CEU eTD Collection

FORMING THE FIRST CRUSADE: THE ROLE OF THE KINGDOM OF OF KINGDOM THE OF ROLE THE CRUSADE: FIRST THE FORMING HUNGARY IN WESTERN CRUSADING DISCOURSE DISCOURSE CRUSADING WESTERN IN HUNGARY MA Thesis in Medieval Studies Central European University James Plumtree Budapest 2010

CEU eTD Collection

OM OF KINGD THE OF ROLE THE CRUSADE: FIRST THE FORMING Central European Budapest,partialCentral in University, fulfilment ofrequirements the ______HUNGARY IN WESTERN CRUSADING DISCOURSE DISCOURSE CRUSADING WESTERN IN HUNGARY Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Accepted in in of the conformance with standards theAccepted CEU of theMaster of Arts degree inMedi Chair, Examination CommitteeChair, ( Thesis Supervisor Thesis United Kingdom United James Plumtree Examiner Examiner Budapest 2010 by

)

eval Studies

CEU eTD Collection

FORMING THE FIRST CRUSADE: THE ROLE OF THE KINGDOM OF OF KINGDOM THE OF ROLE THE CRUSADE: FIRST THE FORMING Central European Budapest,partialCentral in University, fulfilment ofrequir the ______HUNGARY IN WESTERN CRUSADING DISCOURSE DISCOURSE CRUSADING WESTERN IN HUNGARY Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Accepted in in of the conformance with standards thCEU Accepted e of theMaster of Arts degree inMedieval Studies External Supervisor External (United Kingdom (United James Plumtr Budapest 2010 by

ee

)

e ments

CEU eTD Collection 2010Budapest, degree. submitted been thisformhas in otherinstitution any of to for higher education an academic of copyright pe any onthe infringes unidentified made illegitimateworkof and ofandthe others, was the of use nopart thesis such and no only inand external information declare notes bibliography. credited I that declare herewith the that presentthesis exclusi is theJamesI, undersigned, Plumtree , candidate for the MA degree inMedieval Studies,

rson or institution. I also declare that no part ofthesis the thatnopart also declare I institution. or rson

vely myvely wor own ______k, based on my onk, research based Signature

CEU eTD Collection Brief Note on Some Minor Points onSomeBrief Note Minor Introduction Mantras A Part One Part Two Part Bibliography : Appendix Conclusion cknowledgements 1. 2. The Route in Pre in 1. 2.TheRoute 1. TheRoute urney through Hungary urney ofJo through Account the 2. 1.Albert’s 2. 2. Later 2. Later Mentionings ofAlbert’s in Text Hungary B: Map Showing the Route of the First Crusade ofFirst Route through Europe Showingthe the B: Map Time ofKingdomA: Map the the ofCrusade at of First Hungary the Regarding Text2. 3.Considerations the of Albertof Aachen 1. 2. 1. The Frankish Spin: 1. 2.TheFrankish 2. 1. 1. Walter ‘Sansavoir’ 2. 1. Remarksabout the1. 2.4.Concluding 1. 2.3.A DifferentPerspective Dei Per Francos 1. 2.A Re Monk’s the Robert 2. 1. 5. Godfrey of2. 1.5.Godfrey Bouillon 2. 1.4.Emicho 2. 1.3.Gottschalk Hermit2. 1.Peterthe . 2. The Account of1101Crusade 2. 2.TheAccount the of Ambrose2. 1.TheVision St.

: : The Albert Priorto Route, The Account TheAccount ofof: Aachen Albert

Maps ofCrusade First Maps the the Kingdom and Hungary of

- Prior to the First Crusade Arranged Narrative

- Albert Texts

The Gesta The Francorum Iherosolimitana Historia

:

Ekkehard of Aura’s

Guibert of Nogent’s Gesta: Guibertof Nogent’s

Contents Pre

The Historia The Ierosolimitana

- Albert Texts

and

Hierosolymita

11 33 16 12 24 36 30 58 51 46 41 37 66 62 75 73 69 67 63 72 74 ii 1 8 9 9 i

CEU eTD Collection On the possibility of a missprint, error, or other attempt at academic tahrif appreciation. this construction. Theshortness of notethis is directin but not And thanks must last, least, the goto staffmyfellow students CEU and at who aided ( KingdomsThree the of History ( ( Ahn alsoThanks to Gunhae( andAachen, Prof.Budapest. King,who Pamela I in suggested study ofAlbert of text curious me the to who Bull, introduced Marcus Prof. must goto Thanks form.finished comments after readings of multiple drafts have led to this more coherent, f Ages Middle and Conflict Crusades: Between Co- uiam;” perceptions and practicalities of the Hungarian route to Jerusalem” at th skeletal draft of this thesis being presented as ““Ille uero tutissimam omnibus constituit mustgotoThanks Prof. of aofbecause within context a lack ofmainfootnote the text. tophrase a however, use literary in to discourse, foregrounded require be mentioned and been acknowledgments have Many placedinfootnotes; the the ofroles certain people but accredit it to the labours of Titivillus. 삼국유사 이진주 김세진 ), and Seo Seunghee ( SeoSeunghee and ), Kim ( ), Younghwa ), which, for reasons not for which, space, could ),

conference at CEUheld October in frequent2009. His cogent suggestions and

J ózsef Laszlovszky, 김영희 서승희 안근혜 ACKNOW ), Kwak Yunju ( Kwak Yunju ),

), for the illuminating and helpful comparison with the and the comparison with helpful illuminating for the ), ) ( , Hong Jeonglim ( 삼국사기 Existence, Interconfessional Frontiers in theLate

) and ) LEDGEMENTS i

a supervisor whose persistence resulted inan

be printedbe here. the the 곽윤주 홍정림 Memorabilia ofMemorabilia theKingdoms Three ), Lee Eunryeong ( Lee ), ly oppositional to the breadthmy of ) , Im( , Aryeong

임아령 이은령

( فيرحت leshed out and and leshed out ) , KimSaejin ), Lee Jinju ), I can can I ), e Late Late

CEU eTD Collection

re but a it fancy.wilful You please donothing to reverse and hand, your ERNEST: Gilbert, you treat the world as if itwere a crystal ball. You hold itin nor results. ofdeeds their origin his the Heman indeed, knows neither of the dreamer action. more illusionsthan is the scientific laws that govern life, we shall realize that the one person who has least of the tasks in store for the critical spirit. When we isre to history we owe duty to GILBERT:The one history.

Reprinted in Republished, with translation by John Ridland Ridland John translation by with Republished, [Such an uncanny landscape came sight] [Such landscape uncanny an into A szokatlanA világamint elterjedett The Artist as Critic, Critical Writings Wilde Oscar of Critic, Writings Artist The Critical as MANTRAS from from ii

Oscar Wilde, ‘TheCri 359 1982), Press, Chicago of University (Chicago:

from from ( - Sándor Petőfi Sándor London write it. That is not the

have discovered fully tic as tican as Artist : ), ), 2004 Press, Hesperus

, John the Valiant Valiant the John ,

ed. Richard Ellmann – - write

Part 1’ (1891) (1845) 30 - 31

CEU eTD Collection 5 4 3 2 1 which later contemporary crusader narratives in goal, clear a Crusadeprovided with found the itself First discourse, religious in permeating the Hungarian route to suit their narratives. byproduced theological who writers, commonshortening its (henceforth inanonymousaccount that appears aliorum the Francorumet Gesta Hierosolimitanorum intend I Hungary, kingdom of result of its unexpected success with thecapture of Jerusalem accounts(1095the Crusade - ofFirst the in intend I of whole, the ge “events of thecrusade were so dramatic, its impact colossalas so toinspire countless vast array of places. distance, CrusadeThe First remains something of historical an anomaly. a Spanning geographical great

In the view that the aim of the First Crusade evolved as it progress The edit Thomas Asbridge, First The Crusade: ANew History For an example, see Roy Jenkins, “Refighting Old Religious Wars in a Miniature Arena,” York New Times For an introduction to dealing with medieval historiography, see the still widely UniversityPress, 1997). Speigel, Speigel, see, shows Hill’s troubleso shows Hill’s see, revised edition by Professor Marcus Bull of the U Jerusalem 319 2007), Ashgate, (Aldershot: Smith Medieval Culture in Honour of Benjamin Riley Jonathan and Ellenblum, Z. Kedar, Ronnie Shagrir, Iris ed. pal“Pa War Aims in 1096: The Option Not Chosen,” in 1986). For a stimulating discussion on whether the figure ‘at the top’ had a plan, see Bernard S. Bachrach, Smith, of the Crusades HistoryNew Christopher Tyerman’s see as crusades the A of a whole, God’s narrative” War: account “grand 9, 2001. December http://www.bristol.ac.uk/history/staff/bull.html nerations, across nine centuries, to grapple with its history.” In examining the textual accounts of the First Crusade for their presentation of the The First Crusade and the Idea Press, of Pennsylvania Crusadingof University PA: (Philadelphia, ion that is used is Rosalind Hill’s Hill’s Rosalind is that used is ion The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography it it

(1962; reprint, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). This edition will soon be replaced by a involve

(London: Penguin Books, 2006). Books, Penguin (London:

d and effected 1

As one recent academic publication for apopular audience noted, the me stylisticmannerisms in translation have been toned down.

this thesis to show not just the changing presentation of changing presentation in Hungary thesis the tothis just show not

to plotmovement a fromsimple the practic -

341 left a a left and of multitude huge people, Gesta Francorum Gesta Gesta Francorum: Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to seemingly Introduction .) A draft of this edition, which I have been fortunate enough to 1099) butevolution1099) the of t

1 would subsequently would subsequently toconsider the be original

niversity of Bristol for Oxford Medieval Texts (see (see Texts Medieval Oxford for Bristol of niversity

(New York: Oxford U Oxford York: (New 5

In Laudem Hierosolymitani: Studies in Crusades and and inCrusades Studies Hierosolymitani: In Laudem reshapedthe history detailsregarding the of With thesuccess of reaching Jerusalem ),

4

to the complicated textual treatments ed, I follow the argument Jonathan Riley in 1099. in 2

By examining asmall aspect niversity Press, 2004), ix. Fora he ideaof crusading asa 3 -

reputed work of Gabrielle Gabrielle of work reputed (Balti

lasting legacy ina

more:John Hopkins al andal pragmatic - - , CEU eTD Collection text. his manipulated author presentation forpurpose and what conception of and Hungary evolved, both I crusading shall showing be be, Hunga through troublesome eastwards before thep 10 9 8 7 6 neglected.been Hungarian historiography,eagernessIn to the provideHungary with revealed far greater value than apassing fancy. for the flâneur unfortunate me academic (and for the Fortunate in surroundings. of one’s examinehistory toHolyLandand the the slightly closer edge after studying Budapest it that Bristol, in natural wasonly investigate why thesuccessful transients crusade as a whole. used authors individual eventJerusalem, as journeyto the parallel a microcosm a and the of texts deal with the physical imposed an f conceptual within outcome,manipulated therefore fit knowledgeto with ofeventual were presented and the aim movement. the of

The modern debate concerning what a crusade is should be ment At this point, I should comment onthe claim thatthe crusaders reframed their roles in their narrative as they In conceiving the Hungarian episode in thismanner, I am indebted to the assis

Dora Ivanisevic,Tati Christendom: Holy Warand theCrusades a restatement argument, this of intended for a more popular audience,see Christopher Tyerman, Fighting For own text, appreciation must be given to Judith Rasson. Laszlovszky. For dealing with narratology, I am indebted to Marcus Bull and Niels Gaul. For dealing withmy indebted to Elizabeth Sidberry, some of latetwentieth beloved definition precise or canonically juridically fromfar the point that to “put it crudely, the Crusadesin Any There Tyerman’s iconoclastic article isJ. C. starting point “Were agood Macmillian, 2002), - “Anglo 47. 24 2006), Publishing, Blackwell MA: Crusades(Malden, the Contesting the in Crusade,” First of Character regards to the historiography of the work and teaching of my former lecturer Marcus Bull. For a sympathetic placing of the work of these two in Riley Jonathan progressed on the crusade. I reveal my anglocentric bias in agreeing with this argument put forwa This concept of using criticism asmeans a to define and strengthen a conception of crusading is heavily Thanks here should go to my peers i 8

Twelfth Century?” Century?” Twelfth since it permitted authors to analyses and criticize flaws in the failed attempts and The reasons for thisstudy are both personal academic.and Being rel The issue ofThe issue kingdom the of the in accounts the Crusade First also had Hungary of Saxon” discourse with Jonathan Riley Jonathan with discourse Saxon” deviation - Smith (predominantly his landmark The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading ry aided the creation of aclearer conception of what acrusade was ana Krapivina, Courtney Krolikoski, Madalina Toca, and 7 English Historical Review Historical English

The 6 in thenarrative of asuccessful crusade. argue shall I that the passage

As a consequence of this, previous events in the Crusade First were ope had intended his selected knights to move, knightsto resulted in his selected intended had ope

we defeat ofdefeat some Criticism of Crusading, 1095 Crusading, of Criticism

know there were crusaders; they

passage through kingdomthe will how Hungary reveal of n Budapest who travelled w travelled who Budapest n ramework. With this in mind, my examination of how the my ofthe mind, how thisin examination With ramework. origins of the First Crusade, see Norman Housely, “The Origins and

(Oxford:Oxford UniversityPress, 20 - of of Smith’s Smith’s - 553 (1995): 437 no. 110,

were successful. the large masses of armed pilgrims w 2

What Were theWhat Were Crusades - 1274 1274

ith this thesis: Jana Bačová, Sona Sona Bačová, Jana thesis: this ith ioned here. Though the debate started in the did not; or, if they did, their perception was (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985). Press, Clarendon (Oxford: my study of the Crusades would Crusades would the my of study each 9

Therefore, to plot how thi Therefore, plot to 577. Tyermanmakes the important individually Luka Špoljaric. Luka 04), 25 tance of my supervisor J

in in

how (1977;reprint, London: - - 92. 92. me), century scholars.” For

each 10

adjusted their

the subject subject the and should should and

ho headed ho headed ), and to the respective ocated in ocated in Grigoryan,

rd by ó zsef zsef a s -

CEU eTD Collection production, and with a close attention pai close being a with and production, with a new perspective: as single texts with single aims, within a framework of their bycountries looking at periodwith earlier an a new method. will be I examining the texts relationship of Hungarian rulers to the idea of crusading, Hungarian historians: publicationonsacredone the dealswith changing kingshipwhich expanded refined and being bythepublication recent ofin t English 16 15 14 13 12 11 position minorities. ofchanging Hungary’s examined regards with to thelater crusades where an active wasrole played. ishowever changing. isknowledge highly specialized and detailed, it rarely placedis in context. area. This also applies asmallerat level in the expertise of history; local while often the as awhole context. commentoriginal little ontheir with sources and severed chronicle, publicationof these historical texts resultmention cuttinged of pasting the and from any Hungary in any

), 186. 186. ), 2005 Society, Crusading Ideology Medieval in the God,” to City of Ways Pilgrimage: Different and “Crusade HistoryEtting, Writing and making an assessment on the policy of Coloman towards the crusaders. issues in text the representation of Veszprémybefore discusses narrative, of the aspects the of authenticity Közlemények Albert tanúsága” [Hungary and the First Crusade: the Testimony of Albert of Aachen], Ieosolimitana Történetéhez.” This method is still current elsewhere; for example, the text of Albert of Aachen’s Historia (Máriabesny Judit Laszlovszky, József Majorossy ed. their and Heritage], Orders Chivalric volume 1300 1382,” 81 2008), in Hungary: Knights, Cruaders, and Military Engineers in Medieval Hungary] (Budapest Magyarországon: Lovagok, keresztesek, hadmérnökök aközépkori Magyarországon 2005),155 Society, Literature Finnish (Helsinki: Medieval HistoryWriting andCrusading Ideology of Death The Historiography: Local writers dealng with the pogroms of Trier by Tuomas Heikkilä, “Pogroms of the First Crusade in Medieval Hungaricae Pálmai (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Press, Cambridge University Pálmai (Cambridge: 467 (1981): 4 no. 3, Gábor Klaniczay, Gábor S One superb example, however, of a narrow focus being placed successfully in context is an analysis of local For example, one scholarly work A good example of this method is the four volume set of Gombos F. Albin’s Catalogus fontium historiae At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and ‘Pagans’ in Medieval ‘Pagans’ and Nora Muslims Berend, Jews, Hungary, of Christendom: Gate the At c. 1000- ee, for instance, for ee, James “Hungary Crusades, the Sweeney, in 1169 Ross

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) Slavonic and East European Review 11 Magyarország és és Magyarország a Lovagrendek Keresztes Háborúk: és Emlékeik -

93, a partial republication of his earlier article “Magyarország és az első keresztes hadjárat. Aacheni hadjárat. keresztes első az és “Magyarország article earlier his of republication partial a 93, This nationalistic meansintent the relationship between and Hungary the crusade

is never fully established because the focus of the historian is is withinconfined an historian the fullyfocus ofisbecause never established the ő (Bu

118

has recently been employed to examine the role of D – dapest: Szent István Akadémia, 1937

(2005): 501 (2005): Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe, Gödöll , ed. Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen and Kurt Villads Jensen (Helsinki: Finnish Literature -

481, and Norman Housely, “King Louis the Great of Hungary and the Crusades, 1342 ő 13 : Attraktor, 2006), 283

In English historiography, Hungary has predominantly has Hungary English historiography, In been - 5 16

László Veszprémy’s Lovagvilág László Aachenis of Albert contextualises which .

Archbishop Eberhard of Trier and the Legitimation of the Pogroms,”in After dealing with the issues of identification, reliability, and the the and reliability, of identification, issues the with dealing After

62, no. no. 62, - 162 16 2 (1984): 192 (1984): 2 , ed. Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen and Kurt Villads Jensen -

3 311: “Szemelvények a Korai Keresztes Hadjáratok

I intend to exp intendto I

-

1943). This method was recently employed in the d to narratology and to the context of the of context the the to narratologyand d to - 208. anes in the crusade movements; see Vivian 15

and the other the and concerned thewith

and historiography the of both - 1218,” 1218,” [Hungary and the Crusades: International History Review History International , and József Zsengellér , and [The World of Chivalry hematic by works 12 14

The situation : Argumentum, : Argumentum, This focus is Hadtörténelmi trans. Éva c. c. -

CEU eTD Collection 21 20 19 18 17 similar manner passe Italy: sailing from the port of Bari. Bohemond sameofrelative 1058- the his (c. route of Tancred (c. 1072- Tancredi focusto Hungary Raymond by own of omission,because, his Aguilers, passesover he the passage through Hungary.through I have omitted Historia ceperuntthe Francorumqui Iherusalem conscientiously. My decisions can be justified as follows. concerning limitations of space, inclusions and time been and omissions have made ands changingchronicles perception conclusion nuanced and the image greaterin a comprehensionof the of both Hungary beingepisodes examined the in narrative.

Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux Historiens Croisades: des Historiens Bernard S. Bachrach and David S. Bachrach (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 118. For the Latin, see des Recuil Magyars.”Thethat is, Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the F [of people speaking outside Antioch, prior to the discovery of the Holy Lance] most likely means Hungarians, however, the curious footnote in the recently publishe Cambridge University Press, 1999), 155. On the issue of Hungarians in the Tancredi Gesta Imprimerie Impériale, 1866), who 235.the For Crusade Gaşpar. of Cristian the assistance thank to like would I Latin, the to regards scribereeorum curavimus nobis ad scibendum de singulisetexercitu Podiensi, comite etepiscopo de aliis, fuit. dimissis Quapropter, 15 (Budapest: CEU Press, 2009), 9 Annual in Empire,” of the Byzantine Medieval and Tyre of William Outremer: StudiesCentury at CEU, should be noted, whenthey fleeand return home). the to confirm, references Hungarians presenceat later their Tancredi stages on crusade Gesta the it(albeit, 1095 Jerusalem, 47 1998), Press, Pennsylvania of University PA: Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials (Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1913); for a translation of the first book, see First The show thatshow such techniques are clearly visible “nonin underplayingthe potent literature, medieval of side “literary” the towards bias clear a it displays though 2004), Press, University introduction to the topic is Tony Davenport, Medieval Narrative: An Introduction Odyssey For the placing of Tancred in the broader narrative of the route taken, see Stephen Runciman, Sed quia alii per Sclavoniam, alii per Hungariam, alii per Longobardiam, alii per mare venerunt, tædiosum The prime example of this method being employed is Irene de Jong, A Narratological Commentary onthe For aFor predecessor ofthis manner of working,seeLuka For the Latin the Fulc see text, For Some habeentexts ve omitted becausethe texts themselves deal do not thewith route had have I to selective be s: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). With regards to me the itsfocus onthe to due altogether incident the omits Caen, for it ofRalph of - 1127

on another sectionon another ofcrusade. the , trans. Frances RitaRyan, ed. Harold S. Fink (New York: Norton, 1969). As with the s over the Hungarian overs Itexcluded. the too, been incidents. has 1112), who did take not the land route through since Hungary he went ial and calibre of of non calibre ial and . Recuil Historiens des Croisades:des Historiens Occidentaux heri Carnotensis: Historia Hierosolymitana Historia Carnotensis: heri

- 21.

.used of Instead I have thethat usual point texts the with

20 th of

Fulcher of Chartres’s - literary works to feature the same techniques. This thesis will will thesis This the same feature to techniques. literary works e crusaders. le work of Raymond, see the same edition, 235 - 101; for the whole work, see A see History work, the whole for of101; the Expedition to

, vol. 3 (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1866), 587 17

- literary” literary” texts. By doing this, I beBy this,I doing reachawill able to more 4 d translation: “Ralph’s reference to Huns in this context in this context to Huns reference “Ralph’s d translation:

1111) and fellow Normans from Southern Southern andfrom1111) fellowNormans Špoljaric, “Rhetoricizing Effeminacy in Tw in Effeminacy “Rhetoricizing Špoljaric, 18 19

Likewise, I haveLikewise,I omitted theGesta

Historia Hierosolymitana

, ed. , ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer Edward Peters (Philadelphia, (Philadelphia, Peters Edward (1951; reprint, Cambridge: dieval studies, the studies, dieval best

(NewYork: Oxford 21 ,should one note, irst Crusade irst

, vol. 3 (Paris: A History of the of History A - 716. - 309. With With 309.

figure figure

elfth in a a in

, ed. vol. vol. by - CEU eTD Collection 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 aforementioned C Furthermore, discourse. hasdifferent substantially subject examined been the Robert by western Latin accounts, Jewish texts, wh regards to the Jewish chronicles, to discuss. The later discourse of the Crusades has already been carefully analysed. and existed took partin a subtlydiff believework I the William Tyre theof of to east, becauseoforientation composition, and his William Tyre’s of account, too. chronicle wasmade Councilthat of at Clermont 1095, in Germanappeal about of the than modern nobility Swabia to of response II” PopeUrban of conceits “tellsfarinventiveness us and the it more about conclusionthe that text, regarding issues this byofproblematic the V.Alan Murray illuminating analysis

story does not confirm its truth, it merely confirms that the story was widely told. the was widely told. it story that merely confirms its confirm truth, does not story CA: University California of Press, 1996), 65). To be more direct, because two different sources tell the same Michel Balard (Paris: Presses de l’ de Presses (Paris: Balard Michel discredit totally Emicho and his followers” (Robert Chazan, European Chazan, (Robert followers” and his Jewry Emicho totally discredit and the First Crusade to effort “an being literally,” taken too be not it “should noting passage, the of interpretation his in literal ( chronicles the Jewish in “confirmed” is story this Crusade the First of History of Tyre: Historian the Latinof East Tyre: Historian of California Press, 1997). Press, California broader context, see his Medieval Sterotypes andModern Antisemitism b publication recent a In Christ. issues is the oft repeated taleof the peasant crusaders following a goose said to be occupied by the spirit of chronicles of appearance samethe two in thethese confirmsevent. event existence instance of the One two Legend, Propaganda, History: The First Crusade, 1140 Readings Essential The Clermont,see H. E.Cowdrey, J. “Pope Urban II’s Preachingthe of First Crusade,”reprinted in the “something of a damp squib” (Tyerman, God’s War Origins includes, as an appendix, a translation of the passages relevant to the First Crusade. hazan, For details of the text used, see footnote 4. In spite of the omission, I would like to thank Carsten Wilke for his comments on the subject. For a good introduction to the work of William of Tyre, see Peter W. Edbury and John Gordon Rowe, The key text being Chazan’s Here it is worthwhile commenting on a dubious habits of taking chronicles at face value, and claiming that the Murray, “TheMurray, ChronicleZimmern of a as thesource for Crusade,” First The dissemination of the First Crusade in later texts has been articulated well by James M. Powell, “Myth, Powell, M. James by well articulated has been texts in later theCrusade First of dissemination The Alan V. Murray, “The Chronicle of Zimmern as a source for the First The Chroniclethe Zimmernin of First asourcefor “The as V. Murray, Crusade,” Crusade:Alan Finally, Imust justify the exclusion of texts that For adifferent reason, theZimmern Chronicle will not be included. After the My inclusions, too, have justifiable reasons for their appearance in this thesis. The appearancethis in thesis. for their justifiablereasons have inclusions,My too,

28 and Impact with would have lefttexts. these me into little insights opportunity for new Gesta Francorum Gesta ile ile being in the same geographical context and dealing the same events of the , ed. Jonathan Phillips (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 78 - , ed., ThomasMaddenF. (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 15

27

European Jewry and the

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 92 1996), Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: belong in a different tradition and therefore area engaging andin tradition different a therefore in belong y John France, this story is taken at face at face isvalue ( taken France,story this y John 24

Université de Paris de Université

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press University Cambridge (Cambridge: and the Jewish chronicles. Because of the lateness of its 26

will bewill the first text analyzed,

erent discourseerent to the Latin West texts that I have chosen these have been omitted for one specific reason. These

H. I. - 5 - 127 1996), Sorbonne, First Crusade

- 23 , 58n). Cha , 58n). ca. ca. , 65) that was Urban II’s speech at the Council of

I 1300,” in Autour de la Première Croisade have used that evaluation omitting usedhave that that exist on exist the periphery my of topic: . For his attempt to position this work in a zan, zan, sourceEdgingtonthe isquotes, less

92. For an attempt to piece together 29 141. , 1990). ,

- (Berkeley, BA: University of of BA: University (Berkeley, because thep is it 29. 29. Victory in the East: A Military A Military East: in the Victory

-

93). Edgington states that that states Edgington 93).

The Crusades:

the early the early

rototype rototype 106. This (Ber 25 22 William William

With keley with , ed.

CEU eTD Collection Ekkehard ofEkkehard Aura. contrast with these Frankish orientated texts, Iwill be examining the Hierosolymita order to present a negative image of the controversial figure ofPeter the Hermit. their theological context manipulates thein narrat Hungary passingthough ive ofcrusade the 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 Historia Ieosolimitana - stepping a with amI provided exemplum, Francos also Monk. the Robert shall also examine , eyewitness crusader text wasthat later reworked by non

called Hermit,” in in Hermit,” Jay see “Ho academicRubenstein, different of interpretations, Manchester University Press, 1997), 21 the Chronicl Hermit and Prèmiere Croisade et la l’Ermite Pierre Studies Crusade,” First in the of Church Origins the History to P War: Goes Hermit “A Morris, C. and Blake O. E. by article the revisionist texts include Important Ermite: einder kritischer Beitragzur Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges 29 1998), Brepolis, From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095 Martinus Nijhoff, 1991). Nijhoff, Martinus (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997). The Latin edition will be abbreviated to ed. Occidentaux, is highly commendable, I shall be using the edition printed in Recuil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Francos” et cinq per gesta textesautre project covering themanuscript tradition led by Marcus Bull, see Impériale, 1866), 717 prepared in the Recuil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux http://www.b Usethe of Anonymous Gesta Francorum the (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007). In the footnotes, this shall be cited as Participants The First Krey,ed. C. Crusade: August Accounts using The I be will of Eye Witnessestranslation, and Imprimeri (New York: Routledge, 2002). Guibert’s crusader text has recently been re Histori Iherosolimitana On the role and character of Peter, there has been much For the manuscript tradition, see R. B. C. Huygens, La Tradition Huygens, C. B. R. see tradition, Manuscrite manuscript the For de Guibert de Nogent For a masterful biog For the Latin, I will be using Recuil be using will Latin, I the For des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux,(Paris: 5 vol. Crusade: First of History the the Monk’s Robert Carol Sweetenham, see translation, a recent For English Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey Jerusalem to Journey of the History Ierosolimitana: Historia of Aachen: Albert Examples being Guibert de

Historia Ierosolimitana the Historia of manuscripts earliest The Deeds of God through the Franks: A Translation of Guibert de Nogent’s Gesta Dei Per Francos deal R. H.C a Iherosolimitana g these texts in this manner, looking at how the incident is presented as an as is presented incident how looking the manner, at texts this examinin in In g these . 33 , e Impériale, 1895), 1 e Impériale, 1895),

The Medieval Crusade With these two Benedictinemonastic writers, attention will be paid towards how in of spite his small readership

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1921), the 1921), Press, University Princeton (Princeton: ristol.ac.uk/history/research/iherosolimitana.html/ vol. 4 (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1879), 113 . Occ Gesta Francorum Gesta to the introduction a good . For - 31 3. in the following citations. 42. 35 raphy of Guibert,seeMind Medieval Jay a Rubenstein,of Portrait Nogent: of Guibert

- because of its widespread dissemination, the Historia Iherosolimitana of

Though having nothing of the influence ofinfluence of the nothing having Though 882, which uses only B.N. lat 5129,

ers,” The in First Crusade: Origins and Impact

. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006). Robert’s text is currently subject to a large research large a research issubjectto text currently Robert’s 2006). Ashgate, (Aldershot: 36

in published Recently

- 40, which will henceforth be abbreviated to R. H. C., Occ

Nogent’s , ed., SusanJ. Ridyard (Woodbridge: BoydellPress, 2004), 53 , ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Tu -

34. For a helpful discussion of the argument, placing it in the context (Paris: Fayard, 1999), and the brief article by Colin Morris, “Peter the “Peter Morris, Colin and by the brief article 1999), Fayard, (Paris: in the Twelfth in the Early Gesta DeiGesta Per Francos

stone in the re , 6 32

do not feature the name “Albert”, and the placement of placement the of and name the feature do “Albert”, not

an editio scholarly discussion since Hans Hagenmeyer’s Peter with a twelfth a

- 21 (1984): 79- 263, as this is the edition used by Robe

. For the Latin, I shall be using the text text whichPeters’ anthology uses. Guibert of Nogent’s GestaPer Dei Guibert of Nogent’s - - w, or How Much, to Reevaluate Peter the Peter Much, Reevaluate the How to w, or Century Sources for the Firs participants. , and its reworkings, see John France, “The rnhout: Brepols, 1996). Though this edition n ofOxfordTextsa as the Medieval - - centurymanuscript. This volume will be evaluation of Albert of Aachen’s ofevaluation of Albert R. H. C. Occ

H. I. As Edgington notes in an article, and Robert the Monk’s , ed. Jonathan Phillips (Manchester: (Manchester: Jonathan Phillips ed. ,

- the previous two texts, I shall shall I twotexts, previous the , ed.Murray ,A. V. 1500 (Turnhout: 107, the recent book by Jean Flori, -

edited: Guibert de Nogent, “Dei (Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1879). 1879). (Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 30 , vol. 3 (Paris:, vol. 3 Imprimerie

For a similar reason, I 4.

,ed. Susan Edgington - t Crusade,” in in t Crusade,” 69. 69.

