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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Welsh Students At Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Welsh students at Oxford, Cambridge and the inns of court during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Griffith, W P. Award date: 1981 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 10. Oct. 2021 WELSH STUDENTS AT OXFORD, CAMBRIDGE AND THE INNS OF COURT DURING THE SIXTEENTH AND EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Wales by William Philip Griffith, October, 1981. (7) SUMMARY Between c.1540 and 1640 at least 2500 Welsh students entered Oxford and Cambridge universities and the inns of court in London. Oxford had attracted many Welshmen in the middle ages, and continued to receive the majority, who were at their greatest proportion to the total student body in the 1590s. The popularity of Cambridge and the inns emerged after 1600, centring on the admission of wealthier students. Relative to population, North Wales counties were better represented. Approximately two—fifths of registered university Welsh entrants graduated B.A. or higher, and about one—fifth of the inns' Welsh intake became barristers. Areal affinities figured significantly in Welsh associations with particular inns and colleges. Some colleges offered scholar- ships and fellowships to the Welsh, and new endowments strengthened these links. The presence of Welsh officials represented another bond, while the cautions and guarantor schemes, especially at the inns, further embodied areal ties. Kindred loyalties also counted. This influx in admissions coincided with advances in Welsh schooling, which leading social groups supported. Important university bequests followed to assist Welsh students, notably at Jesus College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge. Informal financial contributions to the inns helped Welshmen there. Interest in higher education was reflected in the professions. The quality of the Welsh clergy improved by the early seventeenth century, though there was still a dearth of divinity graduates, and many Welsh students gained better preferment in England. The traditional Welsh association with ecclesiastical and civil law was superseded by the superior attraction of the common law, many barristers benefiting from the new Welsh courts system. University and inn alumni were prominent among Welsh members of Parliament and among justices of the peace by the 1630s. The educational experience contributed to Welsh cultural change, chal- lenging the preconceptions of bardic learning and promoting new literature and values. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their help and guidance in the preparation of this thesis. Archivists, librarians and keepers of records at several colleges, notably All Souls, Christ Church and Jesus Colleges, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, and Mr. T.H. Aston, General Editor of the History of the University of Oxford, personally and by correspondence, have indicated the material available concerning students from Wales. The keepers of records at the libraries of the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn were also most forthcoming in their support. The members of the university archives and libraries at Oxford and Cambridge, as well as those at the British Library and Public Record Office, London, and the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, have been of great service to me. The friendly assistance of the Gwynedd Archives Service and particularly of the archives department at U.C.N.W., Bangor, has been invaluable. Invaluable, too, have been the criticisms and comments of my supervisors, Professors J. Gwynn Williams and Glanmor Williams, and their many kindnesses have been much appreciated. I have greatly benefited from the good advice of my colleagues in the Welsh History Department at Bangor, Dr. Antony Carr and Miss Nia Powell. In addition, I must pay tribute to the late Keith Williams—Jones, colleague and friend, for his helpful observations and encouragement. I must thank, too, Miss Nest Roberts for her ready secretarial assistance, particularly in preparing the Appendices. Finally, my greatest debt is to my wife, Dilys, not only for undertaking the tortuous task of deciphering the manuscript and typing the work, but also for her ready support and forbearance. Any errors which may remain are entirely my own responsibility. CONTENTS Page Abbreviations Introduction Chapter I: The Medieval Background 1 Notes Chapter II: Welsh Students during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries: a statistical survey 46 Notes Chapter III: Welshman at the Universities Part (i) Student Life 148 Notes Part (ii) University Studies 204 Notes Chapter IV: Life and Scholarship at the Inns of Court 262 Notes Chapter V: Educational Provision in Wales Part (i) Schools 332 Notes Part (ii) Provisions for educating Welsh students at the Universities and Inns of Court 375 Chapter VI: Religious Ideology and Royal Authority at the Universities and the Inns of Court as they affected Welsh Students Part (i) An Educated Welsh Clergy? 