The following are a list of sources and further reading for each episode.
Episode 24: The History of How Democracies Die
Cartwright, Mark. "Athenian Democracy." Ancient Encyclopedia. 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/Athenian_Democracy/
Euler, H. Gustav. "Napoleon III." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Abdelaziz Bouteflika." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdelaziz-Bouteflika.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Engelbert Dollfuss." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Engelbert-Dollfuss.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ferdinand Marcos." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-E-Marcos
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "François Duvalier." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Duvalier.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Hosni Mubarak." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hosni-Mubarak.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Porfirio Díaz." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Porfirio-Diaz.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Roman Republic." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Republic.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Silvio Berlusconi." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Silvio-Berlusconi. Episode 23: The History of Tyrants
Elton, Geoffrey R. and John S. Morrill. "Henry VIII." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VIII-king-of-England
Erlanger, Philippe. "Louis XIV." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIV-king-of-France
Frye, Richard N., Dietz O. Edzard, and others. "History of Mesopotamia." Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Mesopotamia-historical-region-Asia/Sumer- and-Akkad-from-2350-to-2000-bce
Highfield, J.R.L. "Isabella I." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isabella-I-queen-of-Spain
Hingley, Ronald Francis. "Joseph Stalin." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Stalin
Nicol, Donald MacGillivrary and J.F. Matthews. "Constantine I." Encyclopedia Britannica.
2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor
Spear, T.G. Percival. "Aurangzeb." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aurangzeb
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Idi Amin." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Idi-Amin
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Nero." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nero-Roman-emperor
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Saddam Hussein." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saddam-Hussein
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "U Ne Win." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/U-Ne-Win
Wilbur, C. Martin, Evenlyn S. Rawski, and others. "China." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/China/The-struggle-for-central-authority#ref590021
Episode 22: The History of Pandemics
Billings, Molly. "The Influenza Pandemic of 1918." Standford University. 2005. https://virus.stanford.edu/uda/
CDC. "History of Smallpox." 2020. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html
CDC. "Partner Key Messages on the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Commemoration." 2020. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-commemoration/key-messages.htm
Edmonds, Molly. "How the Black Death Worked." How Stuff Works. 2008. https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/black- death2.htm#:~:text=But%20many%20people%20instead%20turned,and%20the%20persecution
%20of%20Jews.&text=They%20believed%20the%20Black%20Death,to%20try%20to%20appea se%20him.
Encyclopedia Britannica. "The History of Pandemics." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/video/215488/Brief-history-pandemics-human-history-coronavirus-
COVID-19-Black-Death-1918-influenza
Krug, Robert M. and Robert R. Wagner. "Virus." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/virus/Prevention#ref259770
Mark, Joshua J. "Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World." Ancient Encyclopedia.
2020. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1534/reactions-to-plague-in-the-ancient--medieval-world/
McNeill, J.R. "Columbian Exchange." Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange
Navarro, J. Alexander. "Mask Resistance During a Pandemic Isn't New-in 1918 Many
Americans Were 'Slackers'." Discover Magazine. 2020. https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/mask-resistance-during-a-pandemic-isnt-new-in-
1918-many-americans-were
Our World in Data. "Mortality Risk of COVID-19." Our World in Data. 2020. https://ourworldindata.org/mortality-risk-covid
Rogers, Kara and Robert J. Kadner. "Bacteria." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/bacteria/Evolution-of-bacteria
Spinney, Laura. "How the 1918 Flu Pandemic Revolutionized Public Health." 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-1918-flu-pandemic-revolutionized-public-health-
180965025/
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Black Death." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death/Effects-and-significance
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Influenza Pandemic of 1918-19." Encyclopedia
Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/influenza-pandemic-of-1918-1919
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Plague." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/plague/History
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Small Pox." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/smallpox/The-course-of-the-disease
Welsh, Jennifer. "Oldest Viruses Infected Insects 300 Million Years Ago." Live Science. 2011. https://www.livescience.com/16015-oldest-viruses-insects.html
Wu, Katherine. J. "There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us?" National Geographic. 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors- allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/
Zelazko, Alicja. "How Long Did the Flu Pandemic of 1918 Last?" Encyclopedia Britannica.
2020. https://www.britannica.com/story/how-long-did-the-flu-pandemic-of-1918-last
Episode 21: The History of Diverse and Tolerant Societies
Blythe, Bob. "Haym Salomon." National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/revwar/about_the_revolution/haym_salomom.HTML
Chua, Amy. Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance and Why They Fall.
(Anchor: 2009).
Haggerty, George (Editor). Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures. (Taylor & Francis:
2013).
Iaccarino, Ian. "The Founding Fathers and Slavery." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery-1269536
Lind, Dara. "37 maps that explain how America is a nation of immigrants." Vox. 2017. https://www.vox.com/2015/1/12/7474897/immigration-america-maps
Henry, Natasha L. "Slavery Abolition Act." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-Abolition-Act
National Geographic. Genographic Project. 2020.
