DOCSLIB.ORG

World War I-Results (1919) You Mean the War Ended in a Royal Palace in France?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World War I-Results (1919) You Mean the War Ended in a Royal Palace in France? FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 10a and 10b World War I-Results (1919) You Mean the War Ended in a Royal Palace in France? The Fighting Stops 2Q1RYHPEHUDW$0WKH¿JKWLQJRI World War I stopped. Over 16 million people had been killed. Almost $200 billion dollars had been VSHQW0XFKRIWKH¿JKWLQJRQWKH:HVWHUQ)URQW was in France, and it had destroyed homes, EXVLQHVVHVIDUPODQGDQGHQWLUHWRZQV7KH 5XVVLDQ$XVWUR+XQJDULDQDQG2WWRPDQ(PSLUHV KDGIDOOHQ7KH$OOLHG3RZHUV¶UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVIURP Britain, France, the United States, and Italy met at WKH3DODFHRI9HUVDLOOHVLQ)UDQFHWRGHFLGHZKDW ZRXOGKDSSHQQH[W7KH)UHQFKUHSUHVHQWDWLYHZDV YHU\DQJU\DW*HUPDQ\DQGZDQWHGUHYHQJH2Q WKHRWKHUKDQG3UHVLGHQW:RRGURZ:LOVRQRIWKH United States hoped to establish permanent peace, and that World War I would be “the war to end all ZDUV´3RSXODWLRQVIURPWKH$OOLHV¶FRORQLHVKRSHG Versailles Peace Conference. President Wilson is on the right. WKH\ZRXOGEHJLYHQLQGHSHQGHQFH Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#mediaviewer/File:Big_four.jpg Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the League of Nations :LOVRQ¶VSODQIRUWKHHQGRI:RUOG:DU,ZDVFDOOHGWKHFourteen Points. Each point was a step that, he hoped, would HQGFRQÀLFWVDQGSUHYHQWIXWXUHZDUV7KHVHSRLQWVLQFOXGHGWKHHQGRIVHFUHWDOOLDQFHVIUHHGRPRIWKHVHDVDQG LQGHSHQGHQFHIRUFRORQLHV7KLVJDYHKRSHWRFRORQLHVOLNH,QGLDDQG9LHWQDPWKDWKDGKHOSHGWKHLUFRORQLDO masters to win the war. :LOVRQ¶V¿QDOSRLQWZDVDOVRKLVPRVWLPSRUWDQWWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRID League of Nations7KH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQVZRXOGEHDQinternational cooperative organizationDJURXSRIQDWLRQVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHUWRNHHS SHDFH:LOVRQKRSHGWKDWFRXQWULHVZRXOGVHWWOHWKHLUFRQÀLFWVE\ QHJRWLDWLQJLQWKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQVLQVWHDGRI¿JKWLQJHDFKRWKHU The Treaty of Versailles ,QWKHHQG:RRGURZ:LOVRQ¶V)RXUWHHQ3RLQWVZHUHODUJHO\LJQRUHG7KH Treaty of VersaillesWUHDWHG*HUPDQ\YHU\KDUVKO\*HUPDQ\ZDVIRUFHG WRVLJQD³war guilt clause´VD\LQJWKDWWKHZDUZDV*HUPDQ\¶VIDXOW *HUPDQ\ZRXOGKDYHWRSD\UHSDUDWLRQVWRWKH$OOLHG3RZHUVWRKHOSUHSDLU WKHGDPDJHGRQHE\WKHZDU7KHVHreparationsFULSSOHGWKH*HUPDQ HFRQRP\7KHVL]HRI*HUPDQ\¶VPLOLWDU\ZDVDOVRJUHDWO\UHGXFHGWR SUHYHQWLWIURPVWDUWLQJPRUHZDUV7HUULWRULHVDQGFRORQLHVFRQWUROOHG E\*HUPDQ\ZHUHJLYHQWR%ULWDLQDQG)UDQFH Blocking the Way! 7KHRQO\RQHRI:LOVRQ¶V)RXUWHHQ3RLQWVDGRSWHGLQWKH7UHDW\RI9HUVDLOOHV Source: http://hti.osu.edu/sites/hti.osu.edu/files/styles/raw-image/ public/14Points_39.jpg?itok=qN1Z0pba ZDVWKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQV)RUW\WZRQDWLRQVMRLQHGLQLWLDOO\EXWWKH8QLWHG 6WDWHVUHIXVHGWRMRLQ7KH866HQDWHZKLFKKDGWRDJUHHWRMRLQWKH/HDJXHUHMHFWHGPHPEHUVKLS,QDGGLWLRQWR WKHDEVHQFHRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVWKH/HDJXHZDVZHDNEHFDXVHLWKDGQRSRZHUWRHQIRUFHLWVGHFLVLRQVRUDFWZLWK PLOLWDU\IRUFH FCPS HS Social Studies © 2014 World War I-Results (cont.) WHII 10a and 10b The Mandate System 6KRUWO\DIWHULWZDVHVWDEOLVKHGWKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQVFUHDWHGWKH Mandate System.7KLVV\VWHPGLYLGHGXSWKHWHUULWRULHVRIWKHIDOOHQ &HQWUDO3RZHUVDQGZHUHJLYHQFRQWUROWRWKH$OOLHV VHHPDS )RU H[DPSOHWKH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHZDVVHFWLRQHGRIIEHWZHHQ%ULWDLQDQG )UDQFH%ULWDLQWRRNFRQWURORI,UDT7UDQVMRUGDQDQG3DOHVWLQH)UDQFH WRRNFRQWURORI6\ULDDQG/HEDQRQ7KHVWDWHGJRDORIWKH0DQGDWH System was that Britain and France would prepare these territories to UXOHWKHPVHOYHV2WKHUPDQGDWHVZHUHFUHDWHGLQ$IULFDDQG$VLD 7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHFRXQWULHVLQWKHPDQGDWHV\VWHPZRXOGJDLQWKHLU LQGHSHQGHQFHGXULQJWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWKFHQWXU\ Key Vocabulary War guilt clause: WKHVHFWLRQRIWKH7UHDW\RI League of Nations: An international Fourteen Points: President Woodrow 9HUVDLOOHVWKDW*HUPDQ\KDGWRVLJQDGPLWWLQJ FRRSHUDWLYHRUJDQL]DWLRQZKHUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV :LOVRQ¶VIRXUWHHQSDUWSODQIRUHQGLQJ:RUOG WKDW:RUOG:DU,ZDVWKHLUIDXOW RIFRXQWULHVZRXOGPHHWWRSUHYHQWZDUVRQHRI :RRGURZ:LOVRQ¶V)RXUWHHQ3RLQW :DU,SHDFHIXOO\DQGSUHYHQWLQJIXWXUHZDUV Reparations:SD\PHQWVIRUGDPDJHVWKDWRFFXU Mandate System:GLYLVLRQRIIRUPHU GXULQJDZDUXVXDOO\SDLGE\WKHORVLQJVLGH International cooperative organization: DQDOOLDQFHRIPDQ\GLIIHUHQWFRXQWULHVZRUNLQJ Ottoman territories between Britain and Treaty of Versailles: the treaty that ended WRJHWKHUWRUHDFKDFRPPRQJRDO )UDQFHGHYHORSHGE\WKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQV :RUOG:DU,,WEODPHGDQGSXQLVKHG*HUPDQ\ IRUWKHZDUDQGFUHDWHGWKH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQV Quick Review 1. Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was the most important? 2. In the political cartoon, Germany is crushed $(QGLQJVHFUHWDOOLDQFHV under World War I reparations. %$OORZLQJIUHHGRPRIWKHVHDV What does the cartoon suggest? &*UDQWLQJLQGHSHQGHQFHWRDOOFRORQLHV $7KHUHSDUDWLRQVZHUHMXVW '&UHDWLQJD/HDJXHRI1DWLRQV B. France demanded reparations. &7KH/HDJXHRI1DWLRQVGHFLGHG the reparations amount. '*HUPDQ\ZRXOGQRWEHDEOHWR pay the reparations. Source: New York World, 1921 Source: http://rulersandleaders.com/pol_cartoons/pc_NYWorld_reparations.htm 3. According to the map of the Mandate System, which 4. Do you think the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany? mandate is INCORRECTLY matched? Why or why not? Use at least two vocabulary terms in your answer. $7UDQVMRUGDQĺFrance %,UDTĺBritain C. Lebanon ĺFrance D. Palestine ĺBritain Connection to Today Resources What treaties do you know that exist today? Are the treaties economic, ABC-CLIO PLOLWDU\HQYLURQPHQWDORUSROLWLFDOWUHDWLHV":KRVLJQHGWKHP"$UH Ɣ3DULV3HDFH&RQIHUHQFH WKH\EHLQJHQIRUFHG" http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/ 'LVSOD\"WHUPV WUHDW\RIYHUVDLOOHV Marshall Cavendish Ɣ,QGLDWKH0LGGOH(DVWDQG&KLQDDIWHU KWWSZZZPDUVKDOOFDYHQGLVKGLJLWDOFRPDUWLFOHGLVSOD\UH- sult/27/6269/64036 FCPS HS Social Studies © 2014.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Question of War Reparations in Polish-German Relations After World War Ii
    Patrycja Sobolewska* THE QUESTION OF WAR REPARATIONS IN POLISH-GERMAN RELATIONS AFTER WORLD WAR II DOI: 10.26106/gc8d-rc38 PWPM – Review of International, European and Comparative Law, vol. XVII, A.D. MMXIX ARTICLE I. Introduction There is no doubt that World War II was the bloodiest conflict in history. Involv- ing all the great powers of the world, the war claimed over 70 million lives and – as a consequence – has changed world politics forever. Since it all started in Poland that was invaded by Germany after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the attack, this country has suffered the most. On September 17, 1939 Poland was also invaded by the Soviet Union. Ultimately, the Germans razed Warsaw to the ground. War losses were enormous. The library and museum collec- tions have been burned or taken to Germany. Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops. About 85 per cent of the city had been destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle.1 Despite the fact that it has been 80 years since this cataclysmic event, the Polish government has not yet received any compensation from German authorities that would be proportionate to the losses incurred. The issue in question is still a bone of contention between these two states which has not been regulated by both par- ties either. The article examines the question of war reparations in Polish-German relations after World War II, taking into account all the relevant factors that can be significant in order to resolve this problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • How Occupied France Financed Its Own Exploitation in World War II
    How Occupied France Financed its own Exploitation in World War II Filippo Occhino Rutgers University [email protected] Kim Oosterlinck Solvay Business School Université Libre de Bruxelles [email protected] Eugene N. White Rutgers University and NBER [email protected] Abstract Most studies of war finance have focused on how belligerent powers funded hostilities with their own resources. The collapse of the Third Republic in 1940 left Berlin in control of a nearly equally powerful industrial economy. This paper analyzes the policies employed by the German occupation and the collaborating government in Vichy to supply resources to the Nazi war machine. Vichy finance ministers eschewed inflation and promoted bond finance by imposing price and wages control and financial repression. They engineered a huge transfer of resources but at a very high cost. We assess the results of this policy with a neoclassical growth model and discuss the efficiency and sustainability of Nazi exploitation. October 2005 Preliminary—Please Do Not Quote or Cite The study of war finance is usually approached by examining how the available domestic resources were used by belligerents. Although incurring huge expenses, warring governments are usually assumed to attempt some optimization of revenue generation on behalf of their population. However, war finance in France during World War II was quite different. The collapse of the Third Republic left Berlin in control of a nearly equally powerful industrial economy. To finance its continuing war on other fronts, the German government sought and secured a massive and, perhaps, unparalleled extraction of resources from France. But, unlike belligerent powers that raise funds from their own population; the Nazis were known to have little interest in the long-term welfare of the countries they occupied.
