Engaging Narrative As a Model for Interfaith Pedagogy
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FOR LOVE OF NEIGHBOR: ENGAGING NARRATIVE AS A MODEL FOR INTERFAITH PEDAGOGY Submitted by Amy PoppingA to the University of Exeter As A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology In August 2018 This thesis is AvailAble for Library use on the understAnding thAt it is copyright materiAl And thAt no quotAtion from the thesis may be published without proper Acknowledgement. I certify thAt All materiAl in this thesis which is not my own work hAve been identified And thAt no materiAl hAs been previously submitted And Approved for the AwArd of A degree by this or Any other University. SignAture: ………………………………………………………. Abstract Religious literacy And relAtionship building between religious groups And individuAls remain A cruciAl need in the United StAtes. This need is pArticulArly Acute in ‘diversity deserts,’ such As religiously exclusive college campuses. Colleges must respond to this need And course curriculum can provide An AdvantAgeous And effective stArting point. The new And emerging field of InterfAith Studies provides useful lAnguAge, concepts, And methods thAt can be Applied to reseArch And sources within estAblished Academic disciplines to creAte new pedAgogical models to better equip students to live well in A religiously diverse America. By demonstrating how educationAl objectives from the field of InterfAith Studies can be integrated into existing curriculAr models thAt utilize ethnographic nArratives, An innovative model of interfAith pedAgogy can be creAted. This method, called the shared experience model relies primarily on the work of Oddbjørn Leirvik And Eboo Patel, two leAding thinkers in the field of whAt is being called InterfAith or Interreligious Studies. When Applied to four ethnographic nArratives of young Muslim Americans constructed from methods rooted in ethnography And nArrative inquiry, the shared experience model can result in A reAder’s development of, appreciative knowledge and narrative imagination, two key capAcities from InterfAith theory. Acquisition of appreciative knowledge and narrative imagination through engAgement with A nArrative fosters empAthy And Admiration - moving the reAder from tolerance to AppreciAtion. Ultimately, it results in A self-reflection thAt prepAres the reAder to begin to consider And ArticulAte their own nArrative identity. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to express my heArtfelt gratitude for everyone who Assisted me in completing this project. First, to my fAmily. Eric PoppingA, you hAve been so pAtient And there Are no words for the steAdy support you hAve offered to me from the very beginning. Cole And Luke, you were so little when this All stArted And now you Are old enough to understAnd why Mom gets A little crazy when A chApter deAdline is ApproAching. You bring me such joy And I will AlwAys cherish the time we spent living in Devon, And the two little pAirs of muddy boots by the gAte thAt indicated you hAd another Adventurous wAlk with DAd At the beAch while Mom wAs typing. To my pArents and in-lAws, thAnk you for the hours of bAbysitting And support. Most of All to my mom- my unofficiAl editor, scribe, And general source of encouragement. You helped pick me up more times thAn I can count. Dr. Reed, you quite genuinely, rescued me in the middle of this journey. Your commitment to me went fAr beyond whAt should be expected from A supervisor, And there is not A pAge in this thesis thAt hAs not benefitted from your wisdom And expertise. You hAve shAped me As A scholAr, but Also As A teAcher. You hAve modeled An ethic for both thAt I can only strive to emulAte in my career. I Am sincerely, forever grateful. I must thAnk the young Muslims who so openly shAred their lives with me over the lAst several yeArs. I hAve witnessed All of you extending endless Amounts of pAtience And tolerance in both your personAl And professionAl lives As you field questions And scrutiny About your identity As Muslim Americans. This work is for you. These Are your stories. I Am so honored to hAve worked with you And I never AnticipAted our time together would yield enduring friendships…and wedding invitAtions! Your love for God And fAmily hAs continued to inspire my own. So finAlly, I thAnk my CreAtor. Your love for me hAs sustAined me through dArk times. I believe you Are the giver of All good things And may I seek to honor you with my words And deeds. “I lie down And sleep; I wAke AgAin, for the Lord sustAins me.” Ps. 3:5 3 Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………2 Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………..3 ChApter One: Introduction……………………………………………………………………9 1.1 Background And Historical Context: Religion in the United StAtes…………10 1.2 ReseArcher’s Perspective……………………………………………………….12 