Wasatch Mental Health
Emergency Preparedness and Safety Awareness Reference Manual
Important Phone Numbers
Community Resources
Response Flowchart
Emergency Alert System
Medical Emergencies
Evacuation
Hazardous Chemical Emergencies
Fire Emergencies
Vehicle Accidents
Office/Workplace Safety
Threat of Violence
Weather Emergencies
Earthquake Preparation
Other Agency Information The Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Preparedness and Safety Awareness Plan establishes, coordinates, and outlines the operating procedure in the event of an emergency or a disaster, either internal or external. In addition the plan promotes safety awareness to help prevent accidents, illness and injuries and establishes safety responsibilities for staff members and clients.
Emergencies, disasters, accidents, injuries and crime can occur without warning at any time. It is important to be prepared for all different types of emergencies and know the right protocols to follow if incidents were to occur to ensure the safety of all staff members and clients.
Wasatch Mental Health developed this manual to assist you in minimizing the negative effects from such events. Please read this manual thoroughly before an emergency occurs. Become acquainted with the contents and keep it for immediate reference.
A copy of this manual will be made available in the employees section of the center’s website.
Contents Emergency/Disaster Procedures and Important Phone Numbers ...... 1 Wasatch Mental Health Program Manager Phone List ...... 2 Wasatch Mental Health – Internal Emergency Procedures ...... 2 Community Resource List ...... 3 Wasatch Mental Health Committee List ...... 5 Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Response Flowchart ...... 6 Command Center Emergency Response Check In Sheet ...... 7
Emergency Alert System ...... 9 Coordination Requirements ...... 10 If an emergency occurs while you are on duty: ...... 10 Plan to Reunite With Family after an Emergency ...... 10 Non-Governmental Organization Coordination Requirements ...... 11
Emergencies – When to Call 911 ...... 14 Medical Emergencies ...... 14 Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) ...... 14 Care of Victim and CPR ...... 14 Control Bleeding ...... 14 Treating for Shock ...... 15 Poisoning ...... 15
Wasatch Mental Health Evacuation Building Maps ...... 17 American Fork Family Clinic ...... 18 Alpine House - Provo ...... 19 IRT - Provo ...... 22 Parkview Building - Provo ...... 23 Recovery Outreach (CRISIS) – Provo ...... 28 Spanish Fork Family Clinic ...... 29 Skills Development (Clubhouse) – Provo ...... 30 South Provo Building ...... 32 Payson Apartments (SRT) ...... 25 Vantage Point – Provo ...... 34 Westpark Building – Provo ...... 35 Provo Family Clinic – Provo ...... 25
WATCH at the Food and Care Coalition – Provo ...... 38 Evacuation Routes and Shelters ...... 39 Evacuation Maps ...... 40 Wasatch Mental Health Facilities to Shelters ...... 40 American Fork Family Clinic ...... 41 Parkview Campus to Timpview High School ...... 41 Spanish Fork Family Clinic ...... 44 Westpark Building ...... 47
Hazardous Chemical Emergencies ...... 49 For a Major Hazardous Chemical Spill or Leak: ...... 50 For a Minor Hazardous Chemical Spill or Leak: ...... 50
Fire Emergencies ...... 51 Using a Fire Extinguisher...... 52 Fire Extinguisher Instructions: ...... 52 Fire/Evacuation Drills ...... 52 QUARTERLY FIRE DRILL LOG ...... 53 Fire Drill / Emergency Response Form ...... 54
Shelter in Place ...... 55 Shelter in Place - Severe Weather ...... 55 Shelter in Place - Chemical, Biological, or Radiological ...... 55 Shelter in Place – Triage Areas ...... 55 Triage Areas ...... 56 IRT GENERATOR ...... 57
Vehicle Accidents ...... 58 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORT (Form #A-2.28) ...... 59
Office/Workplace Safety ...... 61 Slips, trips, falls ...... 61 Heat-generating sources ...... 61 Motor vehicle accidents ...... 61 Furniture ...... 61
Housekeeping ...... 61 Office equipment ...... 61 Mail Handling Hazards: ...... 63
Nuclear Safety ...... 63
Weapon Situation or Explosive Discharge ...... 64 Workplace Violence ...... 64 Bomb Threat ...... 64 Bomb Threat Form ...... 65
Weather Emergencies ...... 66 Lightning ...... 66 Flash Flooding ...... 66 Failure of the Jordanelle or Deer Creek Dam ...... 66 Flash Flood Alert ...... 68 Flash Flood Evacuation ...... 68
Winter Storms ...... 68 If a Warning is Issued, the Storm is Imminent. Know Winter Words of Warning ... 68 Winter Storm Preparation...... 69 If you get Stuck in Your Vehicle ...... 69
Power Outage Preparation ...... 70 If People Are Trapped in an Elevator ...... 70
Earthquake In Utah ...... 70 Surface Fault Rupture ...... 72
Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country (section) ...... 73
Community Evacuation Plan Websites ...... 74
Wasatch Mental Health – External Emergency/Disaster Procedures and Important Phone Numbers An external emergency/disaster is any emergency such as earthquake, fire, nuclear attack, flood, etc. A staff member receiving a call will dial 9-1-1, if appropriate.
The staff member will: 1. Contact his/her program manager. 2. Contact the Emergency Preparedness Chairperson/Risk Manager. In the event he cannot be contacted after 1 minute, the staff member shall begin going down the list of contacts. Whoever is reached first will assume the position of the Emergency/Disaster Coordinator.
Name Department Office Cell Home Kent Downs Chairperson/Risk Manager 801-852-4708 801-367-7503 801-796-9451 Juergen Korbanka Executive Director 801-852-4703 801-367-7964 801-446-0970 Doran Williams Associate Director 801-852-4706 801-367-1412 801-423-1815 Lisa Schumacher Adult Services Director 801-852-4723 801-592-5459 801-489-8912 Catherine Johnson Youth Services Director 801-852-4471 801-360-3185 801-377-8087 On Call Crisis Staff Crisis 801-373-7393 801-373-7393 Tim McGaughy Medical Director – Oversee triage units 801-852-1436
1. The coordinator will proceed with the following protocol: 2. Notify everyone in the contact list above, 3. Notify program managers, 4. Establish the Command Center at IRT located at 1157 East 300 North, Provo, UT 801-377-4668, or other appropriate location, 5. Coordinate with community agencies, 6. Set up public information center, 7. Organize and arrange a debriefing schedule. (use the Command Center Emergency Response Check In Sheet).
Program managers will proceed with the following protocol: 1. Contact on duty staff within their programs and provide information on who to report to and where to report, 2. Complete an accountability system for staff and clients and report to the command center Coordinate with the Medical Director and arrange for triage and medical care, if needed. (use the Emergency Response Check Sheet and report to the command center).
On duty staff will remain on duty until excused by their program manager. Off duty staff will report to the program manager for assignment. WMH Emergency Preparedness and Safety Awareness Manual 1
Wasatch Mental Health Program Manager Phone List
Name Department Office Cell Home Geri Alldredge Medical Services 801- 852-3783 801-592-5465 801-423-7755 Dean Anderson AOP 801-852-1448 801-367-7505 801-221-9256 Dave Blume Skills Development 801-852-2136 801-367-1421 801-763-5406 Brian Butler TCM, WATCH, WRC 801-852-3753 801-592-7265 801-852-3753 Colleen Harper CFC, SFFC 801-852-3552 801-367-7044 801-704-9106 Randy Huntington IRT, Crisis 801-377-4668 801-367-1431 801-798-1208 Bryant Jenks AFFC 801-373-4765 801-367-3873 801-763-0698 Greg Robinson NV, Autism 801-852-4459 801-367-1420 801-224-3251 Scott Taylor YCSC 801-852-4467 801-367-7929 801-766-3988
Wasatch Mental Health – Internal Emergency Procedures An internal emergency is any emergency which occurs within the center or its outlying offices. Emergencies include fire, explosion, major accident, etc. If an emergency occurs, the staff member will: 1. Remain calm, 2. Take time to assess the situation and hazards (Avoid tunnel vision), 3. Dial 9-1-1 ASAP if serious, 4. Contact the program manger.
The program manager will: 1. Contact the Risk Manager, Kent Downs Office: 801-852-4708, Cell: 801-367-7503, Home: 801-796-9451 2. Alert other staff and clients, 3. Notify other appropriate agencies, if needed.
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Community Resource List
Agency Service Address Phone Number 535 East 4500 South, Suite D110, Allies With Families Advocacy and Planning 801-269-8553 Murray, UT 84107 NAMI of Utah County Advocacy and Planning P.O. Box 271, Provo, UT 84603 801-225-3855 United Way of Utah 148 North 100 West, P.O. Box 135, Advocacy and Planning 801-374-2588 County Provo, UT 84603 D.I. Transient Bishop Clothing 801-818-6156
Emergency Services Emergency Services 911
Provo Fire Department Emergency Services 801-373-5533 48 South 300 West, Provo, UT Provo Police Emergency Services 801-373-8594 84601 Utah County Sheriff Emergency Services 801-794-3970 Dispatch Utah Highway Patrol Emergency Services 801-887-3800 Dispatch Alpine Emer Services - Police 20 North Main 801-756-9800
American Fork Emer Services - Police 98 North Center 801-763-3020
BYU Police Emer Services - Police University Police 84062 801-378-2222
Heber Emer Services - Police (435) 654-3040
Lehi Emer Services - Police 152 North Center 801-768-7110
Mapleton Emer Services - Police 35 East Maple 801-489-9668
Orem Emer Services - Police 56 North Main 801-229-7072
Payson Emer Services - Police 388 East 100 North 801-465-9266
Pleasant Grove Emer Services - Police 87 East 100 South 801-785-3506
Provo Emer Services - Police 351 West Center 801-852-6200
Salem Emer Services - Police 30 West 100 South 801-423-2770
Santaquin Emer Services - Police P.O. Box 486 801-754-3211
Spanish Fork Emer Services - Police 775 North Main 801-798-5070
Springville Emer Services - Police 45 South Main 801-489-9421
Utah County Sheriffs Dept Emer Services - Police 3075 North Main 801-343-4006
Utah Highway Patrol Emer Services - Police 816 North 1200 West 801-227-8076
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UVSC Police Emer Services - Police 936 South 400 West 801-226-2379 1361 US 40, Heber: 1776 Park Ave 435654-1411, Wasatch Co Sheriff Dept Emer Services - Police #4, Park City 435-659-1288 865 N. Freedom Blvd., Provo, UT American Red Cross Food and Shelter 801-373-8580 84604 815 South 200 West Suite 100, Community Action Food and Shelter 801-373-8200 Provo, UT 299 East 900 South Provo, UT Food and Care Coalition Food and Shelter 801-373-1825 84606 Habitat For Humanity, Food and Shelter 1119 S 1680 W, Orem, UT 84058 801-344-8527 Utah County 1750 Wymount Terrace Provo, UT BYU Health Center Health 801-422-2771 84604 Mountainlands Health 589 South State Street, Provo 801-374-9660 Community Health Center Poison Control Health 1-800-456-7707 Utah County Health 151 S University Ave., Provo, UT Health 801-851-7000 Department 84601 Utah State 895 North 900 East, American Fork, Health 801-763-4008 Developmental Center UT 84003 170 North 1100 East, American American Fork Hospital Hospital 801-763-3300 Fork, UT 84003 170 North 1100 East, American Disaster Coordinator: Hospital 801-372-2500 Fork, UT 84003 1000 East 100 North Payson, UT Mountain View Hospital Hospital 801-465-7000 84651 Orem Community 331 North 400 West Street Orem, Hospital 801-224-4080 Hospital UT 84057 1300 East Center P.O. Box 270, Utah State Hospital Hospital 801-344-4400 Provo, UT Utah Valley Regional 1034 North 500 West, Provo, UT Hospital 801-373-7850 Medical Center 84604 Veteran's Center Hospital 801-377-1117 Activated by National Guard Other Governor Utah County Civil Other 801-851-4035 Defense
Questar Gas (stay on line for representative 801-853-7400)
Provo Water and Waste Water weekdays: 801-852-6780, after hours: 801-852-6789
Provo City Power 801-852-6868
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Wasatch Mental Health Committee List Name Location Office Cell Home Brent Richey WRC/WATCH 801-852-3789 801-226-7586 Bryant Jenks American Fork 801-373-4765 801-367-3873 801-763-0698 Carson King LAN - WP 801-852-4725 801-367-1411 801-367-1411 Catherine Johnson PKV – Youth 801-852-4464 801-360-3185 801-377-8087 Colleen Harper Provo Family Clinic/SF 801-852-3552 801-367-7044 801-704-9106 Dan Perkins Buildings 801-420-1054 Dave Blume South Provo/Payson Apt 801-852-2136 801-367-1421 801-763-5406 Doran Williams ADM 801-852-4706 801-367-1412 801-423-1815 Geri Alldredge WP – Med Services 801- 852-3783 801-592-5465 801-423-7755 Greg Robinson PKV – New Vista 801-852-4459 801-367-1420 801-224-3251 Jeanne Channel WP – Case Management 801-373-7394 801-221-4991 Juergen Korbanka WP – ADM 801-852-4703 801-367-7964 801-446-0970 Kathy Fuller PKV – IRT 801-377-4668 801-361-6969 801-465-0762 Kent Downs WP – Risk Management 801-852-4708 801-367-7503 801-796-9451 Kip Landon UVRMC – Crisis 801-373-7393 801-367-7511 801-717-7867 Leslie Olson ADM 801-852-4719 801-836-5151 801-798-9037 Lisa Schumacher WP – ADM/Adult Services 801-852-4723 801-592-5459 801-489-8912 Lori Verhoef WP - AOP 801-852-1461 Ned Campbell Jr. Springville/Alpine House 801-852-3333 801-367-7508 Randy Huntington ROC – IRT Crisis 801-377-4668 801-367-1431 801-798-1208 Scott Taylor PKV – Vantage Point 801-852-4467 801-367-7929 801-766-3988 Tom Parkinson WP – Med Services 801-852-1424 801-361-5589 801-798-9662 Tom Withers Wasatch House 801-373-7440
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Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Response Flowchart
Call Comes In To Secretary / Receptionist Call 911 (if appropriate)
1st Call 2nd Call Contact Order: (Try for 1 minute then go to the next contact)
Emergency Preparedness Chairman: Kent Downs Program Manager or Kent Downs Cell: 801-367-7503 Home: 801-796-9451 Supervisor Contact Exec.Dir.:Juergen Korbanka Juergen Korbanka Cell: 367-7964 Home: 801-446-0970
Associate Dir.:Doran Williams Doran Williams Cell: 367-1412 Home: 423-1815 Alert other staff Notify other clients appropriate Director of Adult:Lisa Schumacher residents agencies Lisa Schumacher Cell: 592-5459 Home: 489-8912
Director of Youth: Catherine Johnson Catherine Johnson Cell: 360-3185 Home: 377-8087
WHOMEVER IS REACHED FIRST WILL ASSUME THE POSITION OF THE DISASTER COORDINATOR (DC) and will proceed with protocol until relieved of responsibilities.
THE DISASTER COORDINATOR WILL THEN:
Establish the Coordinate Set up a Organize and Notify Notify Command with Public arrange a Program Administration Center where Community Information debriefing Managers appropriate Agencies Center schedule
Contact the Complete an Arrange for PM then staff within Accountability Triage and Reports to Command their system for staff Medical Care if Center programs and patients needed.
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Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Preparedness and Safety Committee Command Center Emergency Response Check In Sheet
American Fork Family Clinic ‐ 578 East 300 South American Fork, UT, 84003, 801‐763‐5010 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
GIANT Steps (Autism) – Foothill Elementary School, 921 North 1240 East, Orem, UT 84057, 801‐226‐5437 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
Parkview Campus ‐ 1157 East 300 North, Provo, UT 84606 Program Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments Parkview Building
Child Family Clinic
IRT
Crisis
Vantage Point
Payson Housing ‐ 956 West 900 South, Payson, UT 84651 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
Skills Development (Clubhouse Building) ‐ 605 East 600 South, Provo, UT 84601, 801‐373‐7440 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
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Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Preparedness and Safety Committee Command Center Emergency Response Check In Sheet
South Provo Building ‐ 633 South 550 East, Provo, UT 84606 Program Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments Records (2nd floor)
Skills Development (1st floor)
Wellness Recovery Clinic (2nd floor)
Spanish Fork Family Clinic ‐ 607 East Kirby Lane, Spanish Fork, UT 84660, 801‐852‐3805 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
WATCH ‐ 299 East 900 South, Provo, UT 84606, 801‐852‐3779 Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments
Westpark Building ‐750 North 200 West, Suite 300, Provo, UT 84601, 801‐373‐4760 Program Total Clients Total Staff Call Time Comments Administration (3rd floor)
Adult Outpatient (2nd floor)
Case Management (1st floor)
Medical Services (1st floor)
Psychology Services (1st floor)
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Emergency Alert System In the event of an emergency, tune to your local radio station for information regarding a potential or impending emergency/disaster.
All Utah radio stations participate in the Emergency Alert System (EAS). KSL-AM 1160 and KBYU 89.1 FM and 89.5 FM respectively serve as primary and secondary EAS stations in Provo.
When there is an emergency situation, there are a number of systems in place for alerting the public about the danger and what they should do about it.
Radio. The primary method of alert is the statewide Emergency Broadcast System. In case of an emergency, the Mayor has the authority to activate the system for Provo. For statewide emergencies, residents should tune to KSL radio (1160 AM or 102.7 FM). For emergencies localized to Utah County or Provo, emergency alerts are made on KBYU (89.1 FM).
Sirens and Speakers. The City has installed and controls the activation of emergency alert sirens in downtown Provo and sirens and speakers in the Riverbottoms neighborhood. If you hear the sirens, you should listen to the radio stations listed above, or (in the Riverbottoms) listen following the siren for an audible announcement on the speakers. In addition, police vehicles equipped with sirens and loudspeakers may be moving through the area with audible messages.