34

5. For the Then, to to Then,

rt Levine, Levine, rt

Historia Historia (Hague: eter and eter and

of of

CEU eTD Collection contemporary and theological narratives,” theological and contemporary alone it itsownin category, a spaceliminal between eye “almost asgood” asthe eye- crusade scholar Jonathan Riley 42 41 40 39 38 37 Albert’s merits Ierosolimitana Historia a chapter on its own event alater at stage in thenarrative which willbe analy hisand unique technique among texts the that shall examined be of back referring to the the great length and detail that his Historia the value of Albert asa medieval writer, rather than themodern concept of ahistori historian.” an oftestimonyas his value the admirable “the work is though and worthy of praise,” “very little is said that can determine originates from the nineteenth who returned from and Crusade, hence question the the troubling regarding This reliability. academics claim on troubling Albert’s – focusedpredominantly texthas Albert’s source– only times the at or a reassessment. undergoing is something oftext Edgington, Susan Albert’s ofscholarship consequence the

Bernard Hamilton Bernard 55 to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies, 1095 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 55 First Crusade: Reviewing the Evidence,” in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact Narrative Discour Narrative see 206 chapter, the For 212. 1861), Hall, and (New York:F. Crofts, S. 1928) Edessa,” inThe Crusades and Other Historical Essays Presented to DanaC. Munro Franks in winning their foothold in the East.” André Alden Beaumont, “Albert of Aachen and the County of the progress of the Franks in North Syria and we should lack much information concerning the methods of the Premièr of possible confusion with the now name “Albert of Aachen” as it is more useful than the repetition of “Anonymous”, which has the a the I beusing will the is case, that this noting While 54). 2001), Press, University Manchester (Manchester: Crusade,” in Aachen is fromthe reading of the text (Susan Edgington, “Albert of Aachen, St. Bernard and the Second Academy 1994), 320 1994), for the Sick and Caring Faith forthe Fighting Orders: Military “Medieval Knowledgein the Crusading Armies:The Evidence o H. I. Heinrich von Sybel, Sybel, von Heinrich One particular being Edessa; “Witho Edessa; being particular One On the issue of Edgington, in addition to her edition, has aided this with multiple articles on a wide variety of topics: topics: of variety wide a on articles multiple this with aided has edition, to her in addition Edgington, Jonathan Riley - 67; “Albert of Aachen and the chansongeste, de , 1.

e e Croisade

132 (2007): 15. (2007): 132 - – 326; “The Doves of theWar: Part Played by Carrier Pigeons the in Crusades,” in to have written his written workex have to The Second Crusade: Scope and Co - analepsis 37 Smith, “Pilgrims and Crusaders in Western Latin Sources,” se: se: An Essay Method,in , ed. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot: 1998),Ashgate, 23 , ed. , Michel (Paris: Balard l’Université de Presses de Paris

I intend for this thesis to continue with this work. Recently, the great The History and Literature of the Crusades the of Literature and History The

Historia Ierosolimitana the text Historia of in the 137 witness Crusade ofFirst accounts in the bibliography,a placing regarding events in thecrusade. - - - - anonymous author of the century German historian Heinrich von Sybel’s concern that concernthat Heinrich vonSybel’s centuryhistorian German 138. Smith damnedAlbert’s text with faint pra ut Albertof Aachen weshould have great difficultyinexplaining clearly

trans. Jane E. Lewin (New York: Cornell University Press, 1983). - 254, not 156 auditu et relatione et auditu 38

41 gives toaccount Hungary, his ofroutethrough the

despite

” in The Crusades in ” theirand Sources: Essays Pre I intend to sidestep this issue, look rather at issue, and this sidestep to intend I 7 - nsequences 7

From Clermont Clermont 7; in Aachen reappraised,” “Albertof From - - , ed. 1500 A. V. Murray (Turnhout: Brepolis, 1998), 196 as listed in listed as in 196 Gesta Francorum Albert being at timesmost the detailed , trans , ed. Malcolm Barber (Aldershot: Variorum, , ed. Jonathan Phillips and Martin Hoch f Albertof Aachen and Others,”in - , I shall be employingGenette’s Gérard be shall I , , . witness accounts and witness “important . Lady Duff Gordan (London: Chapman 40

sed inastructuralist manner,

using oral accounts from accounts oral using those 39 H. I.

Previous academic on Previous work - - 167 1996), Sorbonne, . , xxvii. , xxvii. -

57. Proceedings of the British the British of Proceedings

ise, describing it as

, ed. Louis J. Paetow , ed. J. P. Phillips P. J. Phillips ed. , for text Autour de la an. Due to an. Due to dded issue 175; “The sented to - based The The 42

–

CEU eTD Collection 44 43 location event.and historical geographical andplacementfor a readers contextual provide to included unfamiliar with the ofdepictions route Hungary the through made crusaders, bythe these maps been have crusaders through this partof Europe. Crusade, First time the the of at Hungary kingdom of each text. presentations, thedifference spelling is may toreinforce help theuniqueness of thestanceof are the texts different text.Since in the butin representations their people” ifthatthe only reader, show subliminally, the mynot focusconcerns in thesis the “real differe place in my argument, free from alteration, and secondly, because the spelling reflects the done been in show part to texts that the – forofcharact one spelling the theThese in reader. confusion ofavoid concern thespelling, the issue and appendix. ofBrief elucidation some of minor points ofpossibility buried underexploredthe elementslying in texts. examining western authorscrusades,the the and Latin towardsand Hungary enticing show the my with accounts own utilisationunearon the of techniques, literary will

Jonathan Riley Jonathan Tibor Dudar, ed, nce in spelling in the Latin texts (Emicho/Emecho). In making this choice, I intend to texts intendto inLatin (Emicho/Emecho).makingchoice,I nce spelling the this In This radical approach to the texts, building upon previous historical upon research focused previous building to texts, the radical approach This The second issueis the appendix Iwhere have provided maps, the showing one toone immediatelyclear have toitopted select is thatI regards not spelling, In

- Smith, ed, Történelmi világatlasz Történelmi The Atlas of the Crusades

Brief Note on Some Minor Points

ers depicted in two of the narratives: Emico/Emicho. has depicted twoofnarratives: This in ers the

[Historical World Atlas] (Budapest: Cartographia, 1991), 1991), Cartographia, (Budapest: Atlas] World [Historical 44 even the translations –

this thesis is required before beginning in order to to order inbefore required beginning is thesis this

Though this thesis is concerned with textual

(New York 8

: Facts on File, 1991), 31 (detail). 31 1991), File, on : Facts 43

owing the route route ofowing the sh one and

have beenhave given the primary th the perceptions of th perceptionsof the

109.

their their CEU eTD Collection 50 49 48 47 46 45 founded in Stephen with Christian thechurches itself as passion oforientated convert: a motivated by political rather than religious reasons, 1000- (ruled Great the Christianity Stephen bySt. be focus ofroute will the third this study. was the“Bavar Egnatia, Via meet tothe with through Croatia going Tancred. taken brother his route and by Bohemond travel across the Adriatic wasthe This Constantiople. Egnatiato Via follow the then and Sea, pilgrims and merchants”, produced literature followingCrusade. First the crus of responses the the textual for understanding context provideuseful will turn in This of passage, this explanations of the Hungarian response to thecrusaders become apparent. t examining worthwhile through is route it Hungary, representationof the with crusader the Before dealing

Catholic Christendom 1000 Christendom Catholic there was evident paganism at least until the 1060s.” John France, TheCrusades andthe Expansion of again II Basil Emperor the Byzantine supported Crusades to the Holy Land, 1096 2002), 36. The subject is dealt with byAlan V. Murray, “The Middle Ground: Land and Sea Routes in 37. 1999), systems;” for systems;”the abstract, see for “Logistical problems for the movement of the early crusades through the Balkans: transport and road Elizabeth Jeffreys and Judith Gilliland (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 54. 2006), Ashgate, (Aldershot: Judith Jeffreys and Gilliland Elizabeth Richard, 37. Runciman, At the 21 the At Jonathan Riley Jean Richard, Jean “St Stephen (1000 Stephen “St The route through Hungary was made possible by the conversion of throughwasmade Hungary possibleconversion the bythe country to The route by “used routes, three previously II, Urban of call personthe following the For st

International Congress of Byzantine Studi Byzantine of Congress International A History of the Crusades: the Crusades: of History A

The Crusades: c. 1071 – - Smith, Smith, ian went Road”,which through Germany passed through This Hungary. and - 1038) adopted Roman Christianity, probably out of fear of German intervention, but he The The First Crusaders, 1095 he actual itinerary itself. In establishing the pre - 1. 1. The Route Prior to the First Crusade 1714 45 Proceedings of the 21

to Jerusalemwere possible. -

1204,” in press. 1204,” (Abingdon: Routledge, 2005), 234. 2005), Routledge, (Abingdon:

The Route, Prior to Albert 155.

c. 1291 c.

st the Bulgars and the Greek influence remained strong, while , trans. Jean Birrell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Press, University Cambridge Birrell (Cambridge: Jean , trans. Part One Part

- 1131 st

9 es, Elena Koytcheva discussed the logistics of this route: International Congress of Byzantines Stud Byzantines of Congress International

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

50 1038). 1038).

47 48 the kingdom of Hungary soon soon kingdompubliclythe Hungary of

46 taken by the Provençals. bythe taken The second was the southern route, southern wasthe The second

The first was to reach Bari in Italy,

While this wasprobably this change While

- First Crusade history 49 ies

The third third The , vol. 2, ed. ed. 2, vol. , , repr. ade ade CEU eTD Collection depiction of this route and its history. routeand of its depiction this Christianity. Thechronicler Rodulfus Glaber (985 - 56 55 54 53 52 51 Fehérvár (today Székesfehérvár), then three days toHanesnbru took thetwoof reachthe route daysHainburg, to castle Raba(todayGyör),three days to then from went castle to before theroute castle reaching famedlandscape: from Hungarian county borderofon the present pitch.sales pilgrims took this William ofsevenof and IV ofCannes hundred St. AbbotRichard other Angoulême with Adhemarthat the feet. peoplerecords group consequently, with voted their Chabannes that of apparent that this route was cons depictionGlaber’s of the Hungarians and Hungarianthe route clearlyis appreciative. pilgrims. RomeJerusalem, and Rodulfus Glaber Opera itinerary is published in Györffy György, Harvard UniversityPress, 1995), 154- Hagiography:Anthology An (Debrecen: Debrecen UniversityPress, 2002), 120 Gained: Gained: innumerabilis | multitudo tam nobilium quam uulgi Iherosolimam abierunt. excipiebat ut fraters quoscumque uidebat, dabatque illis immense munera. Cuius rei grati prouocata uiam; constituit omnibus tutissimam Ille uero habere. transitum patriam regis huius per atque omittere, etGall Italia memoratus imperator Henricus germanam suam in uxorem. Tunc temporis ceperunt pene uniuersi, qui de est. Quorum conuersa Christi regi, Stephanoex baptismate uocato, decenterqueChristianissimo, dedit 97. 2002), Press, Gondolat, 1977), 300 1977), Gondolat, décennies de l’Etat hongrois,” in Jerusalem For an analysis of Glaber and Hungary, see Attila Györkös, “La relation de Raoul Glaber sur les premières In this, I must acknowledge the work and assistance of J For the churches Hungarian For For a contextualisation of this acontextualisation For pilgrimage,of chapter the see “Jerusalem Pi For an English translation, see Nóra Berend, “Hartvic,Life Berend, see Nóra translation, an ofFor English King Stephen of Hungar commoners, to go to Jerusalem. goto commoners, to gave and them gifts. action manyThis led enormous nobles andpeople, Hemade welcomeStephen. road safefor the everyone, of theKing country way through makingtheir wasbysea, route,which usual gowho to wished to the Sepulchre of the Lord at Jerusalem the abandoned gave him hissister in mar baptismaforementioned becameand his the goodcatholic; a Henry Emperor wereking, converted to faiththe of This Christ. tookking the name at Stephen with theAt that timeHungarians,who Danube,together their livedalong the The routeitself gathered is from othersources. Beta 52 ,

vol 3:

Hungary, previously a symbol of a pagan frontier, now assisted Western Latin now frontier, assisted symbol a pagan a previously of Hungary, iis adsepulchrum Domini Iherosolimis ire cupiebant, consuetum iter quod erat per fretum maris ”, in Richard Allen Landes, ”, Allen Richard Landes, in

The City of City The of Jerusalem

Ipso igitur tempore Vngrorum adfidem rege gens, suo cum Danubium circa que erat route in 1026. in route - 302. For help with my Hungarian, I must thank Katalin Tolnai and András Vadas. , ed. John France, Neithard Bulst, and Paul Reynolds (Oxford: Oxford University 51 -

, ed. ThomasHead (New York:Garland, 2000), 375 day Austria to the Sava River by Belgrade, da Sava byBelgrade, took the River nineteen to Austria day

and his Vita his and in Jerusalem, see Denys Pringle, The Jerusalem, Denys in see Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of The First Millennium of Hungary in Europe in Hungary of Millennium First The

55 177. idered safer, and less expensive, than the route by sea, and riage. After that almost all those from Italy and Gaul

(Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press, 2007), 380- At the risk of sounding glib, Glaber presents an admiring an presents ofglib, Glaber sounding risk the At

Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History of the Deceits and Apocalypse, Relics, István Király István Müve és 53

by Hartvi - 126. This section on Glaber is indebted to András Vadas. 10

ó zsef Laszlovszky. A H A Laszlovszky. zsef c repeatedly presents him asassisting 1047) 1047) usprovides with earlyan Latin 56

The Bavarian route, from Hainburg route, The Bavarian [King Stephen and his Work] (Budapest: d as brothers all he saw,

lgrimage, Abbacy Lost, History , ed. ch castle (which now is - 398. Klára Papp and János Barta ungarian translation of the the of translation ungarian

(Cambridge, MA: 381. y ,” in in ,”

Medieval Medieval ys. The ys. 54

It is

CEU eTD Collection 58 57 GestaNogent’s Dei Per Francos, an FrancourumGesta four worth is spending brief a examiningaccounts while ofroute Hungary closely the through in to comprehend of order qualities Ieosolimitana,it theHistoria In Albertof unique Aachen’s Crusades eventsofFirst in ownthe their unique manner. of the authors will show how chapters Thefollowing pilgrimage route. beginning of but new a history, a successful continuation evolutionand of established an CrusadeFirst was not, asis sometimes assumedfrom reading Crusader narratives, the it is quite clear that in the collectivememory of the Hungarians, the mass movem army.” numb border was,while uncommon, The unique. not 1064- For Hungarians, theseemingly emergence sudden of mass alarge foreigners crossing of their point. important following is noting the worth it ofhistory, the withrewriting changed each Bulga the where territory near Belgrade, reachingriver is which the Sava, of until barren, and reaching avillage nearthe castle ofValkó (toda unlocatable), four then of woodlands,days crossing several lakes,and river a (by boat), difficult to ascertain where this actually was), then four days to Dulmumast (similarly, now

1972). E. The Hans Mayer, Crusadesalways unarmed.” days they had to fight a defensive battle. It is not easy to explain how theymanaged this since pilgrims were sentencespithy Mayer: of “Near Ramleh in they Palestine suddenly were attacked Muslimsby f and Louis J. Paetow (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1928), 3 1065,” in (1946), 1. (1946), For an early example of this scholarly argument, see Einar Joranson, “The Great German Pilgrimage of 1064 Walter Porges, “The Cle “The Porges, Walter

crusader texts: two will be dealt with together due to their similarity, the anonymous er, with “seven to thousand to persons– twelve “seven with er, ria beganria

57 For the argument of this thesis, stating that the role of Hungary in the First Crusade

Though historiography has the has Though extent historiography pilgrimsargued whichto these armed, were

The Crusades and HistoricalOther PresenEssays .

and Historia the Iherosolimitana rgy, the Poor, and the Non the and Poor, the rgy, 1. 2. The Route in Pre in 1. 2.The Route

d Ekkehard d Ekkehard Hierosolymitaof Aura’s , trans. John Gillingham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, - 56. For perhaps the best summation of this question, see the 11 - Combatants on the First Crusade,” Speculum

y Vokovar). After this the land became dry dry became land the Afterthis y Vokovar). - ted to Dana C. Munro by his Former Students Albert Texts the equivalent of arespectable medieval 1065 German wasvast Pilgrimage in of the Robert Guibertof Monk, . Latin Westdepicted

ent of the of the ent

or several or several 21, no. 1 no. 21, , ed. ed. , 58 -

CEU eTD Collection described indescribed non- of incidents neglect the hasto led that unfairness an of text, simplisticreadings the to 61 60 59 simplicity. At the same time, the a Ieosolimitana subject to the samemanipulations and textual issues as the less critically esteemed Historia scholarly hesitance engaging at with such atext. to led Monk’s account has the of Robert adaptation,utilisation and dissemination, translation, the Francorum Gesta composer the of The mentions ofHungarian route the the ofin accounts the twoFrankish authors, anonymous importantly, positioning ofevent their e in text. th the with the ofwilldeal accounts route throughThebrevity Hungary. their explained, be will, as Franks in leading movement. in the Franks deliberate rewrite of the earlier work. Historia the Monk’s Robert text, the wasthat Iherosolimitanareason

Ages in the Middle Conversion of in Religious Varieties Levant,” in the Frankish Conversion “Multidirectional see article and analysis, illuminatingthe Kedar, the Benjaminrecent an passage. For Z. incident neglected attemptfailed at conversion. account isThis made credible an by accoun appears to have been neglected is the decapitation of a Muslim nobleman during the siege of 1099, after a Publications, 1988), 1- 1988), Publications, ,ed. J.Braut David of Gerard inHonor P. SchenkStudies andMary Jane Schenck (Birmingham,Al: Summa Language and the Eyewitness: The Antiochi Bella Antiochi concerning its translations and adaptations (including the Chanson of the First Crusade: Historia Iherosolimitana Historia Crusade: First the of For this connection, s For an interesting discussion regarding the rhetoric and terminology of the Gesta For an ongoing attempt, see footnote 31. For a brief but helpful note on the manuscript tradition, with notes Gesta Francorum Gesta ,

- 190 1997), of Florida, Press University (Gainesville: James Muldoon ed. The The The self briefIn this reading of these texts, it willbecome apparent how briefly these authors The Gesta FrancorumThe Gesta ), see Sweetenham, 8 . - proclaimed eye-

deals with the division of the crusaders into various groups with a sparse sparse a various with into groups of thecrusaders with division the deals eyewitnessAlbert’s). accounts(such as ee Carol Sweetenham, the and “Robert 16. In a

on the c on the ddition to the passage of Hungary, another interesting passage in Albert that

- 11. rusade, and thedeliberate attempt the toassert role of the Gesta FrancorumGesta Robert and the Monk’s witness nature ofanonymouswitness the Francorum Gesta 1. 2. 1. The Frankish Spin1. 2.The Frankish

uthor deals with uthor deals swiftly the Hungarian route.

and Robert the Robert and 59

These two texts establish two locationThese the texts ofauthor the

(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), 12- 2006), Ashgate, (Aldershot: 12 and and

61

La Chanson d’Antioche Thesetext two

Gesta Francorum,

Monk, are similar in presentation. The in areThe Monk, similar presentation. Historia Iherosolimitana

d’Antioche 60 t in a crusader letter, as shown shown in letter, as a t in crusader a

Similarly, the wide 27. 27. s however reveal they are 199. ” in ” in

Jeanette Beer, “Heroic Jeanette see “Heroic , Beer, , , was aself

Robert the Monk’s History Robert Monk’s History the ,” in Echoes in ,” of the Epic: Solymarius

, and the lost - confessed

- has led spread CEU eTD Collection 66 65 64 63 62 mythical Charlemagneon the with route Hungary took through narrator.” is worthy ofmention), a and therefore also implies a certain satisfaction on the part of its the “very existence of anarrative necessarily implies the valorization of subjectits (beca use it Todorov wrote that their purpose is to confirm importance the of the traveller and the travel: narratologist the journeys, great with rney. concerned jou Ofnarratives upona centred from pointa to point b. As such, fulfils it the role of a pilgrimage narrative, a narrative explanation theof obvious briefly, to political.is got however practical the There how one, main inGesta route described the Hungary. vocabulary, spent dealingis with the routethat Bohemond than took the passage through simple structural elements reveal the geographical focus of from fallacythereal issuebiographical and difficultytext, the a the ofauthor perceiving evidence reveals that the author was likely tohave been a Normanfrom Italy. what the text itself established. Investigation into the authorship of the text fr om internal focusedestablishing on its relationship with the texts that itinfluenced, rather than seeing Commenta been debateconcerning Though has there somethe possible to allusion Caesar’s scholarly

Normansin their Histories: Propaganda, Myth and Subversion readabilit aptariusque Constantinopolim . I have quoted the translation in the main text solely for the purpose of milites et alii plures quos ignoro uenerunt per uiam quam iamdudum Karolus Magnus mirificus rex Franciae Petrus Heremita, et dux Godefridus, et Balduinus frater eius, et Balduin Gesta Fran Gesta (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 64. Turcorum usque in Apuliam adquisiero mea forti dextera, ad deorum honorem et uestrum, et omnium qui sunt ex genere rediturus presentiam, donec regalem urbemAntiochiam etomnem Suriamsiue Romaniam atqu e Bulgariam Karbuqa: For a summary of the investigation, see Hi For the likely answer to the possible connection to For the relationship of the text to Bohemond, see K. B. Wolf, “Crusade and Narrative: Bohemond and the Hill, 1. 1. Hill, Tzvetan Todorov, “The Journey and Its Narratives,” in The Morals of History, heroic king caused formerly to had to heroic built be of Franks, Constantinople. the Charlemagne, which bythe road know)travelled donot name I (whose many others most knightsand valiant These of count Hainault. Baldwin, bythe was led brother Peter his and Hermit Baldwin Duke and Godfrey, The Franks themselvesordered armies. three in Hungary, One,entered which In spite of spite In the peripheral nature of the route through when Hungary compared to the Fecerunt denique Galli tres partes. Vna pars Francorum in Hungariae intrauit regionem, scilicet y. y. 65 66 . Hill, 51 Hill, . Amodo iuro uobis per Machomet et per omnia deorum nomina, quoniam ante uestram non ero corum,” rii de Bello Gallico

This “valorization”final This apparent the section theis in connects which route taken - Journal of Medieval History History History Medieval of Journal 52.

, 63

Gesta Francorum analysis ofGesta the most oftextual the e account, th still serves specific functions from the ll, ll, xi - xvi. See also the telling use of Apulia in the inserted speech of omnia Gallia in tres partes divisa est 13

- 207 (1991): 17 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005), 149. 2005), Boydell, (Woodbridge:

the text: more time, and a greater 216. us comes de Monte. Isti potentissimi Isti potentissimi Monte. de comes us

his supposed pilgrimage supposed to his trans. Alyson Waters Waters Alyson trans. , see Emily Albu, 64

Sidestepping Sidestepping 62

has has The The CEU eTD Collection text andtext therefore hisimage crusades ofthe beginninghis orderofchurch, the addition Frankishness stressesin to Robert important. eyewitnessed histo manner,this anonymous the Francorum Gesta 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 cenobites, the are top monks. ofAtthe of types hierarchy a begins byestablishing adhere, community. TheRule of Benedi St. views adherence the to is conceptuala triggeredbyRobert’s ofBenedictine preacher one his satirises Peter the Hermit with quips against his character. This hostility towards the lay throughof valorization andpassage formain Hungary the ideas.the their protagonists following Gesta Robert, the FrancorumTherefore monasterySt of monk a the in Robert, The Sermoapologeticus narrative. own into the, albeit its Iherosolimitana persuasionswith additionalideological inserted had or originatedfrompapacy, families. troublesome forchoices religicurious r character of Godfrey, who could trace his lineage to Charlemagne. the Peter Hermit the Frankish the noting Frankish three and aristocrats, the anonymous of author Constantinople. equires puttingequires perspective. in

excommunicated for bigamy. Urban II had excommunicated at Clermont,” this being Hugh I, count of Vermandois, brother of Philip I, “first lordthe great western set to out for Jerusalem, paradoxically, somewhat wasthe brother ofthe king Regola against Pope Gregory VII. See Asbridge, 61 1970), 72 Cohn, Norman see century, de l’Université de de Paris l’Université de l’histoire, travers à echo son Clovis, de Baptême Le & Mémoire: Histoire Dei “Gesta Francos:L’usage per mot lesdu dans chroniques ‘francs’ de in la première croisade,” Godfrey of Bouillon of Godfrey assertionCharlemagne, an which seems see C. John substantiated,” Andressohn, Sweetenham, 79 Sweetenham, 75. The clearestThe examplethis ofof is Godfrey For a discussion on the use of the word “Frank” and the biases that this usage shows, see Miche The edition of the Regula For a brief account of the figure For an account of this linage, in which both “the paternal andm Gesta This assertion of Frankishness appears also inRobert theMonk’s Historia

As aconsequence of this context of asser (Roma: Città Nuova, 1995, repr. 2006). This has been abbreviated to -

73. 73. asserts Frankishthe nature of a such

- 67 81. 81. The The

By alluding to Charlemagne, the noted king of the Franks, in a a in passage king noted ofFranks, Charlemagne,By to the alluding (Bloomington: Indiana UniversityPress, 1947),9 ry forry purposes. political R. H. C. Occ C. Occ H. R. incipit apologeticus sermo incipit apologeticus - Sorbonne,

The Pursuit of the Millennium Pursuit the The of that I have used is that edited by Gregorio Magno, Vita di San Benedetto e la ous warriors, asmany had either themselves had disputes with the

3, 727 3, - 473 1997), of Charlemagne in the popular imagination at the turn of the eleventh Many of the Frankish protagonists of the First Crusade were

- 728. at thestartat of the text be itsauthorialvoiceasserts to

Bouillon, who, in the Investiture Controversy, sided with Henry IV ct, - 62. In regards to families, Tyerman as writes War in God’s

483. 73 -

can be found in Rémi, 70 to whichto Robert as Benedictine a monk would

14

journey. The allusion is important also for the as originating with the pope at Clermont. at pope the with originating as

71

(Revised ed., New York: Oxford University Press,

and official this Benedictine context is illustrates the the illustrates shapingsubtle of non-

tiveness, Robert’s text lambastes and 69 while adding his the his uses own adding spin, while

R.C H. In describing the Hungarian route in in the Hungarian route describing In - 11. aternal branch claimed descent from claimed branch descent aternal .

Occ

ed. ed. Regula 3, 721 3, Michel Rouche (Paris: Presses Michel (Paris:Rouche Presses 68

in the footnotes. The Ancestry and Life of of andLife The Ancestry

- 722. This is pointThis a that

l Balard, l Balard, Clovis: Clovis: , 107, 72

CEU eTD Collection the rule: feasting onwine rule: restraint foodthe and or without order. 77 76 75 74 away of insinuations the quickexplain with explanationsofGermanness their Crusade.main of the figureheads First Thegeographicalspace of the route permits to Robert exists Hungary,” across he straight travelled had because byhorse;went pointthe that“Godfrey reached beforeConstantinople all Frenchthe princes As one can see, there is no fo gluttony. monksgyrovagues, itinerant who abbot; an and monastery rule a in serveunder who a and live

præcepit quam Karolus Magnus, incomparabilis rex Constantinopolim fieriusque Fran exercitui suo olim corum, viam scilicet per arripuit, iter Hungariam per peditumque, militum manu et magna Balduino et Eustachio occursum. Et quæ lorica vel clypeus sustinere poterat impetum mucronis illius? Hic, cum fratribus suis adesse et imminere prælium, tunc audaci mente concipiebat animum, et, quasi leo frendens, ad nullius pavebat sentiebat hostem quum tamen Hic figuraret. militem quam monachum se in magis ut lenis, militibus tantum dignitatis dux erat Teuthonicus. Hic vultu elegans, statura pr sed officio filius, comitis Boloniensis Eustachii erat qui Godefrido, nomine duci Teuthonicorum, cuidam cam modi equitumnon sibi peditumque multitudinem, et iter suum direxit per Hungariam. Associatur autem collegit tempestate Hic ea quærebat. deliciis in abstinentiæ etfamam fruebatur cibisomnibus aliisque vino super ipsos præsules et abates apice religionis efferebatur, eo quod nec pane nec carne vescebatur, sed tamen sapie terrena illos qui apud qui Petrus, nomine existiterat, heremita qui quidam, o de quorum Sarabaitis; deteriores omnia etper servientes, illecebris et gulae voluptatibus etpropriis stabiles, diversas provincias ternis aut quaternis diebus per diversorum cellas hispitantur, semper vagi et nunquam recto gressu itineravit gressu recto Ibid, 94. , 114;Regula Sweetenham, 83 , 116;Regula mnium miserrima conversatione melius est silere, quam loqui. quam est melius silere, conversatione mnium miserrima in the text as a means to stress the ideological orientation of the author towards the the Franks once Franks followed pilgrimagethe onhis Constantinople. to following doubtless the same Charlemagne route as theking incomparable of andBaldwin a bandlarge of horsefoot, and journeyed Hungary,through the ofsword?brothwithstand thrust his Godfrey, with Eustaceers and roaring lion he feared the attack of no man.What breastplate or shield could battle and hand imminent, his courage became abundantly and evident like a a Homonk than wever soldier. rather when he realised that his enemy was at ofa impression being to the soldiers as give his andwith lenient so character, washandsome,office. bearing, Godfrey lordly of eloquent, distinguished was t Germans,who forcescertain a Godfrey, the with Duke Heof Hungary. joined force himround insignificant not andset a and of footsoldiers knights off via gathered he midst Atthat point of pleasures). forthe abstinence in reputation other of w stop all kinds food not himand wine did enjoying religiousfor his becauseneither observance ate he bread nor meatthis (though and esteemabove and venerated priests abbots lay fact great people, in bythe At time that was there aman called Pet . 75 Dux Godefridus, prior omnium Francorum principum, Constantinopolim vernit, quia per Hungariam R. H.C

Consequently, for Robert, a cenobite, is cenobite, itinerantdepicted a toConsequently, forthe Peter according Robert, he sonhe of CountEustaceof but Boulogne Duke of Germany of byvirtue Primum Coenobitarum, hoc est, monasteriale, militans sub regula vel Abbate Quartumvero genusest monachorum,quod nominat - . 84. I have not corrected the term “footsoldiers” which appears in the text. Occ .

R. H. C. 3, 731 - 732.

Occ

cus whatsoever on the route itself (other than that onthan routeitself(other that the knights the whatsoever cus

3, 743. 3, follow norule who and are deemed and to unstable prone

15

er, a famous a er, in who washeld hermit, 77

appears much later in the text). intext). the Hungary muchappears later ocerus, dulcis eloquio, moribus egregious, et in

ur Gyrovagum, qui tota vita sua per 74

76 at the bottom are the

nt magni æstimabatur, et æstimabatur, nt magni hilst seekinga hilst .

