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24. BIBLICAL EPIC: Jeremiah Notes 24. BIBLICAL EPIC: Jeremiah Notes ccusation Jeremiah 1: The LORD said to me: I appointed you as a prophet to the nations. Do not be afraid. I am calling the northern kingdoms against Judah. Jeremiah, often called the "weeping prophet" because of his sorrow over the persistent message of God's judgment, prophesied to the nation of Judah from the reign of King Josiah in 627 BC until sometime after the destruction of Jerusalem in 586. Though his task as a prophet was to declare the coming judgment of God, we also see God's concern for repentance and righteousness in individuals as well as nations. This dual focus is seen in God's instructions to Jeremiah: he was "to pluck up and to break down" but also "to build and to plant" (1:10). Jeremiah sees a future day when God will write His law on human hearts, and "they shall all know me," and "I will remember their sin no more" (31:33-34). John Donne’s words summarize the book well: “Therefore that He may raise, the Lord throws down.” • 1:1-19. Introduction. The vast collection of oracles, sermons, and historical accounts that make up this book are drawn into a single narrative by means of the heading “The words of Jeremiah… to whom the word of the LORD came.” This all-powerful word is effectively the main character of the book, and its mission is laid out in this chapter. o Historical Setting (vv. 1-3). Jeremiah lived in difficult times, ministering from the reign of Judah’s last good king (Josiah), to sometime after the fall of Jerusalem at the hands of the Babylonians. Despite his efforts, Jeremiah’s preaching did not stop Israel’s slide into exile. Though these are Jeremiah’s words, they are inspired by God. o Jeremiah’s Call (vv. 4-8). God is sovereign, knowing all things even before they happen. Thus, He knew Jeremiah even before he was formed in his mother’s womb. God’s plan for Jeremiah was that he be consecrated, or “set apart,” for preaching God’s word. Jeremiah’s ministry is to be a prophet to the nations, not just to Israel. Though young, he is God’s ambassador, and fearing God only, he will go where God sends and say what God commands. o Jeremiah’s Message (vv. 9-16). God’s touching of Jeremiah’s mouth sets it apart for God’s use (Isa. 6:4-7). That God puts His words in Jeremiah’s mouth again underscores the words’ divine source. Jeremiah’s message is threefold: (1) he must pluck up and break down, which refers to preaching against sin; (2) he must destroy and overthrow, which relates to messages concerning judgment; and (3) he must build and plant, which means he must preach about hope and renewal. The vision of the almond tree confirms that when Jeremiah speaks God’s words, they will come true. The vision of the boiling pot suggests that God’s judgment comes from the north. o God’s Promised Protection of Jeremiah (vv. 17-19). Persecution will be part of Jeremiah’s life. He will face opposition from the entire nation, but God will deliver him, thereby ensuring that his ministry will be completed. Jeremiah 2: Go and proclaim: My people have exchanged their glory for idols. You have all rebelled against me. Now I will bring you to judgement. • 2:1-37. Israel’s Spiritual Adultery. Building on a theme found in his predecessor Hosea, Jeremiah declares God’s contention that Israel has committed spiritual adultery (vv. 1-19). Israel as God’s bride is a common image in Scripture. But Israel is a faithless spouse who loves worthless idols more than the living God, and yet tries to act as if she has been faithful to Him (2:20-3:5). But they have broken their covenant vows and made themselves ripe for the covenant curses promised in Deuteronomy. God graciously brought them to the Land, but they defiled God’s land by embracing Canaanite gods, becoming as worthless as their idols. The image in vv. 12-13 shows that Israel exchanged the source of true life and peace for empty and deceptive promises, which is all that idols can give. Instead of being a “choice vine,” they had become a “wild vine” (v. 21). This probably is the background for Jesus’ words in John 15:1 being “the true vine”: He claims to embody the genuine people of God, unlike the Israelites of Jeremiah’s day. Israel claims she is innocent, which only adds to her guilt, for now she will also be judged for committing spiritual perjury. Jeremiah 3: Israel played the whore on every hill. Her false