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The Genesis and Development of Deathscapes in America -- a Story Of University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 12-2019 The genesis and development of deathscapes in America -- a story of how Chicago and Louisville cemeteries demonstrate the shifting rationale of cemetery placement during the 19th and 20th centuries. Thomas D. Cleven University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons, Landscape Architecture Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Cleven, Thomas D., "The genesis and development of deathscapes in America -- a story of how Chicago and Louisville cemeteries demonstrate the shifting rationale of cemetery placement during the 19th and 20th centuries." (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3399. Retrieved from https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/3399 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEATHSCAPES IN AMERICA -- A STORY OF HOW CHICAGO AND LOUISVILLE CEMETERIES DEMONSTRATE THE SHIFTING RATIONALE OF CEMETERY PLACEMENT DURING THE 19TH AND 20th CENTURIES By Thomas D. Cleven B.S., University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1996 B.S.L.A, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 2014 B.S., University of Wisconsin – Oshkosh, 2017 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology Department of Anthropology University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky December 2019 THE GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEATHSCAPES IN AMERICA -- A STORY OF HOW CHICAGO AND LOUISVILLE CEMETERIES DEMONSTRATE THE SHIFTING RATIONALE OF CEMETERY PLACEMENT DURING THE 19TH AND 20th CENTURIES By Thomas Cleven, B.S., B.S.L.A, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 2019 A Thesis Approved on: November 1, 2019 by the following Thesis Committee: __________________________________ Fabian Crespo Ph.D. __________________________________ Kathryn E. Marklein, PhD. __________________________________ David M. Simpson, PhD, AICP ii ABSTRACT THE GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEATHSCAPES IN AMERICA -- A STORY OF HOW CHICAGO AND LOUISVILLE CEMETERIES DEMONSTRATE THE SHIFTING RATIONALE OF CEMETERY PLACEMENT DURING THE 19TH AND 20th CENTURIES Thomas D. Cleven November 22, 2019 Today, most construction projects require a systematic site qualification based on a suitability analysis utilizing parameters such as slope, soil type, elevation, distance to open water, and distance to transportation. The proper siting determines the success of a project in terms of project stability and longevity. However, has this suitability analysis exist for one of the most significant phases of humanity – death Historically dead bodies seem to have been placed without suitable qualification being many cemeteries have created environmental problems for the living. Hence, with which placement rationale has been used comes to mind. With a varied array of rationale used in cemetery placement, this thesis aimed to focus on a simple question. Were cemeteries placed based on qualifying criteria mentioned above or not? If so, factors beyond a normal suitability analysis exist. If not, then these qualifying criteria should probably be employed going forward. This question was investigated through a spatial analysis of cemeteries placed in two different geographical areas of the United States. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 SIGNIFICANCE OF DEATHSCAPE GENESIS .......................................................... 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DISSOLUTION OF THE DEAD ................................ 3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT FOR CEMETERY PLACEMENT .......................... 7 PUNCTUATING EVENTS ............................................................................................ 8 Pre-Modern Era – Prior To 10,000 B.C. ..................................................................... 8 Modern Era – 10,000 B.C. To Present ...................................................................... 10 Disease Theories ................................................................................................... 11 Pre-Miasma Theories ........................................................................................ 12 Pre-Miasma Theories Effect ............................................................................. 16 Miasma Theory 1700 To 1900 A.D. ................................................................. 17 Miasma Theory Effect ...................................................................................... 17 Germ Theory 1900 To Current ......................................................................... 19 Germ Theory Effect .......................................................................................... 20 Rise Of Modern Religions .................................................................................... 21 Wars ...................................................................................................................... 22 Civil War ........................................................................................................... 22 World War I (WWI) & World War II (WWII) ................................................. 24 Industrialization .................................................................................................... 26 iv Individual Conscientiousness................................................................................ 27 HYPOTHESIS ...................................................................................................................30 ANALYSIS OBJECTIVE .................................................................................................31 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................32 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 32 SPATIAL DATA .......................................................................................................... 32 COUNTY SELECTION ............................................................................................... 32 Jefferson County, Kentucky ...................................................................................... 33 Cook County, Illinois ................................................................................................ 33 LOCATION .................................................................................................................. 34 CEMETERY DESIGNATION ..................................................................................... 34 NUMBER OF CEMETERIES ...................................................................................... 35 ESTABLISHMENT YEAR VARIABLE..................................................................... 37 SIZE VARIABLE ......................................................................................................... 37 SLOPE VARIABLE. .................................................................................................... 38 ELEVATION VARIABLE ........................................................................................... 39 DISTANCE TO RAILROADS VARIABLE ............................................................... 40 DISTANCE TO OPEN WATER VARIABLE............................................................. 41 SOIL TEXTURE .......................................................................................................... 41 CEMETERY NAME VARIABLE ............................................................................... 42 STATISTICS ................................................................................................................ 43 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................44 COUNTY SELETION COMPARISONS .................................................................... 44 NUMBER OF CEMETERIES ...................................................................................... 45 ESTABLISHMENT YEAR VARIABLE..................................................................... 45 v SIZE VARIABLE ......................................................................................................... 46 SLOPE VARIABLE ..................................................................................................... 46 ELEVATION VARIABLE ..........................................................................................
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