Erat in illis diebus illis in diebus Erat

Frankish Frankish CEU eTD Collection 82 81 80 79 78 in contrast with the shared jou “insane” Turks. Peter’s wave, concluding with the statement that hisfor of importance the diminish and deride to used is Hungary through passage presentation the of Guibert’s of context Hermit. the the byPeterthe narrative, Crusadein led the Placed which to castigate the non discussing in greater depth. The inlength increase permits Guibert greater narrative space in this te discussed. accounts previous than Since the notably,longer is, previous the It accounts. in theological account on the First Crusade, Francos The accountof of Guibert, abbot the atmonastery Mary St. entitledGestaPer Nogent, Dei of thepurpose authors. romanticmotif of a roaring lion into the text. therefore a greater figurehead than PetertheHermit), and toinsert a commonFrankish present to origin, Godfrey as the religious leader who is morelike monka than soldiera (and

the few similes in the text. For other examples, see examples, see similesthe text. For few in other the Bohemond’s “grandest moment in the Gesta dementi exercitu exercitu pro dementi illo suo cum dicitur, præminere positionem, loci secundum urbi, Niceæ quæ quamdam, civitatem Civizum, Isitaque restringeret. auctoritate militari ille saltem non poterat, distinere quos documentis ut dederat: transsequano et cogniti genris viro, armis quantum ad se strenuo, nomine Galt expositus est, de multa comitum suorum vecordia sæpe vexatus, et crebra strage confuses, tandem cuidam of controlling an army, hand gregum, dilanians oues fugientes huc et illuc; ita ageb dies, qui exiens a suis cauernis, rugiens ac sitiens sanguinem pecudum sicut improuide ruit inter agmina Occ prosecuti sumus, u team aliis nullam impendisse opem, sed Turcis addidisse audaciam monstraremus See for example the listing in Jonathan Rileyin example listing Jonathan See the for Levine, 26. Forth Levine, 51. This adjective is used after the movement from Hungary, when Guibert suggests Peter, incapable Hill, 36. Fu 36. Hill, Levine, 52. 52. Levine, 4, 146. 4, xt is more complex in style and purpose, longer and than the texts, previous it worth is 81

, 82

To do this, Guibert splits the narrative into two parts: one section dealing with the 79

army of Peter the Hermit, and the second,army Hermit, the the and ofdukes dealing the Peter the and with counts,

differs acco inits it itaque ille, undique signo crucis munitus, qualiter leo perpessus famem per tres aut quatuor Comitiæ Petri Heremitæ talis fuit exitus: cujus historiam ideo sine alterius materiæ interstitio interstitio materiæ ideoalterius sine cujushistoriam talisexitus: fuit Heremitæ Comitiæ Petri e see Latin, perabat attingere.R. H. C

Guibertof Nogent’s

s over command to Walter R. H.C - official (the non (the official 1. 2.A Re unt of the passage through Hungary. Though seen as a heavily a as throughThough Hungary. seen ofpassage unt the

rneys ofthesecharacters suggested inthe Francorum Gesta . Occ 4, 121. 121. 4, The Normans in their Histories in their Normans The Albu, by ” - Smith, “Pilgrims and Crusaders in Western Latin Sources,” 15. . 80 Occ -

Arranged Narrative the text provides narrative information not present Gesta Tancredi

- 4, 145. 4, 16 aristocratic, non Gesta Dei Per Francos 78

at iste inter agmina Turcorum. agmina inter iste at As can be seen,

sine habere sine

ces helped no crusaders, but rather the , 46, 143. 46, , . Petrusille interea qui anobis supra - Church saChurch

Hungary is relegated to the relegatedto is Hungary erio, orimatum suæ gentis gentis suæ orimatum erio, nctioned) branch of branchnctioned) of , 200; it is also one of of one it also is 200; ,

This is described as . R. H. C.

CEU eTD Collection 86 85 84 83 audience when they hear established facts concerning Peter the Hermit. theinterrupts narrative expressions of with doubt, thereby triggering scepticism his in .Iherosolimitana This is also apparent in the deliberate use of style: Guibert frequen foregrounds thiselement, using more to words stress itspoint than the Historia B outfleshes the character of Peterwith a description of the gyrovagues from the Rule of St. sneer, a crafted a than it theis Monk’s condemnation.Robert account, As with Guibert preacher;” monkitinerant an to as “apolished from Benedictine a sneer continues with character attacks on Peter the Hermit. One historian has described this account outside ofappear This theseborders. will be Hungary.in Before that,however, Guibert makingpoint, In this geographical space. the narrative alerts the reader that conflict will “withinThis ownis example our borders” an of Guibert’s deliberate of construction negative followersa ning in light, his journey. and completequestio ability the to their Gordian prosemanipulatesnarrativemention Guibert’s style Hungary, depict the ofto him theEven in where sentence Peter is introduced, opening the paragraph first containing the important, for itframes Peter and his followers within a delibe shown of byhis Rather, delayedmentions places. the it expositionis and context the is which as be narrative, forwill important Guibert’s not is ofgeographical location events these and theviolence against theGreeks theis account of Peter’s passage through Hungary Dei Per Francos unrest betweenofFrankish description . Sandwiched a in popular territory crusade. opinionson to his Hungary thestress types validity ofof thatwent society specific onthe Historia the and Iherosolimitana

4, 142. 4, cuidam Heremitæ cohæsit; eique interim, dum adhuc res intra nos agitur, ac si magistro paruit. R. H. C. Occ morose ac dispensative tractantibus, tenue illud quidem substantia, sed numero frequentissimum, ed. JohnH.Pryor (Aldershot:Ashgate, 2006), 119 Logistics in 1096,” Constantinople, to of Warfare Cologne Hermit: from the Peter in the Age of the Crusades enedict: wandering figures with no stability. , 116. Regula 24. Morris, The issue of how Peter’s followers were provided for is dealt with by Charles R. Glasheen, “Provisioning Levine, 47.

To understand this point, wemust look at the text that Guibert provides in the Gesta matter remained within our own borders. Hermit, they and obeyed him though as were he the asleader, long as the resources,in copious but number, in attached themselves t werecarefulcommon preparingthe retinues, like administrators, poor people, great whofor their leaders, money to sums large the While needed spend of

Principibus igitur, qui multis expensis, et magnis obsequentium ministeriis indigebant, sua sua indigebant, ministeriis obsequentium et magnis expensis, multis igitur,qui Principibus

. In doing this, Guibert uses the textual journey across . textual journey the In this,Guibert uses across doing - 129. 17 86

84 The textof Gesta Dei Per Francos

rately negative perspective. o a certain Peter the 85

the text ismore

vulgus Petro vulgus Petro however 83

. The tly , CEU eTD Collection 88 87 actual movement the narrative: of crusaders. on to the the as thepin. him Guibertinflates beingHungary thathehim,used puncture to himselfPeter with supplied. of very characteristics onthe judgment manipulates in pass the to Guibert incident Hungary com in his which situation a need taught,will be to of reactingidea negatively to these features; they wouldalso know thatPeter,for the lesson Benedictine audience, hearing the details of his character, would already be instilled with the becomes Gesta in indistinguishable Dei Per Francos self troublesome As thepunctuate image. he ingluttonous consum that The followers. Monk sameRobert the copied ,from criticismthat Regula the Peter was Guibert then proceeds to explain the attraction of Peter and hischarismatic effect on his

nunquam. R. H.C. Occ talaribus,byrro desuper utebatur, brachisminime, nudipes autem;vino alebatur acpisce, pane vixaut nos non quasi quiddam subdivinum videbatur, præsertim quum etiam de ejus mulo pili pro reliquiis raperentur: quod discordibus ubique pacesetfœdera, mira auctoritate,restituens. Quicquidagebat namqueseuloquebatur, dabantur, dilargitioneerga paupersliberalis; prostitutas mulieres non tanto sanctitatis præconio con prædicationis obtentu circumire vidimus, tantis populorum multitudinibus vallari, tantis muneribus donari, sub habitu monachico vitam duxisse comperimus; inde digressum, qua nescio intentione, urbes et municipia Levine, 47. Quem ex urbe, nisi fallor, Ambianensi ortum, in superiori nescio qua Galliarum par Levine, 47 Levine,

such, the role that Peter is given in Guibert’s text is that of an exemplum Having established established Having honoured. acclaimed for such great piety, that Id many so given teaching,and many byso gifts, his surrounded people, spreading towns, and through cities wander sawhim know why, we don’t and ha the amIf I is in said, mistaken,wasborn led he Amiens,it solitary not and, a in life fish,ate wine bread. scarcely drank ate ever and but to upper ofarms,cover body,and bare. cloak his Hea his were bit feet a his but which ankles, reached tunic, hood; woolen his a a above wore to and heit wore as common notbut lovedOutdoors, bythe he as novelty truth, a report people. Even the of hairs his mule were torn out as though they relics,were which before. saidsomething seemed or Whatever did discord he like almost divine. with remarkable a acceptableprostitutes morally forwith together, gifts, husbands, generous and, poor the the with generousto he Hemaking wasvery gifts was given, ad veritatem, sed vulgo referimus amanti novitatem. Lanea tunica ad purum, cucullo super, utrisque

- 48; I have retained the American spelling of his translation. Multa translation. of his enim spelling American the funerat, retained have I 48; ex his quæ sibi bit of monka know partof donot what I in Gaul, moved upper then on,I - 87 regarding hermitregarding thatthe of Rule Benedict condemned; the character

4, 142. 4, uthority, restoringhad and there where been peace treaties clamari, ut neminem meminerimsimili honore haberi. R. H.C. Occ that Peter and his large army are bound to fail, Guibert then moves then army bound to Guibert his fail, Peterand are large that

ed wine and fish while presenting himself as religious, presenting fishwhile and religious, isto wine himselfused ed as

18

on’t ever remember anyone equallyon’t everanyone remember from heassigned therole is euppance occurs. To provide for this, for this, occurs. To provide euppance

88

sine suo munere maritis honestans; in , an , an ofimage a . A monastic . A te solitariam te solitariam 4, 142. 4,

CEU eTD Collection 92 91 90 89 Robert, to emperor letter of Greek supposed the the in Muslimsof described horde rampaging of turn ontheotherness: crusaders becomeinteresting issue wild the to akin the followers of Peter. His deliberate presentation of Hungarians the as Christians provides an the bypresentingcontrast thea to Hungariansas ofnarrative thismoralcontinues the shaping waywardtestament the of to nature the itinerant preacher defined as a gyrovague. Guibert the Hermit; onPeter abundance oftheattack and offlock,becomes the behaviour food, his onorientated rather goods than coins. confronteda crusader, with foreign unexpectedly centralised formemorable the system refer tospecific places where goods were collected astaxfor theking.may These have Likewise, the something of topos a The image of Hungary asbeing a fertile land may reflect actual conditions; it approaches people,its a snippet of reality tomake theportrait seem believable. agriculture of and amo Hungarian countryside concerning the description panegyric the ngst make point clear,To his Guibert this audience snippet a provides with of information The narrative then compares the abundance of the land with thesavagery of Peter’s forces.

of the original, pre Hungarorum terram delegit abire. R. H. C. Occ nature of its inhabitants; see Sverre Bagge, “Ideas and Narrative in Otto of Freising’s in Freising’s and of Otto Bagge,Narrative “Ideas see Sverre itsinhabitants; of nature alienigenæ cœperunt turpiter conculcare gentiles; R. H. C. Occ ipsi dementia, mira eorum, humanitate contesti non suppeterent, copiæ tellus est, feracissima illa quorum cernerent, quas nos metas vulgariter vocare solemus; quum cranium diver enim plurimorum annorum segetes triticeas, ut in ea terra moris est, in modum turrium per agros stabilitas cœperunt repperisset, indocile luxuriis enormibus contra indigenarum mansuetudinem debacchari. Quum Journal of Medieval History Medieval of Journal For theFor “meta”,word see Berend, As expected, this text too is manipulated to e is too manipulated text expected, this As Levine, 48. Levine, 48. Is autem vir, partim opinione, partim suo monitu quum immanem conflasset exercitum, per Hungarians. assembled avery large army, and decided to set out landthrough of the the man,This because partly of his reputation, partly becauseofpreaching, his had in a kind of kind a in remarkable intrudersmadness, crush to these began them. decency, the with natives’ thisland,content in not foodsabundant were other call “metas” inevery the is custom land, inthat like towers inthefields, which we accustomed are to been grainhad years,as upfor Whensawthe several inhabitants. the piled they t response excess in with wild went food, they and abundant The restless common discovered people that thisareaproduced unusually Quorum regions quum earum rerum quæ ad alimentum pertinent opulentissimas, idem vulgus metas - politicised point: the perception of the agricultural richness landscape. the of Hungarian richness the of agricultural the perception point: politicised 89

that Guibertspeaks of were publicgranaries, which Hungary in could

status in later texts (as in Otto of Friesing’s

22, no. 4(1996): 359 - day language, althoughand of supplies meat various

At the Gate of Christendom 92

xpress the contrast between the wealth of the country and the

4, 142. 4, Guibert theseperceptions Guibert fits Benedictineinto his - 360. This however does not necessarily 19

, 26 4, 142 4, - 29.

- 3.

sarum aliorumque victualium, victualium, aliorumque sarum o the gentleness of gentleness of o the Gesta Frederici 90

invalidate the truth truth the invalidate Gesta FredericiGesta

s and been been ).

91 ,” ,”

CEU eTD Collection 97 96 95 94 93 Gesta Dei Per Francos asserts their failure, humiliation, and public ridicule: social order inwhich makes acrusadepossible. is As a Guibert presents Peter’s army aschaotic, and, in hisnarrative, suggests they have lost the The crusaders are depicted as little better than the Muslims they intended to fight against. sa the Hungary, through byfor maritaldeterred fidelity.”shame feeling or letterclaimed,the and virgins madewere “took since they never themprostitutes, public hadlength. which at ofpreviously Guibert quoted count Flanders

(Cardiff: University of Wales, 2002), 9. 2002), of Wales, University (Cardiff: Lambert, “Crusading or Spinning,” in rapinis et cædibus nitebatur: sic se acturos mira lascivia contra Turcos libere mina Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative authenticity, Sweetenham, see 215 an the letter of translation a for However, truth. as the letter workpresents contained Gesta Dei Per the Francos since chapter, this of main thepoint to irrelevant Flanders,” Flanders,” discussion, see Einar Joranson, “The Problem of the Spurious Letter of Emperor Alexius to the Court of hospitibus. R.C. H. Occ virginium; dehonestabantur connubial crebis raptibus feminarum; vellebant sive ustulabant suis barbas illata violentia eripiebatur puellis incendium; ingerebatur eos per horreis quos diximus publicis execranda, illos dum eos aggrediuntur: gratis bello immemores, ac beneficientiæ piæ hospitalitatis impatientes, illi, libidinis ingererent, grataner cuncta præcinere saltando nefaria inter hujusmondi cogerentur. R. H. C. Occ multipl filiarum, conspectus præcipiebantur scortum, quum nusquam pudori deferretur ac honestati conjugum. Matres correptæ in For a contextualisation of women in crusader narratives, using this passage, see Natasha R. Hodgs Levine, 47 Levine, 48; I have retained the misspelling of his venalia text; Christianis, Christiani utpote idem, etquum Levine, 36 Virgines enim fidelium deprehensæ publicum fieri fieri publicum deprehensæ enim fidelium Virgines Latin: the context, moresalacious With 37. Levine, hosts. outof thet offmany tore beards and burned bycarrying women, or beds publicthe granarieswe of, spoke raped virgins, dishonoured manymarriage resist, butnot wouldremain peaceful. In accursed entirely an rage they burned generosity,and arbitrarily against war waging t forwantonly sale,ourand ignoredeverything men hospitalitywillfully their theWhile ChristiansHungarians, as Christians, to had generously offered

as Moisson, they were greeted with great laughter everywhere. was called Moisson, and when they returned they said that they had been asfar abject in poverty, deeply ashamed, to returned France some were others bysword, drowned died in the others,river, without money, forreason a nosuddenly, thatis of concern mine, overwhelmed; were they they movedinsolence t With usual their left. or right the pathto the nodivergence allowed that camethey castle a to that they could not avoid passing through. It was sosited would he impudence do easily sameTurks. that the On against their way for byboasting could he murder, amazistrove what get and with theft man buteach needed, instead ofhe what None buying of themnow thought Review Historical American - - 48. 48. 37; 96 Nec jam de emendis usui necessariis quicpiam tractabatur, sed quisque eorum, prout poterat,

R. H. C. Occ 4, 131

4, 143. 4, me motifs of violating women vows appear. memarital violating motifs of and iciter repetitis diversorum coitibus vexabantur, quum filiæ assistentes carmina carmina assistentes filiæ quum vexabantur, coitibus diversorum repetitis iciter

opinantur nihil ausuros contra, ac penitus futuros imbelles. Rabie igitur o besiege almost had whenit, they o besiege but it, captured - - 132. 132. 222. For a lengthier, albeit somewhat dated but still worthwhile, still worthwhile, but dated somewhat albeit lengthier, a For 222.

Gendering the Crusades - 811 (1950): 4 no. 55, Issues on 20 the authenticity of the letter which Guibert includes are are includes Guibert which the letter the authenticityof

(Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), 138, and Susan Susan and 138, 2007), Press, Boydell (Woodbridge: 94 832.

In Guibert’s depiction Guibert’s In ofpassage the , ed. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert hem, thatthey assuming would

consequence of their disorder, the disorder, the their ofconsequence

4, 131. . And because this place

93 by its very act of being being itsa selfby very act of

These Muslim invaders, 97 bantur. Castrum quoddam

d a note onits 95

heir heir on, on, ng Women, Women, - CEU eTD Collection 99 98 Peter’s men,managed to reach the intended destination. oneaccount: being “King of Jerusalem, who and still rules indicates there” that they, unlike byplaying narrative this with time, of his makingaware their in audience success future the contrast to the chaos surrounding Peter,Guibertdepicts the knightsas successful. He does throughpassage Hungary. the of importance the increasing and ofcrusade, interpretation the foregrounding Guibert’s way.”fortunate Peter that did, samepath followed the over, whopassed but in a farmore restrained and Guibert deliberately separates them, writing “And now we shall return tomen we have knights samethe Peter arewith ofand dealt the in Gestain block text; the Dei Per Francos, theFrancorum in Gesta Hungary through of accounts the crusader passage aristocraticdiscussed the the knights.In previously with horde “common” the and of formulation Peter ofhistory:contrast byGuibert’s a the created by contra aided second a is Christianised contrast the Hungarians.This with hordes that followed Peter the Hermit are associated with rampaging Muslims and contrasted t narrative ends with a clear moral. order,andmonastic the of the teachings his to reinforce innarrative shaped Guibert’s are the BothHermit Peter and Hungary about own “withinour borders”. madeearlier the point conclusion,ofThis offollowers Peterin the the chaos very at of edge reinforces Hungary, the Benedict. the of in Rule of gyrovagues from originating description the theme gluttony of concludes with this coincidence, connecting the name inH ofacastle the translator of Guibert notes, “Moisson” means “harvest” in French. As border Hungary. western ofkingdom of the closeto (Wieselburg), Moson be to likely The final sentence showswell the technique and of intent Guibert in his text.“Moisson” he chance to create multiple contrasts to illuminate his points. As mentioned above, the As mentionedthe illuminate above, contraststo multiple points. create his chance he to

longe feliciori modestia, revertamur. R. H. Occ revertamur. C. feliciori modestia, longe Moissonem, usque se fuisse dicebant magna omnium irrisione excepti sunt. Et quare idem rediret. castrum consumpta Mo inFranciam pudore, occumberet, partem fluvialis unda submergeret, pars sine ullis stipendiis, immo turpi pauperie, magis autem sunt, sed quum prope capiendum esset, repente, non curo quo eventu, ita obruti sunt, ut pars gladiis angiporti nequaquam ad dexteram vel sinistram pateat diverticulum. Ipsum solita insolentia obsidere aggressi in ut modum est, situs is terræ enim transituml evitare poterant modo cujus nullo pervium, habuere interea Levine, 48. Levine, 52. Gesta Dei details ofGesta Per textual Francos and the prose The complex The “second” narrative journeythroughdeliberately Hungary mimics first. the In

Nunc itaque ad eos quos omiseramus, qui eadem, qua Petrus præcesserat, subsecuti sunt via, se 99

This deliberate complication of thenarrative has the effect of both

and Robert the the M Robert and 4, 146. 4, 21

issonemvocabant, etreversi ad suos ad onk’s onk’s R. H. C. Occ Historia Iherosolimitana ungary with the inserted ungary the with 98

Guibert deliberately

4, 143. 4, permits Guibert st, deliberately

is is d ,

CEU eTD Collection Guibert introduces into the text into the accountof text an Guibert introduces the ofprotagonists. mother his of lineagesaudience of the the To counter disorderthe of“common”Gesta the army, Dei Per Francos 103 102 101 100 movement. crusade of orig rewritein the throughto the Hungary second uses passage the Guibert theused first passage through to Hungary diminish the reputation of Hermit,Peter the Francos crusader. able is to assert by contrast an emerging conception of therequirements successful for a ur.” behavio mother in honesty, flourished in great military deeds, as well as in the restraint of their no “All in three, their way to ofchildren: inferior success forher the the reason being as motherhood. concerning point positionedmakedeliberate isa fatherto being showsthe the text with comparison in ofbrothers spends mother discussingthe the thatGuibert The amountof space 1996), 359 1996), Medieval in Story,” Mothering Story/Her enjoyable psychoanalytica non minore floruerunt. R. H. C. Occ comparison with his texts concerned with hismother. For his relationship, see Rubenstein, 61 accesserat. filiorum.Illi plane, de quoloqui adorimur,Godefrido ex maternal hæreditate apud Lotharingos ducatus Deum animi devotione præstantem:cujus diutinæreligioni tam spectabilium debebantur, utcredimus, gaudia eruditam, et ex Lotharingis ingenue admodum oriundam, sed potissimum ingen erga et serenitate ita magna C. R. Occ H. præest. comitatui paterno et regnat; Eusthacium, nunc usque Iherosolimæ, effectus fratremrex et ipsum post urbi præfuit, Edissenæ qui

Levine, 52. Levine, 52. An interesting comparison, which might illuminate Guibert’s use of this motif, would be to examine it in to examine be motif,would this of use Guibert’s might illuminate which comparison, interesting An Levine, 52. Dux Godefridus,Eusthacii Boloniensium comitisfilius, duos habuitfraters: Balduinum, qui duchy inLotharingia ashis maternal heritage. belief. whom Godfrey, now about receivedreligious speaking,had we are a fromreceived sons due, were exemplary such we believe, her to profound devotionto sheGod. Thejoys serenity great innate and for her remarkable mistaken, learne a am was,if I not mother a They had who worldly wascompetentpowerful father, in and affairs, their from his father. rules whoand still there; Eustace, and who in rules the country he inherited and whoBaldwin, ruledEdessa, succeeded his brother as King of Jerusalem, Duke Godfrey, the son of Count Eustace of Boulogne, twobrothers:had In addition to defining for the future the lessons of the event, the Gesta the ofevent, lessons the the future for the defining to addition In

uses the route through Hungary to present a different perspective on history. Having differentHaving a onhistory. present perspective route throughto uses Hungary the

- 379. R. H. 103

Hitres, amatris nequaquamsimplicitate degener Ii patrem habuerunt potentem et sæcularis ingenii virum, sed matrem litteris quidem, nisi fallor, fallor, nisi quidem, litteris sed matrem virum, ingenii et sæcularis potentem habuerunt Ii patrem 102

In presenting the passage through Hungary as two separate accounts, Guibert Hungary two accounts, passagethrough as presenting the separate In

The woman i The woman C. Occ Occ C. 4, 147. 4, 100 l reading, Nancy F. Partner, “The Family Romance of Guibert of Nogent: His

s presented as the bastion of society, and, consequently, shown ofconsequently, bastion and, shown society, presentedthe s as

4, 147. 4, se se betweenmen. difference further the the To two groups, 4, 146 , ed. John CarmiParsons and Bonnie Wheeler (New York: Garland,

- 147.

22

d Lotharingian aristocrat, but most butd Lotharingian aristocrat, 101 es, quum multa armorum Gloria,tum modestia

- 85, and for an an for and 85, informs the informs the

Dei Per

CEU eTD Collection commissioned thecrusade, 108 107 106 105 104 Hermit continues into the closeof the passage. protagonists,of knightly the their Regardless of whether heasuccessful is ornot, Guibert’s repeated stressing of the attributes second wave of aristocraticknights whom hard he tries to presentas being thefirst wave. isthe with his and interest athy time,symp becauseofhis chronological first Hungary through makes theassertion that while Guibert may have been required todeal with Peter’s passage Hermit originated the crusade. This passage of history inserted inthe Gesta Dei Per Francos Historia Iherosolimitana Guibert’s however, textgoesHere, Francorumfurther Gesta than the Franks, Dei Per Francosis honourable, , Guib insti sed cum violentia exercitus, si sibi copia suppeteret, magni. Cui, secundum divinum a quo imbuebatur initium. peregrinationis eventum, quoddam se audisse ex ore filii ducis tale præsagium of Nogent’s Nogent’s of a detailed study Guibert’s of concerning Jews, rhetoric see Elizabeth Lapina, “Anti sub ducatu moderni isti videantur egisse quam Judæi antiquitus, cum uxoribus ac filiis et continua ventrium plenitudine, omnino majora etcalamitatibus ærumnis sub ut temporibus, adeo glorificatur etiam fecerit, nostris mirabilia Occ C. R. H. illum. ad Hæc fuissent.” nulla auxilia industria et impavidis viribus constrinxissent, Teutonicorum vestorum, quorum ne nomen quidem ibi sonuit, divertit? nonne adFrancos? Hi nisi præissent et barbariem undecumque confluentium gent nomen, fœde garriendo detorqueas, dic mihi ad quos papa Urbanus contra Turcos præsidia contracturus ine eos ita inquam:”Si Cui vocaverit. Paschalem cum suis principibus grate ubique susceperit, ut eos non modo Francos, sed irrisorie Francones congrederer, quod regem nostrum cum populo in tantum vilipenderit, ob hoc solum quia domnum papam Francis. R.ex C. H. Occ primus papa falluntur, nisi ut Remensi,ferunt, et existens, clero Francos.

Levine, 41. Levine, 40. Levine, 52. Levine, 26. Levine, 143. ert repeatedlyert asserted theFrankish elements of thecrusade:he declares histitle, nctum, mirabilis super hoc postmodum opportunitas arrisit. R. H. C. Occ his project. his one. In accordance with this divinely inspired intuition, fortune later smiled on hadpilgrim, done, others forcefully, as but with army, large a ifcould he raise ex beginningof the before long predictionofoutcome a duke the the son journey and success the ofsons, had her thatshe from heard mouth of the her The glorious woman to say, when used she atmarvelled the result of the journey. But as thanjourney. even Godfrey waswiser otherbrothers, heso his was brothers,ofThe three heedless greatthe honors they already sethad, out on the 107 R. H.C pedition. For he said that he wanted he go to simplepedition. Jerusalema said he that to as For not

and repeatedly orientates the Franks as thechosen race above even the Jews. apparentium angelorum, frequentibusque miraculis æstimentur implesse. æstimentur miraculis frequentibusque angelorum, apparentium Dei Francos Gesta Per

Audivi, anno præterito,dumcum archidiacono quodamMagontino super suaips Urbanus papa ante papatum papatum ante papa Urbanus Solebat narrare gloriosa mulier, quum hujus profectionis exitum et filiorum suorum miraretur Nomen autem inidi quod arrogantia careat gentisque honori proficiat: scilicet Dei Gesta Per Tabernacula Juda,sicut in principio, Dominussalvat, quumipse . Occ 104

4, 121. 4,

Dicebat namque se desiderare proficisci Iherosolimam, et hoc non simpliciter, ut alii, alii, ut simpliciter, ethoc non proficisci Iherosolimam, se desiderare namque Dicebat ; here, Guibert attempts to remove all possibility that

106

recounts an argument with a German archdeacon regarding the the regarding German a archdeacon with argument an recounts ,” ,” Journalof Me rtes arbitaris et marcidos, ut celeberrimum usque in Oceanum Indicum

lineages, and praising them incomparison to Peter the 105 Odo vocabatur, ex Francis claro germine oriundus, ex territorio et

stresses the Frankish of origin pope the who 4, 136. 4, dieval History dieval 23

35 (2009): 239 (2009): 35 , multo antequam fieret aliquod hujus

4, 147. 4, -

253. and Robert Robert and the Monk’s - , quicum patribus nostris Jewish rhetoric in Guibert Guibert in rhetoric Jewish

R. H. C. Occ

4, 135. 4, orum rebellione

Peter the 4, 239.For ium vivaci ium vivaci Gesta Gesta 108

CEU eTD Collection 109 c the necessary to examine the Hierosolymita examined point, having ofFrankish evolution the At this the - of crusading. chaotic,movement and other was successful the and deliberately contrastedin the betext, can seen both as explanation an as to why one With conclusion, Gui this arms and journey into foreign into foreign armslands. journey and Franks, the intimating thatany excuse wouldhave been sufficient toflunce in them take up to ethnicof individual an Thevoice group. dismissiveauthorial is crusadingabout the zealof narrativeperspective andhis on thecrusades. thesis,of Ekkehard’s important this textis for itsutilisation of presenting both in Hungary the with topicthe crusading. connection concerning In of presentation ideology an own distinct of Ierosolimitana Aachen’s Historia its related rewritings, and for its contrast in depictions of characters who will feature in Albert omnes Franciæ principes urbem attigere Constantinopolitanam; sed hospitati sunt extra ipsam. et disciplinam; milites valuit,suos erga tenere non Petrus spectabili fortissimorum juvenum frequentia, Hungarorum ingrediuntur terram, habentes tamen eam, quam Montibus, Rob pradentior, eo Godefridus dux extitit militia numerosiore potentior. Huic adjungitur Balduinus comes de 4, 147. 4,

Levine, 52 Levine, ontrast in presentation between and it theaccounts of theearlier Gesta Francorum

The first point to note about the Hierosolymita about the note point to The first were outside thecity. lodgings their but of the Constantinople, reached arrive, city to they leaders army. overcontrol his ofFrench TwoChristmas, before the days first the ofHungarians land the ceremonyknightly spectacle,the and of band powerful youngmenthe entered the Robert, uncle ofyoungWithpaternal the splendid Countof the Flanders. with larger a equipped army. by HeCount wasjoined Baldwin, of son Mons, of - 53. 53. erti, Flandernsis comitis junioris patrui, filius. Cum nobili igitur rerum equestrium pompa et pompa rerum igitur equestrium Cum nobili filius. patrui, junioris comitis Flandernsis erti, Tres hi, maximus quos habebant oblitishonoribus, perrexere. Sedquo ceteris fratribus bert’s text implies that the two passages through Hungary, Hungary, through two impliesthe passages text that bert’s Ekkehard of Aura’s Hierosolymita 109

1. 2. 3. A Different Perspective

, in possession of what Peter was unable to obtain: to wasunable Peter of what possession , in , Ekkehard’s Hierosolymita, Ekkehard’s

of Ekkehard of Aura. While it is worth evaluating for

24

duobus ane Domini Natale diebus, primi ante as a microscopicas a exempla

is theabsence of azealous promotion

orientated crusader texts, it is

repays close analysis for its

of the nature nature the of R. H.C .

and and Occ

CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 110 were less acceptable in religious terms because of behaviour. their crusaders who were honest in their desire to liberate Jerusalem, and those whose intentions interpretation about the crusade. the placed being uponthe motivation individualsandof who followedthe those groups of call interest of context and character that is apparent in the Ekkehard’s text proceeds draw to attention to the failingsof the German character. countrymen lambastes, he the being therefore of beingand one Despite Aura, from contextualises theslow response of the Germans. placingThis is ofcrusades unique to the the textof Ekkehard. In similar a manner, he 19. greges adeo turpabantur, ut juxi boni Pastoris vaticinium etiam electi inerrorem ducerentur. R. H.C. Occ intermiscere; sicque per aliorum hypocrisim atque mendacia, per aliorum vero nefaris pollutiones Christi fratres etinhonest falsos exercitibus dominicis suscitare, pseudoprophetas sua superseminante, illizizania semini bono pervigil, semper dormientibus etiam cæteris hodie. R. H.C. Occ insonuit, propter illud maxime scisma, quod inter regnum et sacerdotium, atempore Alexandri papæ usque C. Occ terruerat. R. H. vitæ ad orta est, usque desperationem ecclesiam Gertrudis Sanctæ Nivalensem illa, quæ circa plaga Postremo afflixerat. nimis mortalitas nunc fames, nunc civilis, seditio nunc aliquot annos

R. H.C. Occ Krey, 46. Krey, 42. Krey, 41

The interest in motivation that the Hierosolymita feared for their lives. vicinity the ofof alarmed Nivelle Getrude St. thatthey themextent an such to excessive morality; and, finally, that [a disease whichplague] had its origin in from famine, now war, from again civil and from suffered, had now Gaul years The West Franks could easily be induced to leave their lands, since for several Alexander even today. until Alexander of the schism theempire between and thepapacy from thetime ofPope sounded because trumpet call faintly,Alemanni particular only this [Swabians] and Bavarians, the Thuringians, the Saxons, Franks, the East But for the elect were led astray. extent an such that,according theto prophecy of good the shephe of gross somethe and immorality of the others, army waspolluted of to Christ andfalsehoods and hypocrisy brethren shamelesswomen.through so, the And mi to of religion, guise the under and, are others sleeping) did delay tonot own sow his to tares, prophets, rouse false that Lord, the enemy himself one men, ofonthe evil the even (ever watch, while bytheseand While like s - His et huj et His 42. 42. Orientalibus aut

5, 17- 5, Francigenis occidentalibus facile persuaderi poterat sua rura relinquere. Nam Gall

5, 17. 18. usmodi signis tota cretura in Creatoris se militia cohortante, nihil moratur inimicus ille, ille, inimicus moratur nihil cohortante, militia se in Creatoris cretura tota signis usmodi

crusade. Ekkehard’s intent is to make a clear distinction between the em Francis, Saxonibus et Thuringis, Bajoriis et Alamannis, hæc buccina minime minime buccina hæc etAlamannis, Bajoriis etThuringis, Saxonibus em Francis, 110 113

igns allcreation wasbeingigns summoned army into the of 111

25

ngle with the army of the Lord false armyofLord the with ngle

as feminei sexus personas sub specie religionis

displays ais feature used an tostress Hierosolymita

is due to the focus focus the to due is rd, even the the evenrd, 112

5, 17. ias per

This This

5, 5, CEU eTD Collection by the devil. by the truthful from that Hierosolymitana of repeateda story guidinggulliblethe a woman, goose 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 Prague), in pogrom Jews of the for example, ofmention Bohemia (omitting, barring Hungary short to a prior progression attempts to crossHungary Folcmar. is successfulthanprophets onthe figure ones.be to Thefirst depicted as a prophe false crusade, about the lies rumours and modern hi a not is he conversion of Last Roman the Emperor, Charlemagne, this may be areference to the contemporaneous belief in theapocalyptic figure drawing the audience’s attention to thesefalse signs. In regard to ofthe resurrection belief that Charlemagne would rise from the It is these figures who led astray and who were astrayled who are the predominant focus of testari solent, quod crucis signum super se cœlitus apparens ab imminente eos nece. R. H. C. Occ paucissi disperiisset, ferro partim captivitate, partim concitata, seditione civitatem, in Millenialism York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 89; Frederic J. Baumgartner, Longing for the End: A History of 6- 2008), Ashgate, Crusaders Constable, Giles example: For andapocalypticism. Crusading in edition, see see edition, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), 149

I have used the spelling employed by Krey; other variants include Folkmar and Volkmar. For hisline of questioning,see Krey, 46. Riley Krey, 46. Krey, 46. Krey, 53. Nam, ut prælibatum est, plebs Folcmarum per Bohemiam sequens, cum apud Nitram, Pannoniæ An account of the Prague pogrom can be found in the Chronica Boemorum In both popular and academic scholarship, Ekkehard’s work has typically been assessed in the light of Sylvia Schein, Sylvia Schein, Hierosolymita - As a consequence ofAs consequence a thisintention, Hierosolymita the death. above the heavens in appearing cross, while prisoners, verythe few are wont survivors to testify thatthe sign of the of in Neitra, Pannonia, uprising an place, took in which partwere taken Now, has as Smith, Smith, R. H. C. Occ R. H. C. Occ C – 119 hornica Boemorum 122 The First Crusade and the Idea of and massacre Western Civilization Western

Gateway to the Heavenly City: Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic (1099 the West and Jerusalem Crusader City: Heavenly to the Gateway 7; Bernard McGinn, Visions McGinn, Bernard of7; the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages intends to promote apocalyptic imagery that is considered verifiable and . Ekkehard’s reason for condemning the “shameless women,” mocking the reason. Ekkehard’s women,” “shameless forthe condemning which work to Ekkehard the - considers be ofpseudo the

been said, a band followed Folcmar through Bohemia. At the city Bohemia.the through followedFolcmar At band a said, been

5, 19. 5, 19. storian. Rather, he intends to question those who propagate false false those who propagate question to intends he Rather, storian.