Provo Channel 17. The City has the capability of live broadcast from the City Center and from the Media Services studio. Emergency alert notices will be placed on Provo Channel 17, which is also streamed online at channel17.provo.org.
City Website. Emergency alert notices will also be placed on the Provo city website at www.provo.org during an emergency.
Reverse 911. The City is working to secure funding for a reverse 911 system. This system would allow residents to register for warning via email, phone call, cell call, text message or instant messaging. It would also allow the City to call all phones at addresses within a given radius of an emergency via GIS mapping capability.
Communications is crucial to support, security, situational awareness and guiding emergency response actions. Initially telephone and cell phone communication will be severely disrupted and access to the internet will not exist until satellite communication links can be established. Initially, several 800 MHz UCAN radio relay towers on the west bench, the mountains and foothills on the western edge of the Salt Lake City area, are expected to remain operational and should be able to provide reduced levels of radio traffic for up to 72 hours or longer if generators can be refueled. Point-to-point hand held 800 MHz and amateur radio communication should remain available as long as battery power and recharging sources are accessible.
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Amateur Radio Emergency Services (ARES) and HAM operators. ARES and HAM operators will assist by establishing radio communications and Internet connections in support of emergency response and reunification.
Coordination Requirements In the event of a community or large scale emergency, Wasatch Mental Health would expect to furnish all possible support to the community and public institutions by providing psychological and psychiatric care to those persons needing these services as a result of the emergency.
Every Wasatch Mental Health staff member who is on duty when the emergency procedure plan is activated will remain on duty until being relieved by his/her program manager who will gain authority through proper organization channels.
The welfare of the staff members’ family is recognized, and every effort will be made to aid and assist him/her in this regard. When the welfare of their family is assured, all off-duty staff will report to their assigned regular duty stations or a pre-designated rendezvous for assignment.
Under no circumstances should off-duty staff telephone the center simply to gain information. By using the center telephone lines, emergency calls are prevented.
If an emergency occurs while you are on duty: 1. Remain calm 2. Take time to assess the situation and hazards (Avoid tunnel vision) 3. Call 9-1-1 ASAP if serious 4. After calling 9-1-1, contact your program manager or the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503.
Plan to Reunite With Family after an Emergency Choose one local and one out-of- state relative or friend for family members to call if separated by an emergency. All family members should know who the contacts are, their phone numbers and how to call them. These contacts can help family members know where the others are and how to reach them. Choose two meeting places to reunite after an emergency. One should be near your home and the other should be outside your neighborhood in case you cannot return home after the emergency.
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Non-Governmental Organization Coordination Requirements Several non-governmental organizations play important roles in Wasatch front earthquake response. A few important organizations and their roles are listed below. AidMatrix Foundation and the National Donations Management Network (NDMN). The AidMatrix Foundation is a non-profit that works with FEMA, private sector, and NGO partners to operate the National Donations Management Network program. NDMN will assist State ESF #14 with coordinating donations and potentially give guidance or technical assistance on handling volunteers and donations from other states as well as other countries. It will also provide assistance with NDMN website issues and training as requested. American Red Cross. The American Red Cross (national and Utah) will provide assistance to include food, shelter and very basic first aid care for responders and earthquake survivors. The Red Cross will open and operate shelters, and place liaisons in each municipal EOC, county EOC, and in the State EOC. The American Red Cross assists State and Federal ESF #6 with filling mass care needs. The Red Cross establishes a logistics chain and regular flow of commodities from FEMA and Red Cross distribution centers into the impacted area to support mass care needs. The Red Cross also establishes coordinated delivery of shelter supplies (including shelf-stable meals) and emergency supplies to staging areas, shelters, PODs, and any in-place population. The Red Cross offers basic first aid care and coordinates blood products as needed. The Red Cross supports reunifications efforts indirectly through its “Safe and Well” website. Amateur Radio Emergency Services (ARES) and HAM operators. ARES and HAM operators will assist by establishing radio communications and Internet connections in support of emergency response and reunification. Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs). CERTs will deploy to disaster sites/staging areas and assist with neighborhood assessments and surveillance, light SAR, basic first aid and road/debris clearance as requested. They will provide some limited assistance and mental support to traumatized individuals. Block captains will direct people and assist responders using pre-scripted safety information until official public messages are provided. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS Church). The LDS Church will initiate grounds level support to citizens but providing food, volunteer/donations management, sharing situational assessment data with CERT and responders as appropriate and spread EPI messages and other information through their organizational tree to individual congregational leaders. Additionally, their neighborhood medical coordinators will provide some assistance with medical care at disaster sites and shelters. If needed, they will request help from their nation-wide medical volunteers and access their translator database to provide translation services. Civil Air Patrol (CAP). CAP will provide initial aerial assessments (including photo surveillance and reconnaissance) for the State EOC and other requesting entities. CAP will deliver a sighting report on oil and natural gas facilities within 12 hours of the initial quake to the State EOC. CAP will also provide personnel and equipment to support communication capabilities and needs. Local Media. Media personnel will begin immediately making contact with PIOs, responders and other involved contacts to obtain situational information that they can air. When available, the media will gather information through phone, personal contacts, and monitoring social media and the Utah emergency information web site
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(www.UtahEmergencyInfo.com). The media will also send representatives to damaged areas and for direct reporting. Media also will assist ESF #15 with broadcast of emergency general information public messages. Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). The MRC will provide limited first aid care at disaster sites and in shelters. National Volunteer Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD) and Utah Volunteer Organizations Active in Disaster (UVOAD). The UVOAD is the forum where organizations share knowledge and resources throughout the disaster cycle—preparation, response and recovery—to help disaster survivors and their communities. One role taken by members following a disaster is to help coordinate, receive, manage and distribute donated good/services. The UVOAD works with their member companies to coordinate volunteer efforts. Southern Baptist Relief Services and Salvation Army. Provide assistance (staff and food) with feeding displaced individuals. National Animal Rescue and Sheltering Coalition. NARSC member organizations will coordinate with local authorities to provide assistance for companion animals, horses, and farm animals in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake. Utah Transit Authority (UTA). UTA will provide evacuation support to the earthquake survivors (to and from embarkation points, reception centers, and shelters) and transportation assistance to discharged hospital patients. Utah Funeral Directors Association. The Utah Funeral Directors Association will provide and coordinate the activities associated with procuring manpower, supplies, and equipment from private mortuary service providers. They will ensure that handling of remains is humane and lawful and provide assistance to Deputy Medical Examiners in next-of-kin notification. They will also coordinate acquisition of suitable morgue facilities, embalming supplies, and body bags and provide temporary morgue equipment/supplies through the Mobile Mortuary Container program, as requested. Private Sector Coordination In addition to activities undertaken by sector-specific agencies operating under the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), the FEMA Private Sector Division engages with the private sector to cultivate public-private collaboration and networking in support of the various roles the private sector plays in emergency management—including impacted organization, response resource, partner in preparedness, and component of the economy. The following are national communication and coordination activities with the private sector: • In coordination with the DHS Office of Infrastructure Protection, the collection and dissemination of status updates on critical infrastructure operations, impact and consequences, and analysis and recommendations for restoring critical infrastructure • Providing support through public-private partnerships, associations, and contractual agreements in responding to—and recovering from—a catastrophic earthquake The State of Utah has a strong relationship with local businesses, volunteer organizations, and private citizens for support of response and recovery actions and needs during an emergency. Private Business. Private sector involvement is critical in re-establishing normal government and business operations and civilian life. Utah has an active private sector organization under the “Be Ready Utah” program. The State EOC has also established
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and equipped a business operations center nearby to aid in business/government coordination and needs and resources. Faith-Based. Utah has a number of faith-based and voluntary organizations that provide assistance in responding to emergencies, disasters or major catastrophes. There are more than 2,000 affiliated, background-checked volunteers in such organizations as Americorps/Vista, American Red Cross, Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP), Southern Baptists, Community Emergency Response Teams (CERTs), and the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC). VOAD. A large number of voluntary organizations have aligned themselves with the Utah Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (UVOAD), a voluntary agency that promotes coordination of volunteer efforts and exchange of ideas. CERT. A very large group of individuals throughout the State actively participate on CERTs. As a local resource, CERT members may be used in a number of support roles to augment required emergency support functions. Local jurisdictions maintain a listing of certified CERT members and where possible provide training and equipment to ensure operational readiness. (Wasatch Range Catastrophic Earthquake Response Plan)
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Emergencies – When to Call 911 An emergency is any situation that requires immediate assistance from the police, fire department or ambulance. Examples include: A fire. If a person enters a building with a weapon or acts violently. If a person is unconscious, gasping for air or not breathing, experiencing an allergic reaction, having chest pain, having uncontrollable bleeding, or any other symptoms that require immediate medical attention.
Remember, it is important to stay on the line until the dispatcher interviews the caller in a systematic way regarding the victim’s location, consciousness, breathing and chief compliant to determine appropriate response.
Have someone stand outside of the building to flag down fire department, police and/or ambulance.
Medical Emergencies Emergency medical services are provided by the fire department. Call 911 if a medical emergency occurs.
Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) The center is equipped with Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs). An AED is used in instances of cardiac arrest. AED’s are located in the following departments: Westpark 1st floor, IRT, Clubhouse, American Fork Family Clinic and Spanish Fork Family Clinic. Care of Victim and CPR Those trained to perform CPR and first aid can act within their expertise while those who are not trained should remain calm and stay with the person. Crowding is generally not helpful unless the presence of others is required. 1. Check for consciousness by gently shaking and shouting “Are you OK?” 2. If the victim does not respond, open the airway by tilting the head back and lifting the chin up. 3. Place your ear next to the victim’s mouth and nose while looking toward their chest. Look for the chest to rise and fall. Listen for breathing sounds. Feel for breath coming out of the mouth. 4. If the victim is not breathing give two slow rescue breaths. 5. Place the heel of your hands in the center of the breastbone, between the nipples. Provide 30compressions slightly faster than 1 compression per second. 6. Give two slow breathes again. Continue giving 30compressions and 2 slow breaths until trained rescuers arrive.
Control Bleeding Cover wound with a piece of clothing or towel and press firmly
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Elevate the injured area above the level of the heart if you do not suspect that the victim has a broken bone If the bleeding does not stop; apply additional dressing and bandages; use a pressure point to squeeze the arteries against the bones going to that area
Treating for Shock Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated Elevate the legs about 12 inches (if no broken bones are suspected) Do not give food or drink to the victim
Poisoning Poison Control Many of the beneficial medicines and chemicals in our homes can be poisonous when used incorrectly. Follow these steps to reduce the likelihood of poisoning, and to prepare yourself if it does occur:
Before Poisoning Place Poison Control number 1- 800-222 -1222 near the phone. Do not leave children alone or unattended. Be aware of all potential hazards. Teach children to ask before putting anything in mouth. Eliminate unneeded chemicals from your home; store chemicals in your home out of reach of small children. Never call medicine "candy." Keep a bottle of ipecac on hand, to use only if advised by Poison Control.
After Poisoning Stay calm. Call the Poison Control Center at 1-800- 222-1222
Inhaled Poisoning Immediately get the victim to fresh air. Avoid breathing fumes. Open doors and windows wide to increase ventilation. If victim is not breathing, start CPR.
Poison on the Skin Remove contaminated clothing, being careful not to expose yourself to the substance. Call Poison Control Center. Flood skin with water for twenty minutes. Then wash skin gently with soap and water and rinse.
Poison in the Eye Flood the eye with lukewarm (not hot) water poured from a large glass held two or three inches over the eye. Repeat process for 15 minutes. Have victim blink as much as possible while flooding the eye. Do not force the eyelid open.
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Swallowed Poison Call the Poison Control Center for instructions. Do not give any fluids to victims who are unconscious, having convolutions or who cannot swallow.
Evacuation Procedures – Wasatch Mental Health Buildings Each building shall have an evacuation map posted. Each staff member should become familiar with the plan and the location of the designated meeting area outside of the building.
Whenever you hear the building fire alarm or are informed of a general building emergency: 1. Do not panic, 2. Immediately evacuate your work area, 3. Hang the red “Room Evacuated” notice on your office door knob, 3. Evacuate to the designated area outside of the building, 4. Do not use elevators.
A designated staff member will walk through the work area and make sure that all persons are out, collect the department’s first aid kit and evacuate the building.
Under no circumstances are you to enter an area that has an evacuation notice on the doorknob.
NOTE: If a disaster occurs, see External/Internal - Emergency/Disaster Procedures and Important Phone Numbers beginning on page 1 of this manual.
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Wasatch Mental Health Evacuation Building Maps
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American Fork Family Clinic
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Alpine House - Provo
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IRT - Provo
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Parkview Building - Provo
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Payson Apartments (SRT)
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Provo Family Clinic – Provo
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Recovery Outreach (CRISIS) – Provo
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Spanish Fork Family Clinic
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Skills Development (Clubhouse) – Provo
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South Provo Building
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Vantage Point – Provo
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Westpark Building – Provo
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WATCH at the Food and Care Coalition – Provo
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Evacuation Routes and Shelters As a general rule, larger roadways have been designated as primary evacuation routes. The Red Cross typically utilizes Junior High and High School buildings for shelters. These buildings are equipped with showers and kitchens and have large open areas for gathering people. In the event an evacuation is needed, the shelter(s) available will be announced in the evacuation message.
Below is a list of school building for shelters: American Fork High School – 510 North 600 East, American Fork, (801) 756-8547 American Fork Jr High School – 20 West 1120 North, American Fork, (801) 756-8543
Lone Peak High School – 10189 North 4800 West, Highland, (801) 717-4568
Lehi High School - 180 North 500 East, Lehi, (801) 768-7000
Lakeridge Jr High – 951 South 400 West, Orem, (801) 227-8752 Orem High School – 175 Tiger Way, Orem, (801) 227-8765 Orem Jr High School – 765 North 600 West, Orem, (801) 610-8142
Payson High School – 1050 South Main, Payson, (801) 465-6025 Payson Jr High School – 1025 South Highway 198, Payson, (801) 465-6015
Pleasant Grove High School – 700 East 200 South, Pleasant Grove, (801) 785-8700
Dixon Middle School – 750 West 200 North, Provo, (801) 374-4980 Provo High School – 1125 North Univ Ave, Provo, (801) 373-6550 Timpview High School –3570 North 650 East, Provo, (801) 221-9720
Salem Hills High School – 150 Skyhawk Blvd, Salem, (801) 423-3200
Diamond Fork Jr High School – 50 North 900 East, Spanish fork, (801) 798-4052 Maple Mountain High School – 350 South Main St., Spanish Fork, (801) 794-6740 Spanish Fork High School – 99 North 300 West, Spanish Fork, (801) 798-4060 Spanish Fork Jr High School – 600 Toronto Lane, Spanish Fork, (801) 798-4075
Springville High School – 1205 East 900 South Street, Springville, (801) 489-2870 Springville Jr High School – 165 South 700 East, Springville, (801) 489-2880
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Evacuation Maps Wasatch Mental Health Facilities to Shelters
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American Fork Family Clinic
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Parkview Campus to Timpview High School
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Spanish Fork Family Clinic
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Westpark Building
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Hazardous Chemical Emergencies If you notice multiple people becoming ill for unexplained reason, Do Not rush to the area to aid them. The victim’s may be contaminated and cause you to also become ill. Assess the danger before giving aid.
If you determine the contamination is coming from inside the building: Quickly get to fresh air by moving away from areas that appear to be affected Once outside move away from the building and stay up hill and up wind of the affected area
If you determine the contamination is coming from outside of the building: Go to a room that can be sealed, preferably on the upper level Use whatever means are available to seal gaps in doors and ventilation ducts.
If possible, call 911 and the program manager and tell them your location Seek instructions from radio or television reports Stay sheltered until help arrives. Wait for their instructions before leaving shelter.
If you feel that you have been contaminated, stay clear of other people and seek help from responding authorities.
For a Major Hazardous Chemical Spill or Leak: Only trained and authorized staff are permitted to respond to hazardous chemical incidents. Activate the nearest fire alarm. Immediately evacuate the area, closing doors behind you. Call 911.
For a Minor Hazardous Chemical Spill or Leak: Contact WMH Emergency Cell Phone: 801-420-1054
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Fire Emergencies If you Discover Fire on Your Floor: 1. Manually activate the fire alarm system. 2. If safe to do so, immediately evacuate the work area, closing the door behind you and Hang the red “Room Evacuated” notice on your office door knob, 3. Evacuate to the designated area outside of the building, 4. Do not use elevators.
A designated staff member will walk through the work area and make sure that all persons are out, collect the department’s first aid kit and evacuate the building.
Under no circumstances are you to enter an area that has an evacuation notice on the doorknob.
Once Fire Alarm Is Activated: 1. Check to ensure it is safe to exit the area you are in. 2. Evacuate the area. (Do Not Use Elevator) 3. Gather outside at the designated assembly area and do not attempt to re-enter the building until instructed to do so by the fire department or the program manager.
If Trapped in a Room: 1. Place wet cloth material around or under the door to prevent smoke from entering the room. 2. Close as many doors as possible between you and the fire. 3. Be prepared to signal someone outside but DO NOT BREAK GLASS unless absolutely necessary as outside smoke may be drawn into the room.
If Caught in Smoke: 1. Drop to hands and knees and crawl toward exit. 2. Stay low to the floor, as smoke rises to the ceiling level. 3. Hold your breath as much as possible. 4. Breath shallow, through your nose and use a filter such as your shirt or towel.
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Using a Fire Extinguisher Use fire extinguisher only if it is a small fire and safe to do so If not, Evacuate Activate fire alarm. Pull stations are typically located near the Emergency Exit doors leading to the stairwells Warn others in immediate area Call 911 then contact your program manager or the center’s Risk Manager 801- 367-7503.
Fire Extinguisher Instructions: 1. Pull safety pin from handle. 2. Aim at base of fire. 3. Squeeze the trigger handle. 4. Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire.