    [Show full text]
  • Royall Tyler in Hungary: an American of the League of Nations and Hungarian
    Royall Tyler in Hungary: An American of the League of Nations and Hungarian Reconstruction Efforts, 1924–1938 Zoltán Peterecz https://doi.org/10.30608/HJEAS/2021/27/1/9 ABSTRACT American-Hungarian relations were rarely closer on the personal level than in the interwar years. Although the United States followed the path of political and diplomatic isolation from Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, and its absence in the League of Nations was conspicuous, in the financial and economic realm it remained more active, and many Americans worked in the various reconstruction projects across Europe either in their private capacities or under the auspices of the League. Royall Tyler was one such person who spent the larger part of the 1920s and 1930s in Hungary. Since the start of the financial reconstruction of Hungary in 1924, Tyler was a constant participant in Hungarian financial life, a contact between the Hungarian government and the League of Nations, and a sharp observer of events throughout the years he spent in Hungary and Europe. This essay focuses on his activities concerning Hungary’s financial and economic reconstruction and recovery. (ZP) KEYWORDS: Royall Tyler, Hungary, League of Nations, interwar years, financial reconstruction, depression years, Gyula Gömbös In the early 1920s, in the wake of the post-World War I turmoil, following a revolution and a counterrevolution, impaired by the Trianon Peace Treaty and burdened by reparations, Hungary was in dire straits both financially and politically. The country’s government, led by Prime Minister István Bethlen, wished to find a way out of the calamity and stabilize the Hungarian economy, which was key to political stabilization as well.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fate of International Monetary Systems: How and Why They Fall Apart
    Article The Fate of International Monetary Systems: How and Why They Fall Apart Jack Seddon The collapses of the interwar and Bretton Woods monetary regimes have been understood as evidence that international monetary regimes fail when sudden economic shocks destabilize the political coalitions or shared ideas underpinning them. But while these histories are important, other monetary regimes, such as the Sterling Area and Latin Union, disintegrated over long periods of time. If exogenous shocks do not account for varied patterns of destabilization, what does? Using the tools of comparative-historical analysis, I argue that these patterns are the result of strategic choices made by hegemonic powers, choices that are in turn governed by the historical- structural foundations of regimes. From these foundations emerge alternative leadership strategies and membership behaviors responsible for endogenous macro-institutional effects that drive the observed regime trajectories. Regime leaders may establish visibly unequal collective arrangements that maintain their positions but leave a system vulnerable to overt internal resistance and sudden breakdown. Or leaders may reject collective arrangements in order to secretly discriminate among members, slowly building dysfunction into a system, driving its gradual abandonment by members and institutional decline. The analysis both suggests that more equal state power may improve long-run regime performance, and also locates structural vulnerabilities in contemporary regimes. he leaders of international monetary regimes benefit question. Theorists have offered a range of possible explan- T from the power that leadership brings them. It is ations, though most are exogenous to the international therefore no surprise that, when such regimes face politics and governance of the regimes themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • 38, the Place of World War II in History., Gerhard L. Weinberg, 1995