121 –

, ed., Bertold Bretholz (Berlin: Weidmannsche, 1923).

to focus on his downfall in Hungary. downfallin focus onhis to 116 ofJews. the

(New York:Palgrave, 2001), 59.

which could be the be explain attempted widespread to could which used R. H. C. Occ 118

117 Crusading

120 the dead and lead thecrusaders, in order to establish the truth. As such, the As truth. such, establishthe to order in

26 Ekkehard, however, does not intend to explain; intendto not does however, Ekkehard, Ekkehard’s text omits details of Folcmar’s

5, 19.

them, delivered themfrom imminent , 35. ,

115

are allare examples of thetext

focuses more on the false the TwelfthCentury the

by Cosmas of Prague; for an mi qui remanserant adhuc adhuc quiremanserant mi

114 prophets inspired inspired prophets

and criticising

5, 20.

(Aldershot:

t whot -

1187) (New

CEU eTD Collection 125 124 123 “unstable,” The comparison toSaul has been claimedby some to historians presentEmico as depicts thecount asausurper of ajust cause. of brief contentious the and crusading career of nobleman, a TheHierosolymita Emico. conviction, isto forced Gottschalk humilatedand after flee this In text ofit is Ekkehard, readily thatdueapparent to falsityofthe his religious his who are as cor prophet, crusaders, followers poor focused stay onevaluating the text of TheHierosolymita Ekkehard. two texts will be compared in the next chapter of this thesis. At this point in the thesis, Ishall passage failed through appears Hungary Albertofin Aachen’s Historia Ierosoli not. who and is good crusader, textof the in then, Hungary, detail visiontofinal of celestial convince them a more higher, truthful, authority. a of Ekkehard includes thatFolcmarprophet, the false wasa to audience imply order his In to sibimet usurpans ducatum.R. H.C. Occ revelationibus, ut fatebatur, divinis in hujusmodi religionem advocatus, fere duodecim millium signatorum sunt, Emicho nomine dudum tyrannica conv mercenarius, non pastor, turpiter fugatus est. R. H. C. Occ 5, indigenis sine dilatione capto, et turba multa trucidata atque capt ipsa locatis præsidiis, per reliquum vulgus Pannonias circumcirca vastare cœpit. Quo nimirum oppido ab Hungariam cum suis int

Riley Surrexit etiam diebus ipsis quidam vir militaris, comes tamen partium, illarum, quæ circa Rhenum Rhenum circa quæ illarum, partium, tamen comes militaris, vir quidam ipsis Krey, diebus 53. etiam Surrexit Krey, 53. Gotescalcus vero non verus, sed falsus Dei servus, postquam non sine damno orientalis Noricæ - A separate accountfurther develops A separate this theme of falsehood through the presentation themeThis continued is in the accountof A Gottschalk. longer form of Gottschalk’s almost twelve thousand cross bearers. the practice of command himselfthe of to religion usurped he kind, of this mode of Called by life. divine revelation, Saul,like another he as maintained, to onaccountoftyrannical repute ill his very man of long the a Rhine, around Just away from indisgrace. there dispe ofband numbers beengreat or the having killed taken prisoners, the rest were by delay, wasnatives about.town,forsooth, the without round This captured and garrison began,a and there the of with rest his Pannonia company, ravage to glamour of false piety, he fortified a certain town situated on a heig and withoutfollowers injury not to Noricum.East astonishing an under Next, notThen Gottschalk, a true, but false a servant of God, entered with Hungary his Smith, Smith, 125 at that time, there a appeared Emico,certain soldier, Countof the lands rsed, and himself, he hirling, a not shepherdthe of the flock,was driven The First Crusade and the Idea of C

in that hispersonalityin that changed drastically, while othersclaim set it ravit, ammiranda falsæ religionis specie munitionem in arce quadam constituere, et in et in constituere, quadam arce in munitionem specie falsæ religionis ammiranda ravit,

Hierosolymita

5, 20. 123

ersatione nimis infamis, tunc vero velut alter Saulus vero tunc velut alter Saulus infamis, nimis ersatione rusading 124 27

, theplace is where Goddetermines who a is

, 34. , rected byrected Hungarians. the 20.

his followers scattered.are ivata, grex reliquus dispersus, ipseque

presents him asafalse ht and placed andht placed s the tone of the s mitana; the

CEU eTD Collection the Jews somewhat is ambiguousmodern to readers, Folcmar Gottschalk. and Though the text concerning the massa depiction as being “laudatory.” Emico clearly is described asbeing afalse leader like inunstable, Ekkehard’s hastext, he rigida position, one which contradicts the reading of the interpretations are incorrect. While the actual figure of Emicomay have be 130 129 128 127 126 digressed from the original aim ofthe crusade. As with the spurious letter from the Greek With insertionof the rumour into his text, presents Emico’sEkkehard army having as actions themselves. followers. Firstly, the affect of their actions in regards to their status, and secondly, their promptly of followed is This account dubious byan reputat the the terrain that Emico and his followers face. bydescribing makes clear Ekkehardfail. this boundto of is Hungary to border the approach Placed after the def the text is readily apparent. to apocalpyse commence. for killing)the required Jews (or or conversion accountthe “laudatory,” as ecclesiæ satagebant compellere sinum. R. compellere Occ sinum. C. H. satagebant ecclesiæ inter quacumque etiam aut omnio delere, aut repertam deservientes, in hoc etiam pleb Christianitatis zelo em, Pannoniarum potiretur terris, civili stultissimaque quatiuntur discordia. R. H. C. Oc C. H. R. discordia. quatiuntur stultissimaque civili terris, potiretur Pannoniarum hebdomadas expugnantes, plura inibi patiuntur incommoda, inter quæ etiam quis illorum sub nomine regis Hungariorum necem nihil apud R. C. Occ ingredi. H. vetantur r multiplicati,

Ibid. Frassetto, Michael qui nimirum per civiitates Rheni, Mœni quoque atque Danubii deducti, execrabilem Judæorum Judæorum execrabilem deducti, Danubii atque quoque Mœni Rheni, Krey,civiitates per 53; nimirum qui Krey, 54. Fama quippe Colomanni regis perculerat vel jam præmonuerat aures, inter paganorum et Krey, 53.

Ekkehard’s image of Emico intext the is clear in its structure in the Hierosolymita Pannonia. ofthroes a most foolish quarrel civil over which of one them Kingof be ld shou sufferedand manythere; yet, during thisvery hardships time,were they thein besieged they weeks Hungarians.AndWieselburgand forfortress so, six the wasnodifference there to Teutons, the that mind between the of killing pagans ears the forewarned of and reached rumour had KingColoman;a rumourFor bywoods. partly and byswamps surrounded kingdom,is from that which garrisons entering fortified bywell prevented were they the ofreached boundary Pannonia, menwomen, numberof and already forces, increasedgreat bya When their Ad confinia quoque Pannoniarum innumeris jam utriusque sexus copiis cum pervenissent egnum ipsum, quod scilicet partim paludibus, partim silvis cingitur, per obfirmata præsidia 130 Christian Attitudes towards the Jews in the Middle Ages

eat of Folcmar Gottschalk,textstrongly and the implies thatthe Emico’s

129

5,

126 20.

Theutonicas differrementes; qua da remunitionem Misenburg persex

since Emico sees thelight of righteousness and starts the

28 5, 20.

128

the image and relevance of Emico relevance in and image the cres and forcedcres and ofconversions

(New York: Routledge, 2007) 71. ion hisand of Emico c

5, 20.

en mentally en 127

Both .

CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 thisclearly the would himself in 1101 Crusade, Ekkehard contradictory. be participated impression Ekkehard that was avehement criti considers to be false prophets. If had mercy consequently and to via correctedbydivine be the Hungarians. The armed pilgrims,ing hav while dedication to acause, were dedicated to a wrong cause, clear moral. now false act like the prophet Gottschalk by fleeing. Ekkehard concludes the account with a who of had The followers Emico, town. army the Emico’s bysaving Hungarians were defeated, God himself intervened The uses Guibert’s like Gesta Dei Per Francos of nature Emico himself.followed the tyrannical Hierosolymita accountof the with continued It is placed there to present Emicoand his followers in a negative light. This criticism is whether such a rumour existed is not important; what is important is its place in the narrative. Guibertincl toCountofEmperor that the Flanders cœperant, miseratione divina fraterno sanguine repressi, Hungarii quoque liberati sunt. sunt. C. R. Occ H. liberati quoque Hungarii repressi, sanguine fraterno divina miseratione cœperant, quippe qui, in militia quam in reportavit. R. H. C. Occ nihilomin terga exercitus peregrinorum victor nutu, miro Dei omnipotentis flammis, propria vastante exercitu indigenarum

See footnote 93. footnote See Krey, 54. Sic nimirum, sic nostræ gentis homines zelum Dei, sed non secundum scientiam Dei habentes; Dei habentes; scientiam sed non zelumDei, secundum gentis homines sic nostræ Sic nimirum, 54. Krey, Hierosolymita The The makeTo exemplum an wretched life. behind them alltheir equipment, for noone carried away any reward excepthis army God,Almighty the left ofvictorious,fled.And they pilgrims, though were setting fire to the besieged army fleeing, the citizenswere and of the and brokenbeen through, final engagedthe assault, had in although thewhile walls alreadyMoreover, freed. bloodshedfrom bydivinemercy; only fraternal thealso and Hungarianswere kept Christians. Theywere expedition providedfor Christhad freeing which theto knowled ofge God, began persecute otherto Christians while yet upon the theAnd men thus race,zealous, ofdoubtless, our for God, though according not Itaque oppugnatione insudantes ultima, jam muris interruptis, jam fugientibus oppidanis, jamque Hierosolymita

133 depicts Emico’s men of having followed not the aim of the crusade, but rather the Emico’snot aimcrusade, depicts men of followed having the us vertit, relictisque suppellectilibus, nihil quisque præter miseram animam emolumenti emolumenti animam miseram præter nihil quisque suppellectilibus, relictisque vertit, us

however byclaiming makesconnection the morethough this overt, that 132

5, 20 5,

-

is an an textfor theis interesting amount it ofspends uponwhat focus it 21. liberandis christianis Christus præviderat, alios vicissim christianos persequi christianos persequi vicissim alios præviderat, Christus christianis liberandis

ir through ownof town,yet, wonderfulprovidence the

out of the behaviour of ofbehaviour out Emico the a the internal bickering during their siege ofWieselburg: the

previously been bickering about who would rule Hungary, been who wouldrule Hungary, about previously bickering

quoted outquoted passagesof would these context, the give the motif of the Hungarians as a Christian nation. Christian a Hungarians as motifthe of the 29

given that given ofconcept c that the crusading;

on their behalf to pass judgment on the onthe judgment pass to behalf on their udes narrative, udes his in nd his followers, Ekkehard followers, Ekkehard nd his

131

the issueofthe 5, 21.

CEU eTD Collection means todismiss idea of altogether. the crusading apparent when Ekkehard attacks those who use theexamples of Emico and company asa 135 134 Francorum Gesta included the in version to assert the Frankish nature of thecrusade. legend that Charlemagne built the road that they upon, travelled all an too obvious of text the t As result, a led army an Bouillon together). misremembered details (for example, the text implies that Peter the Hermit and Godfrey of route in the First Crusade as depicted in the Gesta Jerusalem of from the that road through Hungary. Consequently,th versione of the Hungarian eye shortparagraph. Gesta Though in the depicted single, a is Hungary insightthemselves. toan texts us consequently, into see the allow how eachsee of the texts theemploys kingdom oftheirin Hungary narrative, and, their individual features against each other. With to this possible methododology,be it will beneficial to examine the texts concerned with the First Crusade from adistance, and toset Historia the discussing moving onto Before Ierosolimitana stickpath the throughcrusaders to correct Hungary. arguesdiscussion, Ekkehard in his text that even God is for crusading, only albeit when the The supportfor thisa should crusade a be. what redefineassert and Crusadeorderto in First Ekkehard’sRather, Hierosol hujus profectionis conatum vanum atque frivolum ipsi nimis præproperi judices interpretati sunt. 5, 21.

Here I should repeat my conceptual debt to Siberry, Krey, 54. Hæcque 54. Krey, est causa qua quidam simpliciores fratres, utpote rem ignorantes, scandalizati, totum - witness account, it is apparent the now anonymous author took a different route to to took route apparentnowdifferent a witness itanonymous is the author account,

In the Gesta the Francorum In whole expedition wasvain expedition whole foolish. and toomatter, and scandalized their hasty were in judgment, and concluded thatthe isThis the whyreason some ofmore the guilelessbrethren, ignorant of the The next text,Robert the Monk’s 1. 2. 4. Concluding Remarks about the Pr aboutthe Remarks 1. 2.4.Concluding rgument is the entire textofHierosolymita the ymita

, thefirst that text was discussed, thepas

is evolution an ofcritiquing the of specific aspects of the . In addition to to of which the Frankishness assertion addition . In

Historia Iherosolimitana 30 Criticism of of Criticism 135 he colouring of the text is a reference to the ofisto reference a he text colouring the

is notably one constructed onhearsay notably is or constructed one - 1095 Crusading,

of Albert of Aachen, it would it be ofof Aachen, Albert e - Albert Texts , is an ex is is regarded asbeing an . 1274 . Asthis shown in 134

pansion of the This intent is sage through through sage R. H. C.Occ

CEU eTD Collection intoexemplum an being polished account itineraries being altered to fit a religious argument, and a rudimentary point a to point b crusades. With showsclearly ofdiscussions of text,for evolution it quite the texts the concerning Emico Godhave flock, and interveningto battle. a lose of Folcmar a in havingconflict, and Gottschalk follow a flee biblical verseand followers a the save of few to only appearsky the cross in a having as such prophets, on false motivatio religious of upon instead authenticity the is the motivated Ekkehard assert, bias to ethnic Hierosolymita with journeycontinue the Jerusalem. to determining textof of the Gesta Consequently, in authority Deigiven Perthe is Francos,Hungary suggesting story originatorsthey the ofwere concept the and back a with lineages byGuibert supplied are knights, journey,predominantly second the preacher hisagainst itinerant and “common”To leaders followers. this,the counter of the Gottschalk as failing. Guibert associates Peter with this defeat to strength Mosony), which where is Ekkehard presentsEmicofailing, and as where Albert presents besiege acastle at “Moisson.” This is likely to be Moson (also known inthe texts as tr while defeated they are until pillage, and flock,who rape Peter’s tempting for depicted fertile army.a Christianas and his to Hungary, too be shownland, byGuibert is t Hungary; accountsource, Gestathe his in the Francorum two into the journeyinto exemplum. an He splits the byturning Hungary kingdomthrough of of Nogent’s Guibert diminish whoto focus with isinforces the Peter, order reputationofhermit. the foregroundednot in the text; instea followed. Actual details, as such the at whichspeed Godfrey totravelled are Constantinople, indepicted Rulethe of Benedict, St. rule a to thewhich authorof the Historia religious debate. The character of Peterthegyrovague a as Hermit like appear shato is ped it shares with its sourcematerial, Robert’s Historia The Benedictine bias against Peter and Frankishorientationthe is also apparent in The passagethrough Hungaryissimilarly treated as an This briefThis plotting of the different accounts is more than a summary ofprevious the n of those who embark on acrusade. He uses Hungary as ameans topass judgment he first being the travel of Peter and his followers, the second being Godfrey and and Godfrey second followers, being the his and of travel Peter he being the first –

by action – by action of Ekkehard Aura, with albeit structure different a and Having purpose. no

the focus on the kingdom of Hungary, we see the various together the focus cobbled we see the kingdom onthe Hungary, of Ges ta Deita Per Francos which foreignarmy acceptable is enough asacrusading force to d it is rather praise of Godfrey, who is said to have joined

. In short, we see a change from an account of from what change account a an we see short, . In . Guibert however adds resonance to the passage 31

, by having , byhaving ofthroughtwo accounts travel

uses the passage through Hungary for throughfor Hungary the passage uses

of crusading, and not Peter. of not and crusading, Peter. exemplum en hisen argument

would have would have

from his ying toying in thein

CEU eTD Collection to onthe Crusade.voice First discourse the Ierosolimitana aspectthis established, it now is appropriate to closely analyse Albert of Aachen’s Historia evolve into happened ofaccounts why thingshappened and happen.how things should With

to seeto how manipulates it the road throughto Hungary add itsown distinctive

32

CEU eTD Collection 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 narrative of the Historia Guibert of put Nogent, Frankforward a - These wor Iherusalem ceperunt Francorum qui byparticipants,” written Crusade sources for Albert’s H functions in the samemanner asa text asthe other accounts of Crusade. theFirst confirm, this that difference not is as troublesome appears; asit the Historia “comparatively one little used.” complete, the most and detailed the most colourfulofFirst narrative the Crusade,” from other narratives of the First Crusade. C Albert’s text amajestic Iherosolimitana des Croisades, the Gesta Francorum size. its is In theedition of thetexts published in thelandmark Recueil des series Historiens apparent difference from theothernarratives of Crusade. theFirst visual The first difference texts. addressing the issueof apparent its difference in regardsto and size sources with the other worth itHungary, is placing Albertof Aachen’s Historia Ierosolimitana Crusade i First the of the events positions it for how text examining the Before closely

H. I H. Ibid. Edgington, “The First Crusade: Reviewing the Evidence,” 61. R. H.C. Occ R. H.C. Occ R. H.C. Occ R. H.C. ., xxviii.

Similarly troublingSimilarly for many, much not for but relevant this thesis, issueof is the Historia the with Albert’s When confronted Occ Occ ks, added to by the reworkings of the reworkings the by to added ks,

4, 265 4, 113 4, 717 3, 3, 119 3, 165 pages, - - - - 713. 263. 882. 163. istoria

448 pages.

Ierosolimitana 137 The Account ofAlbert ofAachen . It is “uniquely, independent of the three accounts of the First ofFirst accounts of the independent “uniquely, . Itthree is the

Guibert of Nogent’s Gesta DeiNogent’s Per of Guibert Francos The HistoriaIerosolimitana The 141 142 139

the the I I and assert, my in next sections argument the will , and Fulcher of Chartres’s Historia of Chartres’s Fulcher Hierosolymitana, and

The sheersize of thework makes notably it different orientated image of theFirst Crusade. As a result, the

Gesta Francorum Gesta Part TwoPart is distinctly different from the Frankish a fillsp 44 33 onsequently, it has been described as “the most

Gesta Francorum

, one immediately is co ages,

136 , Raymond of Aguilers’s Historia, Raymond Aguilers’s of

Robert the Monk’s Historia the Robert

by Robert the Monk and and Monk the by Robert 150 pages, nfronted with its

in contextin and Ierosolimitana

140 ccounts. 138

albeit albeit

and and n . CEU eTD Collection 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 house the of and towardsbrother, Lorraine. Godfrey,weighed his samemanner that we looked at the assertion into thetext. thatreading Historia the affect the text: the name “Albert” is a name attached to a later account of the text, reader or not. In this regard, the Historia Ierosolimitana existstext with an author technique tomedieval chronicles. literature; As noted in the introduction, this method employed been has predominantly in this, doing the issueof issources sidestepped, and the issue of narratologyis foregrounded. narrati histories. with parts, oral moderncomparison ofschemea ve a has multiple with framework interpretative us This lookAlbertmore requires to at as of constructor a a writer, it is more fruitful to examine the Ierosolimitana Historia attemptthe impossible and actualitymeans extract to ais technique fraught methodological with Rather issues. than Albert’s of whetherissue the Lotharingian chroni narrativeLotharingian addedsources. chronicle,secondly,he his and with to oral difference between Albert’s work and the Frankish orientated texts: with instigatorthe ofjourney, the This is clearly visible in the depiction of Peter the Hermit, whom Albert not only positions as Gabriel (New York: Vintage, 2000). Murakami, An Oral History ofWorld WarTwo , ed. Studs Terkel (New York: Random House, 1984), extiterit, auctor Francorum de regno Francorum, omni instinctu quo potuit huius uie constantiam primum adhortatus est 1885).

Edgington, “The Fi H. I. For a discussion on this matter, see footnote 22. 17. footnote See H. I., 4for the declaration: Qua occasione et intentione hanc uiam idem hermita predicauerit, et eius primus For a chart showing the relationships of the “Gesta Family,” see France, “The Use of the Anonymous H. I. For examples of these collections of oral sources producing an overarching “whole”, see “ For an early presentation of this theory, se theory, of this early presentation an For exempla , xxxi. , 2.

It is worth noting here that one must stress that texts do not exist vacuum. donot a that in notingexist heremuststress worth thatone Every texts is It Historia 148 Sacerdos quidam Petrus nomine, quondam heremita, ortus de ci

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack and the Japanese Psyche in the Early Twelfth Early the in

this section of the thesis will continue to provide a framework for applying this for applying continue framework providea will to ofthesis section the this

material, provides himwith a back story.

presenspagina declarabit.

morereliable, is unanswerable. Similarly, theissueof sources oral as a rst Crusade: Reviewing the Evidence,” 63. 150

, a context, and an audience regardless of whether it knownthe it to context, ofis , a regardless audience an whether and In spite of this, much can be gained from examining the text the in from gained examining muchbe of this, can spite In

is a panegyric a ofis Godfrey stems oflater from Bouillon another

- apply apply the modern of criteria a historianupon twelfth a century Century Sources for the First Crusade,” 42. Crusade,” First the for Sources Century 143

but also, in contrast to the contrast also,to Benedictine in but accounts fleshed out

Gesta FrancorumGesta

e Bernharde Kugler,

cle existed,and whethernecessarily that makes 34

: the predominan the : t amount of the text is 144 Albertvon Aachen is a difficult text. Later suppositions

T here are twoexplanationsfor are this here , trans. Alfred Birnbaum and Philip Philip and Alfred Birnbaum trans. , uitate Amiens, que est in occidente

with adifferent perspective. 151

145 It is therefore likely that

firstly, he used a lost (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, Kohlhammer, (Stuttgart: .

The Good War”:

149 studies of of studies and Haruki Haruki and

146 and the the and 147

Gesta Gesta The The

By By CEU eTD Collection 154 153 152 samemanner asthe earlier texts: to its individually, out draw own statements. featuresand Historia incident in later stages of the text. These will be analysed for their structural purpose in the Hungary back the to referring amined: ex the been thathave othertexts the in present not quickly passed part, over. examineIn second shall I the feature narrative unique a Albert’s in otheraccounts that incident onan much attention focus so to decided why Albert examining section,this examine shall I closelythelengthy account of Hungary, through thepassage of first part thesis. the its In this have it own in presentationI given chapter ofits Hungary, those that stayed on course toJerusalem. and behaviour, their condemning to by clearerimage a define ofvalues praising crusader theto other discussed texts is due to intentan to thecounter tales spread by those who fledby assertion that the greater length allocated in Historia my against noreason see lived,I likely have is to Albert which from areain travelling the ofmajority bythe taken those through road the with passage the Hungary, predominantly the crusade and propagated lies home.at Iherusalem illuminating This texts. theological conceptof a audience“popular” for Historiathe it is likely that Albert’s text was intended for a broader audience thanmerely listeners to narratives frommaterial oftaken poetic favouring larger examined a shows perspective at Historia Ierosolimitana textwhen the defined, neverfully be probably for wasintended will intended audience were of thesame geog the author that we call Albert for ease originated from this area. It is similarly likely that his H. C. Occ 3 falsitatem pro veritate astruere nituntur. Sed qui apostasiam eorum viderit, verba et consortia eorum fugiat. R. face et fecit, assidue more, suæ pietatis

H. I H. Edgington, “Albert of Aachen and the Necessarium duximus vobis et Transalpinis omnibus manifestare magnalia quæ Deus nobiscum, solito ., xxxvi. ., B . As Historia the such, Ierosolimitana ecause of theecause length,detail, and intricacy of the Historia Ierosolimitana 152

, 235. , of textbegins ofwith Raymond the Aguilers, an on attack those who fledfrom

in favour of the “comparat angle at which to examine the text. In the Historia whichthe Francorum examineIn at to ceperunt qui angle text. the

re non desinit; maxime ideo quia imbelles et pavidi, recedentes a nobis, chanson de geste de chanson ively few biblical, patristic, or liturgical citations,” 154

Given Given focusthat the of Albert’s textis concerne raphical space. Though theraphical issueof who the 35

shall be treated, despiteits differences, inthe

.”

to this part of the crusade incomparison

provides usprovides with an in regards in to

153 d

CEU eTD Collection 156 155 the same rigorous systematic framework of narratological contextualisation. thesethesis, willselectively accounts be quoted, analyzed but – length of these smaller narratives Unlike the earlier discussed Latin texts which were quoted in full, due to the fact that the separately, whenand, it is required, willplaced be thein of context broader the armedimage destination. pilgrimageprogress successful their ofa should to how popular movements is presented in such a manner as to formulate for his audience a clearer thr pass failure to and brutality increasing the byof used in Hungary Nogent Guibert through motifs to articulate a meaning for the event. Inmanner a similar to the “double” narrative having different results, permit Albert as a narrator and as a compile byDukemovement Godfrey headed of Bouillon. historiography), movements ledby Walter ‘Sansavoir’ (oftenmistakenly called “Penniless” inthe “popular” are the order,these first figureheads.In movements the byspecific with led withinmovements of people; the larger narrative are smaller individual narratives concerned accountofAlbert’s the Crusade routethroughin Hungary the manyFirst dealswith

See “Brief Note on Some Minor Points” for a note on the spelling. Riley Jonathan These “smaller” narratives of the passage throughwill Hungary examinedbe These separate narratives, due todealing with the same geographical location and - Smith, Smith, 155 2. 1. Albert’s Account of the Journey the Accountof 2. 1.Albert’s throughHungary

Peter theHer The Crusades: A History

mit, Emicho, Gottschalk,

would occupy without any commentary the length of this this lengthof the commentary any without would occupy , 2 nd 36

ed. ough Hungary bythe successive waves of the

Gesta Dei Per Francos, depiction ofAlbert’s

(New York: Continuum, 2005), 27.

156

and then the“typical” crusader like the earlier texts r tocontrasts creater and

Historia – with . CEU eTD Collection chronicles, disasters are typically employed asdivine forewarnings of bad events in medieval the mobilizationthan of armies of kingdoms.” different predictingnothing other occurred, earthquake great thingsa confirmation “in these of that ecclesiastical and aristocratic orders, 160 159 158 157 offollowers. of structure his the establishest tex The succinctly. the date, the leader of thearmy, and then abrief description Hungary. army through passing crusader first by portraying benchmark,the crusading first experience,the of and the with narrative Albert’s produc thisseismicevent, Following deliberatelymaking his audience anticipate the teething idea of amassmovement toliberate Jerusalem, Immediately after describing the role of Peter the Hermit in originating and propagating the - Seong Comparision ofEarthq A Ages: Middle the in Disasters to “Islamic Attitudes Akasoy, Anna see Christendom; Latin just than Michael McCormick (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 167 Long Morning of Medieval Europe: New Directions in Early Medieval Studi Paul Edward Dutton, “Observations on Early Medieval Weather in General, Bloody Rain in Particular,” in Functi on their Reflections intolerantiam. uestrarum etangustiarum reserans uestre seruitutis iugum tenetes, regni etprincipatum comites, duces, uita sospite, rediens imprimis domnum apostolicum requiram, deinde omnes primates Christianorum, reges, gentilium. Qua de causa ob Dei gratiam et uestram liberationem, et sanctorum emundationem, Deo comite, uidemus quam inualida manus Christianorum s regnorum iter moturas legiones

H. I., H. For examples analysis, the in For “Natural and Meier, Mischa see Malalas: Disasters John Chronographia of H. I., 2. H. I.