Fire/Evacuation Drills Fire drills shall be performed by following the evacuation procedures.
Building fire drills shall be held quarterly. The program manager is responsible documenting and tracking quarterly fire drills using (Form A-2.29). The program manager is also responsible for completing the quarterly fire drill log and submitting a copy to the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503..
When a fire drill is performed, and there are other tenants in the building, a courtesy call shall be made to inform them of the activity so they can participate in they choose.
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Wasatch Mental Health QUARTERLY FIRE DRILL LOG (A-2.29)
1ST QUARTER DATE LOCATION DATE REPORT SENT TO RM
Comments:______
2nd QUARTER DATE LOCATION DATE REPORT SENT TO RM
Comments:______
3rd QUARTER DATE LOCATION DATE REPORT SENT TO RM
Comments:______
4th QUARTER DATE LOCATION DATE REPORT SENT TO RM
Comments:______*Submit a copy to the center’s Risk Manager (RM).
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Wasatch Mental Health Fire Drill / Emergency Response Form (A-2.30b)
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Shelter in Place “Shelter in Place” is a directive to seek immediate shelter indoors following the announcement of an emergency condition. The act of sheltering in an area inside a building offers staff members and clients an elevated level of protection. Sheltering can be related to a variety of situations: severe weather emergencies, hazardous condition, chemical release, or criminal activity.
In some instances it is safer to shelter in place than to evacuate a building, e.g., smoke or fire is immediately outside your office; live electrical wires bar access to the exit, individuals with mobility disabilities are on upper or lower floors.
1. If the hazard is fire or smoke see “Fire Emergencies” section of this guide. 2. If the hazard causes elevators to become inoperative, the fire alarm will sound. If safe to do so, go to the nearest stairwell and tell someone who is evacuating to notify the emergency personnel of your location and that you are unable to evacuate or Call 911 and tell them your name, your location and that you are unable to evacuate and why you are unable to evacuate the building. Follow the directions of the operator.
Shelter in Place - Severe Weather To shelter in place in the event of severe weather is the act of sheltering in an area inside a building that offers occupants an elevated level of protection during a severe weather related emergency.
Shelter in Place - Chemical, Biological, or Radiological A place of shelter is an area inside a building that offers occupants an elevated level of protection during an accident or intentional release of a chemical, biological, or radiological agent. [Note: Many toxic chemicals have a vapor density greater than that of air and will seek lowest ground. In the case of a shelter in place due to a chemical spill, do NOT shelter below grade. Follow instructions provided by emergency personnel.
Shelter in Place – Triage Areas Any disaster victim exposed to radioactive and/or other contaminated materials or poisons will be transported to a designated decontamination area prior to being transported to the general treatment area. (see HAZMAT Protocol)
The Triage physician/nurse in charge of the Triage Area will be responsible for the disposition of incoming casualties.
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Triage Priority and Tags: Green: Minor injuries that can wait for appropriate treatment Yellow: Relatively stable patients needing prompt medical attention Red: Critical patients in need of immediate life-saving care Black: Deceased patients and those who have no chance of survival. These patients will be taken to the morgue.
From Ambulatory/Ambulance Triage the patient will be taken (after decontamination) to: Major Casualty (Red and Yellow tags) will be taken to the area hospital. Minor Casualties (Green tags) will stay at triage facilities or referred to other shelter areas.
Triage Areas Skills Development Clubhouse located at 605 East 600 South, Provo, UT 801-373-7440 Triage area will be located to the north of the building.
Westpark Buidling located at 750 North 200 West, Provo, UT 801-373-4760 Triage area will be located in the north and south parking lots.
Parkview Building located at 1165 East 300 North, Provo, UT 801-373-4765 Triage area will be located to the southeast of the main building.
IRT located at 1157 East 300 North, Provo, UT 801-377-7440 Triage Area will be in the parking lots of the building. Generator available.
Spanish Fork Family Clinic located at 607 East Kirby Lane, Spanish Fork, UT 801-852-3805 Triage Area will be in the parking lot.
American Fork Family Clinic located at 578 East 300 South, American Fork, UT 801-763-5010 Triage Area will be in the parking lot.
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IRT GENERATOR LOCATION: In shed behind IRT. When the power goes out at IRT o Get the maintenance shed key from Cari’s office (lock box) o Pull out the generator and if needed the propane tank and bring them over to IRT o Put the generator behind the shed and between IRT building. o Plug in the cord to the generator into the electrical socket to IRT twist a ¼ of a turn to lock it in place. (located West side of building) o If using the gas you will need to open the valve which is connected under the gas tank otherwise it won’t start. o Or you can use the propane tank by connecting the propane cord to the top of the propane tank o Pull the choke to start the generator o Turn the start key o Push in the choke once you get it to kick over or started. o Never run both the Gas & Propane at the same time!!! o If you need to run the propane after you have used the gas up. Remember to turn the gas valve off on the gas tank (generator) o Generator has 4 ½ gallons of gas which can run things for about 5 hours. If you use the big propane tank it will last 12 ½ to 13 hours. o Go into IRT’s Kitchen pantry and behind the door is a panel box with the electrical switches. . Turn on the switch for the generator which will run the generator through the building. The switch is located on the bottom of the panel display. The left side is (Utility Supply) and right side is (Generator Supply). . From here you can turn off the unneeded lights. You will want to leave on the Freezer, med fridge and fridge. There may be some lights that you can do without so as not to run the generator gas or propane out. . You can plug a computer into the plug below the panel box and it can be run off the generator. . Do not plug anything in over 4000 watts into this plug, no heated dryers, curling irons, etc. Those take up a lot of energy. . Don’t plug anything into the generator while you have it running into IRT it will throw off the panel box and plugs inside. o Once the power comes back on you will need to switch the panel box back to Utility which will turn off the generator switch. o You can then turn off the generator and unplug it from IRT and return it to the maintenance shed. If we do end up using it we will need to let maintenance know so they can refuel the gas or propane tanks if needed.
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Vehicle Accidents What to do at the Scene of an Automobile Accident Involving a Wasatch Mental Health Vehicle
Minor Accident: A. Call local police and the WMH Emergency Cell Phone: 801-420-1054 for assistance. B. Remain calm and be cooperative and not argumentative. Remember that you are representing Wasatch Mental Health. C. Be prepared to report the accident. Gather as much information as possible at the scene including the following: 1. The other driver’s name, phone number, and insurance information 2. Information about other vehicles involved—year, make, license plate 3. The names and phone numbers of any potential witnesses D. Complete a police report. E. Complete a WMH Accident-Incident Reporting Form (A-2.28) and submit to the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503.
Major Accident: A. Check for injuries and render aid as appropriate. Call 911 and the WMH Emergency Cell Phone: 801-420-1054 for assistance. B. Remain calm and be cooperative and not argumentative. Remember that you are representing Wasatch Mental Health. C. Be prepared to report the accident. Gather as much information as possible at the scene including the following: 1. The other driver’s name, phone number, and insurance information 2. Information about other vehicles involved—year, make, license plate 3. The names and phone numbers of any potential witnesses D. Do not make any claims regarding insurance coverage to anyone else involved in the accident. E. Complete a police report. F. Complete a Wasatch Mental Health Accident-Incident Reporting Form (A-2.28) and submit to the center’s Risk Manager.
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Wasatch Mental Health ACCIDENT/INCIDENT REPORT (Form #A-2.28) Please complete as accurately as possible. Include full names of staff, clients, and visitors if known. Submit all completed forms to WMH Risk Management Department immediately following accident/incident.
1. Employee name: Work phone: Home phone: ______2. Client/Visitor name: Phone number (if known): Service/Program: 3. Names of other staff members/witnesses: Name: Phone: Name: Phone: Name: Phone: Name: Phone: 4. Specific location of accident/incident: Date and time of accident/incident discovery: Date: Time: 5. Recommendations to deal with this accident/incident and/or how to avoid further occurrences: ______6. Physician notified: Yes No Physician Name: Date notified: ______Time notified: ______7. Caseworker notified (DCFS/JJS: Yes No Caseworker Name: ______Date notified: ______Date accident/incident sent to caseworker: ______8. Program Manager/Supervisor notified: Yes No Program Manager/Supervisors Name: Date notified: ______Time notified: ______
______Program Manager/Supervisor’s signature Is there need for further investigation or action? Signature/title of person completing report: Date: ______Time:
*Please complete Description of Accident/Incident on page 2
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Description of Accident/Incident: (Include circumstances of the accident/incident, precipitating events, and aftermath. Include full names, times, locations, and descriptions of physical evidence, part(s) of body injured, property involved, damage, etc. Include staff intervention taken.) ______
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Office/Workplace Safety Slips, trips, falls are one of the leading causes of injuries in the workplace. The probability of them occurring can be reduced by practicing good housekeeping. If you see something on the floor that can cause a person to slip, trip and fall, pick it up. If the hazard on the floor is a substance that you need help with, block off the area to keep people from entering and call the center’s emergency cell phone 801-420-1054.
Chemicals that the maintenance staff might use can be different than chemicals an office worker uses. Staff shall be trained on the proper usage, storage and safety for chemicals. All chemicals including aerosol cooking sprays and furniture polish must be locked in a secure cabinet;
Heat-generating sources can be a fire hazard. Electric heaters and any open flames, including candles of any type, are prohibited in all center buildings;
Motor vehicle accidents can be reduced by attending the mandatory defensive drive class, constantly being aware of your surroundings, observing the posted or required speed limit signs and always wearing your seat belt;
Furniture and the layout of the furniture can pose a hazard if not properly placed or arranged in your office. Problems that furniture can cause are blocked or difficult means of exit, and tripping hazards;
Housekeeping is the number one way to prevent an accident and it is everyone's responsibility in the workplace. Keeping the floors clear from tripping hazards, cleaning break room and workplace areas and reporting broken or damage equipment are all components of good housekeeping;
Office equipment (copiers, paper cutters, shredders) can pose a real hazard if you are not trained on how to maintain the equipment. Examples of hazards that office equipment can pose are hot surfaces, sharp parts, and pinch points (areas were body parts can become caught).
Any staff member who becomes aware of an unsafe condition that may result in an injury to a staff member or client shall report the conditions to their program manager or the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503.
Any staff member who sustains an injury or becomes ill as a result of workplace conditions or work activity must immediately report the injury or illness to center’s Risk Manager and completes the Wasatch Mental Health Accident-Incident Reporting Form (A-2.28) and submits to the center’s Risk Manager.
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Mail Handling Hazards: If you receive or discover a suspicious package or a foreign device, NO NOT TOUCH IT, TAMPER WITH IT, OR MOVE IT! Immediately call the center’s emergency cell phone 801-420-1054. Suspicious mail can be determined by: 1. Unexpected mail from someone you don’t know or addressed to someone no longer at your address. 2. Handwritten, with no return address or a return address that is not legitimate. 3. Lopsided or lumpy. Sealed with excessive amounts of tape. 4. Marked ‘personal’ or ‘confidential’. 5. Excessive postage.
Actions Recommended: 1. Do not handle letter or package. Isolate in area received. 2. Wash hands with soap and water. Change clothing, and shower if contaminated. 3. Notify local law enforcement.
Nuclear Safety During Nuclear Attack 1. If you have advanced warning, take your 72-hour kit and go to an approved shelter or your basement. Huddle close to the floor and as near to the south wall as possible. Get under a table for protection from falling objects. 2. Do NOT attempt to evacuate your shelter until advised. 3. If you see a nuclear flash and feel sudden heat, take cover INSTANTLY, within one to two seconds. 4. Drop to the ground and curl up tightly, covering as many parts of your body as possible. Go to a shelter once the heat and blast effects have cleared. 5. Never look at the light of a nuclear explosion.
After Nuclear Attack 1. Take cover in an underground shelter, basement, etc. 2. Remove contaminated clothing. 3. Wash yourself thoroughly with soap and water. Wash your head and nose hairs especially well. 4. If source of radiation is known and travel advisable, travel in the opposite direction and go up wind from radiation. 5. Remain in protective shelter for three days. Limit your exposure to contaminated areas. 6. If someone needs radiation sickness treatment, keep the victim calm, give emotional support and plenty of fluids. 7. Wipe food and water containers with a clean cloth to remove particles of fallout, which resemble sand or salt.
Provo’s Situation Since Provo is 45-75 miles away from Hill Air Force Base, Tooele Army Depot and Salt Lake City Airport, which are the nearest probable targets, most people in Provo will survive a nuclear attack. Follow instructions and stay calm.
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Weapon Situation or Explosive Discharge If a person enters a building with a weapon and is not acting violently, contact your program manager or the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503. Do not try to confront the person.
If a person enters a building with a weapon and acts violently: 1) ESCAPE if possible 2) Otherwise go to the nearest room out of sight and lock and/or block doors 3) Hide under your desk or in far corner of your office 4) Call 911 and report the incident. Stay on the line and follow all instructions given by dispatch. Don’t go out and try to confront the person. Police will arrive and be actively seeking the individual. Stay in your secured location to aid them in the search.
Workplace Violence If a person’s behavior becomes inappropriate or violent, leave the area if possible and notify the supervisors, program manager, the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503 or the WMH Emergency Cell Phone: 801-420-1054 for assistance. If you feel you are in imminent danger, dial 911.
Trust your instincts. Try to create physical space between you and any threatening person.
Suspicious persons should be reported to the Center’s Risk Manager. The Risk Manager will notify the police, if necessary. Complete a police report if required. Complete a Wasatch Mental Health Accident-Incident Reporting Form (A-2.28) and submit to the center’s Risk Manager.
Bomb Threat Ask caller the following questions: When will it explode? Where/what type of device? What does it look like? What is your name? Check caller ID for phone # Note caller’s voice/sounds Notify the center’s Risk Manager
Notify the center’s Risk Manager 801-367-7503 of any unusual items in your area- do not touch them.
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Wasatch Mental Health Bomb Threat Form
Name of employee ______
Caller’s identity: ___Male ___Female ___Adult ___Juvenile ____Age
Origin of call: ___Local ___Long Distance ___Booth ___Internal
Voice Characteristics Speech Language ___loud ___soft ___fast ___slow ___excellent ___good ___high pitch ___deep ___distinct ___distorted ___fair ___poor ___raspy ___pleasant ___stutter ___nasal ___foul ___other ___intoxicated ___other ___slurred ___lisp
Accent ___local ___not local ___foreign ___region
Manner Background Noises ___calm ___angry ___bedlam ___music ___factory ___rational ___irrational ___mixed ___machines ___street traffic ___coherent ___incoherent ___trains ___animals ___voices ___deliberate ___emotional ___quiet ___airplanes ___party ___righteous ___laughing
Pretend difficulty with hearing. Keep caller talking if caller seems agreeable to further conversation. Ask questions like;
When will it go off? Certain hour______Time remaining______Where is it located? Certain building______Area______What kind of bomb? ______Where are you now?______What is your name?______
If building is occupied, inform caller that detonation could cause injury or death. Did the caller appear familiar with the building by his description of the bomb location? Write out the message in its entirety and any other comments.
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Weather Emergencies Lightning It is easy to remain safe during lightning episodes when thunderstorms are overhead or in the vicinity by simply staying or remaining inside of buildings or in your vehicle. When thunderstorms develop, wait out the thunderstorm before moving between buildings. Remember that lightning can strike even from storms as far as 10 to 15 miles away from your location. If you hear thunder, you are close enough to the thunderstorm to be struck by lightning. Go to safe shelter immediately. Go to a sturdy building or to an automobile. Do not take shelter in small sheds, under isolated trees, or in convertible automobiles. Stay out of boats and away from water. If shelter is not available, find a low spot away from trees, fences, and poles. In wooded areas, take shelter under shorter trees. Telephone lines and metal pipes can conduct electricity. Unplug appliances not necessary for obtaining weather information. Avoid using the telephone or any electrical appliances. Use the telephone ONLY in emergencies. Avoid bathing or showering. If you feel your skin begin to tingle or your hair starts to stand on end, squat low to the ground on the balls of your feet. Place your hands on your knees with your head between your knees and hands. Make yourself the smallest target possible; minimize your contact with the ground.
Flash Flooding The threat of flash flooding is real. During periods of heavy rain, avoid low-lying areas. When heavy rain threatens, get out of areas subject to flooding. This includes creeks, streams, dips, washes, low spots, canyons, and low water crossings. Do not camp or park vehicles along streams and creeks, particularly during threatening weather. Avoid already flooded and high-velocity flow areas. Do not cross, on foot or in your vehicle, quickly flowing creeks, streams, or low water crossings, especially if you do not know the water depth. Road beds may not be intact in low-water crossings during flash flood episodes. Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize flood dangers. If your vehicle stalls in high water, LEAVE IT IMMEDIATELY AND SEEK HIGH GROUND.
Failure of the Jordanelle or Deer Creek Dam With the close proximity of the Provo River, the threat to the Riverbottoms comes from flooding, although the possibility exists that evacuation may be necessary as a result of conditions other than flood. An example may be hazardous materials released in the area.
Realistically, a flood caused evacuation would be necessary only in the event of a catastrophic failure of the Jordanelle or Deer Creek Dam.
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Completed in 1992, Jordanelle Dam is a zoned earth fill structure on the Provo River. It is located six miles north of Heber. The storage capacity is 372, 000 acre feet, twice the volume of Deer Creek. This dam operates in tandem with Deer Creek, to control and store water. Jordanelle was designed to completely contain the probable maximum flood (PMF) from an extreme weather event. In the rare PMF event, flood waters could be contained and released from the dam in a controlled manner into the Provo River.
Deer Creek Dam is a zoned earth fill structure also on the Provo River. The dam was built in 1941, and is located approximately 16 miles northeast of Provo, Utah. This dam has a concrete chute spillway on the right abutment and has a capacity of 12,000 cubic feet per second. The capacity of the outlet works is 1,500 cubic feet per second, which brings water through the power plant. The reservoir behind the dam has a storage capacity of 149,700 acre feet. (United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Deer Creek Dam and Reservoir Emergency Action Plan June 2002; website: usbr.gov/dataweb)
Below Deer Creek Dam, the Provo River flows west down a narrow canyon for 10 miles before leaving the mountains and flowing into the flood basin area addressed in this plan and ultimately, into Utah Lake.
