Attracting Pollinators Presentation Slides

Understanding and sustaining Insect Pollinators insect pollinators in your garden

A. Importance of pollinators

B. Cast of characters

C. Creating habitat Mining bee; CASM

Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. D. Sustaining habitat Presented for EMSWCD E. Projects & resources

Flower scarab; CASM © 2017 C. A. Searles Mazzacano yellow-faced bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano 1 2

Why are pollinators important? Why are pollinators important?

• pollination: transfer of pollen • 70% of flowering plants within or between flowers for pollinated by insects fertilization, seed & fruit set - most pollinated by bees • wind, insects, birds, mammals • 87 of 115 leading US food honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano crops depend on insect pollinators Bat Conservation International

Importance of bees to food production

Bumble bee on echinacea; (from Wilson & Carrill, 2016) Wikimedia Commons 3 4 Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

More than bees!!!!! sand wasp; C.A.S. Mazzacano

More than insects!!!!! • Wasps

• Bats • Flies Tayler/naturepl.com • Hummingbirds • Beetles

• Moths & butterflies

Anna;s Hummingbird; Bee fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Who pollinates? Who pollinates?

summer leafcutter bee, Bumble bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano “Managed” bees are Crown Bees catalog economically important More than European honey bees!!!!! • honey bees, bumble bees, - > 4,000 spp. of native bees in orchard mason bees, alfalfa North America leafcutter bees ‣ bumble, mining, mason, leafcutter, orchard, sweat, digger, and carpenter bees

Sweat bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano CA almond grove; Kathy Keatley Garvey

7 8 Challenges for pollinators Challenges for pollinators

dead bees; Rodale’s Many stressors foulbrood-infected larvae; Univ. of GA • Colony Collapse Disorder (2006) in managed honey • habitat loss bee hives • pesticides • many bumble bees are also declining • Franklin’s Bumble Bee; diseases (viruses, Dana Campbell fungi, bacteria) • much less known about status of other wild bees • parasites (varroa mite, tracheal mite)

Varroa mite on bee pupa; Jason Graham, Univ. of FL

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Challenges for pollinators Challenges for pollinators Center for Biological Diversity (2017) • managed bees may spread & intensify disease in wild bees • 749 of 1,437 native bee species assessed are • wild bees pollinate declining (52%) many plants more efficiently • many more species lacked than honey bees population data to assess

• habitat loss, pesticides, climate change, urbanization

11 12 Bees Bees

C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Bees Bees

Coelioxys cuckoo bee; Types of flowers pollinated vary Laura Clark, iNaturalist Not all bees are pollinators

• short- vs. long-tongued bees short-tongued Sphecodes cuckoo sweat bee; Tom Murray • nest parasites (cuckoo bees) • generalist vs. specialist foragers • “nectar robbers”

nectar-robbing hole; C.A.S. Mazzacano

long-tongued Eastern Bumble Bee; sankax, Flickr

15 16 Social vs. solitary bees Social vs. solitary bees

• solitary: each female builds Social (honey bees, bumble bees, & provisions own nest some sweat bees)

• social: shared nests, • several generations at one drone & workers; castes with different roles time in colony or nest Max Westby, EoL

Bumble bee nest; Panoramedia • members care for offspring that aren’t theirs

wild honey bee nest; vickbird • division of labor

mining bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Social vs. solitary bees Bees • Carpenter, bumble, squash, Solitary bees (mining bees, mason long-horned, and honey bees bees, sweat bees, plasterer bees) (Apidae)

• female provisions “cells” • Sweat bees (Halictidae) in nest where she lays eggs • Mining bees (Andrenidae) Miner bee on nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano Anthophoridae; C.A.S. Mazzacano • plant- and ground-nesting • Mason, carder, leaf-cutter bees (Megachilidae)

• Polyester & yellow-faced bees (Colletidae)

Cellophane bee brood cell;NatureWorks Colletes nest aggregation; bumblebee.org • Oil-collecting bees (Melittidae) Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano

19 20 Long-horned bees Digger bees Bees

• Carpenter, bumble, long-horned, Anthophora; Hank Wallays, EoL Eucera; Alvesgaspar, squash, and honey bees (Apidae) Wikimedia Commons Melissodes; Laura Jansen Simpson, iNat Small carpenter bees - medium to large; fuzzy/hairy

Peponapis squash bee; - have hair bands, stripes Holly Prendeville, U of NE Anthophora digging out nest tunnel; C.A.S. Mazzacano Ceratina; - Ceratina; Valter Jacinto, EoL Valter Jacinto, EoL Cuckoo bee long-tongued