National Museum of African American History and Culture. "African Muslims in Early
America." Smithsonian. 2020. https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/collection/african-muslims- early-america
National Museum of African American History and Culture. "Peter Salem and the Battle of Bunker Hill." 2020. https://nmaahc.si.edu/blog/peter-salem-and-battle-bunker-hill
Rafferty, John P. "Just How Old Is Homo sapiens?." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/story/just-how-old-is-homo-sapiens
Smithsonian Natural Museum of Natural History. "Modern Human Diversity-Skin Color." 2020. https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/human-skin-color-variation/modern-human- diversity-skin-color
Tattersall, Ian. "Homo sapiens." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-sapiens/Bodily-structure#ref1263224
The American Museum of Natural History. "Six Nations Research: Louis Cook." 2020. https://www.amnh.org/research/anthropology/curatorial-research/north-american-ethnology/six- nations-research
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Natural selection." 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/natural-selection
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Women's Suffrage." 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/woman-suffrage
United Nations. World Migration Report 2020. https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf
University of Hawaii. "Evolution by Natural Selection." 2020. https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/biological/what-alive/evolution-natural- selection
Wu, Katherine J. "Modern Humans May Have More Neanderthal DNA Than Previously
Thought." Smithsonian. 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-research- expands-neanderthals-genetic-legacy-modern-humans-180974099/ Phase 19: The Modern World and What to Make of It
Arms Control Association. "Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance." 2019. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Nuclearweaponswhohaswhat
CIA. "The World Factbook: World." 2020. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/xx.html
Council on Foreign Relations. Global Conflict Tracker. 2020. https://www.cfr.org/global- conflict-tracker/?category=us
Dennis, Michael Aaron. "Robert Kahn." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Elliot-Kahn
Dennis, Michael Aaron. "Tim Berners-Lee." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tim-Berners-Lee
Dennis, Michael Aaron. "Vinton Cerf." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vinton-Cerf
Encyclopedia Britannica. "Human Population." 2020. https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/population
Feldman, Sarah. "Electricity Access Keeps Climbing Globally." Statista. 2019. https://www.statista.com/chart/16552/electricity-access- worldwide/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20International%20Energy,population%20has%2
0access%20to%20electricity.
Freedom House. "Countries and Territories." 2020. https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom- world/scores
Gittleman, John L. "Extinction." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/extinction-biology Global Fire Power. "AFV/APC Strength by Country" 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/armor-apc-total.asp
Global Fire Power. "Aircraft Carrier Fleet Strength by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/navy-aircraft-carriers.asp
Global Fire Power. "Defense Spending by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/defense-spending-budget.asp
Global Fire Power. "Destroyer Fleet Strength by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/navy-destroyers.asp
Global Fire Power. "Fighter/Interceptor Strength by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/aircraft-total-fighters.asp
Global Fire Power. "Rocket Projector Strength." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/armor- mlrs-total.asp
Global Fire Power. "Self-Propelled Artillery Strength by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/armor-self-propelled-guns-total.asp
Global Fire Power. "Towed Artillery Strength by Country." 2020. https://www.globalfirepower.com/armor-towed-artillery-total.asp
Hogeback, Jonathan. "Who Invented the Internet." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/story/who-invented-the-internet
Investopedia. "The World's Top Oil Producers of 2019." 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/investing/worlds-top-oil-producers/
Jacobs, Charles. "Slavery in the 21st Century." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2001. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slavery-in-the-21st-Century-715992
Jacobs, Frank. "The World's Five Military Empires." Big Think. 2017. https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires
Jimenez, Melida. "Is democracy in a worldwide decline? Nope. Here's our data." The
Washington Post. 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/11/15/is- democracy-in-a-worldwide-decline-we-measured-it-heres-what-we-found/
Kahn, Robert and Michael Aaron Dennis. "Internet." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Internet
Kershner, Ellen. "How Many Countries Are There In The World?" 2020. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/how-many-countries-are-in-the-world.html
Mann, Michael E. "Greenhouse gas." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/greenhouse-gas
Nebehay, Stephanie. "In a first, China knocks U.S. from top spot in global patent race." Reuters.
2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-patents/in-a-first-china-knocks-us-from-top- spot-in-global-patent-race-idUSKBN21P1P9
Noack, Rick. "For decades, global hunger was on the decline. Now it’s getting worse again — and climate change is to blame." The Washington Post. 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2018/09/11/decades-global-hunger-was-decline-now- its-getting-worse-again-climate-change-is-blame/
Numbeo. "Cost of Living Index by Country 2020 Mid-Year." 2020. https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/rankings_by_country.jsp
OCED Better Life Index. "Income." 2020. http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/income/
Pappas, Stephanie. "What is global warming?" Live Science. 2020. https://www.livescience.com/37003-global-warming.html
PBS. "Roundtable: A Mondern Mass Extinction?" 2020. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/extinction/massext/statement_03.html#:~:text=Of%20all%
20species%20that%20have,of%20a%20sixth%20mass%20extinction.
Pimm, Stuart L. "Biodiversity." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/biodiversity#ref343144
Ritchie, Hannah and Max Roser. "Clean Water." Our World in Data. 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/water-access#access-to-safe-drinking-water
Ritchie, Hannah. "How many people die and how many are born each year?" Our World in Data.
2019. https://ourworldindata.org/births-and-deaths
Roser, Max, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, and Hannah Ritchie. "Life Expectancy." 2019. https://ourworldindata.org/life- expectancy#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20estimate%20a,any%20country%20back%20 in%201950.
Roston, Eric. "Want to Stop the Next Pandemic? Start Protecting Wildlife Habitats." Time. 2020. https://time.com/5817363/wildlife-habitats-disease-pandemics/
Savell, Stephanie and 5W Infographics. "This Map Shows Where in the World the U.S. Military
Is Combatting Terrorism." Smithsonian Magazine. 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-
180970997/
Selin, Henrik and Michael E. Mann. "Global Warming." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming
Silver, Caleb. "The Top 20 Economies in the World." Investopedia. 2020. https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "World Wide Web." Encyclipedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Wide-Web
UN. "Ending Poverty." 2020. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/poverty/
US Energy Information Administration. "Global access to electricity has increased over the past two decades." 2017. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=31552
WHO. "World hunger is still not going down after three years and obesity is still growing – UN report." 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/15-07-2019-world-hunger-is-still-not- going-down-after-three-years-and-obesity-is-still-growing-un-report
WHO. "The top 10 causes of death." 2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
WHO. "1 in 3 people globally do not have access to safe drinking water – UNICEF, WHO."
2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have- access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who
World Hunger. "2018 WORLD HUNGER AND POVERTY FACTS AND STATISTICS."