, 8 8. The first group depictedThe first the in rae Park, great fellowshipgreat of F outstanding‘Sansavoir’, an warrior, entered the kingdom ofa with Hungary pope, Odard)eighth being the nicknamedalso of day March, Walter, (whowas II rule,Urban ofimperial and thirteenth his yearthe ofreign his third august third emperor forty ofRomans, the and the in king fourth was the year the incarnation In of Lord’s 1096,the indiction, our fourth when Henry

- 9. Cui Petrus in hoc modo respondit: ‘Venerande pater, satis comperimus et nunc intelligimus ac 160

In quorum affirmatione terremotus magnus factus est, nil aliud portendens quam diuersorum

Iam omniainter se hec nunciaeque uidentur utfiant.’ therefore Albert’s text is therefore a curious anomaly or Portents Korean History in and Portents Politics Medieval History Journal uakes Plagues,” and History Medieval on An Initial Sketch,” Medieval InitialSketch,” An on History Journal .

rankish footrankish soldiers and eight only knights who were

2. 1. 1. Walter ‘S 2. 1.Walter 158

the the it tecum hic inhabitantium; quantis obpressionibus subiaceatis Historia Ierosolimitana Historia Ierosolimitana 37 - 180. This interpretation of events appears to be wider

(Seoul:Jimoondang, 1998). ansavoir’ 157

es order by providing his audience audience his byproviding order es

and the success of wooing the of success wooing the and 159 problemsmassmovement. ofthe For Peter’s vision of Christ, see see Christ, of vision Peter’s For

Earthquakes other and natural 10, nos. 1&2(2007): 387

10, nos.1&2 (2007): 237 of Al of es is describedis by Albert , ed. Jennifer R. Davis and

bert of notes Aachen – more likely – - H. I. - 410, and and 410, - , 6. 266; 266; The The

CEU eTD Collection 163 162 161 deliberatelymade, Albert the audience since introduces theofto figure Coloman of (King I territory of the Bulgars. Itis clear that the author of the text intended comparisons to be these features will be paralleled later in the narrative of Walter when he passes thr text.Thethe mentioning of peaceful a licences passageand buyfood to are forimportant, This passage, seemingly an though incident,in opening is moment ofimportant the without Hungary. through his army, and their motivation from Peter the Hermit, the text proceeds to with concerned discourse historical phenomenon. the howdefine to Crusade,First wasintended engagean to with notaudience prese Historia thatthe possible location (this detail was previously discussed in the introduction of this chapter). It is quite Contest; w sho This possibly Albert’s allegiancecould Roman inregard Emperor. t of previous the As noted earlier, thestatus of thepapacy inthe text of Albert of Aachen central less is tothat (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988). Press, Pennsylvania of University PA: (Philadelphia, Blumenthal, Blumenthal, admonitione predicti Petri Heremite in initio uie Ierusalem intrauit regnum Vngarie regnum intrauit initio uie in Ierusalem Heremite Petri predicti admonitione Senzauehor miles egregius, cum magna soci terciodecimo, Vrbano secundo (qui et Odardus) apostolico, octauo die mensis Martii, Walterus cognomento rege, ac tercio imperatore Romanorum augusto, anno regni sui quadragesimo tercio, imperii uero eius fines regni Vngariorum. regni fines incursu, usque ad Belegrauam ciuitatem Bulgarorum profectus est, transiens Maleuillam, ubi terminantur transitus per uniuersamterram reg domno Kalamanno rege Christianissimo Vngariorum benigne susceptus est, et pacifice concessus est sibi awarenessingeographical the reader.Vbi cognita et audia illius animi intentione, et causa assumpte uie, a H. I., 8 Though the formatting is erratic and often unhelpful, themost cohesive work on the subject is Uta H. I H. ., 8 ., After establishing Walter, giving him Walter, giving After establishing of description noting beingwarrior, the great a Hermit. the of the Peter to urging Jerusalem journeyto response in onthe starting Hungarians end. Hungarians through the cityofBulgars,where territories passing Zemun, the of the Belgrade, to they upon advanced right assault or themwhatsoever, misfortune of lands buyany kingdom to the his without licence food.so, a and And through who himpassage all peace kinggranted in Christian ofHungarians, the very Coloman, byLord there the wasgraciously he received undertaken, been journeyhad and washeardunderstood, reasonthe and the purpose Once his - 162 9. I have retained Edgington’s use of the modern placename Zemun, for the reason that i - 9.

more likely, it bias ofshows the his audience in regards to geographicaltheir Annon Dominiceincarnationis millesimo nonagesimosexto, indictione quarta,Henr The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from to the Ninth the TwelfthCentury Monarchy Church and Controversy: Investiture The 161 exts; this apparent is inits placement behind thedateconnec to ted the Holy

163 , in addition to fulfilling Albert’s stated wish to memorialise the

ni sui, et emendi licentia. Hic itaque sine offensione et aliquo aduerso etaduerso aliquo offensione sine itaque licentia. Hic sui, et emendi ni etate Francigenarum peditum, solummodo octo habens equites, ex 38

nt nt in contemporary the .

to the Investiture Investiture the to

qui ckly pass ckly pass ico quarto ough the t provides t provides - Renate Renate

CEU eTD Collection equivalent of a baptism of fire, and a symbol of their likely success on the journey. of onthe success symboljourney. equivalent of a likely and their baptismfire, a of infigurepersonified the positionedof is Albert’s Coloman, in divided group.divided journey Hungarythe through and ofthe sense image an contrastedwith movement of is a conflict at the borderof the land of Bulgars.the Thementioning of at “purpose” the start of Ierosolimitana Walter’s forces pass straight through without problem) becomes in the mindestablished the in ofaudience, success the travellingthe in though (here, Hungary 167 166 165 164 pilgrims, sixteen the onesixty and conflict,with results in hundred like situation This locals. begin WalterhisAs consequence, and cattlesheep a troop and belonging rustling the to previously mentionedthe problem emerges: issue of licences. tedious), wouldbe vengeance (whonotes Walter to and report Belgrade difficul Consequently, the that whentext suggests thesplits, loses group and coherent a focus, 1095- Hungary, 13 the and Tyre of “William Špoljarić, Luka Byzantine Empire: The Construction see and Deconstruction of an Image” Crusade”; (MA Thesis, CEU, Budapest, 2008), “Prince’s the towards actions his for vilified being “People’s Crusade” is presented without referring to the emperor by name, while he is named when in th text e accideratsibi referentes, sed equo animo, quiareditus ad uindictamtedio erat, accepit. manu sua extra muros ad hospitandum tentoria posuerat iter accelerauerunt, omne infortunium quod eis armis, uestibus, auro et argento spoliauerunt, et sic nudi ac uacui abire permissi sunt. exerci etillius absentiam Walteri procul uidentes mentis peruerse illius remorati sunt, ut emerent arma, ignorante Waltero qui iam diu flumen transierat. Vngari uero quidam Tyre’s In William of opposite. estimantes, omnia uenalia illis interdixerunt. illis uenalia omnia estimantes, necessaria requisiuit aprincipe Bulgarorum et magistratu ciuitatis. Qui fraudem et exploratores terre

H. I. To illuminate this point, it is worthwhile presenting an example itpresenting is point, amedievalworthwhile this of textthat illuminate To doesdeliberately the H. I. 8 H. I. H. - 14.

10 , 10 , ties emerge. Strength, the Historia the emerge.ties Strength, gold and silver, then silver, and then gold they and let themnaked empty go, handed. absent, fell upon thatband of sixteen stripped and them ofarms, their clothes, Hungarians with evil minds, seeing from afar Walter that and his army were whoWalter, bythen had crossed river the before. certainlong fact, In Zemun, of the sixteen stayedbehindfellowship buy to arms, to unknown There they peacefully crossed t The success ofWalter’s travelling across Hungary is immediately contrasted with Then the sameThen the ni spying on their ontheir and forba spying land, they people the damageand considered the of life. Theofficials necessities buy the Walter asked theprince of theBulgars and the magistracycity for alicence to - 11. - 11. 11. - 11. 11.

Illic pacifice Illic Hiu uero dolentes, rebus et armis uacui, usque ad predictam Belgrauam quo Walterus cum omni In ipsa denique nocte qua socii nudi et uacui recepti sunt, Walteru uite emendi licentiam s

a means toassess the dedication of thearmy tothe cru 1116), thereby permitting be comparisonsto thereby such 1116),

fluuium Maroe nauigio traiecit, sed in eodem loco Maleuille sedecim de comitatu | ght that the naked the empty that and ght -

Historia Ierosolymitana Historia he river Morava in boats, but in that same place,

suggests, innumbers. is After thesixteen reaching de all sales to them. 39

, the favourable actions of Alexios towards the handed comradeshanded were taken in, tus manus illis sedecim iniecerunt: quos quos iniecerunt: illis sedecim tus manus 167

Historia

165 sader cause. Hungary,

166

as both crusaderthe made.

a morea significant 164

With this Historia CEU eTD Collection Hungarians.” Bulgars, imagethe of chapel, a which in these crusaders occupied burntfor being defense, by the 172 171 170 169 168 communicates tothe Byzantine Emperor Alexios. King the the to Hungarian C intent communicating The success of this communication between characters, similar to thesuccess with amongst focusbut ofnarrative: the the actions Walter, king. ofa speaks he to as be to power foundis the in traditional structure. foundThe solutionnot is amongst ma the learnt. mentioned before,Franks separated being from Grecorum, cum omni manu sua descendit. l et emendi dedit, conductum idem domnus terre, per ciuitates Bulgarie Sterniz et Phinepopolim atque Andronopolim pacifice omnibus ab eo clementer consecutus. Quin et arma et pecuniam illi in reconciliatione largitus est, ac ei regno secessit, ubi duci et principi terre reperto iniuriam et dampnum sibi i siluas Bulgarorum per octo dies exuperans, ad ciuitatem ditissimam que uocatur Nizh in medio Bulgarorum suis, brachium maris sancti Georgii nauigio transmearent, et sic tut Hermita cuius admonitione et instinctu uiam hanc inchoauerant socius haberetur et, sic coniunctis milibus exorauit, quatenus in regno suo pacifice moram obtineret cum licentia emendi uite necessaria, donec Petrus

H. I. H. I. H. I. H. I. H. I ., 12

, 8 , 10 , 10 , 10- , In thedispute between the crusaders and theBulgars, Albert’s asserts text thesolution responded and granted andeverything granted responded he sought. thiswas out,All carried the and lord by emperor, Alexios name, graciously battle the all and Turks the oppose to more safely Straits they wouldcrossthe together boats ofin be George St thus and able heinspiration started had journey, the with and thousandstheir men of joined he had Peter the Hermit ascomrade- breathing possiblethe aurgency in most humblepetition, thathe might peacefullytake a as theMoreover, marched he emperorall down entreated himself, he lord with capital of all theempire of theGreeks. the is which imperial the cityof faras Constantinople, as ofband his all with and Adrianople, Philippopolis, and a licence buy,to Walter and marched dow and gave him asafe reconciliation, bestowedonhim in money ofcountry arms both the lord and obtainedfromeasily justice regard him in to reported him the andoutrage damage all the upon inflicted he himselfand Nikingdom, called and days eight allaround, who fleeing woods Bulgarian in were passed he through and the After disaster this and weakening ofmenWalter abandoned his hiscomrades - 169 9. - - - 11. 11. 13. 13.

13. 13.

contrasting vividly with the earlier description of the “very Christian king of the

170 Post hanccalamitat Vt autem descendit omni instantia humillime petitionis qua potuit ab ipso domno imperatore

The text is clearly noting byitscomparative structure that lessonshoulda be - icentiam, quousque adimperatoriam urbemConstantinopolim que estcaput totius regni spa ce in his kingdom, with licence to buy the necessities of until tonecessities life, buythe kingdom, his licence in with ce withdrew to a very rich city in the middle of the Bulgarian ofBulgarian cityinmiddle the the rich very withdrew a to š, where he where š, found the leader prince and of countryand the

em et attritionem suorum, Walterus relectis circumquaque sociis fugitiuis, fugitiuis, sociis relectis Walterus circumquaque suorum, et em attritionem - conduct through the Bulgarian towns Sofiya, of Bulgarian through the conduct

40 171

the mainthe group. in to all thesethings. Indeed that same - 172 arms, instigation and whose at oloman, repeated is later whenWalter

- formations ofgentiles. the ius Turcis cunctisque genti|lium cuneis cuneis genti|lium cunctisque Turcis ius 168

This parallelism results in llatum retulit, iusticiam de de iusticiam retulit, llatum

n ny, CEU eTD Collection 174 173 that connects the armyfollowing the Hermit with that of the army o an sea, allusion of the to amount of that sand simileofthe of the comparing biblical soldiers discourse act on expandingof the should while how crusade. crusader a a food) and group rulers, unity, with dialogue purpose, to (dedication voyage previous the Historia bookof the offirst the part important previous small narrativeWalter of Sansavoir, Albert’s depiction of Peter’s movements isan account an of passage More the Peter than Hermitdouble Nicaea. the to length of the After depicting t that the with theland of and theBulgars parallelism totheByzantine Emperor, thetextual is space elements of thecrusades. The passage on Hu - proto a provides purpose, and the issue of licences for food, Albert’s account of thepassage ofWalter’s army means the inwhich text can make concerning points thecrusaders themselves. amount pilgrims, armed of or the difficulties of infrastructure of a frontier arrang difficult the Balkans,route through the such theas famine theseCrusaderswhich from left Crusaders are responsible for thesituations inwhich they find themselves. Actual reasons for for Peterfor greater numbers and less division, theHistoria Ierosolimitana beto greeted after travelling through Hungary), and the issue of licences, Walter and waiting With the repetiti being theon offirst the communicationkingsland with (with ofBulgars the (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 177 responsum et concessum est. resistere ualerent. Quod et actum est, et adomno imperatore Alexi nomine benigne de omnibus petenti

Riley Paul Stephenson, Byzantium’s BalkanFron Stephenson, Paul - Peter’s importance inthe Historia to dedication unity, of withgroup dialogues the established Having issues rulers, Smith, Smith, Historia Ierosolimitana The Crusades:The A History he journey ofWalter’s force, Albert’s Historia Ierosolimitana narrative of thecrusade movement which willbe employed to assess

174

are absentare employs engagethisdiscourse. to in 2. 1. 2. Peter the Hermit2. 1.Peter the , 28. ,

tier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900 Balkans, Northern of the Politicaltier: A Study The geography that is travailed Thegeography thatis is froma text. the

is immediatelyis asserted. The opens text with a 41 - 179. . In thepassage, Albert reasserts thelessons of ngary, when ngary, of context placed in its contrast

ement unable with being cope to vast a

f the Israelites following

implies proceeds with with proceeds

that the - 1204 173

CEU eTD Collection 179 178 177 176 175 with successfully as dealing passag depicted KingColoman obtaining in states that themovement of Peter’s armywas peaceful. The reason simple: is Peteris Albert described violence byGuibert, the the in GestaPerto Francos Dei contrast version . In The account ofjourneythrough Peter’s Hungary in Historiathe onthe leader, reaching- decisive successfully situated Sopron, north higher level thatofthan the accountofWalter. other,on the bygiving event athe Historia , the biblical dimension Peterwithmeaning: connects end forces ambiguouswith Albert that hand, in onone defeat, Absalom, Maleuillam cum omni legione sua prof transiuit, dans et accipiens omnia usui necessaria in numero, iusticia et mensura, et sic sine turbine usque ad mutuarent. Petrus ergo audita erga se suosque regis beniuolentia gauisus est, et pacifice regnum Vngarie predam contingeret, sed pacifice uiam teneret, omnia uero quibus indigeret exercitus sine iurgio et lite prec aditus et transitus per medium regni eius. Quod illi concessum est, ea conditione interposita, ne in terra regis portam Cyperon tabernacula sua fixit, cum omni exercitu Christianorum quem eduxerat. Lotharingi Bawarii, Sueui, scilicet Francigene, conuenerat, illi regnis coniunctus qui a diuersis innumerabilis maris would still be present. still be present. would quotation for colour; if this is so, the raising of the account of Peter’s journey above that of Walter’s passage sunt i castrametati etascendentes plurima maris in est litore quae sicutharena vulgus et reliquum equitum milia Bersabee quasi harena maris innum

2 Samuel 17:11: A pragmatic reading, and one which should not be overlooked, is the possibility Albert included the biblical H. I. H. H. I. 1 Samuel 13:5: et Philisthim congregati sunt ad proeliandum contra Israhel triginta milia curuum et sex n Machmas ad orientem Bethaven.

12 12- had led. had which all the he with army ofgate front ofChristians in the of tents Sopron his pitched journeyand thehis kingdommarched into on Hungary down of Jerus thejourneyto onin sameway the Lotharingians, wascarrying Bavarians, Swabians, Franks, say to is kingdoms,that different the sand the as innumerable of sea, assembledhim had which the joined and from Not long after all this the aforementionedarmy, with great his as Peter far asZemun. measure,fair and hethus and all his without troopsproceeded disturbance as giving obtainingand for everything necessary use their quantity,in justice and men, through kingdo travelled the and him his and towards king’skindness the whenheard he Therefore Peterrejoiced dispute. without brawlingand at price, a might armyprocured be the needed things wou thathe ldcondition, peacefully keep onhis journeywhile, indeed, allthe kingdom Peterand to comrades.his This was granted to him, on but one askingHungary, him the open to andway into through the middle of his When their weretents in placehe sent messages right away tothe ruler of - 175 13. 13. 13. 13. i, continuabat pariter uiam in Ierusalem, qui itinere suo in Vngarie descendens regnum, ante

Hiis locatis, protinus regnatori Vngarie nuncia direxit, quaten direxit, regnatorinuncia Vngarie protinus locatis, Hiis Post hec non longi temporis interuallo, Petrus predictus et exercitus illius copiosus, ut harena and the army of Philistines that threaten Saul. 178 sed hoc mihi videtur rectum esse consilium congregetur ad te universus Israhel a Dan usque

179

erabilis et in eorum. eris medio erabilis tu ectus est.

42 177

After this opening, Albert depicts Peter as a

m peacefully, Hungary of

176

us sibi suisque consociis pateret

This linkage somewhatThis is is notably different to west of Hungary. border

elevates theeventtoa e and supplies. and e

alem. He He alem.

the the io

CEU eTD Collection of Peter’s pilgrim army. that the Historia 184 183 182 181 180 goal. his presentedis a as man faith of dedicationand to religioushis purposed who is the presented lessons repeats previously in accountthe concerning Walter his and army. Peter Peterand armedsympathise with condemned. one his they pilgrimswhich than are in rather of Belgrade. ofcity andthe Bulgars ruler ofnoble the Hungarian calledking enteredGuz has into a with Nichita,deal prince of the their actions. The narrative claims arumour that spread among Peter’s army, claiming that a to intellingexplanation ofjourney,an isjustify provided the Thisbecause is Albert’s feature. mob; nature evidence as the of ofrabid incident presents the the historiography Hungarian and technique.illuminates Albert’s Modern English border.TheHistoria conflictoccursonthe violent kingdom. townthrough the pilgrimageHungarian onthe route aim for Jerusalem without being sidetracked into disorder. depictedChri a is as Hungary kingdom of Once again, the menibus et muris pendentia aspexerunt, quos paulo ante retardatos, Vngarii in dol credere noluit, quousque ad Maleuillam uenientes consocii illius arma et spolia sedecim sociorum Walteri in St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary 895- troops of Gottschalk. For the briefest of accounts, though similar to Kosztolnyik, see Pál Engel, The Realm of were not disciplined at all, and the king had no choice but to at crusaders the of a increasing disdain with stirring the defence Coloman,as in of comment:seen troops “These Foreign Affairs From Coloman the Learned to Béla III (1095 Hungary 2001), 35. Curiously, the discussion of the event is omitted in Márta Font, Koloman theLearned, King of

H. I H. I H. Richard, 41. H. I. Runciman, Runciman, 181 ., 14 ., 12 ., , 14- , Th interruptedZemun, is at however last Hungary peacefulthe passagethrough Peter’s Hungarians had delayed while little and delayed a before Hungarians had dared had to trick. bya rob and walls which had belonged toWalter’s sixteen associates whom the hanging ramparts spoils and onthe sightofweapons compan the caught ions they Zemun, as approached his crime, a until, ofthem great so capable and the Bulgars were fellow Christians, Peter refused altogether to believe Hungarians Guz becausethe this Nichita], and Hearing concerning [therumour

, trans. Monika Miklán (Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász M with the account Historia thewith account in Ierosolimitana

- - 15. 15. e approach to the violence, and the violence itself, is presented in a manner that manner a in that presented theitself,is and violence violence, the approachto e 15. 15. A History of the Crusades

Petrus hec audiens, quia conc (New York mentio ns oneGuz is where attacks therear, while Nichita attacks the front 183 : Columbia University Press, 1987), 26

The audience is therefore manipulated into being in positiona to

, 124; Richard, 41. For a Hungarian reading, see Z. J. Kosztolnyik, hristiani erant Vngarii et Bulgari, omnino de illis tantum facinus facinus tantum deillis omnino etBulgari, Vngarii erant hristiani - 1196): Hungarian Domestic Policies and Their Impact upon 182

1526 43 Continuing with the motif of unity, the rumour the motifunity, the with of Continuing -

language historical narratives of the crusades , trans. Tamás Pálosfalvi (New York: I. B. Tauris,

presents this incident in a manner a in presents that this incident tack and destroy them” when discussing the ühely, -

29. Kosztolnyik’s reading blendsAlbert’s , suchdoes interpretation an not stian countrystian assisting those who

2001). 180

As withWalter’s f ospoliare presumpserunt. istracted from 184

orces,

CEU eTD Collection 190 189 188 187 186 185 byspeech from inserted messengeran a fromtown. narrative unknown an Jerusalem to to due by carried ofthe current Danube. the the event as a“bloody massacre” and dwells upon adescription of the hacked corpses being earlier lessons. Though Albert describes it While theactions are celebrated inthe telling, within thecontext, the action criticised. is spoils. him,before purpose digressed has from original (Jerusalem), his upwith ended and praiseworthy. Despite this extolling, the incident ends with a criticism. Peter, likeWalter soldiers for important is it shows Albert commendingis posterity to ramparts. Hungarian crossthe to first whothe Broyes, were ofReinold ofsounding, arrows flying) are two panegyricsbrief of crusaders, notable Godfrey Burel and turnsThe accountthen into a battle register: among descriptions of battle (of trumpets in textis reached.the pivot With this detail made visible to both P uiam uestram hinc maturate. uniuersos parentes et amicos illorum commouerunt. Quapropter quantocius fluuium Maroam superantes, quibus nec unum quidem certum est ab armi iter et cursum continuat a Maleuilla distans miliario, dux prefaratus Nichita suos conuocat illorum, que plurima extincta atroci uulnere Danubius suis procellis aduexerat Belegraue, ubi re poculorum plenitudine, et equorum numero infinito. quinque, propter habundantiam alimentorum, quam ibi reperit in frumento et gregibus ouium, et armentis, et uindictam admonet.

I amI deliberately in intent toreferring bac Albert’s k expressed I H. H. I. H. I. H. I. H. H. I. ., 14 .,

, 16 , , 16- , , 16 , 14 , This is is when consideringThis apparent the immediate the aftermathwhich in text repeats quickly as possible, awayquickly your and journey fromhasten here kingthe and all kinsmentheir and Therefore crossfriends. the river as Sava sure to escape hisweapons. For grief and lamentation for the dead have roused go men to about into battle you, is again and st and one even not of men your is ofThe king has Hungary assembledarmy an his from realm all avenge to his of supply infinite an and horses. of supply drink, and plentiful a of cattle herds and of flocks and sheep grain of fortress ofabundance ofZemun the food found he which in there because After achieving victory this Peter stayed five days withhismen all inthesame weapons urged spoils, and companionssaw their vengeance. his to againstfellow his countrymen, ofoutrage and Then Peter, whenlearnt the he - - 15. Note the expressions - 17 - 17. 17. 17. 17. 15. 15. . Rex Vngarie collecto exercitu uniuersi regni sui in ultione suorum ad uos descensurus est, de Hac Petrus adepta uictoria, cum uniuersis suis in eodem castello Maleuille, diebus mansit Comperta autem illius uictoria et Vngariorum cede cruenta et uisis ferro cesis corporibus cesis corporibus ferro cruentaetuisis cede etVngariorum illius uictoria autem Comperta Petrus autem tunc confratrum iniuria cognita, uisique illorum armis et spoliis, socios ad

a minor detail leads to a greater problem. This is expressed in the expressed the problem.minor is in leadsto greater detail a a This

Albert has the river Morava for the river Sava.

fortis uiribus fortis 189 eter ineter his and narrative, the by audience repetition, a 188

As with Walter, this digression from the linear route s illius euadere. Nam euadere. illius s dolor occisorum etlamenta regem et

and and

as a “victory” for the crusaders, he then describes

44 eques insignis

H. I. H. .

, 2 - 3.

. 190 187

actionshe considers 185 186

. This naming of of naming This

flexo alueo

material

CEU eTD Collection 193 192 191 digesting the message within the scene. aids symbol biblical literature, the in the audience event by remembering and, memory, typological a ofnumberseven, use the unity,focus. and Therepeated obedience, leadership, Germans: the and of onbehalf Peter followed behaviour immediately byexemplary is This distracted act: not uld sho byworldlydisorganised, and goods, fragmenting. byfirsthow showing doesthey this Thedescription should act. ofcrusaders impression how geographicalThis location provides the text thewith possibility to restate the author’s followers plunder. weighingwith down bythe mirrored of his Gesta Dei Per Francos : he used is as an exempla. The hermit’s loss of is Hungary focus in Historia Ierosolimitana being is lesson Though taught Albert’s the different, depiction of Hungary Peterin the in gubernaculo, a societate interdum diuisi, sagittis confixi interierunt. sagittisinterdum confixi diuisi, a societate gubernaculo, Pi quamplurimi quibus naues defecerant, iunctura lignorum et copulatione uiminum transire certabant, sed a multitudo subito posset transire et euadere, propter timorem regis in fortitudine graui superuenientis. Vnde uiuos captiuantes in prese septem ratibusinuecti, septem nauiculasPincenariorum submerserunt cuminhabitantibus, septemtantum ceterisque Theutonicis, ex promissione obedientie imperauit ut Francigenis fratibus subuenirent. Qui ilico Maleuillam deserens, sed cuncta spolia, gregesque ac predam equorum abducens, Maroam transire disposuit.

H. I. H. I. H. I., 18H. ncenariis qui Bulgariam inhabitabant, plurimi in ipsa lignorum et uiminum copulatione fluctuantes, sine , 18 , 16 , through fear whothrough ofking wasi the riverbank foundBut he few– ships Sava. crossthe to set and out and spoils of herds booty and horses) alltheir however, his left him,he companions so with against Zemun all (taking them, with Peter realized the anger of king the the and seriousness great of the alliance brought intoslaughtered on and orders. presence brought his Peter’s those with ofPechenegs along the boats little seven and seven the in rafts sank brought brothers in accordance with their promise of obedience. They immediately Bavarians, andSwabians, the rest of the Germans help to Frankishtheir Now Peter,seeingthathis men dying were drowning, and ordered the Bulgaria. who inhabited arrows ofPechenegs, by the the separated meanwhile and frommost shot companions, their of themperished, wi onthatsameoisers, timbersand about of raft joined timbers joined together and fastened with osiers. But while they were tossing crossusing best to their tried noships were of those for whomthere possible - - - 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 19. 191 Sed paucas naues, numero tantum centum quinquaginta, in toto litore reperit, quibus tanta Petrus Videns autem Petrus interitum et submersionem suorum que fiebat

– who were on them, taking only seven people alive, whom seven only people alive, them,they who on taking were in which such agreat number could immediately cross and escape uero intelligens iram regis, et illius grauissimam adunationem, cum uniuersis sociis sociis uniuersis cum adunationem, grauissimam etillius regis, iram intelligens uero ntiam Petri adductos ex precepto illius trucidauerunt. ex trucidauerunt. precepto illius Petri adductos ntiam

is equivalentis toGuibert of Nogent’s use of thesame character in the

only a hundred and fifty in number on the onthe and whole hundred a fiftynumber only in

n hot pursuit.n Because of this,asmany as 45

192 th noth way of steering

193

Bawariis, Alemannis, Alemannis, Bawariis,

CEU eTD Collection 198 197 196 195 194 when theyengaged are inadrawn out conflict with Suleyman’s forces nearNicaea. and vengeance that appeared when Peter’s forces were the mob reject the restraint of Alexios and Peter, disunity at the fortress of Zemun is mirrored by the inactivity at Civitot that leads to hubris as land of theBulgars amicrocosm is of events. For later example, theidlenesst by Turks. is however torch houses after a business disagreement with aBulgar. troubleconsequently by are cause paralleled behindthe whoPeter’sSwabians loiter army to buyarms to echo.behindHungary an whoin stay like menWalter and Thesixteen of their behaviour.cover This act of teaching condemnation and reverberatesthe throughout text ownto their narratives created fled and fabricationswho of the those havingcorrect to due earlier, the detail of Albert’s account of As noted values. from such departed and incrusade the part took who those judgment on Historia Ierosolimitana examples toreinforce the values that Albert wants hisaudience toaccept. be byhostages taken the for duke security. Duke to representative whoNichita, to consents le This success swiftly is connected toanother success: Peter and hisforces send a a peda a we seefurther evidence of thenarrative of theHistoria Ierosolimitana Hungary, the in kingdom of Gottschalk armyof the of ofdesecration the version Albert’s In lessons learnt inHungary lessons are are that suitable for the entire crusade. repeating similar episodes with thesamemorals, Albertasserting is tohis audience the that

H. I H. I H. I H. H. I. I H. ., 36 ., 30 ., 34 ., 18 ., , 20 gogical purpose. sameAt the time, account we see however, Albert takinginto his This constant repetition of values is not merely intended informto of audience the the - - - - - 196 21. 41. 33. 37. 19.

delayed until later in the narrative, when their fortification near Nicaea is torched

This doublingThis passage Hungary impliesthatthe itswith through and border the

of values they should have, but also, at the same time, to pass the at pass to also, same shouldbut have, they time, of values

2. 1.3.Gottschalk

the passagethe potentially part through is in Hungary 194 46

The lessons of Walter are repeated with new

197 tting tting themfood condition onthe buy that

in thesamemanner theissues of rumour

at Hungarian border the reappears 195

Judgment Swabians for the

being shaped to serve

hat leads to 198

In In CEU eTD Collection 201 200 199 menfighting Gottschalk has roused. hadoriginally same the Albertexpresses intention. admirationtheSecondly, number at of is Gottschalk shown to frombe Peter, sameas the thereby source implying thathis followers forces asone historian has claimed; thatthe Historia surprising not therefore is It existed. have to Lotharingia, eastern France, Bavaria, and Swabia are all areas close to where Albert is likely written byEkkehard.account presentat original source of the crusade. Albert’s account which follows is in stark contrast to the stressing the relationship between Gottschalk and Peter, the text aligns Gottschalk to the as Peter the Hermit, whom the indepicted goodlighta an as inspiring speaker. Thetextasserts the sourceof his inspiration passage through Hungary that asanarrative has and asarise fall; therefore Gottschalk is work. how should crusade a manipulating geographical narrative the space of promoteinterpretation to Hungary his of As HistoriaBulgars. the consequence, a Peter’stheand forces, army never reached border of the Gottschalk ofland of the e th Walter’smovements of accounts of discussed the previously Unlike audience. the probable First Cr First Michael Foss, usque in regnum Vngarie continuasse perhibentur. pacifice iter suum collecta necessariis rebus ceteris cum inef|fabili pecunia qui uulgi, pedestris quam militaris diuersis regionibus Lotharingie, Francie orientalis, Baw ammonitione plurimorum corda ex diuersis nationibus ad instandam partier uiam suo excitauit sermone, et ex Theutonicus natione, incola fluminis Rheni, eiusdem uie in Ierusalem amore et desiderio succensus ex Petri H. I. For this, including a discussion of the term pedestre vulgus “Albert ofAix blamedthe whole rab For Albert’sFor on lessons to crusading learnt be peaceful journeyinto the Hungary. peaceful kingdom of ofquantity money and other necessary supplies, were allowed to continue their commonknights as soldiers who,they as had foot collected indescribable an Loth andtogether, drew he together over fifteenthousand from regions of different aroused the ofhearts many from nations press to different forwardon the road same journey toJerusalem because of asermonWith hisoratory ofPeter’s. he of an and birth inhabitant Rhineland the bylove and wasinspired Not long after Peter’s crossing a certain priest called Gottschalk, German by , 44 , usade ion of Gottschalk the figure as a false servant of God in the previously discussedpreviously God the ofin servant false a as figure the ion Gottschalk of - 45. 45. aringia, eastern France, Bavaria, and Swabia, acrowdmany with as

(Leiden: Brill, 2008), 90. 2008), Brill, (Leiden: People of the First Crusade the Firstof Crusade People Non multo temporis interuallo post Petri transitum, quidam presbiter Godescalcus nomine,

Historia

ble of Christians who followed Peter the Hermit and Gottschalk,” Gottschalk,” and the Hermit Peter followed who Christians of ble 201 (New York: Arcade, 1997), 58. 1997), Arcade, York: (New 200