Carpenter bees - carry pollen on hind legs

long-horned bee; Kathy Keatley Garvey Xylocopa varipunctata; Nomada; Xylocopa; C.A.S. Mazzacano Barbara Vance, iNaturalist Discover Life

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Bees Bees Honey bees (Apis mellifera) Bumble bees (Bombus) • medium size; hairy body & eyes • medium to large; robust, hairy • brown/black with golden bands

wild honey bee hive; • yellow, black, orange, white, C.A.S. Mazzacano • visit a variety of flowers California Bumble Bee; or brown hair bands C.A.S. Mazzacano

• carry pollen in corbiculae • carry pollen & nectar mix in stiff hairs (scopa) in concave basket • less effective pollinators for on hind legs (corbiculum) some crops than many native bees Tri-colored Bumble Bee; Honey bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano themountaincampus, iNat

23 24 Metallic green bees Bees

Bumble bees (Bombus)

Agapostemon odoratissimus; Agapostemon; Nomia melanderi (alkali bee); • visit wide range of plants Mary Keim, EoL Darwin Bell Entomology Today Sweat bees Augochlora pura; Sam Kieschnick, EoL • active in cooler, wetter weather Nevada Bumble Bee; than honey bees can tolerate Mike Patterson, iNat

Dieunomia nevadensis; John Ascher, Discover Life • buzz pollination Halictus ligatus; Lasioglossum; Stephen Cresswell Ricardo Ayala, EoL Sphecodes davisii; Ilona Loser, Discover Life

Sweat

Fog-belt Bumble Bee; bees Cara Fitchett, iNat Dufourea; Xeralictus; Cory Sheffield Laurence Packer, Discover Life

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Andrena barbilabris; Andrena prima; Panurginus; Henk Wallays, EoL Oklahoma Panhandle State Univ. Jules Barlet Bees

Agapostemon splendens; • Sweat bees (Halictidae) Sean McCann, EoL

- range of sizes & colors Protandrena abdominalis; Calliopsis puellae; Smithsonian Lynette Schimming, Discover Life - may be metallic, striped

- short-tongued

Andrena cerasifolii; - carry pollen on hind legs Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life

- most are ground-nesting; varying sociality Mining bees Dieunomia; Anne Reeves Macrotera; Protoxaea; Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life

27 28 Osmia ribifloris; USDA Anthidium; Miroslav Deml, EoL Megachile rotundata; spider- bite, iNaturalist Bees

• Mining bees (Andrenidae)

- range of sizes & colors

- red, orange, cream, Perdita minima; Jillian Cowles, Discover Life

dark blue, striped Protoxaea gloriosa; Robert Behrstock, Discover Life

- short-tongued Lithurgopsis apicalis; Hoplitis hypocrita; Ashmeadiella xenomastax; Bob O’Kennon, iNaturalist Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life Hartmut Wisch, Discover Life

Atoposmia copelandica; Heriades leavitti; Mason, Coelioxys sayi; - Laurence Packer, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover Life John Ascher, Discover carry pollen on hind legs carder, Life resin, & - ground-nesting leafcutter bees

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Bees Bees

• Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees (Megachilidae) • Leafcutter, carder, mason, and resin bees (Megachilidae) Megachile periharta; North Thurston HS Science Club, BugGuide.net - small to medium - carry pollen - moderately hairy beneath abdomen head & thorax - solitary nesters in - robust, cylindrical; yellow existing tunnels in & black stripes/spots, soil, wood, stems

brilliant metallic colors Anthidium; Anita Gould, iNaturalist

- long-tongued

31 32 Wasps Wasps

Wasps vs. bees Pollen wasps (Pseudomasaris)

• less hairy • black or brown; yellow, white or red bands; clubbed antennae • more pronounced Pseudomasaris coquilletti; Mathesont “waist” • BEE WASP pollen & nectar in internal crop

• brighter color patterns • solitary nesters

• most are predators, but some types feed young on pollen & nectar

Pseudomasaris vespoides; Hartmut Wisch Pseudomasaris vespoides nest; USDA Bee Lab

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Flies Flies Flower flies (Syrphidae) & Helophilis flower fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano bee flies (Bombyliidae) Flies vs. bees • bee & wasp mimics • only 1 pair of wings that stick out to side when perched • adults eat nectar, pollen,

Villa lateralis; honeydew Linda Dahlberg, Discover Life • big round eyes dominate head Chrysanthrax cypris bee fly; Royal Tyler • larvae predators (flower fly) • shorter, thinner antennae or parasites (bee fly) • may be bare or hairy