2018. https://www.worldhunger.org/world-hunger-and-poverty-facts-and- statistics/#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Food%20and,lower%2Dmiddle%2Dincome%
20countries.
Wu, Katherine J. "There are more viruses than stars in the universe. Why do only some infect us?." National Geographic. 2020. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/04/factors- allow-viruses-infect-humans-coronavirus/#close
Phase 18: The Cold War
Baumann, Ben. Interview with Russian Historian Robert F. Baumann.
Britter, Eric V.B. "Grenada." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Grenada/Independence#ref54646
Canning, Trooper Tom. "The Yalta Aftermath." BBC. 2003. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/29/a2064629.shtml
Coalson, Robert and Dmitry Volchek. "'Do Not Respond': Did The Soviet Government Abandon
Its WWII Prisoners?." Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/do-not- respond-did-the-soviet-government-abandon-its-wwii-prisoners-/29217414.html
Dagger, Richard and Terence Ball. "Communism." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism
Dagger, Richard and Terence Ball. "Socialism." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/socialism
Floyd, David. "What Is the Difference Between Communism and Socialism?" Investopedia.
2020. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/100214/what-difference-between-communism- and-socialism.asp
Freidel, Frank. "Franklin D. Roosevelt." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franklin-D-Roosevelt/Relations-with-the-
Allies#ref23954
Galle, Suzanne. "Rethinking Stalin’s Purge of the Red Army, 1937-38." University Press of
Kansas Blog. 2016. http://universitypressblog.dept.ku.edu/uncategorized/rethinking-stalins- purge-of-the-red-army-1937-38/
Gibney, Frank B. "Nikita Khrushchev." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikita-Sergeyevich-Khrushchev/Leadership-of-the-
Soviet-Union
Gonzalez, Nancie L. "Dominican Republic." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic/Bosch-Balaguer-and-their- successors#ref217439
Griffith, William J., Charles L. Stansifer, and others. "Guatemala." Encyclopedia Britannica.
2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Guatemala/The-postcolonial-period#ref40949
Haglund, David G. "North Atlantic Treaty Organization." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization
Hingley, Ronald Francis. "Joseph Stalin." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Stalin/Lenins-successor#ref13391
Johnston, Matthew. "Why the USSR Collapsed Economically." 2019. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/021716/why-ussr-collapsed-economically.asp
Library of Congress. "Revelations from the Russian Archvies." Library of Congress. 2020. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/sovi.html
McCauley, Martin, John C. Dewdney, and others. "Soviet Union." Encyclopedia Britannica.
2018. https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union
Millett, Allan R. "Korean War." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Korean-War
Offner, Arnold A. "President Truman and the Origins of the Cold War." BBC. 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/truman_01.shtml
PBS. "Berlin Blockade." PBS. 2020. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bomb-blockade/
Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. "Stalin: The Early Years." Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty.
2015. https://www.rferl.org/a/stalin-russia-soviet/24903277.html
Ray, Michael. "Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/story/why-did-the-soviet-union-collapse
Ross, Michael. "Soviets Executed GIs After WWII : Prisoners: Other Americans were forced to renounce citizenship, Yeltsin writes Senate panel. But no sign of POWs from Korea, Vietnam wars found, Russian says." Los Angeles Times. 1992. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-
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Steele, Jonathan. "Stalin’s Defectors by Mark Edele – from Red Army soldiers to Hitler’s collaborators." The Guardian. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/oct/13/stalins- defectors-by-mark-edele-from-ed-army-solders-to-hitlers-collaborators
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Ballistic Missile." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/technology/ballistic-missile
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Brezhnev Doctrine." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Brezhnev-Doctrine
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Collapse of the Soviet Union." Encyclopedia
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Cuban Missile Crisis." Encyclopedia Britannica.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Gulag." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulag
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Great Purge." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Purge
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Hungarian Revolution." Encyclopedia Britannica.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "ICBM." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2017. https://www.britannica.com/technology/ICBM
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Lend-lease." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/lend-lease
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Leninism." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leninism
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Marshall Plan." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Marshall-Plan
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "New Deal." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Prague Spring." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/event/Prague-Spring
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Stalinism." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Stalinism
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Warsaw Pact." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact
Worrall, Simon. "The inside story of how three unlikely allies won World War II." National Geographic. 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2019/01/allies-roosevelt- churchill-stalin-won-world-war-II/#close
Phase 17: World War 2
Blakemore, Erin. "Radiocarbon helps date ancient objects—but it's not perfect." National
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Foot, John and Christopher Hibbert. "Benito Mussolini." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini/Role-in-World-War-II
Grant, R.G. "Bombing of Tokyo." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Bombing-of-Tokyo
Hamby, Alonzo L. "The decision to use the atomic bomb." 2010. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Trumans-decision-to-use-the-bomb-712569/End-game
Jansen, Marius B., Taro Sakamoto, and Others. "Japan." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Japan/World-War-II-and-defeat
Keegan, John. "Normandy Invasion." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/event/Normandy-Invasion
Kirby, George Hall Kirby, John Michael Wallace-Hadrill, and Others. "Germany." Encyclopædia
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Lallanilla, Marc. "Hiroshima, Nagasaki & the First Atomic Bombs." Live Science. 2014. https://www.livescience.com/45509-hiroshima-nagasaki-atomic-bomb.html Mikkelson, David. "Did Walt Disney Receive a Dishonorable Discharge?" Snopes. 1996. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/dishonorable-discharge/
Royde-Smith, John Graham. "Operation Barbarossa." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Operation-Barbarossa/Later-actions
Royde-Smith, John Graham and Thomas A. Hughes. "World War II." Encyclopædia Britannica.