In the unlikely event of a Deer Creek Dam failure, hazardous flooding would occur through Provo Canyon and in the area blow the mouth of the canyon. Flood flows within this area would reach maximum flood depth from 15 – 20 feet (depth measured from the bottom of the river channel) and flow velocities from 10 to 15 miles per hour. (United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Deer Creek Dam and Reservoir Emergency Action Plan June 2002; website: usbr.gov/dataweb)
Depending on the type of failure (immediate or prolonged), the shortest amount of time from failure to entrance of the flood water at the mouth of the canyon is estimated at 1-2 hours.
Jordalelle Dam has 24 hour SCADA monitoring of site conditions, with personnel on site 40 hours each week. Deer Creek Dam has personnel on duty 24 hours a day. In the event of the slightest evidence of dam failure, employees are trained to recognize danger signs and instructed to contact local authorities immediately.
Provo City will begin notification of affected residents immediately upon receipt of any warning or advisement from the Bureau of Reclamation.
Notification of residents and others within the evacuation area will begin with the activation of the Emergency Alert System (EAS) and repeated warnings and announcements on all radio and television stations.
In addition, stationary alert sirens in the river bottom area and at the City Center will be activated.
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Flash Flood Alert In the event of flooding, three stationary early warning sirens in the Provo Riverbottoms will be activated by the Provo 911 Communication Center. The sirens will first emit an alert siren for about ten seconds, followed by a verbal message stating the existence of an emergency and the immediate instructions to be followed.
Flash Flood Evacuation 1. Listen to local radio or TV for weather information or dial 1-524-5133, M-F, 8 a.m.- 4:30 p.m. (After hours: 801-575-7669 or 801-575-7246. Tune radio to 162.55 VHS.) 2. If asked to evacuate, shut off main power switch, main gas valve and water valve. Follow local evacuation plan and routes. 3. Do not attempt to drive over a flooded road: it may be washed out. While on the road, watch for possible flooding of bridges, dips and low areas. 4. Watch out for damaged roads, slides and fallen wires. 5. Drive slowly in water; use low gear. 6. Abandon your vehicle immediately if it stalls and seek higher ground. 7. Do not attempt to cross a stream on foot where water is above your knees. 8. Register at your designated Evacuation Center and remain there until informed you may leave.
Winter Storms During and After the Storm Dress warmly. Wear multiple layers of protective, loose- fitting clothing, scarves, mittens and hoods. Cover your mouth and nose to protect lungs from extremely cold air. Avoid travel. If you get stranded, stay in your vehicle and keep it ventilated. Bundle up, light a candle for warmth, occasionally change positions and DON’T PANIC. Avoid overexertion. Heart attacks are a major cause of death during and after winter storms. Shoveling snow or freeing stuck vehicles can be extremely hard work. Don’t overdo it! Beware of the chill factor if winds are present. Keep dry. Change wet clothing frequently to prevent a loss of body heat. Be prepared for isolation at home. Make sure you can survive for a week or two in case a storm isolates you and makes it impossible for you to leave.
If a Warning is Issued, the Storm is Imminent. Know Winter Words of Warning FLURRIES: Intermittent snowfall that may reduce visibility. SLEET: Small particles of ice usually mixed with rain. If enough sleet accumulates on the ground, it will make the roads slippery. HEAVY SNOW: Four or more inches are expected within a 12-hour period. FREEZING RAIN OR FREEZING DRIZZLE: Expected rain is likely to freeze as soon as it strikes the ground, putting a coating of ice or glaze on roads and everything else that is exposed. If a substantial layer of ice is expected to accumulate from the freezing rain, an ICE STORM is forecast.
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BLIZZARD: The most dangerous of all winter storms. It combines cold air, heavy snow and strong winds that blow the snow and may reduce visibility to only a few yards. Winds are less than 35 mph; temperatures are 20 degrees F or less. SEVERE BLIZZARD WARNING: Very heavy snowfall is expected, with winds of at least 45 mph or temperatures of ten degrees or lower. A major winter storm can last for several days and be accompanied by high winds, freezing rain or sleet, heavy snowfall, and cold temperatures. People can become trapped at home, without utilities or other services. Heavy snowfall and blizzards can trap motorists in their cars. Attempting to walk for help in a blizzard can be a deadly decision. Winter storms can make driving and walking extremely hazardous.
Winter Storm Preparation Prepare a winter survival car kit for use during the winter months. Include the following items in your kit: Blanket or sleeping bags, flares, high energy foods such as candy, nuts, raisins, water, first aid kit, flashlights, extra clothing, knives, candles, matches, maps, shovel, pen and paper to leave a note in case you evacuate your car.
If you get Stuck in Your Vehicle Stay with your vehicle. Do not leave the vehicle to search for assistance unless help is visible within 100 yards. Disorientation and confusion come very quickly in blowing snow. If you must travel and do become stranded, it is better to stay in the vehicle and wait for help. Display a trouble sign to indicate you need help. Hang a brightly colored cloth (preferably red) on the radio antenna and raise the hood (after snow stops falling). Occasionally run engine to keep warm. Experience has shown that running the heater for 10 minutes every hour is enough to keep occupants warm and will reduce the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and conserve fuel. Turn on the engine for about 10 minutes each hour (or 5 minutes every half- hour). Use the heater while the engine is running. Keep the exhaust pipe clear of snow and slightly open a downwind window for ventilation. Leave the overhead light on when the engine is running so that you can be seen. Do minor exercises to keep up circulation. Clap hands and move arms and legs occasionally. Try not to stay in one position for too long. If more than one person is in the car, take turns sleeping. One of the first signs of hypothermia is sleepiness. If you are not awakened periodically to increase body temperature and circulation, you can freeze to death. Huddle together for warmth. Use newspapers, maps, and even the removable car mats for added insulation. Layering items will help trap more body heat. Keep a window that is away from the blowing wind slightly open to let in air. Watch for signs of frostbite and hypothermia. Severe cold can cause numbness, making you unaware of possible danger. Keep fingers and toes moving for circulation, huddle together, and drink warm broth to reduce risk of further injury. Drink fluids to avoid dehydration. Melt snow before using it for drinking water. Eating snow lowers your body temperature, increasing risk from hypothermia.
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Power Outage Preparation Keep a flashlight in your office in case a power outage occurs Keep a 72 hour kit in your office The designated staff member of your department will keep a flashlight on hand and check the hallways and restrooms when a power outage occurs Program managers will evaluate and determine if a program will need to close during a power outage
If People Are Trapped in an Elevator Should you ever become stuck in an elevator, don’t panic. Remain calm and use the in-car emergency phone to call for help. Under no circumstances should you attempt to exit the elevator by yourself. You may be inconvenienced by the delay, but you are much safer in the cab as opposed to exposing yourself to the dangers of moving equipment in open hoistways. A technician will be dispatched as quickly as possible to assist you and correct the problem. Call the Wasatch Mental Health Emergency Cell Phone: 801-420-1054 and provide information.
Stay near passengers until a police department representative or other assistance arrives, provided it is safe to stay in the building.
Earthquake In Utah Based on historical data, modeling, and simulation, a catastrophic1 earthquake in Utah will be immediately devastating to Utah and many surrounding states. Ground shaking, liquefaction, slope failures, surface fault ruptures and earthquake-induced flooding will cause widespread destruction, infrastructure damage, high numbers of casualties and fatalities, evacuees and severe economic impact. Conventional response efforts and capabilities will be quickly overwhelmed. Vast amounts of local, State, and Federal response will be needed to save and protect lives in the first 72 hours following a catastrophic earthquake. Hundreds of small earthquakes are recorded each year in Utah. Moderate, potentially damaging earthquakes (magnitude 5.5 to 6.5) occur on average every 10 to 50 years. The largest earthquakes expected in Utah are in the magnitude 7.0-7.5 range, which take place about every 150 years. Since pioneer settlement, the two largest earthquakes in Utah took place in Hansel Valley in 1934 and near Richfield in 1901 (magnitude 6.6 and estimated 6.5, respectively). The two most damaging earthquakes were in Richmond (Cache Valley) in 1962 and St. George in 1992 (magnitude 5.7 and 5.8, respectively). (Source: University of Utah)
Earthquake Background Utah has experienced sixteen earthquakes greater than magnitude 5.5 since pioneer settlement in 1847, and geographic studies of Utah’s faults indicate a long history of repeated large earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 and greater prior to settlement. Utah is not on a boundary between tectonic plates where most of the world’s earthquakes occur, but rather is in the western part of the North American plate. However, earthquakes in
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Utah are indirectly caused by interactions with the Pacific plate along the plate margin on the west coast of the United States. Moderate to large earthquakes (generally magnitude 6 or greater) can kill and injure many people and cause substantial damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and utilities. In addition, 80% of the population of Utah lives within the Wasatch strike zone and the area has the largest percentage of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in the United States, which will increase the damage, destruction, injury, and death.
The largest probable earthquake that could strike the Mountain land region is an earthquake with an estimated magnitude between 7.0 and 7.5; an earthquake of this magnitude, based on current research, would create “surface fault rupture with a displacement of between 16 to 20 feet in height with break segments 12 to 44 miles long” (Eldredge 10). In historic time surface fault rupture has only occurred once in Utah; the 1934 Hansel Valley earthquake with a magnitude 6.6 produced 1.6 feet of vertical offset. (source: Provo City)
Utah County is a seismically active region, with fault lines under Utah Lake and in the bench areas of the mountains on the City’s eastern border. Utah County is adjacent to Tooele, making it a Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program County. I- 15 is a major traffic corridor through the state. The railroads also cross through Provo’s boundaries, slicing the community into two parts. With many of the conveniences we have come to rely upon, also come potential risks.
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Surface Fault Rupture During a large earthquake fault movement may propagate along a fault plain to the surface, resulting in surface rupture along the fault plain. The Wasatch fault is a normal (mountain building) fault with regards to movement, meaning the footwall of the fault moves upward and the hanging wall moves in a down direction. This faulting is on a vertical plain, which results in the formation of large fault scarps. Surface fault rupture along the Wasatch fault is expected for earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.5 or larger.
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Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country
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Utah Seismic Safety Commision Utah Division of Emergency Management Utah Geological Survey University of Utah Seismograph Stations U.S. Geological Survey Structural Engineers Association of Utah Federal Emergency Management Agency Utah Seismic Safety Commission, 2008 Salt Lake City, Utah Contents Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the State of Utah or U.S. Government. Introduction
Printed by the Utah Geological Survey, 2008 Utah is “Earthquake Country”...... 1
For additional copies, contact: Natural Resources Map & Bookstore Why Should I Care?—Utah is Your Home 1594 W. North Temple Salt Lake City, Utah 84116 Phone (801) 537-3320 toll-free (888) UTAH MAP Utah and the Intermountain West are Seismically Active...... 2 Email: [email protected] Most of Utah’s Populated Area Lies Within an Active Earthquake Belt...... 4 http://mapstore.utah.gov Utah Faces a Dual Earthquake Threat—and Earthquakes in
This report and any updates are available at: Utah Aren’t Just a Wasatch Front Problem...... 5 http://geology.utah.gov/online/pdf/eq_handbook.pdf The Wasatch Fault...... 6 Manuscript approved for publication, October, 2008 Most Earthquake Damage is Caused by Shaking...... 8 Earthquakes Also Cause Damage in Other Ways...... 10 This document is adapted from California editions of “Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country,” originally written by Lucy Jones (U.S. Geological Survey [USGS]) Why Should I Prepare?—Big Quakes will Affect You with later revisions by Mark Benthien (Southern California Earthquake Center [SCEC]) and others, first published by SCEC in 1995 and updated yearly since 2004. The booklet Response of Buildings to Earthquakes...... 12 was first adapted for the San Francisco Bay Region in 2005 by Mary Lou Zoback (USGS) and others, and published by The ABCs of Seismic Building Codes...... 13 the USGS. See http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/ Utah’s People, Economy, and Infrastructure Are Increasingly for all versions. Vulnerable to a Wasatch Fault Earthquake...... 14 Disclaimer: The suggestions and illustrations included Your Life Could Change Unexpectedly in the Next Quake...... 16 in this document are intended to improve earthquake Your Financial Situation Could Be Affected by a Quake...... 18 awareness and preparedness; however, they do not guarantee the safety of an individual or a structure. The writers, contributors, and sponsors of this handbook do not What Should I Do?—7 Steps to Earthquake Safety assume liability for any injury, death, property damage, or other effect of an earthquake. The Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety...... 20 Prepared by the Utah Seismic Safety Commission (USSC), STEP 1—Identify Potential Hazards in Your Home and Begin to Fix Them...... 22 Utah Geological Survey (UGS), Utah Division of Emergency Management (UDEM), University of Utah Seismograph STEP 2—Create a Disaster-Preparedness Plan...... 24 Stations (UUSS), and Structural Engineers Association of STEP 3—Prepare Disaster Supply Kits...... 25 Utah (SEAU), in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Federal Emergency Management Agency STEP 4—Identify Your Building’s Potential Weaknesses and Begin to Fix Them...26 (FEMA). STEP 5—Protect Yourself During Earthquake Shaking...... 28 STEP 6—After the Earthquake, Check for Injuries and Damage...... 29 Contributors: UGS—Gary Christenson, Christopher DuRoss, Sandra Eldredge, Michael Hylland; UDHS—Robert STEP 7—When Safe, Continue to Follow Your Disaster-Preparedness Plan...... 30 Carey; UUSS—Walter Arabasz, Kristine Pankow; SEAU— Barry Welliver. What Else Should I Know?
Reviewed by: University of Utah— Relu Burlacu, Lee Siegel; USGS— Tom Brocher, Anthony Crone, Mark Petersen; A Review of Money Matters: Financial Impacts of Earthquakes...... 31 FEMA—Doug Bausch; SCEC—Mark Benthien. Earthquake Information on the Web...... 32 Glossary...... 33 Production, design, and illustration by: Liz Paton and Stevie Emerson (UGS) based on template for the San Francisco Bay Region version of this handbook by Susan Mayfield (USGS).
Other illustrators: Pat Bagley (front cover and pages 1, 15, 18, 22); from San Francisco Bay Region version of this handbook (USGS), Todd Connor (pages 22, 23, 29). INTRODUCTION
Utah is “Earthquake Country” This handbook provides information about the threat posed by earthquakes in Utah, particularly along the Wasatch Front, and explains how you can prepare for, survive, and recover from these inevitable events. If you live or work in Utah, you need to know why you should be concerned about earthquakes, what you can expect during and after an earthquake, and what you need to do beforehand to be safe and protect your property.
Much has been learned about the result from damage to poorly construct- ed, older buildings and their unre- earthquake threat and vulner- strained contents. Improved building Many earthquake-vulnerable homes and ability in Utah: codes are now in force statewide, some buildings exist in Utah, placing occupants at We know earthquakes occur here older buildings have been strengthened, risk. The State of Utah reconstructed the State Utah has experienced sixteen earth- and steps are being taken to upgrade Capitol Building to preserve a historic building and to ensure public safety and continuity quakes greater than magnitude 5.5 since schools and other critical facilities. Some Utah residents have secured their homes of government in the event of a large pioneer settlement in 1847, and geolog- earthquake. (Photo courtesy of UGS, taken on ic studies of Utah’s faults indicate a long to better withstand shaking, created September 24, 2006) history of repeated large earthquakes emergency plans and disaster supply of magnitude 6.5 and greater prior to kits, and held home earthquake drills. Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 1 settlement. Utah is not on a boundary between tectonic plates where most BUT we have not done enough of the world’s earthquakes occur, but rather is in the western part of the North to be prepared for the next large American plate. However, earthquakes earthquake: in Utah are indirectly caused by interac- Few households have disaster plans tions with the Pacific plate along the If an earthquake occurred right now, plate margin on the west coast of the where would you go to be safe? If you United States. Also, many small earth- are at work and your children are at quakes in east-central Utah are induced school when the earthquake occurs, by underground coal mining. how will you get back together? “WHAT EARTHQUAKE HAZARD?” Many Utah residents discount the earthquake We know where earthquakes are likely Few households have disaster hazard based on the near absence of moder- to occur and what they can do supply kits ate to large earthquakes, particularly along Large, damaging earthquakes in Utah the Wasatch Front, since pioneer settlement You will likely be on your own without are most likely to occur in a belt that vital services in the hours and days fol- in 1847. Most people living in Utah today have extends north-south through the lowing an earthquake. Are you prepared not experienced a damaging earthquake in center of the state (page 4), essentially with water, food, first aid supplies, and the state. They are unaware of the long time following Interstate Highway 15, where medications? intervals between large earthquakes on faults there are many active faults capable of in the Basin and Range Province (average time producing earthquakes. Moderate to large earthquakes (generally magni- Few owners have taken steps to between large earthquakes measured in hun- tude 6 and greater) can kill and injure retrofit their older homes dreds to many thousands of years, compared many people and cause substantial Utah has many houses that predate mod- with tens to hundreds of years for parts of the damage to buildings, roads, bridges, ern earthquake building codes. Is your San Andreas fault in California). Comparing the and utilities. home bolted to its foundation? If you average recurrence interval with the amount of live in an older building, has it been ret- time since the last large earthquake indicates We know how to reduce losses in rofitted? Is your water heater strapped? that the next large earthquake is becoming in- Could unsecured furniture or objects fall creasingly likely on certain parts of the Wasatch future large earthquakes and cause injury or damage? Most casualties and economic losses fault (see pages 6 and 7).