Thirdly, King Coloman, described in the earlier part

presents astheoriginator of the crusading idea. In

presents us with the clearest example ofAlbert’s rather, it pr rather,

47

arii, Alemannie, supra quindecim contraxit milia, tam milia, contraxit supra quindecim Alemannie, arii, , seeConor Kostick, The Social Structure of the 199 aises them. Firstly, as noted above, noted as them. Firstly, aises , the Historia, the

does not condemn Gottschalk’s not does

presents the attempted desire for thedesire CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 condemnation the at actions of thefailed crusaders inorder to draw amoral from theevent. veterans his – praise neighbours to Alberthas audience. probable much”). This duality I assert arises from thenatureof the text and its relationship toits praises the armed pilgrims (the “bold thatis adoptsposition an The text later in the telling. importance of be expectations, audience’s fulfilthe must,to it narrative, mentioned the in Chekhov’s gun: Law now of knownthe is if as medieval example what a detail of is an is dispute a army Thementioninglarge thata possibility trigger might inevitable. ofthe at makes descentchaos.thisaction ofnarrative Thestructure into the followed bytheir Coloman’s attitude to Gottschalk is immediately positive. Historia the in accounts toprevious the contrast deliberate In the audience of Albert the religious nature of the travellers intending to liberate Jerusalem. of Historia the et excutere uolentes peremerunt. uolentes excutere et necessaria paulatim auferentes, ad ultimum oues et boues per agros rapientes occiderunt, resistentes quoque animosa et ceteri fatui modum potandi excederent, pacem indictam uiolant, Vngaris uinum, ordeum, et cetera Koteliansky (London: Routledge, 1927), 23. see Anton Pavolich Tchekov, Reminiscences Theatrical and Literary chapter it must without fail be discharged”. I have adopted the modern translation of the name; for the c regis, introducti sunt. Quibus etiam concessa est licentia emendi uite necessaria, et pax utrinque indicta ex precepto

H. I., 44H. Chekhov, to Shcukin, “if in the first chapter you say that a gun hung on the wall, in the second or third H. I. ne qua seditio a tanto oriretur exercitu. a tanto oriretur seditio ne qua , 44- , This praising of Gottschalk and the details ofreception ofar the and the details his praisingThis of Gottschalk the king’s instructions, lest a dispute migh sell necessary supplies, and peace was proclaimed on both sides according to licencebuy a to and They granted even his were to fortress. favour Coloman’s they wer Indeed them and wanted to drive to them wanted and out. cattleand infields the and killing them; destroyed they those who stood upto wine, barley, and other necessities from theHungarians, finally seizin too thedrank much; they violated proclaimed stealing peace, bylittle little Bavariansbold a the Swabians, and the race,and of rest the soldiers foolishly But when they were delayed there for some days, were present,were they stabbed certain a young Hungarian in the market street with fooli people The others committed several crimes, all of which we cannot report, like a - -

47. 47. so a they 45. 45. Sed dum per aliquot dies moram illic facerent, et uagari cepissent, Bawarii uero etSueui g Bawariiuero cepissent, etuagari illic facerent, aliquot moram dies per Sed dum Ad portam uero Meseburch, et eius presidium gratia regis Kalamanni uenientes, honorifce concerning Walter’s journey as a Christian king, is again employed to show show king,again employed is a to as Walter’s Christian concerningjourney 203 sh in their boorish habits, unruly and wild. For, as those say who who say those as For, wild. boorishhabits, and unruly their in sh re sympathetic to the reading of the text, so that they can respond to his sympathetic his theyrespond to re to readingcan the that oftext,so the The Historia The e brought with honour to the gate of Mosony, and by King gate ofby and the Mosony, to honour with brought e

rises tothe challenge inits depiction of the descent. of interest

race”), on the other, it condemns (“foolishly drank to condemnsto drank other, it (“foolishly onthe race”),

204

48 for the modern reader. On one side, the text the On side, modernreader. one for the

t arise from arise t such army. alarge

they began wander, to and among which it is likely is were it among which

regarding Walter andregarding Peter, , trans. Samuil Solomonovitch g sheep my closely is 202

itation, itation,

ens ens

CEU eTD Collection 209 208 207 206 205 reach Jerusalem. wouldhave in upofmoneyenabled themthe that disdain the notes giving to agreement, but praiseworthy a both as and forces ofhis continuespresentation theGottschalk with dual text the As such, narrativefabrication, the Historia arms them their handedmoneypunish is over. if all and not KingColoman will makingclaim as false that the byAlbert presented Hungariansare the places into the mouths of theHungarians a deliberate act of treachery. In areport events), presents the Albert ofthe text Ekkehard’s manner (in pilgrims behaviour that the of troublesome foregrounding the characte place Hungarians.In risation the and of Hungary ability of theGermans praised.is exemplum the praise armedboth is increasinglikelihood an of trouble, reasserted. W demands vengeance.The samemessage of the narratives of theprogress of thearmies of e suggested, audience’s opening the As the ad satisfaciendum regi arma redder quiaVngari Christiane erant professionis, uniuersocetui consilium dederunt, quatenus iuxta huncsermonem repererunt, quapropter et ipsi minus eos aggredi ausi sunt Theutonicos etsagittis gladiis lanceis, in sollicitos, etuite anxios, sicut resistentes fortiter Sed disturbaret. querimonia usque ad aures regis suorumque principum perlata est. uilissimacontentione palo persecreta naturetrans insula, indisciplinata et indomita. Iuuenem enim quendam Vngarum, ut aiunt qui presentes fuerunt, pro

alter and re Peteris alter - H. I. in comments Edgington’s see place, took the battle of where a discussion For H. I. H. H. I

I. , 46 , 48 , 46 ., 46 The narrative concerned with Gottschalk ends dramatically. Albert’s text continues to the king and princes. king his the t affairand this complaint about A dispute. most contemptible becauseof parts, a private through his stake a thus allthingsstate a andthus to of wouldreturn peace goodwill. and king, the to make amends to weapons uptheir give they should speech Christians, gave their advice to the whole assembly that in accordan were words inspoken good and faith, becausetheprofessed Hungarianswere Gottschalk, andtherefore, othersensible men, heard this who believed and the - - 49. 49. . In a description of a battle with the Pannonhalma, the with Hungarians at of description a battle a . In - 49. 49. 47. 47. - 47. 47.

Godescalus igitur et ceteri uiri sensati hoc audientes, et fidem puram ex hiis credentes uerbis, et uerbis, hiisex credentes puram et fidem audientes, hoc sensati uiri et ceteri igitur Godescalus Cetera plurima flagitia que omnia referre nequimus perpetrarunt, sicut gens rusticano more nd condemnable. is This apparent when Albert praises the unity of their Nec mora, regia uirtus

rabble of pilgrims while condemningthem an them as positioning by iterated, that staying stationary leads to distraction from thegoal and

ent, et sic omnia in pacem et concordiam redirent. 205

is able to continue to pre

207

totius regni Vngarie in armis affuit, ut populum conglobatum

To continue in this vein, the Historia vein, the this To in continue he other outrages were carried totheears of xpectation is fulfilled as xpectation as k is fulfilled the fixerunt in fori platea. Cuius rei et ceterarum iniuriarum iniuriarum etceterarum rei Cuius platea. fori fixerunt in 49

.

208

sentman. Gottschalk honest an as As a consequence of this probable ofAs consequence a this H. I. H. 209

, 46 ,

- ing is outraged and outraged is and ing 47. 47. ce withthe

206 repositions its

the fighting the ed speech, CEU eTD Collection Hungarians permits the Historia permitsthe Hungarians of spite in consequence, reckless behaviour,their defeatthe subsequant hands their at of the arms the in belief of making Jerusalem, they are shown as losing their direction; with their act of unilateral giving up of journeyto would their fundsfinanced that have upof their giving WithCrusading. their showanomalous spinning details Albert the text 213 212 211 210 learnt. Gottschalk as asympathetic omitting this detail, Albert’s Historia mentioned;the presumesnot audience In of dead. the is account he he InEkkehard, flees. Albert as an honest, trusting priest who follows the inspiration of Peter the Hermit, his is end by presented of Gottschalk, omits. Of text character the what but textincludes, the what how people crusade on a it reveals other, itsbiases;side, onthe it shows itsadherence propagating ofto its impression kingdom in Hungary ofthe Historia Ierosolimitana unc as being depict court ofHungarians.Coloman’s the character in change strengthened bythe scene therefore gives themodern reader the impression is ofinvented. sensation being This thisway;”in would “presumably group cohesive actually noted, a surrendered have As historianhas only a iosia, prec cetera que tantus congesserat exercitus, in erarium regis intulerunt. colla sua regi subdiderunt, totius misericordie et humanitatis certi erga regem consequende. et treme ac humiles reddiderunt, regis magistratus manus in Ierusalem, in scilicet uie sue stipendium

H. I. France, H. I., 48 H. I. H.

, 48 hristian, owing to their stashing the and awayofweapons money. the their hristian, owingto , 48 , the king’s complete mercy andkindness. withbefore king, they fear, heads shaking bowed the their of gainingcertain Jerusalem)journey to the hands into ofking’sofficials, the humbleand, and wea agreed Everyone to this advice and up gave hauberks, helmets, alltheir The accountofattemptarmy the Victory in the East in Victory - - 49: 49. 49. - 49. 49. pons, and the whole the and ofmoneyis, meanspons, (that their the on of support 211 etpauci ab hoc martyrioliberarentur Ministri uero regis et militesuniuersa arma palatio regis in conclaui intulerunt, pecuniam et Adquieueruntuniuersi huicconsilio, loricas, ac galeas,omnia arma,totamque pecuniam,

Gottschalk’s men, earlier asstated in theHistoria , 92. ,

should act. should balancing This act is shown aptly in detail.notone It is

exemplum

to label their deaths asmartyrdom. amends, they shown amends, are beingas of goodfaith. As a

reveals reveals itself tobe selective inits details topromote

from whom thesame lesson .

50 210

to suitbothto audience his and views on

following Gottschalk to pass the pass to through Gottschalk following

shows the of nature text.Albert’s On one , were unruly and wild. unrulywild. and , were The

213

s of crusading can be

212

These These facti ed ed CEU eTD Collection 216 215 214 text: theAachen’s pogroms 1096. of opportuni of group out forbehaviour ofcrusaders, Jerusalem, setting not this for supposed carnal but about the mindsofaudience moral the judgment to into pass part motif, in the and segment ofAlbert’s Historia, themethe into the introduced narrative partto is in introduce at laterreassert repeated necessity points to it and is the such ofbehaviour. avoiding theme an is causedoccuring byfornication the fromin The distraction crusading prey.are negative tone is established asAlbert lists a litany of sins to which the new batch of crusaders A picture. moregeneral a presents and leaders, individual with dealing from back draws dealingdelays with the journeyofattempted Emicho and his followers. Instead, narrativethe versio the same inthepreviously event discussed Hierosolymita the differsin accountof offollowers notably depictionEmicho offailure Albert’s the his and aassert view should onhowbehave. crusaders As withpresentation the of Gottschalk, further evolutionwe the see in Historia throughoffollowers, ofattemptedHungary Albert’s Emichohis In depiction the and passing gloriatio. eiusdem leuitatis intentione egressis, assidua delectatio, et in omni temeritate sub huius uie occasione au commixtionibus etfornicariis illicitis SomeMinor Points”. Ekkehard’s on Note “Brief in made was choice text, this for rationale This and text. in thAlbert’s figure e

For this, see the subchapter “The Vision of Ambrose.” H. I. I have retained Edgington’s spelling of Emicho, in order tomake a clear separation between the figure in n, divine judgment stated is to be theresponse tothe massacre of Jews. , 48 This is promptly is This followed ofmostdiscussed byone the sections of of Albert After the sympathetic portrayal of Gottschalk, the text of the Historia Ierosolimitana about the about whogirls had set out for very purposethe of frivolity, and boasting most rashly relationships wasexcessive there revelling,continual delight women with and did but they anystates, as from in unlawful and not way turn fornication from one gathered kingdomsinto Crowds different of been the themhad and

ty. ty. - 49. 49. Hiis itaque per turmas ex diuersis regnis et ciuitatibus in unum collectis, sed nequaquam ab opportunity offered bythis journey.

ersis, immoderata erat commessatio cum mulieribus et puellis, sub

2. 1.4.Emicho

Ierosolimitana 51

215

’s ’s presentation ofnarrative the to

by Ekkehard. 214

In the Historia the In 216 Historia

In thisIn ,

CEU eTD Collection 220 219 218 217 voice, the hero of thepassage appears. At Mainz, he waiting. is re a pogroms and “vacillating statement,” Albert’s original audience would have seen aclear critique of the part this where In sex. with passageconcerned the in previous movement began from of the seen movementslearntstart multiple and thatthisseen lessons also them, but the has audience only not narrative, the point in sincebythis crusade;” ning of“begin their point regarding final bythe supported moral My is participants questioning. for interpretation isolate the to narrative his using actions, such in whopart audience took his in on those when states thetext “especia with concerned opportunism. followsaand Consequently, attacking fornication it passage massacres. however I that assert Albert’s treatment condemning is intone for thereason that “judgmenta of merely rhetorical God”a is trappi and not the context in which it is included. It is more likely that Albert’s comment regarding sympathetic theas ofJews.to plight the argumentis focusedon His however too words of reading historians,Runicmanmany as such - crusader Riley and statement.” vacillating “first, openingAlbert’s as the described Z.The historianBenjamin Kedar typical use of of use typical “Crucesignatus: Its Origins and Early Usage,” rebus omnibus spoliauerunt. Quos peregrini et c prestolabatur aduentum peregrinorum de diuersis locis regia uia illuc confluentium. Historia Christiane. precipue in regno Lotharingie, asserentes id esse principium expeditionis sue, et obsequii contra hostes fidei surrexerunt populum, per quascumque ciuitates dispersos, et crudelissimam in eos exercuerunt necem, et

Benjamin Z. Kedar, “Crusade and Historians Massacresthe of 1096,” H. I H. I One should, however, note the linguistic irony of the passage concerning the pogrom at ., 50 ., 50 Within this narrative of widespread barbarity presented with a condemning narrative Christian was the beginning of their crusade and service against theenemies or this the Lotharingia, in kingdomclaimingthat on slaughter them,of especially most scatteredcities,a and inflicted the throughout cruel whothey Jews were delusion in their minds, but the pilgrims rose in a spirit of the cruelty against donotI know if it was becauseof judgement a of God or becauseof some together there by the royal road from there royalroad together bythe different parts. band very of a arrivalgreat with the of Germansfor whocoming pilgrims were Count Here manEmicho, noble powerful a very thisregion,was and in waiting

is the earliest surviving text in which the term the in which text theis surviving earliest - - 51. 51. 51. 51.

218 peregrini Vbi comes Emecho uir nobilis et in hac regione potentissimus, cum nimia Theutonicorum manu

Vn In his article on the historiography concerned with the event, Kedar notes the notes event, Kedar the with concerned historiography onthe article his In de nescio si uel Dei iudicio aut aliquo animi errore spiritu crudelitatis aduersus Iudeorum ity. - ruce signati comperientes, nec unum quidem reliquerunt uiuum, sed simili multatos strage strage simili sed multatos uiuum, reliquerunt quidem unum nec comperientes, signati ruce assertion of aJerusalem 217 . The pilgrims, to distinguish themselves from the Jews, mark themselves with a cross:

H. I. lly in the kingdom of Lotharingia,” Albert is passing judgment Albert passing the is in kingdom oflly Lotharingia,”

, 50 , - 51. For a discussion of the term crucesignati Journal ofMe - orientated crusade. orientated 52

ng, used to express his to ng, used express at bewilderment the crucesignati dieval History dieval 220 Jewish History History Jewish

219 appears in some form, alongside the

10, no. 3 (1984): 157 Smith,

, see Michael Markowski, see, Michael Markowski, in portraying in Albert 12, no. 2 (1998):20.

Cologne. Albert’s

Kedar seesa - 165.

CEU eTD Collection 223 222 221 roadmentioned, throughWith Hungary. backdrop outcomeclosed a such the expected. is booty, uncommonly ofmassacre,the and the mentioning narrationbythe the mocked in downfall.inevitable TheHistoria clearly apparent, all that is required for the text to do is to proceed in presenting thier followers. his and amount providesJews oftext,which for forEmicho greater the the a ofthan structure text supported This criticalEmicho is to followers. impression by the his and make audience his suicide, quotedextract feature to an an accountofand offspring mothers their committing ritual The repeated the focus in textonthe sufferingof children,and womencontinuing past the terms in but motivation, and of greed cruelty. pilgrims) mind audience, the the the of account of Emichohis and peers (with no mention of the Within forthis religious reasons. than motivated purposes, rather financial Emicho for that is has which and been hidden. With Ruthard, Bishop aided areain of assistance the hiding, bythe ecclesiastical authority infigurethe the of the byEmicho. led Hierosolymita Consequently, thoughas stated the overtly not in as Albert’s sentence structure makes separation avisible between thepilgrims,Germans and the percusserunt. Mulieres pari etassultus. milium tot contra resistentes frustra peremerunt, ad |septigentos serisetianuis, expugnatos fractis quos assiliunt, solio

H. I H. I H. . 52 I. H. exemplum ., 52 ., 50 ., W attacked the Jews in the palacewith arrows and spear, and daybreaktheytogether, at restconsulted But Emichothe and oftroop his irresistible association of men and women continued the journey to Jerusalem Jerusalem journeyto the women of association men continued irresistible and thatreligion, CountEmicho,of Christian all and the Clarembald, Thomas, and few a baptisedthroughescaped, been had rather than of fear for love death After this very cruel massacre of the Jews had taken place, and afew had child womenthe just in the same way,cut and down with their swords the young withstand strengthto attackmany and the thousands. Theyslaughtered of so tried vain they in as ofJews seven hundred the about overcameand killed and 223 - - - ith this structure established, structure theand exemplum this ith Veru, Emecho et ceterea manus habito consilio, orto sole diei, in sagittis et lanceis Iudeos in et lanceis Iudeos in sole sagittis orto diei, consilio, habito Emecho manus et ceterea Veru, 53. 53. 53.

coming to a decision to attack the Jews is framed not in terms of religious gives themodern reader the imp ren, whatever their whatevertheir sex. and ren, age

of the false leader, the This leader, of false the usurper. 221

Albert’s text makes mention of the money that the Bishop has been given Bishopgiven been the has money makesmentionthe of text that Albert’s

ter trucidauerunt, pueros teneros cuiusque etatis et sexus in ore gladii ’s portrayal of their intended desire to reach Jerusalem is this detail included in the narrative, Albert’s text suggests 222 ression that Albert is deliberately using them to 53

is Withis actions.shown byhis the of Jews

nature of followersnature Emicho his and

broke bolts and and brokedoors, bolts , Emicho is CEU eTD Collection 227 226 225 224 waste to the k as agreeing to massacre theJews – response, In thebloodshed, audience wellis primed toexpect a negative outcome. with of description a fornic originating depictiongroup of the with this attempts thr presents Emicho lessons Consequently, Albert follow his the and to ofmen earlier trying as them. preceded actually stepping never foot into with Hungarians.Hungary, the Unlike the earlier attempts, Emicho’s men presented as are of followers Emicho the connota or bear.”All“troublesome,” “hard to of thesesuggestions feature in givingthe original, the Rather, theLatin appears somewhat out of placeinmy reading o while of Latin, one translationEdgington’s ofbeing original definition “irresistible,” the planiciem, et nuncios regi dirigentes, et pacem querentes, minime in prece sua et promissione auditi sunt. uniuersos Vngaros pro cede quam exercuerant in firmat, pons et porta presidii clausa reperitur ex precepto regnis Vngarie, quia timor magnus inuaserat uersusregum Vngarie ubitransitus regis uia uniuersis peregrinis minimenegari solebat Thomas, et omnis illa intolerabilis societas uirorum ac mulierum, uiam Ierusalem continuauerunt, tendentes quam amore Christiane professionis baptizatis, transitus in uirtute suorum pateret. insuorum uirtute transitus fluuium Lintax pons locaretur, per quem muro presidii aliqua uel sic ut arte transforarent, propinquantes consilium ut regis terras ex hac parte adiacentes uastarent, nec hinc recederent, donec trans paludem et

H. I. H. I., 52 H. I. ., 54 H. I., , 52 , , 52 The correction comes, in as the accounts previous of through passages the kingdom of Hungary, where the where royalhighway Hungary, allwas normallyto open pilgrims. a with amountlarge in of going the booty, direction of kingdom the of brothers. on their which inflicted had they ofslaughter the allHungariansonaccount possessed had fear great ofbecausea onord fortress the ofers the king closed Hungary, Danuberiver and Leithathe with its marshes, they found the gatebridge and of defendedbythe Mosony, is at which fortress king’s cameBut when they the to promises were not heard. not promises were king envoyswhen the they to sent asked and forprayers peace their and to themdenied upcamp over they the set ground level all and all, ofplains, the therefore Since, - - - 55. 55. - 53. 53. 53. 53. 55. 55. ough the country by attempting to open a dialogue with King Coloman. However, KingColoman. with dialogue a open to byattempting country ough the

the the Clausa itaque ianua, et uniuersis transitu per regnum negato, locauerunt castra per camporum ing’s land, anding’s thenattack to the fortress. Sed hiis ad presidium regis Meseburch uenientibus quod fluuius Danubii et Lintax paludibus Hac Iudeorum cede tam crudeliter peracta, paucisque elapsis, et pacis timore pocius mortis Hinc E Hinc

Historia intolerabilis mecho, Thomas, Clareboldus, uiri militari actione illustres, cum cautioribus ineunt ineunt cautioribus cum illustres, actione uiri militari Clareboldus, Thomas, mecho, , the gatekingdom passagethrough, the the wasclosed,and 225

presents the leaders of the group –

226 tion arethat they beby boundto punished God.

should be translated as “intolerable”, “unacceptable,”

the country the country itself.Thereputationofcrusaders has the deciding bridge a to deciding thebuild across Leitha, thenlay to

cum plurimis illorum spoliis, comes Emecho, Clareboldus, Clareboldus, comes Emecho, spoliis, illorum cum plurimis confratres eorum. 54

f the text. It has af text.It connotation. the positive 227

Albert’s namingAlbert’s of the the same menwho were depicted

ation, revelry, and and ation, revelry, .

224

protagonists

CEU eTD Collection 232 231 230 229 228 destroyed. the wolf catchesthesheep and scatters them.” and flees; and the sheep leaves coming wolf the and sees sheep, own not the whoone does as afalse leader. The text from John readsinfull: “But ahireling, Gottschalk: Ekkehardmanner depicted Emichothat same depicts the in The biblicalallusion reason that is suggested by thetext is inthesubtle biblical allusion within thesentence. byEmicho’s possibleachievable. The battle, is lost however, inexplicably army.Theonly an stress andusedauthorto thatvictor thereforeinvention court?), bythe is likely ofopponent’s workings the have they known the (howcould from crusader the source dir King Coloman had rebuilt several bridges inhis country in casehe had toflee inthe east thatapparent the Hungarians were beingclose to defeated. Albertincludes the detail that moral a lessonevents into crusading.with concerned weakened. the beheaded, After many engagements, such one including in a which member of Coloman council’s is defenders ofanonymousHungarian castle whothe are depicted as fighting bravely. back presentation positive of the contrastedwith Clarembald is and Emicho, Thomas, quasi oues a lupis irruentibus dispersi et concussi hac et illac diffugium querentes, sociorum obliuiscerentur. nescio quo casu aut infortunio et redderentur, inpariter fugam ut exercitum, inuasit timor tantus uniuersum oves propriae videt lupum venientem et dimittit oves et fugit et lupus rapit et dispergit rapitoves et fugit et et dispergit dimittit venientem et oves lupus lupum videt propriae oves Version exercitus tedioexercitus uictus, et escarum stragem utringquefacientes.

H. I. ., 56 H. I., ection ofection Russia. I have used the Version James King New H. I. H. I., 54 , 56 , 54 The moral of t The Hungarians, seeingc bold The Hungarians, the their way forgetting and comrades. alarmed like sheep theythat were put toflight in the sameway, and they were scattered and chancewhat misfortune, or great a fear possessiontook of the entire army so hadthey broken through the walls greatcausing a breach, donotI know by for favourably Chri turnedout had the almostBut though everything without wasting any without time pursued they fleeing the hotly, Gauls inflicting very haste to flee, sallied forth in great strength from the gates with their king; , itaccessible, more mostisto readers. - - 57. - 57. 57. - 229 57. 57.

55. 55.

Sed dumfere omnia prospere successissent Christianis,etmuros grandiforamine penetrassent, With these details established, Albert is in a position to turn to chronologyof position a the in Albertis established, details With these Post huiusmodi plurimas co Defensores uero presidii fortiter resistebant, hinc et hinc iacula intorquentes, et plurimam Historia 230 he history is in the presentation. The details inthe Historia

This snippet of information is unlikely to have appeared in in oralan appeared unlikely have ofis to snippet information This

subsequently describes Emicho’s army asbeing wearied and

when attacked by wolves, seeking refuge this waythat and this refuge by seeking wolves, when attacked .

ngressiones et cotidianas strages longum per temporis spacium, , on the reasoning that, w For the Latin: the For hampions deserting so suddenlymaking so and hampions deserting 231

55 232

As a result ofarmy Emicho,following his is As result a mercennarius et qui non est pastor cuius non sunt King James hile as James King the as familiar not

he whohe isthe not shepherd, stians and .

make it

y was was y 228

CEU eTD Collection 237 236 235 234 233 focus onfornication collective greed.and defe for the reasons Emicho. The the First Crusade with an event in which was possible to narrativize to fit a moral framework. The geographicalspace ofkingdom once the had narrative morea of of Hu provided ngary the fleei that direction opposite of following Jerusualem the originaldescription supposedtheir reach ambition to with tocomment Albertproceeds audience, pass the transmittedto on successfully With point this HistoriaThe The text makes it clear that the majority of those dying are foot soldiers, the commoners. Danube. the in many drowning of forces Emicho’s with narrative, the in deathsensue More plures suorum uersus Carinthiam et Italiam fuga elapsi sunt. captiuantes, et plerumque noctis in persecutione consu cum rege exiliunt, sine tardatione fugientes persequuntur, plurimam cedem exercentes, et plurimos iugum fidei Catholice iubeat iubeat uen Catholice fidei iugum quam pro iusticia Dei graui cede mactauerant, cum iustus iudex Deus sit, et neminem inuitum aut coactum ad concubitu in conspectu eius peccauerunt, et exules Iudeos licet Christo contrarios, pecunie auaricia magis potuerunt ualebant, incolumes euaserunt, et aliqui qui in palustri herba et frutectis latuerunt, aut in opaca nocte fugere

H. I H. H. I. H. H. I., H. I., 56 H. I. ., 56 ., , 56 ,

, 57 Albert’s judgment on Albert’s conclusion their actions is at included the of end on section able to flee to indarknessable the of night. bee marshes,who or had the and of bushes grass the in hidden some who had unharmed, had distance escaped towith fit the whose horseswere run along others the William, of few Thomas,a Emicho, and however, Clarembald, revenge. in night mostof the spending very many, and capturing and many deaths against his will or under or his against will compulsion. ais just judge and commands to noone come the of to yoke Catholic the faith frommassacre, rather for their greed money for divinejustice, since than God punis his and in and byexcessive unions, had sinned impurities fornicating eyes to handbeen believed the have this the against pilgrims, ofis had In Godwho away in flight towards Carinthia and Italy. way they had come; Thomas, Clarembald, and several of their men slipped Emicho and certain of his menmade for the return road to escape by the same 56 - - . -

57. 57. 57. 57. 57. - - 57. 57. 59. 59.

hed exiled Jews (who admittedly are hostile to Christ) with a great alsomakes clear it tothe audience Emecho et aliqui suorum uia qua uenerant reditum fugiendo tenuerunt, Thomas, Clareboldus et Vngari uidentes tam subito fortes athletas deficere et fugam maturare in uirtute magna e portis portis e magna in uirtute etfugam maturare deficere fortes athletas subito tam uidentes Vngari Emecho autem, Thomas, Clareboldus, Willelmus et ceteri pauci quorum equi cursu adhuc Hic manus Domini contra peregrinos esse creditur, qui nimiis inmunndiciis etf inmunndiciis nimiis qui essecreditur, contra peregrinos Domini manus Hic 233

ire.

ng leaders take.

at of his army are made clear and their unambiguous: made clear ofarmyare at his

235 237 56

mentes.

about the cowardice of the leaders. 236

n ornicario ornicario 234

CEU eTD Collection 240 239 238 of whichaccount GodfreyBouillon starts book. the of second demarcationin the of acru theis kingdom of Hungary that acts asa sieve, permitting those capable of fulfilling the aims bookof the of first lines final the mentioned the in not is Though it times bestial. reach Jerusalem. depictsthem, It differ to allegorical, inserted to be memorised as a fitting description of the early crusader attempts to neata summation of“popular” the crusade. moreIt is thattheprobable comment is to introduction this thesis, some have historians quoted this at otheranimals alongside acts.repeated inspiring notedthebestial Asin previously ofgoose it Jerusalem the believing following to The story woman wouldlead her the is thesemovements.summation, about popular clear Albert is inmessage. his crusade. (15 of Assumption the Feast movements” to bringing closethe a set“popular out before dateeastwards of that the the attempt to throughpass Hungary also theis conclusion of first book ofHistoria the the occupation. Ierosolimitana part,concerningThe final conversion ofJews, the is importantan one. It showsthe intentione uerum id uerum intentione Ierusalem, quas et nimium uenerabantur, ac bestali more hiis intendentes plurime copie ex tota animi spiritu afflatam, et capellam non minus eodem repletam, et has sibi duces huius uie sancte fecerant in quod Deo odibile et omnibus fidelibus incredible esse non dubitatur. A

See footnote 27. footnote See Riley ., 58 H. I., - In addition to this statement concerning Emicho them in their animal way many of the troops believedmany whole animaloftroops way the them their in even worshipped them excessively, and asthe beasts directed their courses for had they and made their for thisholyleaders journey these Jerusalem;to they claiming by wasinspired goose thea and HolyGhost, she is hateful to God and unbelievable to all the faithful. They claimed a certain doubted, be cannot stupidandirresponsible, it which, insanely were foot, who There was alsoanother abominable wi Smith, Smith, sade through, and preventing all those who those ill were and all through, preventing sade 238 - 59.

As such, itAs provides such, Historiathe

Fuit et aliud scelus detestabile in hac congregatione pedestris populi stulti ut et uesane leuitatis leuitatis et uesane ut stulti populi pedestris congregatione hac in detestabile scelus Fuit et aliud The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading,

restating the purpose of the crusade as one of liberation, not one of brutal one not of one as liberation, ofcrusade the purpose the restating it was the truth.

esse credebantesse affirmantes. Historia

th caused bythe kingdom become will emphasised further in the

August) t August) 239

hat Pope deigned had Urban the start of his intended

ing degrees, asinspired, naïve,misdirected, and at

with a whichspace in make to point, closing a a 57 ckedness in this gathering of people on gathering on of this people ckedness in

49.