sister Judah saw it. Return, O faithless children! Surely the LORD is our salvation. • 3:1-5. Israel’s Spiritual Adultery (cont.). Accusing God’s people of “playing the whore” (v. 1), Jeremiah uses the image of Judah as God’s promiscuously unfaithful wife. This image was first used in the Pentateuch (Exod 34:15; Deut 31:16) and is widespread in the Prophets (Isa 1:21; Eze 16; 23; Hos 1-3). Sin in the moral order can have a devastating effect on the ecological order, just as the ground was cursed because of Adam’s sin (Deut 11:13-17). Israel tries to alternate between God and idols, but God rejects this arrangement. Israel acts as if God has been angry for too long and for no reason (vv. 4-5), calling out to God after being with other lovers/gods, but God will not accept her duplicity. She must sincerely repent (not with words, but actions) and commit herself exclusively to God. • 3:6-25. Faithless Israel Called to Repentance. Thus far, the prophet has addressed Israel as a single entity. However, long before Jeremiah’s time, the country had broken up into two distinct kingdoms, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Because of Israel’s spiritual adultery, the LORD gave them a “decree of divorce” (v. 8) and sent them away (Deut 24: 1), referring to the northern kingdom’s destruction and the exile of its people in 722 BC by the Assyrians. The LORD’s judgment of the northern kingdom of Israel should have acted as a warning to the southern kingdom of Judah (where Jeremiah lives), but Judah did the same thing as Israel. Judah pretended to return to the LORD, but with pretense rather than all her heart. Even though they proved faithless, the LORD remains faithful (and merciful), so through Jeremiah, He implores them to repent and return. Despite her past unfaithfulness, God is willing to take His straying bride back. Judgment does not have to be the final word, for past sins can be forgiven (vv. 6-14) and the future can be bright (vv. 15-18). God will replace their rebellious leaders and give them “shepherds after [His] own heart” (v. 15) like David, Israel’s greatest king (1 Sam 13:14; Ezek 34: 23-24). The ark of the covenant, the most central and precious symbol at the heart of Israel's worship, will not even be remembered because something more significant will take its place. God will purify and reunite the northern and southern kingdoms (v. 18), fulfilling the promises He made to Abraham in Gen 12:2-3. This anticipates the gathering of Jews and Samaritans, together with the Gentiles, into the church (Acts 1:8; 8:1b-17) and ultimately into the New Jerusalem (Heb 12:22-24; Rev 21:24-26). But they must repent, confessing that the LORD is their God (vv. 19-25). Jeremiah 4: Flee to safety! I am bringing disaster from the north, says the LORD. I have heard the trumpet! The whole land shall be a desolation. • 4:1-4. Faithless Israel Called to Repentance (cont.). True repentance, for both Israel (vv. 1-2) and Judah (vv. 3-4), is more than simply lamenting the consequences of sin. It requires a new heart. Externally, they may have been circumcised, marked out as belonging distinctively to the LORD as a holy nation, as God commanded Abraham (Gen 17:10-14). But they need to match that external mark of the covenant with internal commitment to the LORD, as Deut 10:16 commands. Failure to keep the terms of the covenant in this way will lead to certain judgment. • 4:5-31. Disaster is Coming from the North. In this section Jeremiah was so sure that God's judgment was imminent that he described it as already present. Unless Judah and Jerusalem repent, disaster in the form of a devastating invasion will come from the north (1:13-16). This is the direction from which Assyrian armies came and from which the Babylonian armies will come. A defeat so terrible will occur that it will seem as if God’s act of creation has been reversed (the phrase “without form and void” of v. 23 is same as Gen 1:2, before there was any light or any human). The invasion will lead to lamenting (vv. 5-13), though it should lead to repentance (vv. 14-18). Thus, refusing to repent is foolish (vv. 19-31). Even still, in the midst of the devastation, there is a tiny glimmer of hope (v. 27): The LORD will preserve a remnant and the creation will endure because of God’s mercy and eternal plan (Eph 1:3-14). Jeremiah 5: Israel and Judah have been utterly unfaithful to me.
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