1 WHY SHOULD I CARE?
Stretching of the Crust Produces Movement on Faults Utah and the Most earthquakes occur on faults that form the boundaries of Earth’s tectonic plates. Utah is not on a plate boundary, Intermountain West but many faults in the state can produce large earthquakes. Between Utah’s Wasatch Range and California’s Sierra Nevada, are Seismically Active tectonic forces within the western part of the North American plate combine with high heat flow from the underlying mantle to literally stretch the crust in an east-west direction at the rate of about one-half inch per year. In response to this stretching, Geologic evidence shows that movement on the rigid crust breaks and shifts along faults, and the fault the Wasatch fault and other faults in Utah can movement produces earthquakes. cause earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 to 7.5, with potentially catastrophic effects. However, it can be difficult to use this knowledge to make us Intermountain Seismic Belt Utah straddles the boundary between the extending Basin safer in our daily lives. Should we care only if we and Range Province to the west and the relatively more stable live along the Wasatch Front, or are other places Rocky Mountains and Colorado Plateau to the east. This in Utah also dangerous? boundary coincides with an area of earthquake activity called the Intermountain Seismic Belt (ISB; page 3). Utah’s longest This section (pages 2-11) describes where and most active fault, the Wasatch fault, lies within the ISB. earthquakes occur in Utah and explains how Unfortunately, the heavily populated Wasatch Front (Ogden – earthquakes will shake the ground and cause damage in other ways, such as liquefaction and Salt Lake City – Provo urban corridor) and the rapidly growing landslides (pages 10 and 11). Technical terms St. George and Cedar City areas are also within the ISB, putting used throughout this pamphlet are explained most of Utah’s residents at risk. in the Glossary (page 33).
Sierra Nevada Basin and Range Province Wasatch Range Fault Scarp
PACIFIC PLATE Wasatch NORTH AMERICAN PLATE Fault Crust (normal fault) San Andreas Fault (strike-slip fault) Mantle Upwelling Heat
Source: Utah Geological Survey Horizontal extension creates normal faults Stretching, or horizontal extension, of the crust produces a type of dipping (or inclined) fault called a “normal” fault. The movement of normal faults is characterized by the crust above the fault plane moving down relative to the crust below the fault plane. This up/down movement differs from movement on strike-slip faults like the San Andreas in California, where the crust on one side of the fault slides horizontally past the crust on the other side. Earthquakes in Utah can be generated by movement on a variety of different types of faults, but the faults that are considered capable of generating large surface-faulting earthquakes are mainly normal faults in and near the edge of the Basin and Range Province in western and central Utah.
For more information go to: http://geology.utah.gov/online/pdf/pi-48.pdf http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/imw/imw_bnr_faults/
2 UTAH IS YOUR HOME
WA MT 1959 WY M7.5 Intermountain ND 1983 Seismic Belt M7.3 Rocky Mountains
in Snake River Pla Juan de Fuca Plate Wasatch Range ID OR 1934 North American Plate M6.6 Ogden CA NV Salt Lake City Provo WASATCH 1915 Basin FAULT M7.6 1954 M7.2 Moab and UTAH 1932 CO M7.2 Colorado NM St. George AZ Range Sierra Nevada Plateau
SAN ANDREAS FAULT Relative movement of Province plate boundary fault
General direction of Basin and Range extension
Area of Intermountain Seismic Belt (ISB) Location, year, and magnitude 1934 of large Basin and Range/ISB Source: Utah Geological Survey M6.6 surface-faulting earthquakes
Fault scarp formation In a large normal-faulting earthquake the amount of vertical movement on the fault deep in Earth’s crust is sufficient to rupture and offset the ground surface, producing a steep break or scarp. Geologic evidence shows that individual prehistoric earthquakes on the Wasatch fault produced scarps 6 to 12 feet high. Similar-sized scarps have formed during historical surface- faulting earthquakes in the region, such as the scarp shown below, which formed during the 1983 magnitude 7.3 Borah Peak earthquake in Idaho (surface faulting has broken and offset the concrete- lined ditch in which the Surface faulting in Utah people are standing). Over In historical time, Utah has had only one earthquake large time, repeated movement enough to form a fault scarp. The 1934 magnitude 6.6 Hansel on a normal fault eventually Valley earthquake was near the threshold magnitude for produces a mountain range earthquakes that cause surface rupture, and produced a small on the uplifted crustal block scarp in an unpopulated area north of Great Salt Lake. In Salt (for example, the Wasatch Lake City, 80 miles away, ground shaking from this earthquake Range) and a valley or basin was strong enough to cause adjacent 6- and 10-story buildings on the downdropped block to sway and batter against each other and clock equipment to (for example, Salt Lake Val- shake loose from the City and County Building’s 12-story clock ley). (Photo courtesy of Walter tower and crash down through the building. (Photo courtesy Arabasz) of the F.J. Pack Collection, Special Collections Department, University of Utah Libraries)
3 WHY SHOULD I CARE?
Most of Utah’s Populated Area Lies Earthquakes in the Utah region Within an Active Earthquake Belt
Historical quakes of about magnitude (M) 5.5 and larger in the Utah region*
1884 M 6 Bear Lake Valley 1887 M 5.5 Kanab 1900 M 5.5 Eureka 1901 M 6.5 Richfield 1902 M 6 Pine Valley 1909 M 6 Hansel Valley 1910 M5.5 Salt Lake City 1914 M 5.5 Ogden 1921 M 6 Elsinore (two events) 1934 M 6.6 Hansel Valley 1959 M 5.7 Utah-Arizona Border 1962 M 5.7 Richmond 1966 M 6.0 Utah-Nevada Border Making a home in Utah’s 1975 M 6.0 Utah-Idaho Border earthquake belt… 1992 M 5.9 St. George Distribution of *sizes of shocks before 1934 are approximate settlements in Utah in 1877 Source: Atlas of Utah, Weber State College,1981
What is UUSS? The University of Utah Seismograph Stations (UUSS) is a research, educational, and public-service entity that operates a monitoring network of more than 200 regional and urban seismic stations in Utah and neighboring areas, including the Yellowstone National Park region. For more information about UUSS, recent earthquakes, and other earthquake information, see http://quake.utah.edu.
4 UTAH IS YOUR HOME
Threat 1 (time scale of hundreds to thousands of years): Infrequent, large surface-faulting earthquakes (M 6.5 to 7.5) Utah Faces a Dual on mapped active faults, such as the Wasatch fault. Earthquake Threat
Threat 2 (time scale of tens of years): —and Earthquakes More frequent, moderate-size (M 5 to 6.5) earthquakes that do in Utah Are Not Just a not cause surface faulting. If they occur under an urban area, as happened in the 1962 Magna earthquake (see photo below), Wasatch Front Problem considerable damage can result.
Earthquakes occur throughout Utah
• More than 36,000 earthquakes have occurred in the Utah region since 1962. The Wasatch Front is part of a regional Intermountain Seismic Belt (map on page 3). • One-half of the 16 damaging earth- quakes in Utah of magnitude 5.5 and larger since 1850 have occurred outside the Wasatch Front area in central and southwestern Utah. • One of the largest historical earth- quakes in Utah was a damaging shock of magnitude 6.5 near Rich- field in 1901. The Sevier Valley area Large photo: Damage in Salt between Richfield and Marysvale has Lake City caused by the M 5.2 had eight earthquakes of magnitude Magna earthquake of 1962. (Photo courtesy of Deseret 5 and larger. News, Salt Lake City, Utah) • Thousands of mining-induced earth- quakes (as large as magnitude 4.2), caused by underground coal mining, have occurred in Carbon, Emery, and eastern Sevier Counties. • In the Uinta Basin, an earthquake of magnitude 4.5 in 1977 caused minor damage north of Duchesne. Earthquakes as large as magnitude 4.9 have been induced by oil and gas production and other activities in the Smaller photos: Damage caused by the M 5.7 Richmond (Cache Colorado-Utah border region. Valley) earthquake of 1962 (top) and the M 6 Elsinore, Utah, earthquakes of 1921 (bottom). (Photos courtesy of, respectively, Ariel D. Benson, Richmond, Utah, and the F. J. Pack Collection, Special Collections Department, University of Utah Libraries)
5 WHY SHOULD I CARE?
The Wasatch Fault
One of the longest and most active normal faults in the world, the 240-mile-long Wasatch fault extends from Malad City, Idaho, south to Fayette, Utah. The fault is subdivided into 10 segments, averaging 25 miles in length; each segment is generally thought to rupture independently and is a separate source of large earth- quakes.
Although scientists are unsure about how many small- A to moderate-size historical earthquakes can be attrib- uted to slip on the Wasatch fault at depth, the geologic A: The Wasatch fault (white arrows) typically extends along the base of the Wasatch Range, as seen in this view to the east near Mapleton record shows that numerous large (magnitude 6.5-7.5) in Utah County. (Photo courtesy of Rod Millar) surface-faulting earthquakes have taken place on the Wasatch fault over the past 10,000 years.
B
B: In some areas, the Wasatch fault (white arrows) trends away from the mountain front, as seen here in this view to the northeast in Salt Lake Valley along Highland Drive near 3900 South. (Photo courtesy of Rod Millar)
C C: At the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon in Salt Lake Valley, the Map showing the Wasatch fault (red line) and other faults (black lines) G.K. Gilbert Geologic View Park (yellow arrow) is along the Wasatch in Utah that may be the sources of large earthquakes. Source: Utah fault (white arrows). (Photo courtesy of UGS) Geological Survey 6 UTAH IS YOUR HOME
Geologic information for Wasatch fault earthquakes comes largely from trenches excavated across fault scarps. Twenty- five research sites, many of which had more than one trench, have been investigated on the Wasatch fault. These trench studies provide information on the timing and size of prehistoric surface-faulting earthquakes.
Radiocarbon dating of organic debris found in this trench (excavated in spring 2007) across the northern Weber segment indicates the timing of recent large earthquakes. During each of these earthquakes, the ground surface was displaced vertically about 10 feet. (Photo courtesy of UGS)
At least 23 large (magnitude ~7) surface-faulting earthquakes have occurred on the central segments of the Wasatch fault zone in the past 6500 years, which is an average of an earthquake every 300 years. The most recent large earthquake on the Wasatch fault took place about 300 years ago on the Nephi segment. In the Salt Lake City area, the Wasatch fault (Salt Lake City segment) has an average recurrence time between large earthquakes of about 1300 years; however, the last major earthquake occurred about 1400 years ago. Enough energy has accumulated on the Salt Lake City segment to produce a magnitude 7.0 earthquake.
Source: Utah Geological Survey
7 WHY SHOULD I CARE?
U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Map of Utah Most Earthquake • On this map, the strongest shaking based on long-term forecasts is generally expected near major faults, such as the Wasatch fault, and in areas of greatest historical seismicity such as the Intermountain Seismic Belt. Damage is Caused • Intense shaking can damage even strong modern buildings and their contents. by Shaking • Much of Utah has a moderate to high likelihood of future intense shaking.
The intensity of shaking that a building or structure will experience during an earthquake is highly variable, but generally depends on three main factors:
• The magnitude of the earthquake— in general, the larger the quake, the stronger the shaking and the larger the area affected.
• The distance from the earthquake— the closer to the source of the earth- quake, the greater the shaking.
• The type of ground material beneath the structure—soils may amplify or deamplify the shaking relative to hard bedrock.
Compiled by Utah Geological Survey from: USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps.
AMPLIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE SHAKING Generalized east-west cross section through Strong shaking Violent shaking 3 Light-moderate damage the eastern part of Salt Lake Valley, showing the Severe shaking 2 Site effect: 1 Heavy damage Moderate-heavy damage response to seismic waves generated during a Wasatch fault earthquake. Earthquakes generate Simulated seismograph response: WASATCH RANGE seismic waves at a wide variety of frequencies, and certain frequency waves may be amplified by local EARTHQUAKE WASATCH Jordan EPICENTER FAULT Bedrock soil conditions. River SALT LAKE CITY Thick, soft soil Thin, stiff soil • In Salt Lake Valley, areas with thick, soft, clayey soil Consolidated soil & bedrock amplify low-frequency seismic waves, yielding slow rolling-type shaking that can damage tall buildings and long-span overpasses. Amplified low-frequency ground waves 1 ic motions (tall buildings affected) m • Areas with thin, stiff (e.g., sandy and gravelly) soil is e Amplified high-frequency ground S over bedrock amplify high-frequency seismic
2 motions (short buildings affected)
near Wasatch fault waves, which yield vigorous ground vibrations Bedrock does not amplify or FAULT 3 that cause more damage to short (1-2 story) prolong ground motions RUPTURE buildings, such as houses. Source: Utah Geological Survey 8 UTAH IS YOUR HOME
Strong ground shaking from a magnitude 7 or greater earthquake along one of the segments of the Wasatch fault (see map, page 7) will cause major losses. However, we do not need to wait for these earthquakes to occur to estimate what they could do to Wasatch Front communities. Using the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Hazards U.S. loss-estimation model, we can estimate the extent of future damage and take actions now to reduce potential losses and plan for recovery.
Building Life-threat- Displaced Wasatch fault segment losses ening injuries households ($ billions) and fatalities Brigham City 3 14,000 500 Weber 16 57,000 3,000 Salt Lake City 42 150,000 9,000 Provo 14 48,000 3,000 Nephi 1 4,000 200
Losses estimated for a magnitude 7 earthquake on each of the central segments of the Wasatch fault (page 7) 21 5 I- Wasatch
West Valley Fault Zone Geologic site conditions affect ground shaking WASATCH Great Salt Lake I-80 • This map shows the distribution of different soil typesin Salt Lake Valley.
2100 S I-15 • The intensity of shaking is influenced by the type of I-80
materials underlying an area. RANGE • Deep sediment-filled basins and soft soils such as wet clay Fault 1300 E
amplify and prolong low-frequency shaking; shallow, stiff 60 0 W 5
soils amplify high-frequency shaking. OQUIRRH r
e I-215
Zone v i
nR
a
d
high r o Magnitude or Intensity? MOUNTAINS J 9400 S
Magnitude is a measure of the energy released in an earthquake—a single value that depends on the area of
fault rupture and amount of slip. For example, the 1934 low Intensity of ground shaking
Hansel Valley earthquake had a magnitude of 6.6. The I-15 Latest Quaternary N largest expected earthquakes in Utah are magnitude faults; ball and bar 7.0-7.5. on downthrown side For more information: Wong and others (2002, Utah 0 10 KILOMETERS Geological Survey Miscellaneous Intensity is a measure of the strength of ground shaking Publication 02-5) at a particular place, and varies by location, proximity 0 10 MILES to the source of the earthquake, and type of material underlying the site. The intensity scale ranges from low Map showing levels of strong ground shaking expected in a magnitude 7.0 earthquake on the Salt Lake City segment of the (I) to high (XII). Near the epicenter of the Hansel Valley Wasatch fault. The strongest ground shaking in Salt Lake Valley likely earthquake, the intensity reached VIII; however, in Salt will occur adjacent to the Wasatch fault zone. Lake City, intensity levels were about VI.
9 WHY SHOULD I CARE?
Dam failures and seiches Earthquakes can make dams fail and generate waves (seiches) many feet high that flood shorelines and wash over dams. Hebgen Lake Dam, shown below, was damaged by ground shaking, and Earthquakes Also was also overtopped numerous times as waves sloshed back and forth in Hebgen Lake following the 1959 magnitude 7.5 Cause Damage in earthquake in Montana. Other Ways (Los Angeles Times photo by Lacy Atkins ) Fires Earthquakes in urban areas are often followed by destructive fires because gas Although most earthquake damage is caused lines break, electrical shorts ignite fires, by shaking, other damaging effects of quakes damaged water tanks and broken pipes limit water for firefighting, and clogged can be just as devastating. For example, in the roads and collapsed bridges prevent 1992 magnitude 5.9 St. George earthquake, the access for firefighters. The photo above greatest damage to houses was caused by a is an aerial view of Balboa Boulevard in massive landslide in Springdale. Granada Hills in the 1994 Northridge earthquake showing street flooding, flames due to a broken natural gas line, Damaged infrastructure and burned homes. Earthquakes often damage roads and (Photo from U.S. Forest Service bridges, hindering rescue and recovery Miscellaneous Publication 907) efforts and causing accidents. Water and sewer pipeline breaks can result in contamination of surface and ground Surface fault rupture water, and cause “sinkholes” that under- mine roads and buildings. Damage to In a large earthquake, fault movement natural gas and electrical distribution can break the ground surface, damaging systems can cause fires and major buildings and other structures. In Utah, service outages. Damage to petroleum the Wasatch fault extends the entire pipelines can cause oil spills. The photo length of the Wasatch Front through below shows damage to a Santa Monica many urban neighborhoods. Near freeway bridge in Los Angeles in the 1994 Hebgen Lake in Montana, the barn magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake. shown below was damaged when the This bridge was similar in construction to Red Canyon fault moved in the 1959 older bridges along Utah freeways. Hebgen Lake earthquake. (Los Angeles Times photo by Gail Fisher )
Hazardous materials Earthquake damage can cause releases of hazardous materials from refineries and other chemical storage and distri- bution systems, research and industrial laboratories, manufacturing plants, and railroad tank cars. The photo above shows a train derailment in the 1994 Northridge earthquake that released sulfuric acid from a tanker car.