    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #38 The Place of World War II in History Gerhard L. Weinberg, 1995 When we look back today on the world of fifty years ago, two facets immediately come into view. In the first place, there are the almost unbelievable human losses and physical destruction. Exactly how many lost their lives in the war will never be known, but the most reliable estimates suggest a figure of over sixty million. And please note, this figure does not include the wounded. Added to this staggering loss of life is the vast destruction. Among the capitals of the world, Warsaw and Manila were hit worst, but they are mentioned here merely to represent the hundreds of cities and towns on all continents from Dutch Harbor in Alaska to Darwin in Australia which were more or less damaged by bombing, shelling, or the deliberate burning down of communities. The second facet we see is the division of the world into victors and defeated: the Allies on one side, and the powers of the Tripartite Pact on the other. At the end of almost six years of fighting in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, and after fourteen years of upheaval and fighting in Asia and the Pacific, one side had forced the other to capitulate. And in the final months of fighting as well as immediately afterwards, population movements, either caused or contributed to by the war, continued on a vast scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Making the French Pay: the Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics White, Eugene Working Paper Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations Working Paper, No. 1999-24 Provided in Cooperation with: Department of Economics, Rutgers University Suggested Citation: White, Eugene (1999) : Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations, Working Paper, No. 1999-24, Rutgers University, Department of Economics, New Brunswick, NJ This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/94257 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Making the French Pay: The Costs and Consequences of the Napoleonic Reparations Eugene N. White Department of Economics Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901 [email protected] November 1999 I wish to thank the many useful comments from the participants of the 1997 All-UC Conference at U.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the BIS Archives 2017
    Guide to the BIS archives 2017 Guide to the BIS Archives © BIS Archives, 2017 Bank for International Settlements CH-4002 Basel [email protected] www.bis.org Cover design: Tobias Huber Cover portrait pictures (from the top): Montagu Norman (Governor Bank of England, 1920-44); Per Jacobsson (BIS Economic Adviser, 1931-56); Hjalmar Schacht (President Reichsbank, 1924-30 and 1933-39); Roger Auboin (BIS General Manager, 1937-58); Gabriel Ferras (BIS General Manager, 1963-70); Milton Gilbert (BIS Economic Adviser, 1960-75); Alexandre Lamfalussy (BIS Economic Adviser, 1976-85 and BIS General Manager, 1985-93) Foreword This guide to the BIS Archives is the key to the Bank for International Settlements’ (BIS) collection of historical records that are over thirty years old and can be freely accessed by researchers. The BIS was created in 1930 by the Hague Conference as an international financial organisation. Ever since, its key mandate has been to foster cooperation among central banks and other agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial stability. Initially mainly focused on Europe, the BIS, from the 1960s onward, became increasingly global in its activities and outreach. Today it brings together sixty member central banks, representing countries from around the world that together make up about 95% of world GDP. Apart from its headquarters in Basel, Switzerland, the BIS has two representative offices, one for Asia and the Pacific in Hong Kong SAR (since 1998), and one for the Americas in Mexico City (since 2002). Throughout its history, the BIS has been involved in many historical events and developments in the monetary and financial sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe, 1914–1945 Aliaksandr Piahanau
    Great Power Policies towards Central Europe, 1914–1945 Aliaksandr Piahanau To cite this version: Aliaksandr Piahanau. Great Power Policies towards Central Europe, 1914–1945. E-International Relations, 2019, 1910814458. hal-02065018 HAL Id: hal-02065018 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02065018 Submitted on 25 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 EDITED BY ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe 1914–1945 This e-book is provided without charge via free download by E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info). It is not permitted to be sold in electronic format under any circumstances. If you enjoy our free e-books, please consider leaving a small donation to allow us to continue investing in open access publications: http://www.e-ir.info/about/donate/ iii Great Power Policies Towards Central Europe 1914–1945 EDITED BY ALIAKSANDR PIAHANAU iv E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2019 ISBN 978-1-910814-45-1 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • The World at War 1939–1945
