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Ethnic Identity As Process Ethnic Identity As Process ETHNIC IDENTITY AS PROCESS ETHNIC IDENTITY AS PROCESS: THE ETHNIC SELF AND OTHER AS PERCEIVED BY POST-WAR SCOTS IN HAMILTON By TIMOTHY D. EPP, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts McMaster University (c) Copyright by Timothy D. Epp, April 1994 MASTER OF ARTS (1994) McMASTER UNIVERSITY (Anthropology) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Ethnic Identity as Process: The Ethnic Self and Other as Perceived by Scots in Hamilton AUTHOR: Timothy D. Epp, B.A. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Professor Ellen Badone NUMBER OF PAGES: iv, 194 11 Abstract In this thesis, I present ethnic identity as one aspect of a multifaceted personal identity, subject to constant change through processes of construction and re­ construction occuring within specific social, historical, economic and political contexts. My analysis is based on fieldwork interviews conducted with Scots in Hamilton, Ontario, who migrated to Canada after World War II. Two primary themes emerged from respondents' statements concerning migration and settlement in Canada. The first concerns changes in self-identification occurring in relation to processes of migration. The salience of in­ group differences decreases for Scots with migrat ion to Canada, accompanied by an increased identification with a perceived Scottish collectivity in Canada. The second theme concerns the display of ethnic identity. Scots in Hamilton may voluntarily choose to express ethnic identity through the appropriation and manipulation of certain ethnic symbols and their combinations. The nature of this display varies in relation to other elements of personal identity, including gender and social class. One interpretation of these differences provided by Scottish respondents centers around social mobility and societal expectations for members of different social classes. Furthermore, the reification of a popular Scottish culture within Canada lends itself to the appropriation and manipulation of Scottish ethnic symbolism by non-Scots. In conclusion, I provide several suggestions as to the role and importance of ethnic identity in a contemporary Canadian society of blurred cultural boundaries. I also promote further study on variation in ethnic identification along lines of gender and social class. 111 Acknowledgements I wish to thank Dr. Ellen Badone for her supervision throughout the completion of this thesis. I am also grateful for the comments provided by Dr. Matthew Cooper and Dr. Richard Preston concerning revisions to this thesis, and for their participation on my defense committee. Finally, I wish to thank Dr. Sally Cole for her supportive comments and suggestions during the early stages of this thesis. IV Contents Chapter 1; Introduction Introducti on .......................................................................................................... 1 A.Canadian Ethnic Studies .................................................................................. .2 B.Historical and Political Context. ....................................................................... 8 (i)Canada's Immigration Policy ................................................................ 8 (ii)The White Immigration Policy ............................................................ 10 (iii)Post-World War II .............................................................................. 11 (i v)Bri tish Decline .................................................................................... 13 (v)Destinati ons ......................................................................................... 14 C.Research Population and Methodology ........................................................... 15 (i )Contact ................................................................................................. 15 (ii)Research Population ............................................................................ 18 (a)Generation ................................................................................ 18 (b )Gender ..................................................................................... 19 (c)Period of Immigration and Geographic Origins ....................... .20 (d)Age ........................................................................................... 20 (e)Interview Settings ................................................................... .21 Chapter 2: Theories of Ethnicity; variations and Critique A. Introducti on ...................................................................................................... 22 B.Ethnicity in North America ............................................................................. .28 C.Are Scots Ethnic? ............................................................................................ .30 D.Summary .......................................................................................................... 34 E.Ethnic Boundaries ............................................................................................. 35 (i)Introduction .......................................................................................... 36 (ii)In-Group Distinctions ......................................................................... 36 (a) Region and Locality ................................................................ 36 (b) Locality and Accent.. ............................................................. .41 (c)Religion .................................................................................... 48 (iii)Out-Group Boundaries ....................................................................... 54 (a)Immigration and Canada's Ethnic Population .......................... 55 F.Summary ........................................................................................................... 62 Chapter 3: Ethnic Symbolism: Participation and Public DispaJy A.Introducti on ...................................................................................................... 64 B.Canadian Multiculturalism ............................................................................... 64 C .Percepti ons of Ethni city and Multi cuI turali sm ................................................ 68 D.Assimilation ..................................................................................................... 72 E.Participation The Performance of Ethnicity .................................................................. 75 (i)Music and Dance .................................................................................. 77 (ii)Food ..................................................................................................... 80 F.Summary ........................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 4: The Scottish Community A.Introduction ...................................................................................................... 85 B. The Ethnic Community .................................................................................... 85 C.Corktown .......................................................................................................... 91 D.Concession St. Business Section ...................................................................... 93 E. Scottish Space in Clubs and Legions ................................................................. 98 F.Summary ........................................................................................................... 110 G.Community, Gender and Social Class .............................................................. 112 Chapter 5: Gender. Ethnic Identity and Community A.Introduction ...................................................................................................... 114 B. Gender and the Scottish Community ............................................................... 116 C.Migration, Occupation and Gender .................................................................. 119 D.Summary .......................................................................................................... 127 Chapter 6: Occupational Leyel. Social Mobility and Ethnic Identity A.Introduction ...................................................................................................... 129 B.Class, Ethnicity and Anthropology .................................................................. 129 C. Occupation and Community ............................................................................ 132 D. The Pub Network ............................................................................................. 134 E.Scottish Cultural Organizations and Societies .................................................. 142 (i) Dance ................................................................................................... 143 (ii)Formal Dance Societies ........................................................................ 146 (iii)Comparison of Social Networks ......................................................... 152 (iv)Robert Burns ...................................................................................... 158 (v)The Formal Scottish Community ........................................................ 163 E.Opie's Meats and the Tartan Club .................................................................... 164 F. Interpretati ons .......................................................................................... , ....... 165 (i)Social Mobility and Ethnic
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