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Shermer, Michael. "It Was Necessary to Use Nukes against Japan--but North Korea Is More
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BBC. "How did WW1 change the world?" BBC. 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/45966335
BBC. "The First World War." BBC. 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z4n4jxs/revision/1
BBC. "World War One: The global conflict that defined a century." BBC. 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/world-war-one-the-global-conflict-that-defined-a-century/zdk9y9q
BBC. "World War One: 10 interpretations of who started WW1." BBC. 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-26048324
Blakemore, Erin. "How the Treaty of Versailles ended WWI and started WWII." National
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Borth, David E. "Telephone." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/technology/telephone/Development-of-the-telephone-instrument
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Howell, Elizabeth. "Photoelectric Effect: Explanation & Applications." Live Science. 2017. https://www.livescience.com/58816-photoelectric-effect.html
Howell, Elizabeth. "Time Travel: Theories, Paradoxes & Possibilities." Space.com. 2017. https://www.space.com/21675-time-travel.html
Jones, Andrew Zimmerman and Saniel Robbins. "Slowing Time to a Standstill with Relativity."
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Library of Congress. "U.S. Participation in World War I." Library of Congress. 2020. http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timelin e/progress/wwone/
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Micallef, Joseph V. "World War I: The Question of Blame." Military.com. 2020. https://www.military.com/history/world-war-i-who-to-blame.html
Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. "World War I." Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. 2020. https://monitor.noaa.gov/shipwrecks/world-war-i.html
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Norton, John D. "Special Theory of Relativity: The Principles." University of Pittsburgh. 2020. http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/Special_relativity_principles/
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Pogge, Richard. "Lecture 31: A Tale of Two World Views: Special Relativity." Ohio State
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Redd, Nola Taylor. "Einstein's Theory of General Relativity." Space.com. 2017. https://www.space.com/17661-theory-general-relativity.html
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Royde-Smith, John Graham and Dennis E. Showalter. "World War I." Encyclopaedia Britannica.
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Sheffield, Gary. "The Origins of World War One." 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/origins_01.shtml
Stavlijanin, Dragan. "World War I Anniversary: Five Historians, Two Questions." Radio Free
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Stierwalt, Sabrina. "Einstein's Legacy: The Photoelectric Effect." Scientific American. 2015. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/einstein-s-legacy-the-photoelectric-effect/ Tamkin, Emily and Robbie Gramer. "7 Ways U.S. Entry Into WWI Changed the World."
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dragutin Dimitrijević." Encyclopedia Britannica.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Dual Alliance." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dual-Alliance
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Russian Revolution." Encylopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Serbo-Turkish War." Encylopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Serbo-Turkish-War
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Special relativity." Encylopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/science/special-relativity
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Trench warfare." Encylopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/topic/trench-warfare#ref343959
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Zimmermann Telegram." Encylopedia Britannica.
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THE EDITORS OF LEGACY PUBLISHERS. "Europe After World War I: November 1918-
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The National Archives United Kingdom. "The Treaty of Versailles." The National Archivces
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The National World War II Museum. "How Did Hitler Happen?" The National World War II
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Wagnleitner, Reinhold F. and Karl A. Roider "Austria." Encylopedia Britannica. 2020. https://www.britannica.com/place/Austria/Conflict-with-Serbia
Yockelson, Mitchell. "America Enters the Great War." Prologue Magazine. 2017. https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/spring/wwi-america-enters
Phase 15: The Industrial Revolution
Amaral, Brian. "Was Thomas Edison a hack? Historians take on claims in The Oatmeal."
NJ.com. 2019. https://www.nj.com/middlesex/2013/02/oatmeal_comic_about_tesla_and.html
BBC. "Fossil Fuels." BBC. 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z27thyc/revision/1
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Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. (University of California Press:
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Hudson, Pat. "The Workshop of the World." BBC. 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/workshop_of_the_world_01.shtml
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Johnnes, Jill. Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the
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Kelly, John. "How Nikola Tesla Worked." How Stuff Works. 2020. https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/famous-inventors/nikola-tesla.htm#pt1 King, Gilbert. "The Rise and Fall of Nikola Tesla and his Tower." Smithsonian Magazine. 2013. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-rise-and-fall-of-nikola-tesla-and-his-tower-
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Knapp, Alex. "Nikola Tesla Wasn't God And Thomas Edison Wasn't The Devil." Forbes. 2012. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/05/18/nikola-tesla-wasnt-god-and-thomas-edison- wasnt-the-devil/#1b4777341a21
Kopp, Otto C. "FOssil Fuel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/fossil-fuel
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MIT. "Nikola Tesla." MIT. http://web.mit.edu/most/Public/Tesla1/etradict2.htm
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Nunez, Christina. "Fossil fuels, explained." National Geographic. 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/energy/reference/fossil-fuels/#close
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Wogan, David. "The Westinghouse/Edison Rivalry-stray dogs, circus elephants, and getting
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Phase 14: The Revolution that Changed the World
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Roos, Dave. "How Executive Orders Work." How Stuff Works. 2019. https://people.howstuffworks.com/executive-order.htm
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Articles of Confederation." Encyclopædia Britannica.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Battle of Lexington and Concord." Encyclopædia
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Bill of Rights." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bill-of-Rights-United-States-Constitution
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Constitution of the United States of America."