Eristalis arbustorum; Hadel Go, Discover Life Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield

35 36 Beetles Beetles

• • adults eat nectar, pollen, Soldier Beetles (Cantharidae) and often other insects • Long-horned Beetles (Cerambycidae) • bright colors & patterns • Blister Beetles (Meloidae) Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert Pennsylvania Leatherwing; • Sheryl Pollock, Discover Life larvae may be predators, • Flower Scarabs (Scarabaeidae) wood-borers, or parasites Kern’s Flower Scarab; C.A.S. Mazzacano Anthocomus soft-winged flower beetle; oldbilluk, iNaturalist Locust Borer; Bruce Marlin

Texas Flower Scarab; vadalton, iNaturalist Red-eared Blister Beeetle; Ken-ichi Uchida

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Beetles Moths & Butterflies

Western Pine Elfin; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Checkered Beetle (Cleridae) Butterflies

• Soft-winged Flower Beetle • perch with wings held vertically (Melyridae) • sip nectar with long, straw-like Ornate Checkered Beetle; • Tumbling Flower Beetle (Mordellidae) Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist proboscis

Great Arctic; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Hoshihananomia perlata; Four-spotted Collops; Gray Hairstreak; Zabulon Skipper; Stanislav Ktejcik, EoL Ken-ichi Ueda, iNaturalist C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

39 40 Moths & Butterflies Creating habitat Moths

White-banded Black Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano • feathery antennae; wings rooflike or flat when perched Hera Buck Moth; C.A.S. Mazzacano

• often night-flying

• can be important

LeConte’s Haploa; pollinators of night- C.A.S. Mazzacano blooming plants Yucca Moth; Ann Cooper

Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

• Nectar & pollen sources Flowers for bees

- diverse • purple, yellow, blue flowers; often sweet-scented - long bloom time • nectar-rich - native plants Flower Fly; Pat Reed • landing platform - species groupings

Foxglove; C.A.S. Mazzacano - low & tall plants

Sweat bees swarming red osier dogwood; Small-flowered penstemon; C.A.S. Mazzacano Paul Noll

43 44 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators Flowers for bees Flowers for bees • may reflect UV light • short-tongued bees prefer • can have nectar guides clusters of tiny flowers Blue-eyed Mary; USDA (herbs, daisy, marigold, • often with bilateral symmetry phlox) Phlox; C.A.S. Mazzacano

day lily, visible vs. UV light; David Kennedy checkermallow; Fleabane (Erigeron); English thyme; Portland Nursery Max Licher milkandhoneyherbs

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Flowers for bees Flowers for beetles

• long-tongued bees can access • dull white, green, or tubular flowers (penstemon, reddish flowers; can foxglove) smell fruity, spicy, or bad

Seep monkeyflower; Russ Kleinman • often with open bowl Prickly Poppy; CASM shape; may lack nectar

• magnolia, aster, sunflower, rose, goldenrod, Spirea

Woodland Penstemon; Grand Collomia; Mark Turner Lyn Topinka Magnolia; Portland Nursery

47 48 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Tachninid on catmint; Flowers for flies Beatriz Moisset, USDA Flowers for butterflies

• small shallow flowers • composite flowers; orange, yellow, pink, blue • drab; pale or brown/purple • perching • bad odor platform Blanketflower; C.A.S. Mazzacano Red trillium; USDA Plants • elderberry, skunk • light scent Showy Milkweed; cabbage C.A.S. Mazzacano • sages, manzanita, trumpet flower, rock cress

Funereal Duskywing; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Oregon grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano White-lined Sphinx on California Spring bloom with natives Flowers for moths fuschia; Las Pilitas Nursery

• white or pale flowers • red-flowering currant, vine in clusters maple, western crabapple, Scouler’s willow, red twig • open late afternoon dogwood, Oregon grape,

or night kinnikinnik, camas, globe Globe gilia; Jeffrey Caldwell gilia • strong sweet smell

• pink honeysuckle, evening primrose, yucca

pink honeysuckle; Las Pilitas Nursery Western crabapple; Heidi Bohan

51 52 Planting for pollinators Planting for pollinators

Summer bloom with natives Late summer/fall bloom with natives Douglas’ aster; nwplants.com

• mock orange, twinberry, salal, • Douglas’ aster, Canada lupine, Douglas & birch-leaved goldenrod, coyote brush, spirea, native roses and pearly everlasting, seaside

berries, showy milkweed, mock orange; daisy, Oregon stonecrop C.A.S. Mazzacano Oregon sunshine, penstemon

lupine; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Canada goldenrod; Coyote brush; Pearly everlasting; penstemon; Univ. of Waterloo calflora.net Paul Slichter Oregon sunshine; Portland Nursery C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom

Western Tiger Swallowtails “puddling” for • water & nutrients minerals; C.A.S. Mazzacano • shelter & nesting sites - safe access - for small insects dead snags (mason & leafcutter bees) - “puddling” sources for butterflies - rotting logs (sweat beneficial insect “bath” bees, flower flies) • sun - old rodent burrows - warming in the (bumble bees)

standing snag; morning, refuge in C.A.S. Mazzacano the afternoon

55 56 Beyond the bloom Beyond the bloom

brush pile; • Nesting & egg-laying sites • shelter & nesting sites C.A.S. Mazzacano Leafcutter bees; Kathy Keatley Garvey/ UC Davis - - rock & brush piles stem bundles & bee blocks (beetles, caterpillars, pupae) - open at 1 end only

- tunnels <1⁄4” diameter, 3-5” - undisturbed soil (ground-nesting bees, deep; if >1⁄4”, then 5-6” deep beetle & fly larvae)

- grass clumps (nesting & overwintering)

prairie junegrass; Alfalfa leafcutter nest board; Osmia rufa in nesting tube; Paul Slichter USDA ARS BioImages

Flower Fly; Pat Reed 57 58

Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat

Cluster Rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano Integrated pest management (IPM): • build healthy soil

• ecosystem-based strategy • proper plant placement & irrigation • long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques • plant mostly natives

- biological control, habitat manipulation, • “scout” your gardens planting & watering practices, pest-resistant varieties • tolerate some damage - preserve natural system as much as possible Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano

59 60 Sustaining habitat Sustaining habitat

Convergent lady beetle; ichneumonid wasp attacking cabbage C.A.S. Mazzacano white larvae; Wageningen Univ. • Reduce/eliminate pesticides • Reduce/eliminate pesticides - removing natural enemies - disrupts natural enemies may allow additional pests to establish - pests faster to disperse & wasp attacking navel re-colonize treated areas orangeworm; UC - non-lethal levels can Statewide IPM Project than natural enemies impair pollinator brood- rearing, production of females, & foraging

Bumble & honey bees on artichoke; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• can plant as seeds or starts Common name bloom time Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • IF pesticides used, treat to C.A.S. Mazzacano meadowfoam* summer suppress target organism only • soil preparation & weed globe gillia* spring control important during meadowfoam* spring • minimize risks to human establishment farewell-to-spring* early summer Phacelia late summer health, non-target organisms, yarrow summer

& environment Oregon sunshine summer

showy milkweed summer • use least toxic alternative lupine summer (insecticidal oils & soaps, Douglas aster fall Canada goldenrod fall

microbials) blue wild rye N/A

*annual

63 64 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Laren Leland, Portland OR Laren Leland, Portland OR

Prepare planting area

• exhaust weed seed bank

Laren Leland, Portland OR - till-water-mow-weed • create planting plan (hand pull, spot-treat)

Fabian Menalled, MSU Extension, MT • prepare planting area

• plant, mulch, water, monitor

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Prepare planting area Seeding

• sheet composting, • aerial/broadcast or seed drill a.k.a.“lasagna bed” • even distribution, • solarization good contact with soil

- clear plastic = • mix with bulking agent UC Master Gardener-Sonoma Co. Texas A&M Univ. soil sterilization (sand, sawdust)

- black plastic = • seed from 2 different kills grass directions wildflower seed mix; Sustainable Living Center Oregon Central Coast gardening

67 68 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Seeding

• sow perennial seeds in early fall in PNW (Sept. to mid-Oct.)

spring early summer • 2 oz wildflower seed per 1000 sq. ft Texas A&M Univ. pollinator demonstration garden

wildflower seed mix; Central Coast gardening late summer

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

native pollinator garden, Los bee block; Oregon Metro central CA pollinator Pollinator pathway; Angeles CA; Carol Bornstein garden; Megan O’Donald Kim Smith Design

OSU Extension

mining bee tunnels in garden path; Megan O’Donald

71 72 Resources Resources

Koch, Strange, & Williams; USFS

Great Sunflower Project

Encyclopedia of Life

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Resources Resources

$3.99; iOS only

www.oregon.gov/ODA

entomology.oregonstate.edu

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Visit emswcd.org to find more workshops and resources!

* annual plant sale!

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Questions? Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected] Projects

greatsunflower.org

Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

bumblebeewatch.org

Flower scarabs; C.A.S. Mazzacano Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano

Copyright © 2017 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.

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