    Chapter 25 The World at War 1939–1945 Teaching Resources 5. Hitler became chancellor in 1933, assumed dictatorial powers, and, as he made clear in Chapter Instructional Objectives his book Mein Kampf (My Struggle), sought to overturn the territorial settle- After you have taught this chapter, your students ments of the Versailles treaty, to “restore” should be able to answer the following questions: all of the Germans of Central and Eastern Europe to a single German fatherland, and 1. What were the key elements of American foreign to annex large areas of Eastern Europe. policy prior to World War II? 6. Part of Hitler’s vision was that “inferior 2. How and why did America edge closer to war be- races” and other “undesirables” had to tween 1939 and 1941? make way for the “master race”; in 1933 Hitler established the first concentration 3. How did mobilization and war affect American camp at Dachau. society? 7. Wanting to avoid a war with Germany, 4. How did the Allies fight and win World War II? Britain and France were proponents of what became known as “appeasement.” 5. How did American war aims affect plans for post- 8. Germany withdrew from the League of war settlement? Nations in 1933, and Hitler’s 1935 an- nouncement of plans to rearm Germany Chapter Annotated Outline —in violation of the Versailles treaty— met with no resistance. I. The Road to War 9. Germany reoccupied the Rhineland in A. The Rise of Fascism 1936, and later that year Hitler and Italy’s 1. The nation’s neutrality was challenged by Benito Mussolini joined forces in the the aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, Rome-Berlin Axis.
    [Show full text]
  • Can a Victor Force the Vanquished to Pay? France Under the Nazi Boot
    CAN A VICTOR FORCE THE VANQUISHED TO PAY? FRANCE UNDER THE NAZI BOOT ABSTRACT Based on the failure of the post-World War I German reparations, it is commonly assumed that little or no payment can be coerced from a defeated opponent. However, occupation charges paid by France to Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1944 represent one of the largest recorded international transfers and contributed significantly to financing the overall German war effort. This case study uses a neoclassical growth model that incorporates essential features of the occupied economy and the postwar stabilization to assess the welfare costs of the policies that managed the payments to Germany. Surprisingly, the methods used to make these transfers closely resembled the techniques employed by contemporary belligerents. Occupation payments required a 16 percent reduction of consumption for twenty years, with the draft of labor to Germany and wage and price controls adding substantially to this burden. France’s postwar debt overhang would have demanded large budget surpluses; but inflation, which erupted after Liberation, reduced the debt well below its steady state level. The Marshall Plan played only a modest direct role, while international credits helped to substantially lower the nation’s burden. JEL No. E1, E6, N1, and N4. Filippo Occhino Kim Oosterlinck and Eugene N. White June 2006 The authors are respectively Assistant Professor of Economics at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, Assistant Professor at the Solvay Business School, Faculté des Sciences Sociales, Politiques et Économiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Professor of Economics at Rutgers University, New Brunswick and Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
    [Show full text]
  • Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: the 1953 London Debt Agreement
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Guinnane, Timothy W. Working Paper Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement Center Discussion Paper, No. 880 Provided in Cooperation with: Economic Growth Center (EGC), Yale University Suggested Citation: Guinnane, Timothy W. (2004) : Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung: The 1953 London Debt Agreement, Center Discussion Paper, No. 880, Yale University, Economic Growth Center, New Haven, CT This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/98344 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu ECONOMIC GROWTH CENTER YALE UNIVERSITY P.O. Box 208269 New Haven, CT 06520-8269 http://www.econ.yale.edu/~egcenter/ CENTER DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 880 FINANCIAL VERGANGENHEITSBEWÄLTIGUNG: THE 1953 LONDON DEBT AGREEMENT Timothy W.
    [Show full text]