- ’s force, the’s closing of failed this goat fille - disposed, unable to proceed. This proceed.This unable to disposed,

face value, nserem quandam diunio asserebant asserebant diunio quandam nserem d no less the same, 240

- seeing in the text theseeing in heartedly, Historia Historia , it it , , CEU eTD Collection 241 and his forces first action in dealing with potential local difficulty. Latin, sentenceoriginal an the containingof with litany names of continues account Godfrey This army immediately is presented as behaving differently to their listed predecessors. Inthe some book),followers(including mentioned thelistingof before the not in first Godfrey. prede demarks thedifferences between the future ruler of Jerusalem with those of hiscrusading with ofconcerned Godfrey openingthe visibly offirst,text account the conclusion the while crusade. ona behave negativean order to howto the in receivingsuchpresent audience the text crusaders should Historia the attemptedUnlike through journeys kingdom the depicted were that Jerusalem. thetowards Hungary kingdom via of journeyeastwards Bouillon’s Godfrey of The second ofbook of Aachen’s Historia Albert Ierosolimitana eodem anno medio mensis Augusti, uiam recto itinere Ierusalem facientes. p ac milites, fortissimi Godefridus, ilius frater ac Asca, de Henricus Cons, de Dodo eius, de Greis cognatus ipsius ducis, Baldwinus pariter de Burg, Reinardus comes de Tul, Petrus quoque frater Meseburch: Godefridusdux regniLotharingie ad Vngarie portam in regno factam crudeliter suiexercitus contritionem deVinduil, post Clareboldi Nahella, de Drogonis scilicet Gallie, deterra et principum uirorum fortium ceterorumque Emechonis Alemannie, interuallo post crudelem stragem exercitus Godescalci presbyteri, post infortunium uero Hartmanni comit

H. I., cessors. The second book begins with a lengthy recollection of who thosefailed lengthyrecollection leaders a with cessors. bookbegins Thesecond e split in to split e addition th narrativebytheIn beginningthe the caused after of new a book

direct route to Jerusalem in the middle routetothe ofin ofsameyear. direct JerusalemAugust the bravevery knightsand illustriousvery princes, makingwere journey the byt brother hisalso, of brother Henry his Godfrey, and Esch Peter DodoCons, of ofrelative thatsame Baldwin duke, ofRainald likewise, Bourcq count of Toul, the same who Baldwin, shared Warner brother moman,ther, his of and Grez a after allMosony; this,Godfrey duke of the realm Lotharingia,most a of noble in carried out gatethe of wascruelly which kingdomthe of at Hungary Clare Drogo of Nesle, ofotherbraveSwabia, men Emichothe and land of the from namely Gaul, priest; after the by Gottschalk indeed, misfortune from the of Hartmann count a befell his army; and then ashort while after the massacrecruel of the army led Therefore after Peter the Hermit’s departure and the very great disaster whic 60 , Albert’s presentation of Godfrey and armyhis on the focuses positive rather than - 61. 61. Ignitur post discessumPetri Heremite eiusque exercitus grauissimumcasum, dehinc modico

mbald of Vendeuil; after the obliteration afterofarmy the mbald ofhis Vendeuil; 2. 1.5.Godfre

uir nobilissimus fraterque eius uterinus Baldwinus, Warnerus 58

y of Bouillony of

opens opens account an with of in in bookthe first of the 241

rincipes clarissimi he he h is is CEU eTD Collection also probably‘fictum.’also edition Hungary, ofto Science documents early relating side, both classified as ‘fictum’ (literary and non asse to and Hungary,through it alsoAlbertwith theprevious opportunityreassessprovides the to events providesonly the narrative with a means safely to transfer Godfrey of Bouillon and men his 246 245 244 243 242 fellow Christians. responsespoken of the Albertking. places hisin mouth justification a for Christians killing been fabricated completely has inoverlooked insertion. Since critici it recollection of diplomatic actual letters, whereas Coloman’s speech likely is tohave been a beenpreviously ondiplomaticmi book first ofHistoriathe the focusedont and orderLeitha in to attackHungarians, the the Historia contrast toarmyIn the of Emicho,Albertdepicts which as attempting bridge to the river interitu commisimus, nimia necessitate compulsi feci compulsi necessitate nimia commisimus, interitu 83. cetusuorum audiente vol.1, 319 regi terre, ante multum tempus huius uie in legationem ducis Godefridi missus ad eundem regem Vngarorum. redierit. desperatus obuiam in eis hos dies perierit, et aproposito eundi in Ierusalem cum suis principibus et ductoribus auersus f Septembris, utaudirent etintelligerent, quaoccasione uel exorta seditioneperegrinorum exercitus paulo ante hospitio et diuidit terminat Gallie Lintax regnum fluuius

., 62 H. I., On the issue of authenticity, note scene: the the of setting questionable ., 62 H. I., Georgius Györffy, Diplomata Hungariae antiquissima ., 62 I., H.

The action that they take theprocess is was that lauded and shown tobe successful in towards them despair. towards in leade and princes Jerusalem to its going with army of been had pilgrims destroyed was and turnedaside from plan of its reason or how the insurrection had arisen in which, a little while before, the for weeks three of S Leitha river andmarks boundary the divides kingdom the They Gaul. of stayed the where Austria, of land the cityin the Tulln ofnear quarters They stayedin were compelled by an overwhelming byan compelled were necessity. inflicted we have them, death towards or We not are persecutors of Christians, but whatever cruelty we have displayed - - 65. 65. - 63. The group rejects sending others, preter Godefridum de Asca, eo quod notus esset Kalamanno - 63. Continuing from the previous footnote: in terramHosterrich adciuitatem Tollenburch, ubi rt methodologyfrom a follow. crusaders forto future twoletters Between either 321. The correspondence is also questioned in László Veszprémy, Non Christianorum persecutors sumus, sed quicquid illiscrudelitatis ostendimus, aut in illorum heir long term goal of reaching Jerusalem.heir long termof goal reaching

.

245

eptember, so that they might listen and find out for mightfindwhat and out they listen that so eptember, There exists apossibility that the letters were based on a : diplomacy. Godfrey’s utilisation of Godfrey of Esch, who had who had of diplomacy.Godfrey Esch, utilisation: of Godfrey’s

242 ssions to Hungaryssions to onbehalf ofcount of the Bouillon,

mus. 59

(Budapest: Hungarian Academy Sciences, of 1992) on them, we carried out because we because out on them, carried we

- resederunt, curriculo trium ebdomadarum mensis historical) in the Hungarian Academy of

presentsGodfrey’s as restrained forces 246 rs, and was now coming back back rs, coming wasnow and 244

is a a byColomonis speech whi H. I. , 62- , Lovagvilág Magyarországon sm, I shall focus on the focussm, shall onthe I 62. 62. Respondit rex uniuerso Respondit uniuerso rex uerit, et iam etiam uerit, 243 ch is is ch

not

, CEU eTD Collection This speech 249 248 247 exemplary in attempt their resolve to define and difficulte issueof th how foreign large a and goodwill, trust, textrepeatedlymentions goodfaith. the details of the the In goodlight. diplomatic a of theHungarians in meeting castle Sopron, at Ierosolimitana defeated being ofto battlefront in The therefore the dignitaries. foreign speech is see Mosony; battleit at the at intervention bystatement supported final of crusade. is of earlier the interpretation divine the This Coloman’s speech is highly likely to be Albert seizing the opportunity to restate his criticisms tyranny. and pride overwhelming for their out byname, to referred singled not is latterarmy,while the Emico; Christians, especially Hungarians. with relations themfellow goods,soured dishonesty,material leads to which crime, and violence. Hungary. The followers of Peter the Hermit are criticised for their repeated theft and continues byrecounting speech Coloman’s the desiringcrusaders previous pass to through punirent et exterminarent, de quibus Deo auxiliante uix defensi sumus regni nostri Meseburch obsederunt, in | superbia et potentia uirtutis sue ad nos intrare uolentes, ut nos Godescalci, et nunc recenter adtritus, quem in fugam conuersum obuiam habuistis, castellum ac munitionem ad quatuor milia mortificantes, rebus et uestibus expoliauerunt. mulis, et pecore regionis nostre auferentes, sed et ciuitates et castella nostra euertentes, hominesque nostros Vngarie transitum constitueremus, malum pro bono nobis reddiderunt, non solum in auro et argento, equis et accommodaremus, emendi licentia concessa in mensura et pondere equitatis, et pacificeillis per terram

H. I. ., 64 H. I., ., 64 I., H. , 67 The accountof the diplomacy follows which bothe presents th crusaders and the

wer from our help enter punishout, God’s driveus weto domain and whomwith in tyranny realmprideand strength our wanting their the Mosony, in of at their flightsiege which to and was put youmet,laid tocastle and the fortification of us, against Gottschalk’s army the followed,and thatwas one destr After Peter’s company unjustly committed these quite intolerable outrages T Hungary. and measure, and we organized apeaceful passage for them through the land of Peter the Hermit assembled, a licence was granted tobuy goods infair weight first placewhen the in For allgoodfor we prepared armywhich things your possessionsclothes. and four castleskillingthousandand of about men;they our plundered our cities destroying even but territory, from herds our and mules and horses

- - 68. 65. 65. e only justprotected. only e

inserted by Albert censures thefirst waves of crusaders for their obsession with - Post has a comi 65. 65. supporting its own conclusions. its supporting Cum enim primo exercitui uestro quem Petrus Heremita conduxit omnia bona omnia Petrusbona Heremita conduxit quem uestro exercitui Cum enim primo hey returned evil to us for good; not only stealing gold and silver, silver, notand forstealing us good; gold only to returnedhey evil tatu Petri nobis tam intolerabiles et iniuste illatas iniurias, subsequens exercitus

247 248

and forces mentionsThe speechthe of then and Gottschalk ms unlikely that a king would admit to being close ms thata close wouldadmit being king to unlikely 60

.

249

Both sides presented are as oyed, which Historia CEU eTD Collection 254 253 252 251 250 common Coloman. ofand Godfrey sense threatened to takehis place. presented to the audience when Baldwin accepts his role as ahostage after Godfrey had These two characters act as mirrors for each other. Godfrey’s qualities of leadership a his withtextreasserting king. equallyas an the position Christian as a goodexemplarly, contrast to his predecessors’ adherenceGodfrey’s crusading to submit to safe a when chooses givingtocondition. he hostages key to passage onone ensure Historia Ierosolimitana as inspiring Hungarians totravel to watch himdiscuss the issue. peacefully; another army Godfrey’scountry cross reputation can evenis by depicted Albert uniuersum regnum acclamare precepit, ut omnen copiam rerum necessariarum reperiret exercitus, in pane, rapernt, et nullam seditionem commouerent, sed omnia equo precio mutuarentur. Similiterrex et per ettentoria acclamareconstituit, iudiciosub mortis, ne quicquam intromitteretur. armatus exercitus fortiter tam copiosus suorum nominatissimum principemconfluxer iureiurando, non ultra peregrinis nocere transituris. aliquo obstaculo,et pacifice mutuaretuite necessaria. ta

H. I., H. H. I I., 66H. H. I men conditione, ut ultra peregrinorum exercitus, tam presens quam futurus per terram eius transiret sine H. I. ., 68 ., 66

68 life. of necessities obtainpeacefullythe landand without hindrance his any through that after thisthe army ofpilgrims refuse give not to th did thistheWhen duke heard he acceded the to wishes ofking allthings, the in and them on lenient terms. for to they price, shouldthings sale upset offer them, or unjust all an rather but at army selling the by burden not thatthe Hungariansshould ofon pain death, offield,wasordained, beasts And andthe birdsofsky. it corn the wine, barley, the armykingdom plentiful a of might supply that procure necessities: bread, same also king announced waybe the the itthroughout ordered to whole anycause insurrection,should but everythingpurchase at price. fair a In the oranything, off carry by anything inviolence kingdomthe , or Hungary of touch should of no pain death, under householdtentthat one, and every each throughout and announce to heralds appointed Duke Godfrey quarters, establ campbeen When the then had Without they passed through. passed they kingdom also swornit a not sealed with oath to harm pilgrimsas the further

66 - - - 69. 69. 67. 67. 69. 69. - - 67. 67. 251 67. 67.

Hiis auditis dux uoluntati regis in omnibus cessit, et obsides quos petebat dare non abnuit, hac abnuit, non dare quos petebat etobsides cessit, regis in omnibus uoluntati dux auditis Hiis Castris uero positis, et uniuersis hospitio sedatis, Godefridus dux precones per singulas domos

Dehinc rex per octo plurimum conuentum suorum habens, qui etiam ad uidendum tam Nec mora percussit rex foedus cum duce, percusserunt et uniuersi primores regni delay, the king sealed a treaty with the duke, all the nobles nobles of the his the all with duke, treaty a sealed king the delay, , Godfrey i 252 253

behaviour, exemplary. his Coloman In response, depicted is too 254

The text then The textthen returns highlight to the goodnessrespective and e hostages he hostages makingthehowever,e condition, sought,

ant, querebat consilium | fide et qua consilium et regno ant, suo querebat saluo rebus fi et fiducia

values is, depicted bythiswish, byAlbert asin being, stark s presented as thinking about crusading as a whole entity about entity crusadingwhole asa as presented thinking s

– in [the] asin future well as now – ished, and settled and down inished, everyone their

61

contingerent, aut uiolenter in regno Vngarie 250

To the audience of audience the To the might pass pass might

sui in sui in re re

CEU eTD Collection 255 image popular the fromimage aAlbert as ofdubious historian is reached: which one presents texts, mores if not discussed the as previously manipulated and shaped as compare with theearlier described passages. to intended be possibly can throughthat Hungary passing 1101crusade the with concerned earlierthe ideological interpretation ofprevious the event, and the second is briefa episode the narrative. The first is areference back tothe episodeearly intheHistoria Albert’s addition In to detail the lengthofand accountofcrusaders’ the passagethrough Hungary, criticised attemp Historia the book of Ierosolimitana by armypassage Godfrey’s kingdom opening the at ofthe through the Hungary second of entrance of hisarmy toNi will crusaders how succeed. In the to regards Walter, Godfrey,comparisonthe with in the earlier accounts of Walter and Peter, Hungary is amicrocosm ofacrusade which reflects military force. the epitome of leader ofcrusade, a and hisarmy a evidence of asuccessfullaw as presented Godfrey Hungary, is through movement his foreseeablethefuture. in As such, in depictedGodfrey is by Hungary securing Albert as for the transit of a crusades Hungarianswhile upsetting in in the , whosuccessfulonly their Ierosolomitania were country, vivid In oblata est, ceteris licentia uendendi et emendi concessa. est, ceteris uendendi licentia oblata mira affluentia cibariorum in frumento, ordeo, uino et oleo et plurima uenatione ex imperatoris dono duci Vngari grauarentexercitum, autconturbarent sed pocius omnia uenaliaillis alleuiarent. fr uino,

., 72 H. I., Examining thesepassages, becomes it apparent that Albert’s stupendously huge text is actionsGodfrey’s Hungary in are presented umento et ordeo, in bestiis agri, in uolatilibus celi. Ac iussum est sub iudicio uite, ne iniusta uenditione Historia Iesolimitana Historia contrast to the various of thecontrastleaders theinfirst to various bookofHistoria crusades the the - 73. 73. Sic uero pacifice ex rogatu imperatoris pe ts that populated book. the populated first that ts 2. 2. Later Mentionings of Hungary of Text Mentionings Albert’s in 2. Later ceful and bountiful in supplies and gifts. and supplies peaš is cefulin bountiful and is notable for notable is the textmentioning Hunga can be seen as Albert offering a correction for the various for correction the a various offering Albert as seen be can

62

rtranseuntes peruenerunt Nizh presidium ipsius, ubi

as evidence of his later success. As with ry at later stages of

255

nd pilgrimages that reinforces o. A different different o. A

As such, theAs such, - abiding abiding

CEU eTD Collection 259 258 257 256 structuralist theorist Gérard Genette in his work Narrative Discourse: An Essay inMethod admitted to his desire to join the crusade. openingthe ofHistoria the Ierosolimitana of bias narrativethe towards those who made journey.This the is not surprising considering ofcrusaders, plight the symbolicallythe with connected thus is of pilgrim, in garb a the Ambrose, dressed significant: visionis the in of saint a omitted for focus), itis worth elucidating on some elements of the scene. Firstly, the choice articulate and reinforce his earlier stated understanding of thecrusade movement. concerning the crusades; he rather, uses thereported speech ofSt.asameans Ambrose to Albert’s depiction of this story ismore than a mere presentation of the divisive views crusaders.” of motives the about earliest views the their in divided th argued thatdifferent97) people different have perspectives on the journey. Jonathan Riley In thesituation. conversation,a to priest says a pilgrim out be whoto turns - Ambrose St. (339 reference back tothetroublesome conversation at the siege of 1097. Nicaea in Within narrator the conversation, the makes By far the most telling segment showing the characteristics of Albert’s text is the reported values about the meanings and debate contemporary of crusade. a peers his ahim as manipulator conscious ofchronicle, alongside his engagedthe in 1100,” 1100,” abuses. criticising crusading theof by ideals to clarify my textual intended form) in was (albeit, view, crusades spiritualità medievale medievale spiritualità croisade,” otio, sed quasi in uia si non corpore, tota mente et anima consocius esse elaborarem. memorie commendare que auditu et relatione nota fierent ab hiis qui presentes affuissent; ut uel sic non n effe mee intentioni impedimenta diuersa ob minime

For this,For see “LaAlphonse Dupront, Spiritualité croisés des et des pèlerins les d’après sources la de première Jonathan Riley Jonathan In this, I follow the argument of Sibe H. I., 2 Before quoting the segment length(albeit at thewith revelation of AmbSt. rose More English Historical Review Historical English

at [of “story wereat visionofthe demonstrates Ambrose] the St. thatcontemporaries - 3. Pellegrinaggi e culto santi in Eur in santi culto e Pellegrinaggi Sepius accensus desiderio eiusdem expeditionis et faciende orationis illic dumferuerem, sed

interesting for the of structure the to thereference curious The workis Hungary. - Smith, “The Motives of the Earliest Crusaders and t 4 (1963), 461. (1963), 4 2. 2. 1. The Vision of St.2. 1.Theof Vision Ambrose 98, no. 389 (1983): 721. (1983): 389 no. 98,

passage through Hungary in order through order topassage in the Hungary explain present rry’s opa fino alla la crociata. crociata. la alla fino opa Criticism of Crusading of Criticism 259

ctus daretur, temerario ausu decreui saltem ex hiis aliqua , where the composer of the narrative Albert 63

258

thereb , in that criticism directed towards the the towards directed criticism in that , he Settlement of Latin Palestine, 1095 LatinPalestine, he Settlement of Convegni del Centro di Studi sulla

256 y showing the sympathetic the y showing

257

I wish to argue that to wish I

- Smith has Smith has -

CEU eTD Collection becamemore harsh andmore extreme. known thatconditions is telling, to since it is Hungary reference narrative between thepriest and the saint contains aclear example of such an analepsis 263 262 261 260 permitthat it examine to us s discourse. contemporary orations, non- the succe than culprits) the with aware of the atrocities committed in the Kingdom in Hungary (and with potential association text is intended to engage with criticism of the crusades so that the audience is made more the in openi (anddescribed he which Albertwrote which is Hungary clearly deliberatea choicemade author. bythe the Given context probable in any moment.” storyat given the we pointare in where the than theused term analepsis Study of Battle Rhetoric,” Battle of Rhetoric,” Study Holy Land in Historical Narrative in Historical Land Holy Ages,” Ages,” Universityof Wales, 2002), 163 in Crusade,” First the Gillingham(Woodbridge: Ashga Hierosolimitanorum

G See Natasha Hodgson, “The Role of Kerbogha’s Mother in the For these, see John R. E. Bleise, “Rhetoric and Morale: A Study of Battle Orations from the Central Middle Middle Central fromthe Battle Orations of A Study Morale: and “Rhetoric R. seeE. Bleise, these, John For Emily Albu, “Probing the Passions of a Norman onCrusade: The Gesta Francorum et aliorum enette’s enette’s historic mother of incident Kerbogha’s great comfort to all the desolate soldiers of Christ the to aforesaidnewheld positioned out profession,next and who was fortress, At this point a certain most faithful brother, a Lombard by race, a cleric by rank say this desire has b priest replied: “Different people think different things about this journey. Some of Christ holy Jerusalem purposedesire.Jesus the city one and and with The andprinces every kind of Christianflocking were to the ofsepulchre Lord many many since aboutmost it, so kingdoms,so him important seemed to himasked earnestly about this whatjourney: he heard had about it, or what celebrate mass. A certain pilgrim approached him respect incourteous and field toparishwhichlittle the church was alone his road to custom,a according the across day, boyhood, one certain took mannerand repute ofexcellent life parts, livedin Italian known me to from atthis journey. For the give back Jesus allofLord will to die thosefavour whoforand his will love on ofreward which the think and hear hardship but forundergoing this nothing, hordes ofgentiles, and donotby the yousurrounded Turks believe are oppressed toare byfaminewhomeetin pestilence, and expect this death worl hesitatingwere wavering and with fear, saying ‘All of you, my who brothers, clerics, laypeople, nobles andmen; lesser he lifted everyone’s hearts which Journal of Medieval History Medieval Journal of 263 Narrative Discourse Narrative

while completely non- ,” in Anglo in ,” Gendering the Crusades Nottingham Medieval Studies

for “any for “any evocation after the fact of event an that pl took , 40. , - Norman Studies XXVII. Proceedings of the Battle Conference 2004J., ed. te, 2005), 14. te, 2005), een arousedin all pilgrimsthe byGod Lord and Jesus -

, 190 , 176, or 176,

outset ofoutset thisjourneya priest,certain man a of good 15 15 ss in Jerusalem. This inserted speech, like inthecomparable - historical in the event it describes, has a historical value in 196. (1989): 201 (1989):

the later version printed in Hodgson, Women, Crusading, and the

261 , ed. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff:

- 226, and “TheCourage the of Normans 64 Therefore the referring back to the events in 262

35 (1991): 1- (1991): 35

or therepeated instances of pre- his responsibility, where he would responsibility, would his he where

Gesta Francorum ng of his work), it is likely likely the is then it ng ofwork), his

26.

who were in who in were that place,

on the crusade worsened and worsened crusade and on the 260 and Selected Chronicles of Selectedand Chronicles of

The dialogue in the dialogue The –

A Comparative Comparative A ace earlier d

battle . The CEU eTD Collection 265 264 unimportant; the structure of the text gives the impression of integrity and agreement to the words he story,or theoral ofan source,is origin whether took Albert is written this or Crusade asadeliberately progression linear from Europe toJerusalem. The issueof whether Jerusalem, byonrouteto thoserewrites whothecrusaders praising stayed First Albert narrative of such acrime. for it reminds the audience of the comeuppance of the armies who were accu spin ideological and onthe crusader movement. Thementioning of is fornication important, The continuerint.” facti, puro et integro corde in dilectione Dei perseuerauerint, et se abauaricia, furto, adulterio, fornicatione ascruptos et feliciter coronatos quicumque in hac uia morte preoccupati fuerint, qui in nomine Iesu exules eo noueris celiaula in Christi martyres inter dubio et procul est dispositum, impossibile predictus peregrinus inquit: “Non leuitate aut gratis huius uie credas fuisse exordium, sed a Deo cui nihil meus adhuc hesitat animus, diu huius uie desiderio tactus, et tota in ipsa intentione occupatus.” Cui protinus tot peregrinis occurrisse impedimenta, nec ideo intentionem illorum ad effectum posse pertingere. et Vnde Francigenas Francigenas | primores et plurimum uulgus insistere, et ob hoc in regno Vngarie et aliis in regnis a Deo et Domino Iesu Christo hanc in omnibus peregrinis suscitatam uoluntatem, alii pro leuitate animi hanc Alii uia. dicunt hac sentiunt super disuersa “Diuersi repondit: Qui Ierusalem. ciuitatem confluxerint sanctam uniuersum genus Christianorum sub una intentione et desiderio ad sepulchrum requirens, quid super hac audierit, aut quid primum sibi de hac uideatur, cum tot regna, tot principes et i Cui agelli. cuiusdam spacium notus, quadam die solito more missam celebraturus ad diocesim sibi commissam solus carpebat uiam tran amihi puerica manens, in partibus Italie conuersationis eteximie testimony uir boni sacerdos, uie quidam Iesus omnibus hiis redditurus est qui est eius amore et gratia hac in uia morituri sunt. In ini speratisincurrere, non hunc gratis sufferer credatislaborem, sedaudite etpensate premium quod Dominus temporalem mortem turbis uallati etgentilium Turcorum qui fame laboratis etpestilentia, qui uniuersi ignobilibus magnum exhibuit solatium, quo dubia corda cunctorum et metu fluxa releuauit dicens: ‘Fraters et nobilibus laicis, clericis, illic aderant, qui Christiomnibus militibus desolatis consistens, dium presi nouum gloriatio. delectatio, assidua egressis, etintentione leuitatis in omnieiusdem temeritate sub huius uie occasione sub et puellis, cum mulieribus commessatio erat inmoderata auersis, commixtionibus etfornicariis illicitis

HI, ., 48; Hiis 48; H. I., itaque per turmas ex diuersis regnis et ciuitatibus in unum collectis, sed namquaquam ab assertions of Ambrose are clearly the assertions of the author, placing hisinterpretation 306 crowned among Christ’s martyrs of amongcrowned Christ’stheheaven.” in court fornication, beyond shall be doubt numbered, down, written joyfully and adultery, fromtheft, and abstained and avarice, love, God’s in heart blameless i journey, exiles this who became be bydeath on whotaken any shall impossible,know that is youshould and forwas frivolousnothing, or but that was it byGod, ordered whom to nothing immed pilgrim him to sameTheaforesaid said bythat intention.” up wholly fortaken thisjourneyand bydesire through forlong a wavering, time affected cannot so manageand to out carry intention.their And my so mind still is pilgrims met have the obstacles in kingdom and ofary in Hung otherkingdoms, onthegoing journeyfor reasons of onthisaccountso and frivolity, many othersChrist, that Frankish andthe leaders the very great common are crowd

- 9. Ad hec quidam frater fidelissimus, genere Longobardus, uita et ordine clericus, iuxta prefatum

iately: “You should not believe that the believecommencementjourney not of that “You should this iately: 265 n affabilitatis obsequium peregrinus quidam affuit, de uie huius instantia

With reminding his audience of the behaviour of“bad” the Withof behaviour audience remindingthe his n Jesus’ nameand preserved with pure and 65

264

Domini Iesu Christi et et Iesu Christi Domini tio namque huius huius namque tio s computatos, computatos, s sed in the the in sed CEU eTD Collection 268 267 266 crusade H the made with concerning The whethernot, intendedthedifficulty. paragraph, authoror reinforces points brief bythe who adhere those theto original aims through the pass kingdom can without Hungary any of lack ofthe incident, their crusader adherence goal.As the to such, thepassage implies that The “good ofprogress” the reinforcements from through the kingdom Lombardy shows,by Albert, by contrast, is restrained “sober presentation”. status, prone is tocoming “across as a very opini event. eyewitness due Ekkehardthe his participated ofin to Ekkehart, who Aura, discussed is contrast to This in of chronicler previouslythe otherimportant the only the 1101crusade, passagethrough theoriginal this through Hungary, describes 1101Albert contrastthe In crusade. theused describe to lengthof to text the passage St. of above. the the AmbroseIn nearing exampleclose text, than discussed The his under imageto earlier the ofimage his audience authority. crusading of forward.With put theargument Ambrosemouthpiece, being St. being Albert able tois repeat the expression can be used in reference to Albert’s account as a whole. a whole. account as Albert’sto in reference used be expression can the andCrusader Societies, 1095 confratribus Christianis auxilio augeri et prodesse. regnum per collecta Italie regionibus diuersis e uictoria, insigni Christianorum audita etIerusalem, Antiochie captionem Baldwino habita, anno regni ipsius primo, gens Longobardorum numero incomputabilis de regno Italie, post

Alec Mulinder, “Albert of Aachen and the Crusade of 1101,” in From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades Mulinder, 77. Mulinder uses the expression to refer to Albert’s use of numbers in the 1101, though I argue H. I. Ierosolimitana Historia - 586 , add reinforcements and to be of use to their Christians brothers. Christians their of reinforcementsbe to add to use and wanting to kingdom Bulgars, for the out the thenof set making progress, good oftravelled regions and kingdomdifferent Italy through the Hungary, of remarkable victory after Antioch and Jerusalemhad been taken, gathered from kingdom Italy, of countless in number, who heardhad of Christians’ the of of in year host Lombardsfrom victory, reign, a thee bloody a first his th At thesame time took battle asthis place inSeptember,King and Baldwin had

587; 587; Vngarie prospero intinere transeuntes, profecti sunt usque in regnum Bulgarorum, uolentes Eodem tempore quo bellum hoc mense Septembri actum es 2. 2. 2. The Account of the 1101Crusade2. Thethe Accountof - , ed.1500 A. V. Murray (Turnhout: Brepolis, 1998), 70 includes another mention thatis one includes ofsubt albeit another Hungary,

ungary asa textual space for discourse.