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Volokh, Eugene. "First Amendment." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/First-Amendment
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Wallenfeldt, Jeff. "Salutary neglect." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/salutary-neglect
Phase 13: The Rebirth of Knowledge in Europe
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Al-Khalili, Jim. "Science in the Muslim world." Physics World. 2010. https://physicsworld.com/a/science-in-the-muslim-world/ Baumann, Ben. "The Origins of the Ptolemaic Tradition and its Adoption and replacement in
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Heydenreich, Ludwig Heinrich. "Leonardo Da Vinci." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci/Anatomical-studies-and-drawings
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "John Locke." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. https://www.iep.utm.edu/locke/#H7
Iowa State University. "Galileo." Iowa State University. 2000. http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit2/unit2_sub5.htm
ESA. "History of Comets." ESA. 2019. https://sci.esa.int/web/rosetta/-/54199-testing-gravity- how-comets-helped-to-prove-newton-right
NASA. "Comets." NASA. 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and- meteors/comets/overview/?page=0&per_page=40&order=name+asc&search=&condition_1=102
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NASA. "Johannes Kepler: his lIfe, His Laws and Times." NASA. 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/kepler/education/johannes
Ofek, Hillel. "Why the Arabic World Turned Away from Science." The New Atlantis. 2011. https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/why-the-arabic-world-turned-away-from-science Overbye, Dennis. "How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science." The New York Times.
2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/science/how-islam-won-and-lost-the-lead-in- science.html
Riebeek, Holli. "Planetary Motion: The History of an Idea That Launched the Scientific
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Rogers, Graham A.J. "John Locke." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Locke/Other-works#ref59093
Spencer, J. Brookes, Stephen G. Brush and Margaret J. Osler. "Scientific Revolution."
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Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. "John Locke." Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Szalay, Jessie. "The Renaissance: The 'Rebirth' of Science & Culture." Live Science. 2016. https://www.livescience.com/55230-renaissance.html
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Middle Ages." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Renaissance." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance/The-High-Renaissance#ref284232 University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion." University of Nebraska-
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Van Helden, Albert. "Galileo." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei/Galileos-Copernicanism
Westfall, Richard S. "Isaac Newton." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton/International-prominence
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Phase 12: The Forming of the World Economy
DK. Big History: Examines Our Past, Explains Our Present, and Imagines Our Future. (DK
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Flint, Valerie I.J. "Christopher Columbus." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus
Harms, Robert. "Early Globalization and the Slave Trade." Yale Global Online. 2003. https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/early-globalization-and-slave-trade Lewis, Thomas. "Transatlantic slave trade." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/topic/transatlantic-slave-trade
McNeill, J.R. "Columbian Exchange." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/event/Columbian-exchange
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Flannery, Michael. "Avicenna." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Avicenna
Hayashi. Takao. "Aryabhata." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aryabhata-I
Hayashi. Takao. "Brahmagupta." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Brahmagupta Hearn, Kelly. "Teotihuacan." National Geographic. 2019. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/archaeology/teotihuacan/
Heather, Peter. "The Fall of Rome." BBC. 2017. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofrome_article_01.shtml
Lechene, Robert. "Printing." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing/History-of-printing#ref417266
Lorch, Richard. "Ibn al-Haytham." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-al-Haytham
Overbye, Dennis. "How Islam Won, and Lost, the Lead in Science.: The New York Times. 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/science/how-islam-won-and-lost-the-lead-in-science.html
Palermo, Elizabeth. "Who Invented the Printing Press?" Live Science. 2014. https://www.livescience.com/43639-who-invented-the-printing-press.html
Rahman, Fazulur, Muhsin S. Mahdi, Annemarie Schimmel, and The Editos of Encyclopedia
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Saliba, George. "Al-Bīrūnī." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/al-Biruni
Selin, Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Hemophilia." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/hemophilia
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Roman Empire." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Empire
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Wasson. Donald. L. "Fall of the Western Roman Empire." Ancient History Encyclopedia. 2018. https://www.ancient.eu/article/835/fall-of-the-western-roman-empire/
Phase 10: The Christianization of the Roman Empire
Baumann, Ben. "The Origins of the Ptolemaic Tradition and its Adoption and Replacement in
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Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine: Dynasty, Religion and Power in the Later Roman Empire.
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BBC. “Jesus.” BBC. 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/jesus_1.shtml BBC. “The basics of Christian history.” BBC. 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/history_1.shtml
BBC. “Who killed Jesus.” BBC. 2009. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/history/whokilledjesus_1.shtml
Cameron, Averil. “Review: Constantinus Christianus.” The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 73.
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Drake, H.A. Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
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Eusebius. Life of Constantine. Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall trans. (Oxford: Oxford
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Galka, Max. From Jericho to Tokyo: the world's largest cities through history-mapped." The
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Jarus, Owen. "Who Was Jesus." Live Science. 2019. https://www.livescience.com/3482-jesus- man.html
Kessler, Ed. “Jesus the Jew.” BBC. 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/thepassion/articles/jesus_the_jew.shtml Lactantius. Of the Manner in which the Persecutors Died (Addressed to Donatus). J. Vanderspoel trans. (Calgary: University of Calgary, 1998). http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/lactant/lactpers.html#XLIV
Lenski, Noel. The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine (Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
Livius. “Caiaphas.” Livius. 2019. https://www.livius.org/articles/person/caiaphas/
NPR. “If Jesus Never Called Himself God, How Did He Become One?” NPR. 2014. https://www.npr.org/2014/04/07/300246095/if-jesus-never-called-himself-god-how-did-he- become-one
Nutton, Vivian. "Galen." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen
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Ratner, Paul "3 Pieces of historical evidence for the existence of Jesus Christ." 2018. https://bigthink.com/culture-religion/was-jesus-real
Richardson, E. (transl.). Eusebius of Caesarea. "The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine."