(Photo courtesy of UGS) (Photo from U.S. Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 907) 10 UTAH IS YOUR HOME
Tectonic subsidence Landslides Surface faulting on normal faults causes Earthquakes can trigger landslides that subsidence and tilting on the down- damage roads, buildings, pipelines, and dropped side of the fault. The photo other infrastructure. In Springdale, the below shows abandonment of the south home shown below was destroyed when shore of Hebgen Lake in the 1959 earth- a hillside gave way in the 1992 magni- quake as the lake bed tilted to the north tude 5.9 St. George earthquake 27 miles toward the fault. Flooding may occur to the west. along the east shores of Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake due to subsidence from earthquakes on the Wasatch fault. (Photo courtesy of Terry A. Humphrey, U.S. Bureau of Land Management)
Rock fall One of the most common types of landslides caused by earthquakes are rock falls, triggered by ground shaking in areas of rock outcrops or loose rocks on hillsides. The photo above shows dust clouds created by numerous (Photo courtesy of UGS) rock falls along cliffs near Price in the 1988 magnitude 5.3 San Rafael Swell (Photo from U.S. Forest Service earthquake. Liquefaction Miscellaneous Publication 907) Earthquake shaking can cause certain soils to behave like a liquid and lose their ability to support structures. Liquefaction often causes buried gas and water lines to break. The highest potential for lique- faction is in low-lying areas in saturated, loose, sandy soils and poorly compacted artificial fill. Geologic evidence in Utah indicates that severe ground deforma- tion caused by liquefaction has occurred during large prehistoric earthquakes. The photo below shows liquefaction-related damage to a road at Moss Landing State Beach on Monterey Bay following the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta, Cali- fornia, earthquake.
Source: Salt Lake County Planning and Map Showing Potential Seismic Hazard Areas Development Services This map of northeastern Salt Lake Valley shows areas where a surface-faulting or liquefaction hazard may exist and where site-specific studies addressing the hazards are recommended prior to development. Such special-study-area maps are available at most Wasatch Front county planning departments, and many cities have adopted them in their subdivision-approval process. (Photo by Dan Orange, University of California at Santa Cruz) 11 WHY SHOULD I PREPARE? Response of Buildings
to Earthquakes A building’s “skeleton” or structure is most important for protecting the lives and safety of its occupants. But so-called “nonstructural” elements such as bookcases, shelves, ceiling tiles, and light fixtures Much like an automobile on a winding roadway, buildings often fall to the floor or hurtle across rooms during earthquakes, sway to the effects of earthquakes. Foundations connect injuring and possibly killing occupants. Such problems can be antici- structures to the ground, and they play a very important role pated and addressed before an earthquake. Just as buildings should in determining how much force a building can resist. Engi- be designed and braced for earthquakes, nonstructural components neers study this critical interface and may choose to “cush- require similar consideration. ion” the effect by using special foundation designs. The soil underlying buildings is an important ingredient in determining the effects of earthquakes on structures. • Soft, clayey soils tend to increase the motion at the ground Unreinforced Masonry Buildings surface and thereby amplify the effects on buildings and structures. One building type of particular concern in Utah is masonry con- structed without steel reinforcement. Unreinforced masonry • Rock doesn’t change the motion nearly as much as soil, so buildings were popular when the state was first settled and shaking is more predictable. continued to be built into the 1970s. A building’s configuration and height also play an important Bricks are created from clay which is burned in ovens at high role in determining the effects an earthquake will have on its temperatures. This material was both readily available here performance. and familiar to the early settlers. • Square or rectangular buildings typically perform better than Many residences, in addition to commercial buildings, are irregular-shaped buildings. unreinforced masonry buildings and were constructed without • Tall buildings respond by swaying back and forth. knowledge of how these structures performed in earthquakes. • Short structures are jarred from side to side as the earthquake Unfortunately, experience now shows this is one of the most dangerous building types and evidence of its poor perfor- releases its force at the ground surface. mance in earthquakes throughout the world is well docu- The materials from which a building is constructed help mented. determine how it performs during an earthquake. • Steel and wood are considered flexible or “ductile” and tend to absorb the energy. • Concrete and masonry are more “rigid” and can transfer the ground In addition to buildings, virtually all structures are susceptible to motion directly into the structure. damage from an earthquake. Dams, bridges, pipelines, storage tanks, and roadways are other structures that can be damaged by an Earthquakes shake buildings from the ground up, and an earthquake’s forces. important consideration for performance is the length of time the ground shakes. The longer the ground shakes, the These infrastructure elements are often taken for granted and only more likely the structure will be unable to resist the effects. after an earthquake are they viewed as critical components, neces- Building materials can resist temporary “overstress,” but sary for maintaining our standard of living. The infrastructure we rely when stretched beyond their limits, will break, much like a upon can be fragile in ways we may not understand until after it is paper clip bent back and forth will eventually break. damaged or disabled in an earthquake.
(Photo courtesy of Utah Office of Tourism; Frank Jensen)
12 BIG QUAKES WILL AFFECT YOU The ABCs of Seismic Building Codes
Seismic building codes increase building integrity and help ensure the future safety of communities. These codes are designed to protect lives, but not to ensure buildings are undamaged or usable after an earthquake. Seismic codes are intended to protect people inside buildings by preventing collapse and allowing safe evacuation. Structures built according to the current code should resist minor earthquakes undamaged, resist moderate earthquakes without significant structural damage, and resist severe earthquakes without collapse.
A moderate earthquake that does not significantly damage a building still can seriously hurt or kill people. Buildings contain items such as light fixtures, heating ducts, windows, and suspended ceilings that can fall on people or block escape routes. The exteriors of buildings Steel-frame tall buildings and also can pose hazards to people walking by or exiting, including newer wood-frame short buildings falling bricks, parapets, window glass, or other facades. are usually (but not always) the safest structure types. Exceptions to these generalizations are due to variables such as the configuration of the building, the quality of construction and inspection, the design of connections, and the manner in which seismic waves strike a particular site.
Building codes provide minimum design and construction requirements for protecting lives. However, some structures with high occupancy, critical-response services (fire, police, hospitals), and vulnerable populations (schools, nursing homes) should be built above minimum requirements. Building codes use importance factors for designing above these minimum requirements. It also is important to protect utilities and infrastructure since damage to these critical structures leads to more deaths, larger economic loss, greater social disruption, and slower response to Damage to Interstate 5 in 1994 Northridge, California, earthquakes. earthquake. (Photo courtesy of FEMA)
The seismic provisions of building codes are based on earthquake hazard maps (example at Map showing the ground-shaking hazard in the United States. right) which show the probabilities of certain levels of earthquake shaking in particular areas. The code requirements reflect the fact that some places are more likely than others to have strong earthquakes. Utah has areas with a high likelihood of strong earthquakes, similar to states along the West Coast.
In Utah, seismic codes made substantial improvements in construction as early as the mid-1970s. Buildings constructed prior to this time may be seismically unsafe. However, buildings constructed in the 1980s would also not be as seismically safe as buildings constructed under today’s seismic codes. To keep up with the current state of the art in seismic design, building codes are revised every three years to incorporate new knowledge.
Source: USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps
13 WHY SHOULD I PREPARE?
Utah’s People, Economy, and Infrastructure are Increasingly Vulnerable to a Wasatch Fault Earthquake
• Nearly 80 percent of Utah’s population lives within 15 miles of the Wasatch fault in the Wasatch Front area. • More than 75 percent of Utah’s economy is concentrated in Salt Lake, Utah, Davis, and Weber counties—above the Wasatch fault, which projects beneath the developed Wasatch Front valleys. • Most of Utah’s state government facilities are located within 15 miles of the Wasatch fault. • Major interstate transportation corridors and the Salt Lake City International Airport are located within 15 miles of the Wasatch fault. Earthquake risk (the • By 2030 the population in the Wasatch probability of loss or Front area is projected to grow to 2.8 damage) is increasing with population growth million, a 50 percent increase over 2005. and development. • To meet the needs of the dramatically growing population along the Wasatch Front, $14.4 billion of new transit and highway infrastructure is planned over the next three decades .
The Scenario ShakeMap (left) shows the predicted levels of ground shaking during a magnitude 7.0 earthquake on the Salt Lake City segment of the Wasatch fault (see page 32 to learn more about ShakeMaps). Severe shaking capable of causing moderate to heavy damage will extend beyond Salt Lake Valley—both northward into Davis County and southward into Utah County.
Compare the ShakeMap (left) with the map of developed land in the Wasatch Front area (above). Much of the Wasatch Front’s population and an extensive part of its built environment will experience strong to severe shaking when the Wasatch fault unleashes a “Big One” in Salt Lake Valley.
14 BIG QUAKES WILL AFFECT YOU
How Likely is a “Big One*”?
Annual Earthquake Source Likelihood Salt Lake City segment of the 1 in 450 Wasatch fault to 1 in 1,600 One of the Wasatch fault’s five 1 in 300 central segments (Brigham City to 1 in 400 to Nephi, page 7)
One of 30 active faults in the 1 in 200 Wasatch Front region (page 6)
* A large surface-faulting earthquake of about magnitude 7
Illustration by Pat Bagley, The Salt Lake Tribune. Sources: Likelihood calculated by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations from data provided in UGS, USGS, GeoHaz Consultants, and URS Corporation reports. Average Frequency of Earthquakes* in the... Entire Utah Region Wasatch Front (see map, page 4) Reality Check Magnitude Frequency Frequency (for comparing to the chance of a “Big One”) ≥ 3.0 3 per year 8 per year Cause of Death Your Annual Risk ≥ 4.0 1 every 2 years 1 per year ≥ 5.0 1 every 10 years 1 every 5 years Heart disease 1 in 450
≥ 5.5 1 every 20 years 1 every 10 years Cancer 1 in 530 ≥ 6.0 1 every 50 years 1 every 30 years Stroke 1 in 2,100 [based on geologic evidence, time scale of ≥ 7.0 hundreds of years - page 7] Motor-vehicle accident 1 in 6,500 ≥ Greater than or equal to * Based on historical record and instrumental monitoring (largest historical shock was M 6.6 in 1934); excludes foreshocks, aftershocks, and human-triggered seismic events Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; causes of death in the U.S. in 2005. Source: University of Utah Seismograph Stations
Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 2
“UTAH ISN’T CALIFORNIA” Scientific studies in Utah indicate that “Big Ones” occur somewhere in True, Utah is not California. However, many earthquakes are recorded and the Wasatch Front area on a time scale of every few hundreds of years. located each year in the Utah region (page 4)—about 800 per year on These are high-energy earthquakes of about magnitude 7. They suddenly average, excluding mining seismicity. Most of these earthquakes are small displace the ground vertically about 10 feet at the fault line. Within tens of and not felt. Since 1850, 16 damaging shocks of about magnitude 5.5 and miles of the epicenter there is a high potential for major structural damage larger have occurred in the Utah region. California certainly has more and casualties. In Utah, many seismically vulnerable buildings increase “wake-up calls,” where earthquakes of about magnitude 6.5 and larger the damage potential. On a geologic time table, Utah is due for its next that cause fatalities and major structural damage typically occur once or “Big One”—and, unfortunately, is a lot like California in this regard. twice per decade. 15 WHY SHOULD I PREPARE?
Your Life Could Change Unexpectedly in the Next Quake
• Your children may be at school, day care, or other activities. Where will your family be? • Family members may be at work or commuting. • Pets may run away or be injured.
Failure of fluorescent light fixtures in the Dawson Elementary School Library Pets are not allowed in most emergency during the 1983 Coalinga, California, shelters. Do you have a plan to feed and earthquake. (Earthquake Engineering care for your animals after an earthquake? Research Institute photo)
Will you have medical services? Will you be able to get home?
• Road damage and closures may restrict your ability to travel by car. • The 911 emergency system will This hospital in • Public transportation, likely be overloaded. Sylmar, California, had including buses, TRAX, • Hospitals and other medical to be demolished after trains, and airports may facilities may be damaged. the 1971 magnitude experience closures or • Emergency rooms and trauma 6.7 San Fernando earthquake. (Photo interruptions in service. centers may be overwhelmed. The 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma courtesy of USGS) • Commute times may be Prieta earthquake caused this • Assisted living, critical care, and dramatically increased. section of the San Francisco- other health services such as Oakland Bay Bridge to collapse. dialysis may not be operational. (Photo courtesy of USGS)
16 BIG QUAKES WILL AFFECT YOU
• Your home may be damaged and unsafe to live in. Will you be able to stay • Your personal property may be damaged or destroyed. in your home? • Construction materials and labor for This porch on a wood-frame house repairs will be in limited supply and failed during the 1989 magnitude costs will increase. 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. The • Rebuilding scams may be common. “red tag” indicates that this home is • Availability of rental housing may unsafe and must not be entered or occupied. (Photo courtesy of USGS) be limited due to damage and high demand.
Can you live without the How will the American services you rely on? Red Cross Help? After a damaging earthquake, • Water may be in short supply. the American Red Cross will • Natural gas and electric power may be out for days help in the following ways: or weeks. • Garbage and sewage services may be interrupted. • Opening and operating • Telephone, Internet, cell phone, and wireless emergency shelters. communications may be overloaded or unavailable. • Providing food at shelters • Mail service may be disrupted or delayed. and feeding locations • Gasoline may be in short supply, and rationing may and through mobile be necessary. distribution. • Bank operations may be disrupted, limiting access to • Obtaining and delivering Where will you get your cash, ATMs, or online banking. other needed items such as water, food, medicines, • Grocery, drug, and other retail stores may be closed water, baby supplies, and and gasoline after an blankets. earthquake? (Photo or unable to restock shelves. courtesy of USGS) • Assisting with the immediate mental-health needs of those affected. • Providing for basic health How will your job be affected? needs at shelters and other locations. • Helping with initial recovery through casework • Businesses may sustain damage and and referrals to other disruption—many small businesses require agencies and partners. a long time to reopen or do not survive • Providing blood and blood disasters. products. • Your income may be affected—payroll checks or direct deposits may be delayed. For more information go to: • Your workplace may become a temporary www.utahredcross.org shelter for you or others. • Supplies and deliveries will be interrupted.
This business in Santa Cruz, California, was nearly destroyed in the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo courtesy of USGS)
17 WHY SHOULD I PREPARE?
Your Financial Situation Could
Be Affected by a Quake This store was temporarily closed following the 2001 magnitude Aid may not be available immediately following a major 6.8 Nisqually, disaster. Without proper planning, the financial impact of Washington, earthquake. (Photo an earthquake on you and your family could be devastating. courtesy of The Although many things are out of your control after a quake, Olympian, Olympia, your ability to recover financially depends on a number of Wash.) factors that you can control. Prepare and follow a financial disaster recovery plan and you will be more likely to recover successfully. Consider the following:
This bank was damaged in the Nisqually Will you have money, food, and medicine? Washington, earthquake, • Bank operations may be disrupted, limiting access to cash, ATMs, requiring customers or online banking. to seek services elsewhere. (Photo • Food, drug, and other retail stores where you shop may be closed courtesy of The or unable to restock shelves. Olympian, Olympia, Wash.) Will you be able to recover financially?
• You are still responsible for your existing debts, such as mortgage, Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 3 lease, car, and credit-card payments. • You may not have access to important financial records. “HOMEOWNER’S INSURANCE WILL COVER ANY DAMAGE TO MY HOME OR BELONGINGS CAUSED BY AN EARTHQUAKE.” • Your assets are at risk without sufficient earthquake insurance. Most residential property in- • If you have earthquake insurance and experience loss, begin surance policies do not cover working with your insurer to file a claim as quickly as possible. damage resulting from earth- quakes. A separate earthquake insurance policy is one way to Will your insurance cover your losses? protect your home and the in- vestments you have made in • Homeowner’s and renter’s insurance policies do not cover losses personal belongings. Investi- related to earthquakes. gate your options carefully to • A separate earthquake insurance policy is one way to help protect ensure that your assets are suf- your home, in addition to seismic retrofitting. ficiently protected. • Earthquake insurance also helps with additional living expenses in the days and weeks after earthquakes. • Relatively few Utah homeowners have earthquake insurance.
18 BIG QUAKES WILL AFFECT YOU
Does your small business have a recovery plan?
• A business disaster-recovery plan will make your business better able to survive in a post-disaster environment. • Although physical assets can be replaced, emotional and social changes that affect businesses and their customers may remain long after a disaster. These small businesses in Santa Cruz, California, were heavily damaged in the 1989 magnitude 6.9 Loma • Businesses may not return to their previous revenue levels after Prieta earthquake, but both eventually reopened. (Photo a disaster; however, some businesses such as construction are courtesy of USGS) likely to be in great demand following an earthquake.
What types of federal assistance may be available?
• Federal disaster-relief programs are designed to help you get partly back on your feet but not to replace everything you lose. • The Department of Homeland Security’s Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for responding to, planning for, and reducing the effects of disasters. • After the president signs a major disaster declaration, FEMA cooperates with other agencies, such as the Small Business Administration (SBA), in providing disaster relief. • For disaster relief, low-interest loans are made available through This home in the Santa Cruz Mountains collapsed in the Loma Prieta earthquake. (Photo courtesy of USGS) the SBA to eligible individuals, homeowners, and businesses to repair or replace damaged property and personal belongings not covered by insurance. • The maximum SBA personal-property loan is $40,000, and the maximum SBA real-property loan for primary home repair is Useful Web sites $200,000. Ready Your Business: • FEMA disaster grants for emergency home repairs and tempo- rary rental assistance are available to individuals and house- http://beready.utah.gov/business/index.html holds. • The average FEMA grant is less than $15,000 (the maximum is Business Disaster Planning: $28,800)—not enough to rebuild a home. http://utah.acp-international.com • The Farm Service Agency offers loans to assist agricultural busi- nesses. Business Preparedness Information: http://www.ready.gov/business/
19 WHAT SHOULD I DO?
The Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety
Earthquakes in Utah are inevitable, but damage from them or liquefaction, in addition to strong shaking. can be reduced. Steps you can take before, during, and after earthquakes will help make you and your family safer and • Don’t forget to think about likely economic impacts to reduce your injuries, damage, and losses: you and your family from a major quake (see pages 18, 19, and 31). • First and foremost, plan for the personal safety of you and your loved ones. The seven steps described in this section will help you to • Look into the safety of your home, workplace, and child’s be safer in earthquakes. They are arranged as measures you school—don’t be afraid to ask your landlord, boss, or should take before, during, and after quakes. In addition to school’s principal if they are aware of the hazards and following the steps at home, they should also be followed have taken measures to make these places safer and at schools and workplaces. If everyone makes an effort more earthquake resistant. to follow these steps, billions of dollars could be saved, injuries avoided, and many deaths averted in the next big • Find out if your home, workplace, and child’s school earthquake. could be subjected to seismic hazards such as landsliding
You’ve learned your earthquake hazards, now follow these seven steps:
BEFORE A QUAKE: STEP 1. Identify potential hazards in your home and begin to fix them (page 22). STEP 2. Create a disaster-preparedness plan (page 24). STEP 3. Prepare disaster supply kits (page 25). STEP 4. Identify your building’s potential weaknesses and begin to fix them (page 26).
