 2019. Perkembangan Politik Partai Komunis Indonesia (1948-1965). Jurnal Universitas Galuh. 18. Subhan, M. 2019. Perlindungan Hukum bagi Penganut Ideologi Komunisme/Marxisme-Leninisme di Indonesia. Jurnal Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya. 19. Wirawati, Kirana Bestari. 2019. Stereotip terhadap Orang Komunis di Indonesia dalam Novel 65 Lanjutan Blues Merbabu. Jurnal Universitas Muhammadiyah . 20. Zuhdan, Muhammad. 2019. Demokrasi Bukan untuk PKI: Pengeksekusian Hak-Hak Politik Kaum Komunis Pasca Reformasi di Indonesia. International Journal of Demos.

ATTACHMENT

Table 1. Study Results from Journal

No Journal Author (Year) and Study Results Title 1 Aditia, Ningrum Desi (2019) Explaining the chronology of the “Sejarah Masuknya Komunisme Communist Party of Indonesia in 1950- di Indonesia” 1965. 2 Adawiyah, Robiatul (2021) The issues and allegations made public “Pemberitaan Klarifikasi Isu against president Jokowi are considered Jokowi PKI pada Media Online PKI. Here, the PKI received a negative Tempo.Co” stigma from the public. 3 Anshori, Akhyar, dkk. (2019) The influence of the western bloc and “Komunikasi Politik di the eastern bloc resulted in two major Indonesia” ideologies that were influential in the world and its communication practices in Indonesia. 4 Azizah, Qois, dkk. (2020) The ideology of communism is “Ideologi Komunis dalam considered contrary to Islam because at Perspektif Al-Quran” the time of its spread in Indonesia was committed with crimes. 5 Hasanah, Siti. (2020) “Sejarah It contains about the pki journey from Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) start to finish. dan Bahayanya” 6 Hendrawan, Iwan. (2020) “Cegah The way that can be done by the Ideologi Komunis dengan Indonesian nation today to prevent the Menghadirkan Kebahagiaan” redevelopment of the ideology of communism in Indonesia. 7 Mirnawati, Nor Huda Ali, dkk. The film Traitor G30S/PKI was once a (2019) “Film dan Propaganda tool of political propaganda in which the Politik” film's questioning drove public opinion. 8 Noor, Yazid Mohd. (2020) It contains about the collapse of the “Keruntuhan Soviet Union 1991 Soviet Union and how it impacted the dan Struktur Politik Antarbangsa: international political structure at the end Satu Analisis” of the 20th Century. 9 Nuroni, Abdul Muiz. (2021) The abolition of the Communist Party of “Penghapusan Partai Politik Indonesia and the prohibition of dalam Metode Ketatanegaraan activities spreading, developing, and Indonesia” establishing organizations that follow the teachings of communism or marxism. 10 Putra, Gilang Rizki Aji. (2019) Communism is a debate of ideology. “Bahaya Doktrin Politik Referring to the state of practice, Komunisme” communism in Indonesia has an ugly stigma due to mixing with politict. 11 Rachmawati, Fadhillah. (2020) The ideology of communism got critic “Kritik terhadap Konsep Ideologi because it did not conform to the Komunisme Karl Marx” teachings of Islam. Therefore, a solution was provided for the next generation of the nation in stemming communism today. 12 Rahayu, Fitriana, dkk. 2020. It contains about the journey of “Perjalanan Partai Komunis communism in Indonesia which is told Indonesia (PKI) dalam Novelet through the deepening of the novelette Sri Sumarah dan Bawuk Karya Sri Sumarah and Bawuk. Umar Kayam” 13 Rasyid, Harun. (2021) “ASN Regulations governing the prohibition of Dilarang Ikut Organisasi ASN involvement in illicit organizations Terlarang” such as PKI. 14 Rizki, Lestari Chadijah, dkk. The study looked at the efforts made by (2021) “Peran Negara dalam the government in addressing the spread Menanggulangi Upaya Kembali of communism books in Indonesia. Ideologi Komunisme melalui Buku di Indonesia” 15 Saputra, Ramadhan Rizki. (2020) Referring to the draft HIP Bill “Gonjang-ganjing Kebangkitan containing 8 regulations that are PKI dalam RUU Ideologi considered but, TAP MPRS Number Pancasila” XXV/MPRS/1966 on The Prohibition of Communism/Marxism-Leninism is not among which if the regulation is not listed it is feared that communism will develop again. 16 Shofia, Nadhifatus. (2019) The birth of a political party in the 20th “Eksistensi Partai Politik di Century is an actualization of a political Indonesia Masa Pra dan Pasca view that finds its momentum. After the Kemerdekaan” 20th Century, the concept of multi-party emerged that marked a new politics. 17 Soedarmo, Runalan dan Ginanjar. Reviewed the journey of the Communist (2019) “Perkembangan Politik Party of Indonesia from 1948 to the end Partai Komunis Indonesia (1948- of the communists in 1965. 1965) 18 Subhan, M. (2019) “Perlindungan Reviewing the form of legal protection Hukum bagi Penganut Ideologi for adherents of the ideology of Komunisme/Marxisme-Leninisme communism associated with the article di Indonesia” of law in Indonesia. 19 Wirawati, Kirana Bestari. (2019) The existence of public streotip on “Streotip terhadap Orang matters related to the Communist Party Komunis di Indonesia dalam of Indonesia is always labeled negative. Novel 65 Lanjutan Blues Merbabu” 20 Zuhdan, Muhammad. (2019) Presented a recommendation to address “Demokrasi Bukan untuk PKI: issues related to political rights for ex- Pengeksekusian Hak-Hak Politik PKI. Kaum Komunis Pasca Reformasi di Indonesia” LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1. ABRI : Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia (Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia) 2. FDR : Front Demokrasi Rakyat (People's Democratic Front) 3. G30S PKI : Gerakan 30 September Partai Komunis Indonesia (The of the Indonesian Communist Party) 4. ISDP : Indische Social Demoratische Partij (Indian Social Democratic Party) 5. ISDV : Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereeniging (Indian Social Democratic Association) 6. NASAKOM : Nasionalisme, Agama, dan Komunisme (Nationalism, Religion and Communism) 7. PKI : Partai Komunis Indonesia (Indonesian Communist Party) 8. PNI : Partai Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Party)