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Sanders, E.P. and Jaroslav Jan Pelikan. "Jesus." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jesus
Sesiano, Jacques. "Diophantus." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Diophantus
Sivasubramaniam, Sinnathurai. "Tea." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/tea-beverage
The Editor of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Heron of Alexandria." Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heron-of-Alexandria
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University of Pennsylvania, Department of History (transl.). “Lactantius: Galerius and
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Wolchover, Natalie. “Was Jesus a Real Person?” Live Science. 2011. https://www.livescience.com/13711-jesus-christ-man-physical-evidence-hold.html
Phase 9: The Expansion of the Greco-Roman World Baumann, Ben. “Alexander the Great in Sogdiana.” Saint John’s University. 2017. https://www.academia.edu/39839417/Alexander_the_Great_in_Sogdiana
Evans, James. "Aristarchus of Samos." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2017. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristarchus-of-Samos
Hsiao, Kung-chuan and Roger T. Ames. "Han Feizi." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Han-Feizi
Ierodiakonou, Katerina. “Theophrastus.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2016. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/theophrastus/#Logi
Griffith, Guy Thompson. “Philip II.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Philip-II-king-of-Macedonia
Jones, Alexander Raymond. "Hipparchus." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hipparchus-Greek-astronomer/Other-scientific-work
National Geographic Society. “Rome’s Transition from Republic to Empire.” National
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Taisbak, Christian Marinus and Bartel Leendert van der Waerden. "Euclid." Encyclopedia
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Toomer, Gerald J. "Archimedes." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Archimedes/His-influence
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. “Julius Caesar.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler
Walbank, Frank W. “Alexander the Great.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great/Evaluation
Walbank, Frank W. "Polybius." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Polybius
Wasson, Donald L. “Roman Government.” Ancient History Encyclopedia.
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Phase 8: The Intellectual Revolution of the Ancient World
Amadio, Anselm H. and Anthony J.P. Kenny “Aristotle.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Ambury, James M. "Socrates." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. https://www.iep.utm.edu/socrates/#H2
Ames, Roger T. “Confucius.” Encyclopedia
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Barker, Daniel. “How Do We Know That the Earth is Round?” Futurism.
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BBC "The Four Noble Truths." BBC. 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/beliefs/fournobletruths_1.shtml
Brickhouse, Thomas and Nicholas D. Smith. “Plato.” The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Campbell, Gordon. "Leucippus." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. https://www.iep.utm.edu/empedocl/#H2
Duignan, Brian. "Democritus." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Democritus
Frye, Richard N. “Cyrus the Great.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. “Pyrrho.” The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Kraut, Richard. “Plato.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Mei, Yi Pao, Matt Stefon, and Roger T. Ames. “Mencius.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Meinwald, Constance C. “Plato.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Mendell, Henry Ross. “Eudoxus of Cnidus.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Patzia, Michael. "Anaxagoras." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. https://www.iep.utm.edu/anaxagor/#H4
Patzia, Michael. “Xenophanes.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Pedersen, Traci. "Who Was Hippocrates?" Live Science. 2018. https://www.livescience.com/62515-hippocrates.html Poster, Carol. “Protagoras.” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Religious Literacy Project. "The Dharma: The Teachings of the Buddha." Harvard Divinity
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Riegel, Jeffrey. “Confucius.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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Shah, Umakant Premanand. "Mahavira." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahavira-Jaina-teacher
Shields, Christopher. “Aristotle.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Pythagoras.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Rattini, Kristin Baird. “Who was Cyrus the Great.” National Geographic.
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Phase 7: The Creation of Democracy Baumer, Franklin. Main Currents of Western Thought. (Yale University Press: 1978).
Bury, J. B. The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its growth and origins. (Dover: 1960).
Cartledge, Paul. "The Democratic Experiment." BBC. 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml
Fleck, Robert K. and F. Andrew Hansen. The Origins of Democracy: A Model with Application to Ancient Greece. (Montana State University Department of Agricultural Economics and
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Fukayama, Francis. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French
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Hansen, Mogens Herman. The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and its Importance for
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Lendering, Jona. "Babylonian Empire." Livius. 2019. https://www.livius.org/articles/place/babylonian-empire/
Livingstone, R.W. The Legacy of Greece. (Oxford University Press: 1921).
Magill, Frank N. The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1. (Salem Press:
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Meier, Christian. “The Greeks: The Political Revolution in World History.” in Athenian
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Ober, Josiah. “Conditions for Athenian Democracy.” in The Making and Unmaking of
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Ober, Josiah. Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens.
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Penn Museum. "The Games." University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
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Romeo, Nick. “What Modern Democracies Didn’t Copy From Ancient Greece.” National
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Somin, Ilya. “The modern case for studying Athenian democracy.” The Washington Post.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Latin alphabet" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-alphabet
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Phase 6: The Dawn of Civilization
Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. (University of California Press:
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DK. Big History: Examines Our Past, Explains Our Present, and Imagines Our Future. (DK
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Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. (University of
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Samuel, Alan Edouard, Peter F. Dorman, Edward F. Wente Alan K. Bowman John R. Baines.
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Shaffern, Robert W. Law and Justice from Antiquity to Enlightenment. (Rowan & Littlefield
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Elam." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2015. https://www.britannica.com/place/Elam
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Sumer." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sumer
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Dorey, Fran. "Homo sapiens-modern humans." The Australian Museum. 2018. https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-sapiens-modern-humans/
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Genographic Project. “The Development of Agriculture.” National Geographic.
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Handwerk, Brian. "How Accurate Is Alpha's Theory of Dog Domestication?" Smithsonian
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Kenyon, Mary Kathleen. “Jericho.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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McGrath, Jane. "How Animal Domestication Works." How Stuff Works. 2019. https://animals.howstuffworks.com/animal-facts/animal-domestication3.htm
Pappas, Stephanie. “Ancient Egyptian Kitten Skeletons Hint at Cat Domestication.” Live
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Zimmermann, Kim Ann. “Pleistocene Epoch: Facts About the Last Ice Age.” Live Science.
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Phase 4: The Birth of Our Species
Alex, Bridget. “Meet the Denisovans.” Discover Magazine. 2016. http://discovermagazine.com/2016/dec/meet-the-denisovans Alex, Bridget. “Could Neanderthals Speak? The Ongoing Debate Over Neanderthal Language.”
