College and Research Libraries a Master~S the Society Libraries
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.. ' By CATHARINE PENNIMAN STORIE · The American College Society Library and the College Library Mrs. Storie has abbreviated for the readers does any one of them discuss the value of of College and Research Libraries a master~s the society libraries. ' essay which she presented at the School of At first it was the purpose to show merely Library Service~ Columbia University ~ tn the value of the society library to the col 19]8. lege library. Before the value of the li braries could be discovered, however, the HIS ARTICLE reports a study of college printed or manuscript catalogs of these T society libraries in the nineteenth cen libraries had to be located; and before the tury and was undertaken to provide a catalogs could be located, the colleges which supplementary chapter in the history of the had had societies had to be determined. American college library. The closing lines Examination of the society library collec of Shores's history of colonial college li tions at all the colleges was impossible. braries discussed the situation as it was in This part of . the work was confined, there I8oo and stated that "the inadequacy of fore, to a cursory study of the value of these most of the college libraries was felt so libraries in general and to a sp(,'!cific examin keenly by the students that the liter~ry ation of the collections at one college, i.e.~ societies which began to appear for the those of the Peithologian and the Philo first time undertook to establish libraries lexian societies at Columbia University. as one of their major purposes. " 1 Except for a few individual colleges and Sources for Locating the Libraries for statistics covering one decade, there · Reports and Handbooks. To help in seem to be no contemporary accounts of locating colleges which had society .libraries t he early college society libraries. There there fortunately are various government are scattered later references in histories of documents. The Smithsonian Institution higher education, in histories of particular issued in 185I the earliest report on libraries colleges, and in periodical articles written in the United States. William J. Rhees after I875· Also D. H. Sheldon's Student published more extensive information in Life and Customs~ published in I90I, gives I859, and the Commissioner of Education in three chapters a fairly extensive treat has included notices on public (including ment of student societies. But none of college) libraries in his reports at intervals these sources has anything to say in detail since 1876. A handbook on college societies about the contributiQn of the society library was put out in I871. These publications, to the college library, and only indirectly as has been · indicated, cover the period I 1 Shores, Louis. Origins of the American College after 1850 only. · Libt'ary, r638-rBoo. New York City, Barnes and Periodical Literature. Few articles re- Noble, 1934. 29op. 240 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES lating even indirectly to the subje<;t were thirty-one other colleges as having been found in indexes to periodicals. In these established before I825, some of which pre accounts the society library was mentioned sumably had societies. Material referring only in passing. With such scant informa to these two groups totaling I 58 colleges tion and with no references to articles. writ was s~ught in the card catalogs of Columbia ten before I 850, the next approach was to University Library, the Library of Congress go directly to educational periodicals pub Depository Catalog at Columbia University, lished dur!ng the first half of the nineteenth the catalogs of Teachers College Library century. and the New York Public Library, twenty Statistics: 1828-39. In spite of the fact five printed or book catalog~ of college that no descriptions of society libraries could libraries and. the Boston Athenaeum, the be located in the early journals, very in shelflist of the Library of Congress, and, teresting statistics exist in certain tables in after a revision, the catalog of the library the America~ Annals of Education and of the American Antiquarian Society. Instruction for I834, I835, and I836. The Questionnaire. To supplement the check I834 volume points to an earlier source by ing of library card catalogs, a questionnaire mentioning that the editor of the American was sent to the librarians of the colleges Quarterly Register of Education had esti founded before I85o. Limitation to this mated the number of students in I830. In period was decided upon because library this journal are statistics for the years I828, catalogs had not been located for any of I82g, I830, I83I, and I833· The table those founded at a later date. in the American Annals of Education and Instruction for . I834 also leads to a more Procedures and Findings complete source, stating that it was "copied From the foregoing it can be seen that with some additions and variations from the three main types of sources were located: American Almanac for I835." The Ameri the statistical tables (in the government can Almanac was found to contain statistics reports and in the journals for I 828-40) , on students' libraries for every year from the catalogs of . society libraries, and the I830 through I840, and its table for I830 responses to the questionnaire. Results, referred back to the American Quarterly therefore, depend~d upon interpretation of Register and Journal of the A "!erican Edu the statistics and of the responses to the cation Society~ which was the same periodi questionnaire and upon evaluation of the cal under a variant title as the American catalogs and of a few miscellaneous sources. Quarterly Register of Education mentioned Interpretation o,f the ·statistics. The sta above. tistics brought to light some interesting facts. It was discovered that of all the Sources for Locating Catalogs colleges flourishing in I83o, So per cent Library Card and Book Catalogs and had society libraries, and of these, nearly Bibliographies. Although it is evident that half had collections larger than those of the societies in general were dying out in their college libraries. In I 83 7 these li the last quarter of the nineteenth century, braries varied from a few hundred to I 5,000 the number of libraries referred to in the volumes, while the college libraries varied Report of the Commissioner of Education from · a few hundred to Io,ooo volumes, for 1884-85 was much greater than in with the one exception of Harvard, which earlier issues. In that report I27 colleges had 43,000 volumes. By I85I only 55 per were listed as having societies. It mentions cent of the colleges reported society libraries, JUNE~ 1945 . 241 with slightly over a third of these having Yale reported the most complete schedule: collections larger than their college libraries. every day in the year (except Sundays and These society libraries were found in the three or four public days) in term time colleges of the United States from Maine from IO A.M. to I P.M. a~d from 3 to 5 to Georgia and as far west as Missouri. P.M.,. and in the summer commonly an hour · Information tabulated from the statistics or two more: in vacation every day from in the journals from I828-40 showed that 3 to 5 hours. Added to the inconvenience throughout this period the society libraries of short hours, at Amherst College, was that at Dartmouth, Middlebury, Amherst, Yale of paying for the· privilege of borrowing after I 830, Washington2 after I 833, Wil books at the library. These conditions liams after I835, Jefferson and Washing show clearly why i ny supplementary li ton,3 Western/ Union, Geneva,5 Dickinson, braries which might be developed at a col Washington,6 University of North Caro lege would be of great use to the students. lina, University of Georgia in I83I- and Interpretation of Responses to the I832, Nashville from I835 to I839, Miami, Questionnaire. Because of the painstaking and Franklin from I836 to I839, had responses to the questionnaire, many addi larger collections than their college libraries. tional catalogs were located, although no Also; one-third of the colleges in the New catalogs of society libraries were known to England states had more books in the li exist at the universities of Georgia or Vir braries of.their societies than in their college ginia or at the colleges of William and librarie·s during the decade I 830-40. Mary, Hampden-Sydney, Washington, Beside the facts relating to the size of Charleston, or at any institution in Ala the libraries which the reports generally bama, Louisiana, 'tennessee, or Kentucky. yielded, the report of the Smithsonian In Yet the Library of Congress has a catalog stitution for I 85I presented other inf~rma for one of the society libraries at Franklin tion which added considerably to the College (now the University of Georgia) picture. The descriptions for I 26 college and, according to the statistics quoted in the libraries vary from a paragraph to several original study, nine of the sixteen institu pages and include I42 student libraries at tions listed from the South had society li sixty-five of these colleges. One of the braries of over a thousand volumes at some items requested from the libraries was the time during the decade I830-40. The li number of hours - that each was open. braries at the College of William and Mary Forty-six of the colleges which had student were largely destroyed by fire before the libraries responded to this question, indicat Civil War, in 1859. Moreover, other col ing that their college libraries were open leges in all sections of the country suffered for periods ranging from one hour every from disastrous fires throughout the whole two weeks or a half hour once a week to nineteenth century.