66

onated writer frequentlytakessides.” and onated 267

kingdom deliberately is brief.

t, et cruenta uictoria arege 268 .

ler 266

CEU eTD Collection presentation the ofin Godfrey a as cantherefore, training considered manual be embarking on for those crusades. future of thesemovements first who home,from fled back the participants book ofHistoria the condemnation. Therefore, in addition countering to fa first beingthe sympathetic a exemplum went of wrong, what the latter being an outright ends of Emicho, and provideopposing ofspectrum: framework,Gottschalk the Hungary” that of the account.Thein earlier “a praised two versions the final army led by Peter allows the text to confirm this structure, and to reinforce the qualities geographical areas, the showing the testing of Walter’s followers in Hungary, and illustrating similar tests in later the characteristics of unity, leadership, purpose, and faith canasserted. be clearly After Albprovides ert with a frameworknarrative in themeswhich can be introduced, and where readers his exampleswith of how armednot should The behave. pilgrims army byWalter led actual conflict between the Hungarians and thefirst groups of crusaders as ameans topresent andinterpretation methodology presenting Crusade, it ofFirst his in toaudience. the his both providesconception an Albert’s and the with narrative modern reader insight into seemingly insignificant detail the sucin h utilisation ofkingdom of the the as Hungary Ierosolimitana condemn elements those thatdid fit not this concept.Though of the size the Historia coherent narrative form, to articulate the emerging concept of crusading, to and praise and the work shares the same peers: aimto asits rewrite the events of the Crusade First ina alongside other crusading texts of the period, analysis of its structure and content reveal that historiography of the time. thisamountWhile makes detail e th by uniquethe datein set is Pope Urban the to prior Hungary thatentered Crusade movements with“popular” employs the First dealing thatAlbert amount of text the of struc the comprehend to order in whole thea workas regarding Historia the After examining With first bookas the the book manual,the second e exemplar is walk th through. The have As I demonstrated,

2. 3. Considerations RegardingAachen of 2. 3.Considerations theAlbert of Text may be a deterrent to a modern scholar, focusing on such a small and and small a onsuch focusing modern scholar, a to may deterrent a be Historia

Ierosolimitana

establishes Hungary as the testing ground for crusaders. The in thein first bookof Historiathe Historia

67 is one of a highly sympatheticis of one exemplum. highly a closely, it is worthwhile contemplating and

brications and narratives originating ture of the ture work.Thelarge Historia ttempted journey through , Albert manipulates the

appear anomalous

, CEU eTD Collection unique not in one as its argument, unique depth but in andits detail. alongside allbelongs othe Historia shouldthe As be. such, crusade of conception a what and clear a ofevents the chronology expressesa both narrative for his Historia Ierosolimitana for whoaccessible those of follow the crusading. goals through – road is Hungary quick andthe passage uneventful of Lombardsthrough reminder a the is Hungary thatthe those crusaders who eventually reached Jerusalem. Inaless overtmanner, thereference of the real crusaders and crusade l during difficulties experienced at Nicaea act to remind theaudience that Hungary separated original establishedlessons in the early stages of crusade. the Thespeech of St. Ambrose these placedare in context that these act as remi route Hungarythat the through to safe. assessableand the HolyLandis reassure his audience (some ofwhom might w means agreementColomana usesand as the byGodfrey to Albert Furthermore, reached In this examination of the roleofkingdom thisexaminationAlbertofIn the in Aachen’s of Hungary of Hungary to the references in Historia the later Regarding , has become it that clear th r twelfthr attemptscentury define to the nature of crusading, albeit as as agreed uponby Coloman Godfreyand – eaders from ones, thefalse thereby reasserting the value of , though different in its sources its and its , though in context, different 68 ell beenell have survivors of such failed attempts)

e intricate structure that theauthor creates nders to to audiencethe nders oftext the of the

, it becomes when visible

open, safe, and safe,open, and CEU eTD Collection point thatthe author is to the respective intending make. at Moson,battle of the attribution the conflict –if it appears in the countac at all – Crusade ofFirst regarding thehistory the actual shown that have armies.I Astheir such, thei Hierosolymita. ofEkkehard Aura’s purposes and narrative appearsin of the for interpretative both also for explanation an crusader army can co which of judge a of the function as narrative to serve text the employed is Hungary in the different kingdomexplaining twoattempts.outcomes Guilbert’saccount,the the In of of juxtaposition permitsmake Guibert narrative his assertions to use to the opportunity kingdom. the across This travels successfully led the by Godfrey, at second, Moson; defeated passage the through the kingdom Hungary. of The first, led byPeter, depictedis being as – accounts in together thetravelling previous Godfreyand of Bouillon – Gesta Dei Per Francos by Guibert of Nogent. In that text, Guibert separates Peter the Hermit the argument in an serveas to Hungary continues in utilisation ofevents This the of text. the Godfrey detail travelled a actual ofspeed Constantinoplein that appears the to later passage that the of when interpretationfactualnoting recollectionapparent becomesplacing over an into event the turning Francorum Gesta of the First Crus theto intentaccounts suit ofauthor. the the kingdom in the used wasdiscussed, is version In it which road. every in constructed the of Charlemagne thehad mentioning myth oftheby the in crusade the role Franks that the other simple textthat than reasons crusader earliest discussed chronology.From Hungary, the The kingdom appears in westernLatin Hungary the of of accounts r followers are shown as being corrected by their failure to pass through Hungary with throughwith Hungary pass failureto by shown corrected their are being as followers r Gesta FrancorumGesta This thesis thesis charted changingThis ofhas the theinliterature Hungary role kingdom the of ade. It ade. is worthwhileto re

version by Robert the Monk’s Monk’s the byRobert version ntinue Jerusalem,to and cannot.which This utilization of the kingdom , the description ofroutethrough the country used the assertis to the exemplum who, thewith lack of any partition,clear are presented as Here, theHere, moral religiousfailingsand of various men and

heavily influencedheavily by of Rule the Benedict.This St. Conclusion - emphasise these differences. The expansion of the 69 and and

Historia Iherosolimitana provided his audience with two accounts of of twoaccounts hiswith audience provided

the Crusade First for

is due to the author the to author due is

depends on

CEU eTD Collection also look byproviding forwards texts of Jerusalem 1099waspartof in original the Inplan. recounting history in this manner, the trangressing groups to reach the Holy Land, is used in these texts to assert that the liberation Hungarians). against and Jews violence both in engaged of those crusading, and, thesame at timebackwards looking what at has occurred inthe (as criticism work.should As such, the cantexts seen be providingas discourse a on naturethe of collecting the historyof Crusade, theFirst was designed to teach its audience how acrusade laterevents in the text,leading tothe suggestion thatAlbert’s exempl this is unambiguousin terms:black white. and In Historiathe depiction of successful transients, asserts what is required of crusaders. In Guibert’s Gesta when comparedg topresentation, the when travellin throughThis to and Hungary. ruin recklessness, lapses in dedication, and thefollowing of false leaders presented is as leading to successful.Guibert’s In which the respective authors can assert which qualities requiredare for crusaders tobe make. to intending is he point the to connected heavily sympashown as kingdom journey, the Bouillon’s is accountof appreciation Godfrey positive ina Albert’s connected given closely God to is country as ofjudgement presentation Hungary of God;this Gottschalk kingdom Emicho,and the position given the is ofout carrying the divine followers and of Withofcharacters presentation the groups Albert’s different of crusaders. attempt led by Peter the Hermit, Hungary becomesmeans a inwhich to assess and compare With comparative functions. the crusade framework a a fo how r provide to used kingdom is accountof nuanced.Albert’s and In attemptofarmy byWalter the ‘Sansavoir,’ led the groups.the However,with crusader Hierosolymita preceding Godfrey Bouillon’s of is force tosimilar that contained Ekkehard’s in Dei Per Francos. In Albert’s text, the investigation into the failings of the various armies crusade “knightly” into two distinct shows books similar a manipulat complex at and, times, more Theseparationof subtle. the “popular” and crusade the manner astheotheraccounts of Crusade theFirst were that discussed, albeit one thatmore is are textrecently undergone scholarly neglected um In theIn later theaccounts, events in land ofthe King Coloman means a in become This thesis has demonstrated Albertthat of Aachen’s Historia Ierosolimitana

for future crusaders is more nuanced, with events in Hungary directly paralleling paralleling more directly is Hungary nuanced, eventsin crusaders with future for ; both connect the failures to the motivations thetic to the crusader cause. Albert’s depiction of the kingdom of Hungary is is Albert’s depiction Hungary cause. ofkingdom of to crusader the thetic the Gesta, Gesta, Ekkehard’s Ekkehard’s Historia an an exemplum , more ofthe in textis the Hungary complex role 70 Hierosolymita

- evaluation, manipulated history in the in sameevaluation, history manipulated

which gives a clearer definition of clearer definition a a what gives which

, Albert’s

and actions of the respective

Hence thefailure of these of Albert, the roleof an Historia ion to Guibert’s Gesta Historia , in addition to , flawsthe of , a long long , a , CEU eTD Collection now.outcome movementcontroversialasdebatedthenan and is as ofwidely it were received, recognised, rearticulated, repackaged, and reasserted by those moved by the curiouscomprehending the complex and events issueof historic of1096 how the - Historia, et cetera). Either eachthat of theaccounts of Crusade theFirst chose toutilise (pilgrimage narrative, Gesta, genres different byexamining the ofliterary investigation the aspects the with continue to geographic the groundresearch byexamining either the to onadvance is build this forwardto themethodical, best route to back be fray.Stepping the conclusion atWith the surprise achi collated.and thesetantalizing the advances and asextracted and rather whole, whenarea than appears texts examineddiscourse individually of understanding historical contemporaneous greater phenomena in of interpretation the illuminate underappreciated aspects ofmedieval texts. Most importantly, has shown it a that literature. It has demonstrated that modern theories and a framework that is literary can Crusade Hungary,audienceFirst inspire in undertakesame. perhaps,to his and, to the during the ofcrusade 1101, is used to reassert the earlier pointsmade in depictionthe of the difficulties at Nicaea and Ierosolimitana crusade means to the audience. This most is visible in Albert of Aachen’s This th – as with the conquest of Jerusalem – , where an incident of incident analepsis an , where esis has shown that chronicles manipulate narrative any like other form of

a later depiction ofmovement later a byLombards easyHungary through

option, Ibelieve, will reach conclusions that will aide us in 71

in an inserted speech of St. Ambrose during AmbroseSt. during of speech inserted an in the immediate desire is to rushmore into al context of the respective authors, or authors, ofrespective context the al evement of the evement of the

Historia 1099 1099 CEU eTD Collection

Maps of the Kingdom of Hungary and the First Crusade First the and of Hungary theKingdom of Maps Appendix 72

CEU eTD Collection

Történelmi világatlasz Történelmi from ed, Dudar, Tibor A : Map of the Kingdom of Hungary at the Time ofKingdom Map the the of: Crusade at ofFirst Hungary the (Budapest: Cartographia, 1991), Cartographia, 1991), (Budapest: 73

[Historical World Atlas] 109.

CEU eTD Collection

- Riley from Jonathan B : Map Showing the Route of the First Crusade ofFirst Route through Europe Showingthe the Map : Facts onFile,Facts 31 1991), (detail). The Atlas of the Crusades the Smith, of TheAtlas ed, 74

(New York: York: (New

CEU eTD Collection Hartvic. Hungarian ed.antiquissima 1.Budapest: Hungariae , vol. Diplomata Györffy,Georgius, RHC ______. Gesta Dei Per Francos In . ______. “ of Nogent. Guibert of the______. A History Expedition Jerusalem, to 1095- Historia of Chartres. HierosolymitanaFulcher of HierosolymitaEkkehard Aura. ChronicaCosmas Boemorum of Prague. Rosalind.Hill, Gesta Francorum: Deeds of the Franks and the Other Pilgrims to Jerusalem GombosAlbin, F. ed. ______. Historia Ierosolimitana of Aachen. Albert Occidentaux N. B. RHCOcc indicatesvolumes from Recuil the des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Sources Harold S. Fink. New York: Norton, S. Fink.Norton, Harold 1969. New York: Academy Sciences, 1992 of 1996.Brepols, 1997. Boydell,Nogent’s Woodbridge: Gesta Dei PerLevine. Robert Francos by . Translated 1913. Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, Anthology Akadémia, 1937- New York: Oxford University Press,1962. Reprint,New Oxford 2002. York: University Jerusalem

“Hartvic, series, 5vols. Paris: series, Imprimerie Impériale, 1844 Dei gesta per Francos”Huygens. Turnhout: cinq et autre textesB.. Ed.C. R. , ed. Thomas Head,375- . Oxford: Clarendon Press, Ed. Edgington. 2007. Susan 1943). 1943). Albert of Aachen: Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Life KingStephen of of Hungary The Deeds of de Franks:of of AThe Deeds Translation the Guibert God through Catalogus fontium historiae HungaricaeCatalogus

. . In RHC Occ 5, 1 5, Occ RHC In . . RHC 4,265- In Occ : Garland, 2000. Garland, : 398. New York Bibliography Ed. Bertold Bretholz. Berlin: Weidmannsche, 1923. . Ed. Bertold Occ 4,113- Occ 75 .

er. Heidelberg:Ed. Hagenmey Heinrich Carl - 40.

263. 713. .” . Translated by Rita Ryan, ed. Ryan, ed. 1127. Translated byRita

I - n 1855. Medieval Hagiography: An

(B udapest: Szent István . CEU eTD Collection Bachrach, Asbridge Andressohn, ______. Albu, Emily. Akasoy, Anna Literature Glaber Rodulfus Rodulfus Glaber. Opera.E ______. Monk. the Robert AguilersRaymond of ______. ofRalph Caen.Gesta Tancredi Edwards, The ed. Peters, FirstCrusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other VitaSanBenedetto Gregorio,ed. di Magno, la e . 1995.Regola Reprint, Roma: CittàNuova, C. ed. August Krey, Reynolds. Oxford: OxfordReynolds. 2002. University Press, Ashgate, 2007.Ashgate, Kedar, Studi Hierosolymitani: 2004. 1947. Press, University Gillingham J. 2004,ed. Conference Hierosolim 2005. Boydell, Woodbridge: Journal History Earthquakes Plagues, and ”Medieval Tr 309. Crusade Materials Source 2006. Prin anslated by Carol Sweentenham. Aldershot: Ashgate, by 2006. Sweentenham.anslated Carol Aldershot: ceton: Princeton University Press, 1921. , ed Thomas Bernard S. “Papal WarAims

a Norman on Crusade: of NormanFrancorumet the a Crusade: TheGesta aliorumPassions “Probing on . Ed . The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First the the A ofCaen: HistoryNormans of on Ralph Tancredi The Gesta Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade: Historia Ihero . Iris Shagrir, Ronnie Elle John C.AncestryJohn The and LifeofGodfrey of itanorum . . Bernard S. . Bernard The Normans in Histories:their Propaganda,. MythandSubversion “Islamic Attitudes to Disasters in the MiddleAges: A Compari Historia Ihero . The FirstCrusade: A New History. . Philadelphia,PA: Univers The FirstCrusade:The The Accounts of Eye Witnesses and Participants . .” In.” - Anglo Historia Francorum qui ceperunt FrancorumIherusalem ceperunt qui Historia es Culture Crusades in Benjamin andMedieval Honour of in Z.

Bachrach and David S. Bachrach. Aldershot: As . In RHC. In - Occ 3, 587 sol . In RHCimitana- . In Occ3,717 Norman XXVII. Studies of BattleProceedings the , nblum, and Jonathan Riley- nblum,Jonathan and 1- in 1096: The Option Not Chosen.” I NotChosen.” TheOption 1096: in Woodbridge: Ashgate, 2005. 15. Woodbridge: Ashgate, 76 ity of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.ity of Press, Pennsylvania

d. John France,d. John Nei 716. 10, nos. 10,nos. New York

. Bouillon 882.

1& Smith, 319- : Oxford University Press, 2 (2007): 387- thard Bulst, and Paul . Bloomington: India In RHC Occ 3,235- RHCOcc In

hgate, 2005. hgate, 341. n sol 410. In Laudem Al imitana. dershot: sion of

na na

CEU eTD Collection drey, Cow Giles Constable, . Cohn, Norman ______. Robert Chazan, Blumenthal, Uta ______. “ John “ R.Bleise, E. Blake Nora Berend, Beer, Jeanette. . Beaumont, Alden André Baumgartner,Frederic J. Balard, Michel. “Gesta Dei perFrancos: L’usagemot du ‘francs’ dans chroniques les de la Bagge, Sverre Crusade. 1970. F. S.York: Crofts,1928. Civilization 1997. Sorbonne, Essential ReadingsEssential 2008. Press, 1997. California Press, 1996. California Twelfth the to Century History of Medieval Journal Studies Medieval Nottingham 1000- Hungary, c. 1988. Schenck Mary P.and Jane ,1- David Schenk Chanson d’Antioche Other Historical Essays Presented to DanaMunro C. travers l’histoire, première croisade.” In Med C. and Morris. , E. O., ieval History 22,no. 4 ( H. E.“Pope J. II’s Urban Studies in Church in ” Studies History Medieval SterotypesMedieval and Modern Ant Rhetoric and Morale: A Study of Battle Oratio . New York: Palgrave, 2001. New Palgrave, York: .

At At Christendom:the of Gate MuslimsJews, and‘Pagans’ in Medieval The Pursuit of Millennium the Pursuit The . - “Ideas and Narrative in Otto of Freising’s Gesta Frederici “Heroic Language and theEyewitness: The Francorumand Gesta . Renate. European Jewry Firstand the Crusade Crusaders and inTwelfthCrusading the Century The Courage ofNormans – Courage the The

c. 1300c. C . Cambridge: ed. ed. , ed. , 15- , ed. Madden Thomas F. .” I .”

Philadelphia, PA: Univers . Philadelphia, The Investiture Controversy: ChurchThe Investiture Controversy: narchy andMo from the Ninth “Albert of County the and Aachen of Edessa.”

Michel Rouche

Clovis: Histoire Mémoire: & Le Baptême de Clovis, son echo à n Longing End: for the A Historyof Millenialism in Western Echoes of the Epic the of Echoes 1996): “A HermitWar:to Goes Peterand t 15 (1989): 201- 15(1989): 35 (1991):

PreachingFirst Crusade. ofthe 345

21 (1984): 79- 21 (1984): , 473- - 377. 1- ambrid 77 26. . 226. 483. Rev

: Studies in Honor in Braut J. Gerard of Studies :

16. Oxford: Blackwell, 200229. Oxford: Blackwell, . ge University Press, 2001. Universityge Press, A Compa A . ed. isemitism ity of Pennsylvania Press, of 1988. Pennsylvania ity Paris: Presses de l’Université de Paris Birmingham 107. New York: Oxford University Press, , ed. , ed. Paetow J. Louis ns Middle Ages.” from Central the rative Study ofBattle Rhetor . . Berkeley, BA: Univ BA: Berkeley, Berkeley CA: Univer CA: Berkeley , Al: Summa Publications, SummaPublications, , Al: ” he Origins of the First . Aldershot: Ashgate, I

n I n The Crusades: The The Crusades and The Crusades

, 101- .” Journal of Journal of 138. ersity of sity of sity New New , ed. , ed. ic.” La La -

CEU eTD Collection Jean. Flori, Vivian. Etting, Pál Engel, ______. ______.“The First Crusade: Reviewing the Evidence”, in TheFirstCrusade: Origins and War: DovesofPlayed______.“The the Part byCarrier Pigeons in Crusades.”In the ______. ______. . Susan Edgington, W. Peter Edbury , PaulDutton, Edward.“ Dupront, Alphonse. ‘La spiritualité des croisé des et pèlerins d’après les sources de la Történelmi ed. Tibor, Dudar, világatlasz Tony. Davenport, Jensen Ideology Writing andCrusading History Mancheste 2001. r Press, University andConsequences Scope Societies,and Crusader 1095- A Studies Particular.” In 455 sulla4(1963), di Centro Studi spiritualità del medievale 1991. I. B. Tauris, 2001by TamásB. I. Tauris, . Pálosfalvi. New York: Sick Ot and Aachen Impact l’UniversitéParis de Première Croisade la de Autour Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton C Cambridge: 2008. première croisade’, alla santiin Pellegrinaggie Europafino culto 2004. ldershot: Ashgate, 1998. Ashgate, ldershot: , ed. Malcolm, ed. Barber , 185- , ed. J., ed. P. Phillips , ed. Jennifer R. Davis and Michael McCormick .

Bernard and the Second Crusade.” I the and Crusade.” Second of Bernard St. Aachen, “Albert “Albert of Aachen reappraised”, in “Medieval Knowledge intheCrusading Armies: The Evidence Pierre l’Ermite et la Prèmiere Croisade 1999. Fayard, . Paris: The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval A Hungary895- Stephen: Historyof St. The Realmof Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, Finnish Literature 194. Helsinki: 2005. “Crusade and Pilgrimage:Di ambridge University Press, 1990. Press, University ambridge The Long Morningof New Medieval Europe: in Directions Early Medieval Narrative: An Introduction hers.” I “Albert and John GordonRowe. John and - Observations on Early Medieval Weather inGen Sorbonne, 1996. n

, 55- of Aachenchanson geste the de and The Military Orders: Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the the for andCaring the Faith Fighting Orders: The Military , 320- , ed. JonathanPhillips, ed. Martin and Hoch, 54- 77. Manchester: Manchester University 1997. Press, , 55- A.1500, ed. V. Murray Variorum,326. Aldershot: 1994.

, ed. Michel Balard, , Balard, 167- Michel ed.

[Historical World Atlas]. Budapest:Cartographia, , eds. Villads, eds. Kurt and Tuomas S. M. Lehtonen 78 fferent Ways to the City of God.” I of City Waysthe fferent to William of Tyre: Historian of the Latin East. From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Cr usades

, ed. J., ed. FranceW. and G. Zajac . New York 67. Turnhout: Brepolis, 1998.67. Turnhout: Brepolis, , 167-

- .” I 481. : OxfordPress,: University n 180. 175. Paris: Presses175. Paris: de The andtheir Crusades n crociata. la The Crusade: Second eral, Bloodyeral, in Rain Aldershot: Ashgate, . Translated 1526. Translated 70. of Albert of Man n

Convegni Convegni Medieval Medieval , 23 chester: - 57. 57. CEU eTD Collection ______. Norman.Housely, Con ______. Hodgson, Natasha R. TuomasHeikkilä, Hagenmeyer, Hans. Peter der Ermite: ei György, Györffy. Györkös, Attila.“La relation de Raoul Glaber surles premières décennies de l’Etat Glasheen, Genette, Frassetto, ______. ______. France, John. Foss, Michael Márta Font, 1096.” I 1096.” Un Cornell York: New 1996. Press, University Cambridge Szegedi Középkorász M East EuropeanEast Review Press, 2007. Boydell Sarah Lambert ofeChronicles First th Crusade,’ in Crusades the Gendering Jensen andHistory Writing Crusading Ideology ofDeath Archbishop Eberhard of Trier and Kreuzzuges. 1977. 120- hongrois.” 2006. Ashgate, Aldershot: 2007Routledge, . 1095 Societies, Crusader Sources for theFirst Crusade.” I 2005 Routledge, . Abingdon: 126. Debrecen: Debrecen University Press, 2002

Gérard , 155-

Michael Charles R. “Provisioning Peter the He n “King Louis Louis Great“King ofthe and Hung Crusades, - 1342 ary the “The Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative Historical Land Holy in andthe Crusading Women, . Victoryin East: the Military A History ofFirst the Crusade

Koloman the Learned, King of Hungary Kingof Learned, Koloman the Logistics of Warfare the of in Ageof Crusades Logistics Warfare the People of. People FirstCrusade the I n 162. Helsinki: Finnish Society, Literature 2005. Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1879. The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom ExpansionCatholic of 1000- andthe The Crusades .

The Fi The , 163- Gesta Francorum Gesta Anonymous the Use of Narrativ . István Király és Müve “Pogroms of the First CrusadeMedieval“Pogroms First in Local of The the Historiography: Christ “ The Role of Kerbogha’s Mother in the in Mother of Kerbogha’s Role The testing the Crusades testing rst Millennium of Hungary in Europe Hungary in of rst Millennium 176. Cardiff 62, no. 2 (1984): 192- 62, no.2(1984): iversity Press, 1983. ian Attitudesian t e Discourse: An Essay inMethod 2001. ühely, - , 29 A.1500, ed. V. Murray : University of 2002. University Wales, : n

From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Jerusalem: From to Crusades Clermont and owards the Jews in Middlethe Ages Budapest: Gondolat, [King and Work].Gondolat, Stephen his Budapest: New York: Arcade, 1997. York: . New . Malden, 2006. MA:Publishing, Blackwell n kritischer Beitrag zur Geschichte des ersten

., ed Tuomas S. M. Lehtonen Kurtand Villads 79 the Legitimationthe of Pogroms.” the I 208.

rmit: from Constantinople, to Cologne . T - rans . 42. Turnhout:Brepolis, 1998. lated byMonikalated Miklán. , ed , . Translated by Jane E. Lewin.

Gesta Francorum and Selected in the Early Twelfth John H. Pryor, 119- H. John , ed. Pryor,

, . Klára Papp and János Barta, ed. Susan B. Edgington and and B. Susan ed. Edgington 1382.” . . . Slavonic andSlavonic Woodbridge: Woodbridge: Cambridge: New York: York: New n Me - Centur Szeged: Szeged:

dieval 1714. 129. y CEU eTD Collection Elena. Koytcheva, to(1095 Z.FromIII Kosztolnyik, J. Learned ColomanBéla - the Conor Kostick, Klaniczay, Gábor ______. Kedar, ______. . Elizabeth Lapina, . Richard Allen Landes, Lambert, Susan Bernhard.Aachen Albertvon Kugler, . Stuttgart: 1885. Kohlhammer, , EinarJoranson Irene Jong, de Times Roy. WarsJenkins, Minature York a Arena.” “Refighting in New OldReligious Huygens, R.GuibertManuscrite de B. C. N La Tradition Religious Conversion Conversion in MiddleReligious the Ages Balkans: transport and road systems roadand transport Balkans: 1987. Affairs uponForeign Impact andTheir Policies Europe 11- of 1997. Florida, Press University Flanders Paetow Presented Historical DanaEssays to C. Munro his by FormerStudents Journal of History of Medieval Journal U Harvard 2006.Ashgate, Decemeber 9,2001. 1991. Edgington andEdgington Sa Studies Byzantines 2001. Press, University 31. Benjamin Z.“Multidirectional Co . Translated Univer byÉvaPálmai.Cambridge Cambridge: , 3- “Crusade Histo .” Emperor Alexius to the Court of of theof Letter Alexius Emperor to Court Spurious Problem“The the of American Historical Review 55,no.4(1950): niversity Press, 1995. New York: F. S. Crofts, 1928. 56. F. S. Crofts, New York: . TheSocialStructure First the of Crusade . . . “ A Narratological Commentary on Odysseythe . The Great German Pilgrimage of- 1064 “Crusading or Spinning.” I Spinning.” “Crusading or Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic C “Logistical problems“Logistical movementcrusades for ofearly the through the “Anti rah Lambertrah , vol.. 2,ed

- Relics, Apocalypse, and theDeceits of History. Jewish rhetoric in Guibert of Nogent’s Dei Gesta Per Guibertof Fra rhetoricin Nogent’s Jewish

rians and the Massacres of 1096. 35 (2009): 239- 35(2009): , 1- 15. Cardiff Elizabeth JudithGilliland,Jeffreys and 54.Aldershot: .”

Proceedings of the 21 the of Proceedings nversion in the Frankish Levant.” I Frankish the in nversion 80 , ed. James, 190- Muldoon : University of 2002. University Wales, : 253,

n Gendering the Crusades the Gendering . NewYork: ColumbiaUniversity Press, . Leiden: Brill, 2008. Brill, . Leiden: 1065.” I 1065.” 811 ” ogent Jewish History 12,no. 2 (1998): - 832. 1196): DomesticHungarian st

n . Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, . Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, International Congress of Congress International . The andCrusades Other ults in Medieval Central sity Press, 2002. sity Press, Cambridge: CaCambridge: 199. Cambridge, MA: , ed. Susan B. Susan , ed. , ed. J. Louis n Gainesville: Varieties of mbridge mbridge

ncos .” ,

CEU eTD Collection Murakami, Haruki Mulinder Morris, . Bernard McGinn, Mei ______. Crusade First for the source Zimmern a ofas AlanChronicle V. Murray, “The Mayer, Hans E. TheCrusades DenysPringle, Powell, James M. P Pet Nancy RomanceGuibert F.Family “The of Partner, Seong- Park, Markowski, Michael Laszlovszky, József orges, Walter orges, Impact Sketch. An Initial ” MedievalFunction History Journal Turnhout: Brepolis, 1998.Turnhout: Societies,1095- andCrusader The Crusades Jerusalem: Press,Columbia University 1998. 1972. Press, University Press, 1997. Press, University and Origins Impact Crusade: T Speculum I 1204.” History 10, no. 3 (1984): Jerusalem l’UniversitéParis de In 1996.Garland, Wheeler Bonnie and Parsons , ed. Mothering Carmi John Medieval their Heritage]. Máriabesny Háborúk: Lovagrendek és Emlékeik őfi er, Mischa er, rans , Sándor Autour de laPremière Croisade Michel, ed. Balard, 121- Colin. lated by , Alec. , Alec. , ed. JonathanPhillips, ed. n press. “The Middle LandGround: Middle “The Sea Crusa and in Routes 21, no. 1 (1946), 1- 21,no.1(1946), . Portentsrae Korean andPolitics in History . John the Valiant the . John Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press, 2007. Cambridge: Univesity Cambridge .

. . “Peter “Natural Disasters in the Chronographia of John Malalas: Reflections on their Alfred Birnb The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalemof theKingdom of Crusader The Churches “ “Albert of“Albert the and Aachen The theClergy, and Poor, Non- the

“Myth, Legend, Propaganda, His Visions of the End: Apocalyptic Traditions in the Middle Ages Middle Traditions the Apocalyptic in End: the Visions of . , .

Judit Majorossy,d an József Zsengellér. Magyarország és a Keresztes

Underground: The Tokyo Gas Attack andthe JapaneseUnderground: Psyche Gas TheTokyo Attack the Hermit andthe Chroniclers.” In “Crucesignat - Sorbonne, 1996.

157- aum and Philip GabrielaumPhilip and ő –Gödöll , , 21- . Translated byJohn Press, Ridland. Hesperus London: 2004. 23. Translated byJohn Gillingham. 165. , ed. Jonathan Phillips , ed. Jonathan

us: Its Origins and Early Usage. 34.

Manchester: Manchester1997. University Press,

: Attraktor,ő: 2006. [Hungary and the Crusades: Chivalric Crusades: Orders[Hungary the and and 81

Crusade ofCrusade I 1101.” tory: Thetory: Crusade, First 1140- . New York: Vintage, . New Vintage, 2000. York:

of Nogent: His Story/Her St I ory.” . Seoul: Jimoondang, 1998. C 10,nos. 237- (2007): 1&2 , 78- ombatants on First ombatants the Crusade.” The FirstCrusade: Origins and

1500 A., ed. V.69- Murray, 106. des des theto HolyLand,1096- Oxford: Manchester: Man 141. Paris: Presses de ” , 359- n Journal of Medieval of Medieval Journal , From Clermont to to Clermont From

ol 3:The Cityvol of Oxford University 379. .” I .” . New York: York: New n N ca. ca. 266. ew York: York: ew The First chester 1300.” 1300.”

77. n .

CEU eTD Collection Stephenson, Paul ______. Špoljaric Runciman,. Stephen ______. Rubenstein, Werethe Crusades ______. What ______.“Pilgrims and Cru ______. ______. ______. ______. The Crusades: A History . Riley JeanRichard, . Speigel, Gabrie Speigel, Elizabeth. Criticism Crusading, of Sidberry, 1095- Sylvia Schein, University Press, 1997. Press, University 900- Deconstruction of Image an 9- CEU 2009), Press, Medi ByzantineEmpire”,of the inand Annual Baltimore: John Kingdom Jerusalem of J. Susan ,53- ed. Ridyard 2002. 1095- 1986. Press, Pennsylvania Cambri Academy (1099- - Smith, ed.Crusades the TheAtlas Jonathan, of Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1204. Cambridge: Cambridge 2000. University 1100,” English Historical Review , 1187) dge University Press, 1999. Press, University dge Luka “How, Much, How or The First Crusade of and The First Idea the . Crusading “The Motives of the Earliest Crusaders and the Settlement of Latin Palestine, 132 (2007): 5 132(2007): The First Crusaders, 1095 “William of Tyre and the Byzantine Empire: The Construction and TheConstruction Byzantine Empire: the and “William of Tyre Jay. Jay. . Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. Ashgate, . Aldershot: . lle The Crusades: c.The Crusades: 1071 – Gateway totheHeavenly City: Crusader Jerusalem and theCatholic West “Rhetoricizing Effeminacy in Twelfth . Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind . Byzantium’s Balkan A Politi Frontier: Byzantium’s Hopkins University 1997. University Hopkins Press, The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography of The andPractice Text:TheTheory as Past A of theHistory Crusades: andtheThe FirstCrusade Foundationthe of 21. . 1951. Cambridge Reprint,Cambridge:

- 21.

69. saders inWestern Latin Sources. MA Thesis, CEU, 2008 MA.” Thesis, Budapest, . Woodbridge: 2004 Boydell Press, . to Reevaluate . 1977. Reprint, London: Macmillian,. 1977.Reprint, 2002. 2

nd ed 98,no.389( - . New Continuum, York: 2005. c. 1291c. byJean. Translated Birrell. Cambridge: C Cambridge: 1131. 1997.Reprint, 82

Peter the Hermit.” In Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985 Clarendon Press, . 1274. Oxford: eval Studies CEU,eval at

. New York: Facts on 1991. . New File, York: 1983): 7211983): - - Century Outremer: William of Tyre cal Study of the of Northerncal Balkans, Study Philadelphia, PA: Universi ” University Press, Proceedin 736. . New York: Routledge, . New Routledge, York: The Medieval Crusade Medieval The

vol. gs of the British 15 (Budapest: Cambridge: 1999. amb

ridge ridge ty of of ty

. , CEU eTD Collection Wolf, Veszprémy, ______. God’s War: A New History ofthe Crusades Penguin. London: Books, 2006. Tyerman, Christopher. Tyerman, . Tzvetan Todorov, Terkel, Studs, ed. Pavolich. Anton Tchekov, ______. . Heinrich Sybel, von Sweeney, JamesRoss. Oxford University Press, 2004. Oxford University 1984. Random House, Közlemények 501- 118(2005): Argumentum, Medievalin Hungary]. Engineers Budapest: Military 2008 középkori Magyarországon Review Universit Koteliansky. Routledge,Solomonovitch London: 1927. 1861. ChapmanLondon: Hall, and Medieval History History theand Crusade:the First Testimony Albertof of Aachen]. 467- 3, no.4(1981): K. B. “ K. B. 110, no. 437 (1995): 553- 110, no. 437(1995): C. J. “Were There Any C There “Were J. C. “Magyarország és az első keresztes hadjárat. Aacheni Albert tanúsága” keresztes első az és “Magyarország

y of 1995. Press, Minnesota László Crusade and Narrative: B . “

The Morals ofThe History Morals The Good War”: An Oral Histo

Lovagvilág Magyarországon: Lovagok, keresztesek, hadmérnökök a The History and Literature of ary in the Crusades,- 1169 the in “Hungary 481. Fighting For andthe Crusades War Fighting Christendom:Holy

17 (1991): 207- 17(1991): Literary and Theatrical Reminiscences. T

[The World of Chivalry in Hungary: Knights, Crusaders Knights,and Crusaders Hungary: in of Chivalry World [The 516. 577.

rusades in theTwelfth Century?

ohemond and the Gesta Francorum Gesta ohemond the and 216. . T 83

rans Minneapolis: bylated Minneapolis: Waters. Alyson

the Crusades ry of World War Two 1218.”

International History Review , tr. LadyDuff Gordan. ” rans English Historica . lated by lated

Hadtörténelmi .” .

New York: York: New Journal of of Journal

. [Hungary

Oxford: Sa muil l