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Castro, Joseph. “Homo Erectus: Facts About the ‘Upright Man’.” Live Science. 2015. https://www.livescience.com/41048-facts-about-homo-erectus.html
Castro, Joseph. “Homo floresiensis: Facts About the ‘Hobbit’.” Live Science. 2016. https://www.livescience.com/29100-homo-floresiensis-hobbit-facts.html
Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. (University of California Press:
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Dorey, Fran. “Homo heidelbergensis.” The Australian Museum. 2019. https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/science/human-evolution/homo-heidelbergensis/
Fleming, Nick. “Unknown human relative discovered in Philippine cave.” Nature. 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01152-3
Gannon, Megan. “How Smart Were Neanderthals.” Live Science. 2019. https://www.livescience.com/65003-how-smart-were-neanderthals.html Genographic Project. “Your Deep Ancestry.” National Geographic. 2019. https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/results/yourdeepancestry?mapType=m
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Geggel, Laura. “New Species of Early Human Is Even Smaller Than the ‘Hobbit’.” 2019. https://www.livescience.com/65201-newfound-ancient-human-relative-homo-luzonensis.html
Ghosh, Pallab. “Modern Humans left Africa much earlier.” BBC. 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42817323
Greshko, Michael. “Did This Mysterious Ape-Human Once Live Alongside Our Ancestors.”
National Geographic. 2017. https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/05/homo-naledi-human- evolution-science/
Greshko, Michael. “New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines.” National
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Groeneveld, Emma. “Denisovan.” Ancient History Encyclopedia. 2019. https://www.ancient.eu/Denisovan/
Hendry, Lisa. “Homo erectus, our ancient ancestor.” Natural History Museum, London. 2018. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/homo-erectus-our-ancient-ancestor.html Hendry, Lisa. “Homo naledi, your most recently discovered human relative.” Natural History
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Hendry, Lisa. “Who were the Neanderthals.” Natural History Museum, London. 2018. https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html
Hogenboom, Melissa. “Why are we the only human species still alive?” BBC. 2015. http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150929-why-are-we-the-only-human-species-still-alive
Human Origins Initiative. “Homo erectus.” Smithsonian. 2018. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus
Human Origins Initiative. “Homo floresiensis.” Smithsonian. 2018. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-floresiensis
Human Origins Initiative. “Homo heidelbergensis.” Smithsonian. 2018. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-heidelbergensis
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Human Origins Initiative. “Homo neanderthalensis.” Smithsonian. 2018. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-neanderthalensis
Johanson, Donald C. “Homo Naledi.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-naledi King, Barbara J. "Were Neanderthals Religious?" NPR.
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Leakey, Richard E. and Roger Lewin. Origins. (Sequoia-Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc:
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Learn, Joshua Rapp. “No, a Mitochondrial “Eve” Is Not the First Female in a Species.”
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Lewis, Dyani. “DNA remnants of three separate Denisovan populations found in human genomes.” Cosmos Magazine. 2019. https://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/dna-remnants- of-three-separate-denisovan-populations-found-in-human-genomes
Lewis, Dyani. “Neanderthal extinction a fizzle, not a bloodbath.” Cosmos Magazine. 2017. https://cosmosmagazine.com/palaeontology/neanderthal-extinction-a-fizzle-not-a-bloodbath
McHenry, Henry. “Homo heidelbergensis.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-heidelbergensis
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Spier, Fred. Big History and the Future of Humanity. (John Wiley & Sons: 2015), Pages 179-
200. Solly, Meilan. “The Hominins We’ve Been Calling Denisovans Are More Diverse Than
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Szalay, Jessie. “Neanderthals: Facts About Our Extinct Human Relatives.” Live Science. 2017. https://www.livescience.com/28036-neanderthals-facts-about-our-extinct-human-relatives.html
Tarlach, Gemma. “It’s Official: Timeline For Human Migration Gets A Rewrite.” Discover
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The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Denisova Cave.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/place/Denisova-Cave
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Homo floresiensis.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2016. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Homo-floresiensis
Tobias, Phillip Vallentine and G. Phillip Rightmire. “Homo erectus.” Encyclopedia Britannica.
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Tuttle, Russell Howard, Erik Trinkaus and Frank L’Engle Williams. “Neanderthal.”
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neanderthal Warren, Matthew. “Biggest Denisovan fossil yet spills ancient human’s secrets.” Nature. 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01395-0
Zimmer, Carl. “An Ancient Human Species Is Discovered in a Philippine Cave.” New York
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Zimmer, Carl. “Denisovan Jawbone Discovered in a Cave in Tibet.” New York Times. 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/science/denisovans-tibet-jawbone-dna.html
Phase 3: The Rise of Mammals
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DK. Big History: Examines Our Past, Explains Our Present, and Imagines Our Future. (DK
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Than, Ker. “What is Darwin’s Theory of Evolution?” Live Science. 2018. https://www.livescience.com/474-controversy-evolution-works.html
Tuttle, Russell. “Human Evolution.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. https://www.britannica.com/science/human-evolution/Theories-of-bipedalism
Phase 2: The Origins of Life on Earth
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Clark, Josh. “What is the origin of life on Earth?” How Stuff Works. https://science.howstuffworks.com/life/evolution/origin-of-life-on-earth.htm
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Davies, Paul. “Did Mars and Earth Swap Microbes?” Cosmos Magazine. 2019. https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/did-mars-and-earth-swap-microbes
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Greshko, Michael. "Galaxies explained." National Geographic.
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Imster, Eleanor. "When and where did Earth get its Oxygen?" EarthSky. 2019. https://earthsky.org/earth/when-where-earths-o2-oxygen-rise-began
Lovett, Richard A. “Is There Life on Mars? Let’s assess the evidence.” Cosmos Magazine. 2019. https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/is-there-life-on-mars-let-s-assess-the-evidence O'Callaghan, Jonathan. '"Why do galaxies spin?" Space Answers.