DURING A QUAKE: STEP 5. Protect yourself during earthquake shaking (page 28).
AFTER A QUAKE: STEP 6. After the earthquake, check for injuries and damage (page 29). STEP 7. When safe, continue to follow your disaster-preparedness plan (page 30).
20 FOLLOW THE SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
When safe, continue to follow your disaster-preparedness plan. (page 30)
After the earthquake, check for injuries and damage. (page 29)page 29
Protect yourself during earthquake shaking–DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON. 5 (page 28) page 28
Identify your building’s potential weaknesses and begin to fix them. (page 26)
Prepare disaster supply kits. (page 25)
Create a disaster-preparedness plan. (page 24)
Identify potential hazards in your home and begin to fix them. (page 22)
21 WHAT SHOULD I DO? STEP 1 Identify Potential Hazards in Your Home and Begin to Fix Them
The first step to earthquake safety is to look around your home and identify all unsecured objects that might fall during shaking. Hanging objects
START NOW by moving heavy furniture, such as Art and other heavy objects hung bookcases, away from beds, couches, and other on walls may fall, and glass in places where people sit or sleep. Also make sure pictures and mirrors may shatter. that exit paths are clear of clutter. oo Place only soft art, such as Simple and inexpensive things that you can unframed posters or rugs do now will help reduce injuries and protect and tapestries, above beds or belongings in a quake. Most hardware and sofas. home-improvement stores carry earthquake- oo Hang mirrors, pictures, and safety straps, fasteners, and adhesives that you other hanging objects on can easily use to secure your belongings. closed hooks.
The following tips describe simple solutions to situations in your home that could be dangerous during earthquake shaking. If these have not yet been done in your home, take action now: Objects on open shelves and tabletops
Collectibles and other loose oo Check the boxes! objects can become dangerous projectiles.
Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 4 oo Hold collectibles, pottery, and lamps in place by using “QUAKE INJURIES ARE ALL FROM COLLAPSING removable earthquake putty, BUILDINGS.” museum wax, or quake gel. Many people think that all injuries in earthquakes are caused by collapsing buildings. Actually, most injuries in quakes are from objects that break or fall on people. Furniture For example, in the 1994 magnitude 6.7 Northridge earthquake, 55 percent of quake-related Tall, top-heavy furniture, such as bookcases and entertainment injuries were caused by falling centers, may fall and injure you. objects, such as televisions, pictures and mirrors, oo Store heavy items and and heavy light breakables on lower shelves. fixtures. oo Secure both top corners of tall furniture into a wall stud, not just to the drywall. oo Flexible-mount fasteners, such as nylon straps, allow furniture independent movement from the wall, reducing strain on studs.
22 FOLLOW THE SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
Water and gas pipes In the kitchen
Water or gas pipes anywhere in your home can break. Water Glassware and china may crash to the floor if leaks can cause extensive damage, and gas leaks are a major cabinet doors are unsecured. Gas appliances fire hazard. can shift, rupturing their gas connections. oo Have a plumber evaluate, replace, and properly secure oo Secure all cabinet doors, rusted or worn water and gas pipes. especially those overhead, to oo If not already done, have a plumber replace rigid gas help prevent contents from connections to water heaters, stoves, dryers, and other falling out during quakes. gas appliances with flexible (corrugated) stainless-steel Use latches designed gas connectors (see below). for child-proofing or oo Excess-flow gas-shutoff valves for individual appliances, earthquake or boat which stop gas flow in case of a catastrophic leak, are safety. also now available for use with flexible connectors. oo Secure refrigerators and other major appliances to walls Water heaters using earthquake appliance straps. Unsecured water heaters may fall over, rupturing rigid water and gas connections. In the garage or utility room oo Water heaters should be anchored to wall studs or masonry with metal straps and lag Items stored in garages and utility rooms can fall, causing screws. Kits are available at injuries, damage, and hazardous spills or leaks. hardware stores and home centers. oo Move flammable or hazardous materials to low areas that oo If not already are secure. done, have oo Ensure that items stored above or beside vehicles cannot a plumber fall, damaging or blocking them. install flexible (corrugated) Flexible copper water water Home electronics connectors. connectors Large electronic devices may fall, causing injuries and damage. They are also costly to replace.
oo Secure TVs, stereos, computers, and microwave ovens with flexible nylon straps and buckles for easy removal and relocation.
Flexible gas connector
For more information on making your home safer in earthquakes go to: http://beready.utah.gov
BEFORE A QUAKE 23 WHAT SHOULD I DO?
STEP 2 Create a Disaster-Preparedness Plan
Will everyone in your household know how to react during and "chirping" sound (low-battery signal). after strong earthquake shaking? To be ready for the quakes oo Check with your fire department to see if there is a that are certain to happen in Utah, it is important that your Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) in your family have a disaster-preparedness plan. Hold occasional area. If not, ask how to start one. earthquake “drills” to practice your plan. Share your disaster plan with your neighbors and discuss key points with babysit- Plan NOW to communicate and recover after an ters, house sitters, and house guests. Your plan should include most of the following: earthquake
Plan NOW to be safe during an earthquake Don’t wait until the next earthquake to do the following: oo Locate a safe place outside of your home for your family In a strong earthquake, individual survival skills will to meet after the shaking stops. be crucial: oo Establish an out-of-area contact person who can be called by everyone in the household to relay information. oo Practice "DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON." (See STEP 5, page oo Provide all family members with a list of important 28) contact phone numbers. oo Identify safe spots in every room, such as under sturdy oo Determine where you might live if your home cannot desks and tables. be occupied after an earthquake or other disaster (ask oo Learn how to protect yourself no matter where you are friends or relatives). when an earthquake strikes. (See STEP 5, page 28) oo Learn about the earthquake plan developed by your children’s school or day care, and keep your children's Plan NOW to respond after an earthquake school emergency release cards current. oo Keep copies of insurance policies, financial records, and Doing the following will enable you to help your other essential documents in a secure location, such as family and others after a strong quake: with your household disaster kit. Include a household inventory (a list and photos or video of your belongings). oo Keep shoes and a working flashlight next to each bed. oo Teach everyone in your household to use emergency whistles and (or) to knock three times repeatedly if Your family may be trapped. Rescuers searching collapsed buildings will be sleeping when the next listening for sounds. strong quake hits Utah. After the shaking stops, oo Identify the needs of household members and neighbors the lights may be out and with special requirements or situations, such as use of a broken glass and other wheelchair, walking aids, special diets, or medication. dangerous debris may o Take a Red Cross first aid and CPR (cardiopulmonary litter the floor, making it o unsafe to walk barefoot. resuscitation) training course. Learn who in your Keep a flashlight and neighborhood is trained in first aid and CPR. a pair of sturdy shoes oo Know the locations of utility shutoffs and keep needed secured to or within reach of everyone’s bed. A good tools nearby. Know how to turn off the gas, water, and way to do this is to use a electricity to your home. Only turn off the gas if you smell drawstring bag tied to a or hear leaking gas. (See STEP 6, page 29) bedpost at the head of the bed for each occupant. oo Get training from your local fire department in how to (Photo courtesy USGS) properly use a fire extinguisher. oo Install smoke alarms and test them monthly. Change the battery once a year, or sooner if the alarm emits a
24 FOLLOW THE SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
STEP 3 Prepare Disaster Supply Kits
(Photo courtesy of American Red Cross) Personal disaster kits Household disaster kit
Everyone in your family should have their own personal disaster Electrical, water, transportation, and other vital systems can kits. These kits are collections of supplies they may need when a be disrupted for several days or more after a large earthquake. quake strikes. Emergency response agencies and hospitals will likely be overwhelmed and unable to provide you with immediate Personalize these kits and keep them where they can easily be assistance. reached—at home, in the car, at work or school. A backpack or other small bag is best for these kits so that they can be easily To help your family cope after a strong earthquake, store a carried in an evacuation. Include the following items: household disaster kit in an easily accessible safe location. This kit, which complements your personal disaster kits, should be in oo Medications, a list of prescriptions, copies of medical a large portable watertight container and should hold at least a insurance cards, doctors’ names and contact information. 3- to 5-day supply of the following items: oo Medical consent forms for dependents. oo First aid kit and handbook. oo Drinking water (minimum one gallon per person per day). oo Spare eyeglasses, personal hygiene supplies, and oo First aid supplies, medications, and essential hygiene items, sturdy shoes. such as soap, toothpaste, and toilet paper. oo Bottled water. oo Emergency lighting—light sticks and (or) a working oo Whistle (to alert rescuers to your location). flashlight with extra batteries and light bulbs (hand- oo Emergency cash. powered flashlights are also available). oo Personal identification. oo A hand-cranked or battery-operated radio (and spare oo List of emergency contact phone numbers. batteries). oo Snack foods high in calories. oo Canned and packaged foods and cooking utensils, oo Emergency lighting—light sticks and (or) a working including a manual can opener. flashlight with extra batteries and light bulbs (hand- oo Items to protect you from the elements, such as warm powered flashlights are also available). clothing, sturdy shoes, extra socks, blankets, and perhaps oo Comfort items, such as games, crayons, writing materials, even a tent. and teddy bears. oo Heavy-duty plastic bags for waste and to serve other uses, such as tarps and rain ponchos. A Special Note About Children oo Work gloves and protective goggles. oo Pet food and pet restraints. Before the next earthquake, spend time with your kids to oo Copies of vital documents, such as insurance policies and discuss what might occur. Involve them in developing your disaster plan, preparing disaster kits (ask them what game or personal identification. toy they want to include), and practicing “DROP, COVER, AND Note: Replace perishable items like water, food, medications, and HOLD ON.” batteries on a yearly basis. In the days after a quake, kids need extra contact and For more information on safety, preparedness, and support. They may be frightened and under great stress, and aftershocks won’t let them forget the experience. Parents may disaster kits, go to: have to leave children with others in order to deal with the Telephone book: emergency, and this can be scary. Whenever possible, include The front section of your local phone book your children in the earthquake recovery process. Be Ready Utah Resources for kids to learn about disaster preparedness: http://beready.utah.gov http://www.fema.gov/kids/ Rocky Mountain Power http://earthquake.usgs.gov/4kids/ http://www.rockymtnpower.net/Article/Article36707/html Questar Gas http://www.questargas.com/brochures/index.html#SAFETY
BEFORE A QUAKE 25 WHAT SHOULD I DO? STEP 4 Identify Your Building’s Potential Weaknesses and Begin to Fix Them
Is your house, condo, or apartment strong Structural-Safety Quiz for enough to withstand an earthquake? Homes and Other Buildings
Use the following quiz to see if your home is likely to be so 1. When was your home built? badly damaged in a future earthquake that people might ooBefore 1970 = 6 points be injured or that it would be unsafe to occupy. If your oo1970 – 1980 = 3 points home scores above 17 on the quiz, you probably should ooAfter 1980 = 1 point have a structural engineer evaluate it unless it has been 2. How many stories and what style is your home? strengthened in the last few years. The engineer will check to see if your home is strong enough to keep you and your oo2 or more stories above grade with stepped floors, family reasonably safe in an earthquake by looking for the split levels, or large openings in floors = 5 points following: oo2 or more stories above grade with flat floors, no steps in the floor, and no large openings in floors = • Is your house properly connected to the foundation? 3 points oo1 story rambler above grade = 1 point • Is there plywood on the exterior walls of your house? 3. What is the construction material of the exterior walls? • Are there anchors attaching the roof and floor systems ooUnreinforced masonry bearing walls = 7 points to the walls? ooWood or reinforced masonry with full height brick • Is your house constructed out of unreinforced masonry? veneer = 3 points ooWood or reinforced masonry = 1 point • Do you have large openings like a garage door that may require better bracing? 4. What are the foundation walls constructed from? ooStacked rock or brick, with basement = 5 points ooStacked rock or brick, no basement = 3 point The following quiz will help you to determine the adequacy ooConcrete, with or without basement = 1 point of your house in resisting a seismic event. Once you have ooSlab on grade, no basement = 0 points identified the areas requiring retrofitting, prioritize how and when to fix them, and get started. Local building 5. Where is your house located? (see map, page 8) departments and the Structural Engineers Association of Utah are excellent resources.
Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 5 1 pt 3 pts 5 pts 8 pts
“WE HAVE GOOD BUILDING CODES, SO WE MUST HAVE SAFE Total points = ______BUILDINGS.” If your home scores 17 or more points on the quiz, you probably The best building code in the world does nothing for buildings built should have an engineer, architect, or contractor evaluate it. before the code was enacted. Although building codes used in Utah EXAMPLES: have strict seismic provisions, many older buildings, particularly unreinforced masonry buildings, have not been “retrofitted” to meet 1. 1958, 1 story, unreinforced masonry, concrete foundation, updated codes. Retrofitting—fixing problems in older buildings— Salt Lake City: 6+1+7+1+8 = 23 is the responsibility of a building’s owner. 2. 1995, 2 story (flat), wood (brick veneer), concrete foundation, Ogden: 1+3+3+1+8 = 16 3. 2006, 2 story (large openings), wood, slab on grade, St. George: 1+5+1+0+3 = 10
26 FOLLOW THE SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
Utah Parapet Ordinance 1 On October 28, 1983, two children, ages The 1962 Cache Valley earthquake (mag- 6 and 7, were killed by falling debris nitude 5.7) is another example of falling from a parapet (a wall-like barrier at the debris from parapets. Arrows in photo edge of a roof) on a business in Challis, 3 show the path of bricks that tumbled Idaho, as they walked to school. Challis is from the parapet of a drugstore onto the about 13 miles north of the epicenter of roof of the City Cafe in Lewiston, Utah. the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake (mag- Luckily this cafe in Lewiston was not nitude 7.3). Photos 1 and 2 were taken open when the earthquake occurred of damaged buildings from this earth- (see photo 4). Photo 5 shows damage to quake in the nearby town of Mackay, an unreinforced masonry building in the Idaho. These deaths were the first 2008 magnitude 6 Wells, Nevada, earth- 2 caused by an earthquake in the United quake. States since 65 people were killed in the San Fernando earthquake in California In response to the damage from past on February 9, 1971. earthquakes, a parapet-bracing ordi- nance was enacted in 1991 in Utah. This ordinance requires that a licensed engi- neer evaluate the adequacy of parapet bracing and the connection of the walls to the roof when a commercial building (built prior to 1975) is to be re-roofed. 3 This ordinance can be found in the Utah Uniform Building Standards Act Rules, Statewide Amendments to the Interna- tional Building Code (R156-56-704).
The bracing of parapets, creating strong wall-to-roof connections, and bracing or elimination of other roof appendages (chimneys and cornices) are among the simplest and most cost-effective seismic upgrades that can be made to a build- ing. 4
The figures at left show how to brace parapets and chimneys. These figures are based on a State of Utah publication titled “The Utah Guide for the Seismic Improvement of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings” and may be viewed online at http://publicsafety.utah.gov/emer- gencymanagement/utahhazards/earth- quake.html 5 (Photos 1 and 2 by O. Kasteler, courtesy of the Deseret News; photos 3 and 4 courtesy of the Salt Lake Tribune; photo 5 courtesy of Craig dePolo, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology)
BEFORE A QUAKE 27 WHAT SHOULD I DO?
DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON Protect Yourself During If you are indoors, when you feel STEP 5 strong earthquake shaking, drop Earthquake Shaking to the floor, take cover under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on to it firmly until the shaking The previous pages have concentrated on In a public building or theater stops. getting you ready for future earthquakes DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON if possible. If in a theater seat, duck down and in Utah, but what should you do when the protect your head and neck with your shaking starts? arms. Don’t try to leave until the shaking is over. Then walk out slowly, watching for fallen debris or anything that could fall on you in aftershocks. If you are indoors... If you are outdoors... • DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON. If you are not near a desk or table, drop to Move to a clear area if you can do so the floor against an interior wall and safely; avoid buildings, power lines, trees, (Photo courtesy of USGS) protect your head and neck with and other hazards. Always assume fallen your arms. power lines are live. Below a dam • Avoid exterior walls, windows, Dams can fail during a major earthquake. Near tall buildings Catastrophic failure is unlikely, but if you hanging objects, mirrors, tall Windows, facades, and architectural are downstream from a dam, you should furniture, large appliances, and details are often the first parts of a know flood-zone information and have cabinets filled with heavy objects. building to collapse. Get away from this prepared an evacuation plan. For more • Do not go outside until well after the danger zone when shaking starts. Take information on possible flood areas, shaking stops! refuge in a safe building or an open go to the Utah Division of Water Rights space. Dam Safety Program at http://www. In bed waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/damview. Hold on and stay there, protecting your exe, click on the dam of interest, and view head with a pillow. You are less likely to Driving Dam Break Map. be injured staying where you are. Broken When able, safely pull over to the side of glass on the floor can cause injuries; be the road, stop, and set the parking brake. Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 6 Avoid overpasses, bridges, power lines, sure to put shoes on before stepping on “THE TRIANGLE OF LIFE SURVIVAL the floor. signs, trees, and other things that might collapse or fall on the vehicle. Stay inside METHOD IS THE BEST METHOD TO USE the vehicle until the shaking is over. If INSIDE A BUILDING TO SURVIVE AN In a high-rise building a power line falls on the vehicle, stay EARTHQUAKE.” DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON. Avoid inside until a trained person removes the False. The best survival method inside a building windows. Do not use elevators. Do not hazard. be surprised if sprinkler systems or fire is to Drop, Cover, and Hold On under a table, desk, or chair, rather than trying to get into a survivable alarms activate. void next to a large, bulky object as advocated by In a stadium the Triangle of Life method. The Drop, Cover, and At work Stay at your seat and protect your head Hold On survival method protects individuals DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON. Know your and neck with your arms. Don’t try to from objects falling from walls and shelves. It also provides a level of protection from structural workplace’s earthquake safety plan and leave until the shaking is over. Then exit failures. If a table or desk is not available, sit put it into action. When safe, move to a slowly, avoiding debris and watching for anything that could fall in aftershocks. down with your back against an interior wall, specified meeting location. using your hands and arms to protect your head and neck.