1.3 An Example from My Own TeAching Context………………………………… 1.3.A Applying My Experience 1.4 StAtement of ReseArch Problem, And Aims of the Thesis 1.5 ConceptuAl Framework 1.6 Assumptions And LimitAtions 1.7 Conclusion 1.8 Thesis Structure ChApter Two: Review of RelAted Literature 2.1 The Emerging field of InterfAith Studies 2.1.A Historical Roots 2.1.b Martin Buber (1878-1965) The Space Between, I-Thou 2.1.c HAns-Georg GAdAmer (1900-2002): Transformative Dialogue 2.1.d Emmanuel LevinAs (1906-1995): Vulnerability and Responsibility 2.1.e Wilfred CAntwell Smith (1916-2000) Individual Experience 2.1.f LeonArd Swidler (1929-present): Necessary Dialogue 2.2 Key LeAders in the Modern InterfAith Movement 2.2.A Oddbjørn Leirvik: A Relational Model for Interreligious Studies 2.2.b Eboo Patel: A Practical Model for InterfAith Action 2.3 Synthesizing Patel And Leirvik: Creating an Interfaith Pedagogy 2.4 NAming the Field: ChAllenges, Emerging Questions, and ‘Interreligious’ vs ‘InterfAith’ 2.5 RelAted ScholArship in the Field Relevant to ReseArch 2.5.A Sheryl KujAwA-Holbrook: God Beyond Borders, and ‘Interreligious LeArning’ 2.5.b Bud Heckmann And Rori Picker Neiss: InterActive Faith 2.5.c Jennifer Howe PeAce, Or N. Rose, And Gregory Mobley: My Neighbor’s Faith – and the Field of Literature in General 2.6 Defining Praxis for InterfAith Studies 2.7 Using NArratives to Help Define Core Competencies And Concepts For Productive InterfAith EngAgement 2.7.A Eboo Patel: Appreciative Knowledge 2.7.b Narrative Imagination: MarthA NussbAum 4 2.7.c Shared Experience: ZAreenA GrewAl 2.8 Pluralism, Evangelicals, And my ClAssroom 2.9 Muslim Americans 2.10 Muslims As Americans 2.11 Religious Identity, not Ethnicity 2.12 OriginAl Contribution ChApter Three: Methodology: Developing An InterfAith PedAgogy 3.1 InitiAl Conception of ReseArch: Working with Muslim Americans 3.2 Utilizing NArratives As A PedAgogical Tool: Framing A NArrative Around One’s Religious Commitment 3.3 Choosing Ethnography And NArrative Inquiry 3.3.A Ethnography 3.3.b NArrative Inquiry 3.4 Applying InterfAith Theory: Thinking Across DisciplinAry BoundAries 3.4.A Why NArratives And Not FAce to FAce Encounters? 3.5 NArrative ParticipAnts 3.6 Procedure 3.6.A Field Work 3.6.b VirtuAl Fieldwork 3.6.c MarriAge As An InitiAl Topic for Interviews 3.7 LimitAtions 3.7.A ReseArch FAtigue 3.7.b “Insider” vs. “Outsider” StAtus 3.7.c Humans Are “Human” 3.8 Conclusion: The Result And the PotentiAl 3.9 Overview of NArrative ChApters ChApter Four: NAdiA And Kasim: A TAle of Two Siblings 4.1 Introduction 4.2 ChApter Structure 4.3 The AbAza Siblings 4.3.A Kasim (Background) 4.3.b NAdiA (Background) 4.4. Life in the AbAza FAmily 4.5 Religion And FAmily Life 4.6 Gender DynAmics 4.7 “Recalibration Vacation” 4.8 LeAning in to the Ummah 4.9 College Life And the MSA 4.10 Boy Meets Girl 4.11 Kasim Finds his “fit” 4.12 ShAred Roots 4.13 ShAred Religion 4.14 NAdiA’s Time of Transition 4.15 Where the Boys Are 5 4.16 AbAza MarriAge DynAmics: “equitAble, if not equAl” 4.17 NAdiA’s StAndArds 4.18 Whom will “fit” with NAdiA? 4.19 Why CAn’t NAdiA Find Someone? 4.19.A The ObstAcles: Virginity and Purity 4.19.b NAdiA’s HeAlth 4.19.c VirtuAl Matchmaking 4.19.d LAck of SuitAble Partners 4.20 Conclusion/Findings 4.21 ShAred Experience Model: ApproAching NAdiA And Kasim through an InterfAith PedAgogy 4.21.A PedAgogical Application (Guide for the ReAder) 4.21.b AppreciAtive Knowledge 4.21.c NArrative ImaginAtion 4.21.d Questions for Consideration: Identity 4.21.e Questions for Consideration: FAmily Life And Community Obligation 4.21.f Questions for Consideration: Gender 4.21.g Questions for ConsiderAtion: MarriAge 4.21.h BroAder Thematic Questions 4.21.i PedAgogical Application (Instruction) ChApter Five: AminA’s Future 5.1 Introduction 5.2 ChApter Structure 5.3 AminA 5.3.A AminA (Background) 5.3.b Coming to America 5.3.c Where is MinnesotA? 5.4 TeAchers, Mentors, CoAches 5.5 Life in College 5.6 AminA’s Tenuous RelAtionship with IslAm 5.7 AminA, Gender And the HijAbi Cult 5.8 AminA Becomes A Girlfriend 5.9 AminA’s Thoughts on MarriAge 5.10 AminA the Self-ProclAimed Feminist 5.11 Conclusion/Findings 5.12 ShAred Experience Model: ApproAching AminA Through An InterfAith PedAgogy 5.12.a PedAgogical Application (Guide for the ReAder) 5.12.b AppreciAtive Knowledge 5.12.c NArrative ImaginAtion 5.12.d Questions for Consideration: Identity 5.12.e Questions for Consideration: FAmily Life And Community Obligation 5.12.f Questions for Consideration: Gender 6 5.12.g Questions for Consideration: MarriAge 5.12.h BroAder Thematic Questions 5.12.i PedAgogical Application (Instruction) ChApter Six: MohAmmed’s Destiny 6.1 Introduction 6.2 ChApter Structure 6.3 MohAmmed: SacrificiAl One 6.3.A MohAmed (Background) 6.3.b Coming to America 6.3.c Settling In 6.4 MohAmmed’s UnderstAnding