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Redd, Nola Taylor. "Milky Way Galaxy: Facts About Our Galactic Home." Space.com.
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Berry, Dana. Smithsonian Intimate Guide to the Cosmos. (Smithsonian Books: 2004), Pages 56-
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Bryce, Emma. “How Long Do Tardigrades Live?” Live Science. 2018. https://www.livescience.com/62720-tardigrade-lifespan.html
Gannon, Megan. “4 Places Where Alien Life May Lurk in the Solar System.” Live Science.
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Murdin, Paul. Secrets of the Universe: How We Discovered the Cosmos. (Thames & Hudson:
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NASA. “Discovery of “Arsenic-bug” Expands Definition of Life.” NASA. 2010. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2010/02dec_monolake
NASA. “Warm welcome: finding habitable planets.” NASA. 2019. https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/the-search-for-life/habitable-zones/
Planetary Habitability Laboratory. “Current Number of Potentially Habitable Exoplanets.”
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SETI Institute. https://www.seti.org/
Stirone, Shannon. “Your guide to the most habitable exoplanets.” Astronomy.com. 2017. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/04/exoplanet-guide Phase 1: In the Beginning
Becker, Adam. "How will the universe end, and could anything survive?" BBC.
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Brill, Richard. "How is a star born?" Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-is-a-star-born/
Colagrossi, Mike. "Universal apocalypse: This is how all of creation could end." Big Think.
2018. https://bigthink.com/mike-colagrossi/universal-apocalypse-this-is-how-all-of-creation- could-end
Choi, Charles Q. “Our Expanding Universe: Age, History, & Other Facts.” Space.com. 2017. https://www.space.com/52-the-expanding-universe-from-the-big-bang-to-today.html
Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. (University of California Press:
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DK. Big History: Examines Our Past, Explains Our Present, and Imagines Our Future. (DK
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De Chant, Tim. "Universe Has 10x More Galaxies Than We Thought." PBS. 2016. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/universe-has-10x-more-galaxies-than-we-thought/
Dreifus, Claudia. “What Astronomers Are Still Discovering About the Big Bang.” Smithsonian
Magazine. 2014. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/what-astronomers- are-still-discovering-about-big-bang-theory-180949794/ Ghose, Tia. "How Many Stars Are in the Universe?" Live Science. 2016. https://www.livescience.com/56634-how-many-stars-are-in-the-universe.html
Gordon W. F. Drake. "Thermodynamics." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2018. https://www.britannica.com/science/thermodynamics/Equations-of-state
Hartsfield, Tom. "Heat Death: The Ultimate Fate of the Universe." Real Clear Science. 2013. https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2013/12/heat_death_the_ultimate_fate_of_our_universe. html
Hooper, Dan. "How Will Our Universe Survive in an Ever-Expanding Universe?" Scientific
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Howell, Elizabeth. “What is the Big Bang Theory?” Space.com. 2017. https://www.space.com/25126-big-bang-theory.html.
Macrobert, Alan. "About Those 2 Trillion New Galaxies...." Sky & Telescope. 2016. https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/universe-2-trillion-galaxies/
Mann, Adam. "How Will the Universe End?" Live Science. 2019. https://www.livescience.com/65299-how-will-the-universe-end.html
Musser, George. "Cosmological Data Hint at a Level of Physics Underlying Quantum
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NASA. “The Big Bang.” Nasa.gov. 2019. https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus- areas/what-powered-the-big-bang
Powell, Cory S. "How humans might outlive Earth, the sun...and even the universe." NBC.
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Than, Ker. "Time Will End in Five Billion Years, Physicists Predict." National Geographic.
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Tyson, Neil deGrasse. Astrophysics for People in a Hurry. (W.W. Norton and Company: 2017),
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Tyson, Neil deGrasse and Donald Goldsmith. Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic
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Villanueva, John Carl. "Big Freeze." Universe Today. 2009. https://www.universetoday.com/36917/big-freeze/
Williams, Matt. “Big Bang Theory: Evolution of Our Universe.” Universe Today. 2015. https://www.universetoday.com/54756/what-is-the-big-bang-theory/ Phase 0: What Was Before Our Universe?
Berry, Dana. Smithsonian: Intimate Guide to the Cosmos. (Smithsonian Books in association with the Natural Air and Space Museum: 2004), Pages 14-20.
Center For Astrophysics. “What Happened Before the Big Bang?” Harvard University and the
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Chen, Xingang. “What Happened Before the Big Bang? How Our Primordial Standard Clock
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Christian, David. Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History. (University of California Press:
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EarthSky in SPACE. “What happened before the Big Bang?.” EarthSky in Space. 2019. https://earthsky.org/space/what-happened-before-the-big-bang
Feltman, Rachel and Matthew R. Francis. “Wait a second: What came before the big bang.”
Popular Science. 2017. https://www.popsci.com/what-came-before-big-bang
Hawking, Stephen. “The Beginning of Time.” Hawking. http://www.hawking.org.uk/the-beginning-of-time.html
Lamb, Robert and Patrick J. Kiger “What Existed Before the Big Bang?.” How Stuff Works. Page
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Moskowitz, Clara. “Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?” Scientific American. 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/
Moskowitz, Clara. “Did the Universe Boot Up with a ‘Big Bounce?’” Scientific American. 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/did-the-universe-boot-up-with-a-big-bounce/
Nadis, Steve. “What Came Before the Big Bang?” Discover Magazine. 2013. http://discovermagazine.com/2013/september/13-starting-point
Pappas, Stephanie. “What Happened Before the Big Bang?” Live Science. 2019. https://www.livescience.com/65254-what-happened-before-big-big.html
Reuell, Peter. “Before the Big Bang.” The Harvard Gazette. 2019. https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/04/harvard-study-proposes-new-way-to-probe- universe-before-the-big-bang/