28 DURING A QUAKE FOLLOW THE SEVEN STEPS TO EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
After the Earthquake, Check AFTERSHOCK STEP 6 Go back to for Injuries and Damage STEP 5
Once earthquake shaking has stopped, fol- • Damaged electrical wiring—Shut suffered moderate damage. low your disaster preparedness plans (see off power at the main breaker switch If you evacuate, tell a neighbor and your if there is any damage to your home family point-of-contact where you are Step 2, page 24). Most importantly: wiring. Leave the power off until the going. Take the following, if possible, damage is repaired! (Your telephone when you evacuate: book also has information on this topic.) Bring to a shelter: Check for injuries • Downed utility lines—If you see oo Personal disaster supply kits (see downed power lines, consider them STEP 3, page 25). NOTE: The manual in your first aid kit and energized and keep yourself and oth- oo Supply of water, food, and snacks. the front pages of your telephone book ers well away from them. Never touch oo Blanket, pillow, and air mattress or have instructions on first aid measures. downed power lines or any objects in sleeping pad. • Check yourself for serious injuries contact with them! oo Change of clothing and a jacket. before helping others. Protect your oo Towel and washcloth. mouth, nose, and eyes from dust. • Falling items—Beware of heavy oo Diapers, formula, food, and other • If a person is bleeding, put direct pres- items tumbling off shelves when you supplies for infants. sure on the wound. Use clean gauze open closet and cupboard doors. oo A few family pictures or other small or cloth, if available. • Spills—Use extreme caution; when in comfort items, such as dolls or teddy • If a person is not breathing, adminis- doubt, leave your home. Spilled med- bears for children. ter rescue breathing. icines, drugs, or other relatively non- oo Personal identification and copies • If a person has no pulse, begin CPR toxic substances can be cleaned up. of household and health insurance (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Potentially harmful materials, such as information. • Do not move seriously injured per- bleach, lye, garden chemicals, paint, oo Books and games (especially for chil- sons, unless they are in immediate and gasoline or other flammable liq- dren). danger of further harm. uids should be isolated or covered with • Cover injured persons with blankets an absorbent material, such as dirt or However, do not bring or additional clothing to keep them cat litter. • Pets (service animals for people with warm. disabilities are allowed—bring food • Damaged masonry—Stay away from for them). Check for damage causing brick chimneys and walls. They may • Large quantities of unnecessary cloth- hazardous conditions be weakened and could topple dur- ing or other personal items. ing aftershocks. Don’t use a fireplace • Valuables that might be lost, stolen, with a damaged chimney, as this or take up needed space. • Fire—If possible, put out small fires in could start a fire or trap toxic gases in your home or neighborhood immedi- your home. ately. Call for help, but don’t wait for the fire department. • Gas leaks—Turn off the gas only if If your home is seriously you suspect a leak because of broken damaged pipes or detect the odor or sound of leaking natural gas. Use a manual gas If your home is structurally unsafe or shut-off wrench to close your main threatened by a fire or other secondary If you suspect a gas gas valve by turning it counterclock- disaster, you need to evacuate. However, leak, use a manual wise. Don’t turn gas back on by your- shelters may be overcrowded and ini- gas shut-off self—wait for the gas company! (Your tially lack basic services, so do not leave wrench. telephone book has information on home just because utilities are out of ser- this topic.) vice or your home and its contents have
AFTER A QUAKE 29 WHAT SHOULD I DO? AFTERSHOCK Go back to STEP 5 STEP 7 When Safe, Continue to Follow Your Disaster-Preparedness Plan Once you have met your and your family’s Check your food and water supplies teleregistration, call 1-800-621-FEMA • If power is off, plan meals so as to use (3362). immediate needs after the next strong up refrigerated and frozen foods first. If • If you cannot live at your home, set up Utah earthquake, continue to follow your you keep the door closed, food in your an alternative mailing address with the disaster-preparedness plan (see Step 2, page freezer may be good for a couple of post office. 24). days. • If your water is off, you can drink from water heaters, melted ice cubes, or If you can’t stay in your home The first days after the quake canned vegetables. Avoid drinking the water from swimming pools or hot The American Red Cross offers immediate tubs; use it to fight fires. emergency assistance with housing needs. In the days following a damaging quake, The Red Cross also supports shelter opera- pay special attention to the following: tions prior to a presidential declaration of The first weeks after the Safety first a federal disaster. • Do not re-enter your home until you earthquake Once a presidential declaration has been know it is safe. issued, FEMA may activate the Assistance • Be sure there are no gas leaks at your • This is a time of transition. Although for Individuals and Households Program. home before using open flames aftershocks may continue, you will This program includes: (lighters, matches, candles, or grills) or now work toward getting your life, • Home-repair cash grants; the maximum operating any electrical or mechanical your home and family, and your rou- federal grant available is $28,800 for all device that could create a spark (light tines back in order. Emotional care individual and family assistance. switches, generators, chain saws, or and recovery are just as important as • Housing assistance in the form of motor vehicles). healing physical injuries and rebuilding reimbursement for short-term lodging • Check for chemical spills, faulty elec- a home. Make sure your home is safe to expenses at a hotel or motel. trical wiring, and broken water lines. occupy and not in danger of collapse in • Rental assistance for as long as 18 Water in contact with faulty wiring is a aftershocks. If you were able to remain months in the form of cash payment shock hazard. in your home or return to it after a few for a temporary rental unit or a manu- • Unplug broken or toppled light fixtures days, you will have a variety of tasks factured home. or appliances. These could start fires to accomplish while re-establishing • If no other housing is available, FEMA when electricity is restored. routines: may provide mobile homes or other • Never use the following indoors: camp Tasks temporary housing. stoves, kerosene or gas lanterns or • If your gas was turned off, you will need heaters, gas or charcoal grills, or gas to arrange for the gas company to turn generators, as these can release deadly it back on. carbon monoxide gas or be a fire hazard • If the electricity went off and then in aftershocks. came back on, check your appliances
Be in communication and electronic equipment for damage. • If water lines broke, look for water • Turn on your portable or car radio and damage. listen for information and safety advi- • Locate or replace critical documents sories. that may have been misplaced, dam- • Place all phones back on their cradles. aged, or destroyed. • Call your out-of-area contact, tell • Contact your insurance agent or com- them your status, and then stay off the FEMA mobile homes being set up in Port Char- pany to begin your claims process. lotte, Florida, to provide temporary housing phone—emergency responders need • Contact the Federal Emergency Man- for victims of Hurricane Charley (August 2004). the phone lines for life-saving commu- agement Agency (FEMA) to find out Nearly a year after the storm, these trailers were nications. still being used. (Photo courtesy of FEMA) about financial assistance. For FEMA • Check on your neighbors.
30 AFTER A QUAKE WHAT ELSE SHOULD I KNOW? A Review of Money Matters: Financial Impacts of Earthquakes Following a quake, disaster aid may not be immediately available, so you should plan ahead. If you have prepared a financial disaster recovery plan, you are more likely to recover successfully after a quake. Financial recovery planning resources are available from: ·Operation Hope Emergency Financial First Aid Kit: http://www.ncua.gov/Publications/brochures/EmergencyFinancialFirstAidKit.pdf ·American Red Cross—Disaster Recovery: A Guide to Financial Issues (2003): http://www.redcross.org/services/disaster/beprepared/FinRecovery/ ·Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): http://www.fema.gov/about/process ·Small Business Administration: http://www.sba.gov/disaster_recov/index.html
Your financial disaster recovery kit After a damaging earthquake, you will need copies of essential financial documents, as well as emergency cash. Keep these items together, current, and stored in a fire-proof document safe. Consider purchasing a home safe or renting a safe deposit box. Some essential items in your financial disaster recovery kit are: oo Birth certificates. oo Insurance policies. Don’t be fooled!—Myth number 7 oo Marriage license/divorce papers and oo An inventory of your household child custody papers. possessions. oo Passports and driver’s licenses. oo Appraisals of valuable jewelry, art, oo Social security cards. antiques, and heirlooms. oo Naturalization papers and residency oo Home improvement records. documents. oo A backup of critical files on your oo Military/veteran’s papers. computer (also keep a copy at work). oo Critical medical information. oo A list of names, phone numbers, and “I DON’T NEED TO WORRY ABOUT oo Cash, in the event ATM or bank e-mail addresses of critical personal EARTHQUAKES— services are disrupted. and business contacts. THE GOVERNMENT WILL SAVE ME!” oo Certificates for stocks, bonds, and oo Deeds, titles, and other ownership other investments. records for property such as homes, Many people wrongly believe that the U.S. oo Bank statements. autos, RVs, and boats. government will take care of all their financial needs if they suffer losses in an earthquake. The oo Credit card numbers. oo Powers of attorney, including health- truth is that federal disaster assistance is only oo A list of phone numbers for financial care powers of attorney. available if the president formally declares a institutions and credit card companies oo Wills or trust documents. disaster. Even if you do get disaster assistance, where you have accounts. it is usually a loan that you must repay, with interest, in addition to mortgages and other For help in the first week after an financial obligations you still owe, even on damaged property. If you don’t qualify for loans, earthquake, contact: Utah Division of Emergency Management: grants may be available to you. However, these Your county office of emergency services http://publicsafety.utah.gov/ emergencymanagement/ are only designed to meet your most immediate American Red Cross: needs, not to replace your losses (see pages 18 http://utahredcross.org Federal Emergency Management Agency 1-800-328-9272 (FEMA): and 19). http://www.fema.gov/assistance
31 WHAT ELSE SHOULD I KNOW?
Earthquake Information Who monitors Utah’s earthquakes? Seismic monitoring in the Utah region is conducted on the Web by the University of Utah Seismograph Stations in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the After an earthquake, knowing more about what Advanced National Seismic System. just happened can reduce fears and help you understand what to expect next. Online earthquake For more information go to: information products include: http://quake.utah.edu/ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/monitoring/anss/ Location and magnitude of recent earthquakes Map of recent earthquakes Within 1 to 2 minutes of an earthquake, its location in the Wasatch Front and and magnitude are available at several Web sites, Yellowstone Park regions, including: one day after a magnitude 3.4 quake 20 miles east– http://quake.utah.edu/ northeast of Kaysville, Utah, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/ on December 20, 2006. “ShakeMap” Within 5 to 10 minutes of most felt earthquakes (magnitude 3.0 and greater in the Wasatch Front area), a “ShakeMap” is posted on the Web. This map shows the range of shaking intensities across a region. Every quake has only a single magnitude, but it produces a wide range of shaking intensity values over the area in which it is felt. ”ShakeMap” for the ShakeMaps use data from seismic instruments December 2006 to provide a rapid picture of where the strongest quake near shaking occurred. These maps help to identify Kaysville, Utah. areas where a quake’s impact is greatest and are used by emergency managers to speed disaster response. ShakeMaps are available at: http://quake.utah.edu/shake/ http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/shakemap/
“Did You Feel It?”—Tell us what you felt! Personal experiences of the effects of an earth- quake are very valuable to scientists. When you have felt a quake, please report your observations by using a quick survey found on the U.S. Community Internet Intensity Map (“Did You Feel It?”) for the December Geological Survey “Did You Feel It?” Web site at 2006 quake near Kaysville, Utah. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/dyfi/. Although the quake originated When you fill out the survey, your observations under the Wasatch Range, it of actual damage and shaking are combined produced light shaking along the with those of thousands of other people. The Wasatch Front from Ogden to Salt Lake Valley. More than 400 people quake’s shaking intensities, derived from these reported their observations on this observations, are displayed by ZIP code on a quake online. “Community Internet Intensity Map.”
32 WHAT ELSE SHOULD I KNOW?
Glossary
Aftershocks. Earthquakes that follow on Earth’s surface and on humans Seiche. Waves “sloshing” in a lake as a the largest shock of an earthquake and their structures. The Modified result of earthquake ground shaking. sequence. They are smaller than the Mercalli Intensity scale, which uses Waves caused by landsliding into a “mainshock” and can occur over a Roman numerals, is one way scientists reservoir or displacement of the lake period of weeks, months, or years. In measure intensity. bed are termed a surge. general, the larger the mainshock, the larger and more numerous the Landslide. A mass movement of soil, Seismic hazard. The potential aftershocks and the longer they will mud, and (or) rock down a slope. for damaging effects caused by continue. earthquakes. The level of hazard Liquefaction. The process that depends on the magnitude and Crust. Earth’s outermost layer occurs when an earthquake shakes frequency of likely quakes, the distance consisting of rigid oceanic and wet sandy soil until it behaves like a from the fault that could cause quakes, continental tectonic plates. liquid, allowing sand to “boil up” to the and geologic conditions at a site. surface, buildings to sink, or sloping Epicenter. The point on Earth’s surface ground to move. above where an earthquake begins at Seismic risk. The chance of injury, depth in Earth’s crust. Magnitude (M). A number that damage, or loss resulting from seismic represents the size of an earthquake, hazards. There is no risk, even in a Fault. A fracture or crack along which as determined from seismographic region of high seismic hazard, if there the two sides slide past one another. observations. An increase of one unit are no people or property that could of magnitude (for example, from 4.6 be injured or damaged by a quake. Fault rupture. The area of Earth to 5.6) corresponds approximately to a through which fault movement occurrs thirty-fold increase in energy released Seismograph. A sensitive instrument during an earthquake. For large (by definition, a two-unit increase in that detects and records seismic waves quakes, the section of the fault that magnitude —for example, from 4.7 generated by an earthquake. ruptures may be several hundred miles to 6.7—represents a thousand-fold in length. Ruptures may or may not increase in energy). Quakes smaller Strike-slip fault. A generally near- extend to the ground surface. than magnitude 2.5 generally are not vertical fault along which the two sides felt by humans. move horizontally past each other. The Fault scarp. A steep, linear break or most famous example is California’s slope formed where a fault ruptures Mainshock. The largest quake of San Andreas fault. the ground surface. an earthquake sequence, possibly preceded by smaller foreshocks and Surface faulting (surface fault Fault segment. A part of a fault that is commonly followed by aftershocks. rupture). Propagation of an thought to rupture independently of earthquake-generating fault rupture to other parts of the fault. One or more Mantle. The layer of heated viscous the surface, displacing the surface and segments may rupture in a single rock between Earth’s crust and core. forming a fault scarp. earthquake. Normal fault. An inclined fault along Tectonic plate. Earth’s outer shell is Foreshock. An earthquake which the upper side moves downward that precedes the largest quake relative to the lower side. Utah’s composed of large, relatively strong (“mainshock”) of an earthquake Wasatch fault is a good example. “plates” that move relative to one sequence. Foreshocks may occur another. Movements on the faults that seconds to weeks before the Parapet. A wall-like barrier at the edge define plate boundaries produce most mainshock. Not all mainshocks are of a roof. earthquakes. preceded by foreshocks. Retrofit. Strengthening an existing Tectonic subsidence. Downdropping Intensity. A measure of ground structure to improve its resistance to and tilting of a basin floor on the shaking describing the local severity the effects of earthquakes. downdropped side of a fault during an of an earthquake in terms of its effects earthquake. 33 ONLINE RESOURCES
Why should I care? (pages 1-11)
Earthquakes & Utah: http://geology.utah.gov/online/pdf/pi-48.pdf Overview of Fault Movement in the Western United States: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/imw/imw_bnr_faults/ Recent Earthquakes in Utah: http://quake.utah.edu/ Earthquakes and Geologic Hazards: http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/hazards/index.htm Earthquake Information Center: http://quake.utah.edu/EQCENTER/eqcenter.htm University of Utah Seismograph Stations: http://quake.utah.edu Utah Geological Survey: http://geology.utah.gov Utah Seismic Safety Commission: http://www.ussc.utah.gov United States Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/
Why should I prepare? (pages 12-19) and What should I do? (pages 20-30)
American Red Cross: www.utahredcross.org Be Ready Utah: http://beready.utah.gov Citizen Corps: http://citizencorps.utah.gov Federal Emergency Management Agency: http://www.fema.gov Structural Engineers Association of Utah: http://www.seau.org United States Department of Homeland Security: http://www.ready.gov/business Utah Association of Contingency Planners: http://utah.acp-international.com Utah Division of Emergency Management: http://publicsafety.utah.gov/emergencymanagement
What else should I know?(pages 31-33)
Did you feel it? – Report it!: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/dyfi/ Utah ShakeMaps: http://quake.utah.edu/shake/
FUNDING ORGANIZATIONS
USG S Community Evacuation Plan Websites
Provo City Emergency Preparedness Information Booklet 2010 http://www.provo.org/img/File/Emergency%20Preparedness%20Information %20Booklet(1).pdf
City Planning and Response http://www.provo.org/fire.ppd_City_Planning_and_Response_main.html http://www.provo.org/commdev.planning.html
Hazards and Evacuations http://www.provo.org/fire.ppd_Emergency_Hazards_main.html
Emergency Alerts in Provo http://www.provo.org/fire.emergency_alterts.html
Personal and Family Preparedness http://www.provo.org/fire.ppd_emergency_preparedness.html
Provo Cert Training http://www.provo.org/fire.ppd_certprogram.html
Emergency Preparedness Plan Comprehensive Clinic http://education.byu.edu/comd/documents/ClinicEmergencyPreparednessPla n101006_000.pdf
WMH Emergency Preparedness and Safety Awareness Manual 74