445 Notes Part (ii) Religious Conformity and Dissension at the Universities and Inns of Court 491 Notes Part (iii) Faction and Authority at Oxford, Cambridge and the Inns of Court 538 Notes Chapter VII: The fruits of legal training: the Professional Lawyer and the Amateur Part (i) The Legal Profession 562 Notes Part (ii) Administration: the educational background of Welsh Justices of the Peace and Members of Parliament 596 Notes Chapter VIII: Cultural interests and intellectual pursuits as reflected by Welshmen educated at the Inns of Court and the Universities 617 Notes Page Conclusion 641 Appendices Chapter II 651 Chapter III: Part (ii) 665 Chapter V: Part (i) 668 Bibliography 671 ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE NOTES TO CHAPTERS Al. Cant. Alumni Cantabrigienses, pt. I, to 1751, compiled by J. and J.A. Venn. Al. Oxon. Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1714 1 compiled by J. Foster. A.P.C. Acts of the Privy Council. Arch. Cara). Archaeologia Cambrensis. Baker—Mayor, St. John's T. Baker, History of the College of St. John the Evangelist, Cambridge, ed. J.E.B. Mayor. B.B.C.S. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies. B.L. The British Library, London. Bodl. The Bodleian Library, Oxford. B.R.U.C. to 1500 A Biographical Register of the University of Cambridge to A.D. 1500, compiled by A.B. Emden. A.R.U.O. to 1900 A Biographical Reoister of the University of Oxford to A.D. 1500, compiled by A.B. Emden. B.R.U.O., 1501-40 A Biooraphical Reoister of the University of Oxford, A.D. 1501-1540, compiled by A.B. Emden. Cambr. Univ. Cambridge University. Clenennau Clenennau Letters and Papers in the Brogyntyn Collection, ed. T. Jones Pierce. C.S.P. Dom. Calendar of State Papers Domestic. C.W.P. Calendar of Wynn (of Gwydir) Papers, 1515-1690, compiled by J. Ballinger. D.N.B. Dictionary of National Biography, ed. L. Stephen and S. Lee. D.W.B. ihe Dictionary of Welsh Biography, ed. J.E. Lloyd and R.T. Jenkins. C.A.S. Gwynedd Archives Service. nT Adms. The Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1521-1889, ed. J. Foster. GI Pens, Rook The Pension Book of Gray's Inn, 1569-1800, vol. 1, ed. R.J. Fletcher. Griffith, Pedigrees J.E. Griffith, Pedigrees of Anolesey and Caernarvonshire Families. H.E.L. W.S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law. H.M.C. Historical Manuscripts Commission. IT Adms. Students admitted to the Inner Temple, 1547-1660 ed. W.H. Cooke. IT Records A Calendar of Inner Temple Records, vols. I and II, ed. F.A. Inderwick. Jour. Mer. Hist. Soc. Journal of the Merioneth Historical and Record Society. Laud, Works The Works of the most Reverend Father in God, William Laud, ed. W. Scott and J. Bliss. L. and P., Hen. VIII Calendar of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII. LI Adms. The Records of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn: Admissions, vol. I 1420-1799 ed. W.P. Baildon. LI Black Rooks The Records of the Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn: The Black Rooks, 1422-1845 vols. I and II, ed. W.P. Baildon, and preface J.D. Walker. Limbus Patrum Limbus Patrum Morganiae et Glamorganiae, ed. G.T. Clark. Lloyd, Powys Fadog J.Y.W. Lloyd, History of the princes, the lords marcher and the ancient nobility of Powys Fadoq. Mont. Cells. Montnomeryshire Collections. MT Adms. Register of admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple from the Fifteenth century to 1944, vol. I, ed. H.A.C. Sturgess and H.F. Macgeagh. MT Minutes Middle Temple Records: Minutes of Parliament of the Middle Temple, 1501-1703, vols. I—III, ed. C. Trice Martin. N.L.W. The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth. O.E.n. The Oxford English Dictionary. P.R.O. The Public Record Office, London. Rem. Univ. Oxon., I Register of the University of Oxford, vol. I, ed. C.W. Boase. Ron. Univ. Oxon., II Register of the University of Oxford, vol. II, ed. A. Clark. St. John's St. John's College, Cambridge. T.A.A.S. fransactions of the Anglesey Antiquarian Society and Field Club.
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