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100Th ANNIVERSARY of the 19Th Amendment & 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 19TH AMENDMENT & WOMEN’S RIGHT TO VOTE “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.” THE LONG ROAD TO ENFRANCHISEMENT 9 SUFFRAGISTS TO KNOW The 19th Amendment enfranchised millions of women across the United States following a campaign that began even as our nation was formed. Women across the nation fought to secure women the right to vote. Here are suffragists who made it possible: JULY 19-20,1848 A MOVEMENT DIVIDED The first women’s The National Woman Suffrage Association rights convention ELIZABETH CADY STANTON pursued a federal amendment, while the takes place in Organized the first women’s American Woman Suffrage Association opted Seneca Falls, New rights convention in 1848 with for a state-by-state plan. York, on July 19-20, Lucretia Mott. Co-authored the The groups merged in 1848, the launching Declaration of Sentiments 1890, forming the National point for the U.S. issued by the convention. American Woman Suffrage women’s suffrage Association. movement. Includes CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT the Declaration of Sentiments. DUAL PURPOSE Co-founder of the League of SEEKING A VOICE ON ISSUES Women Voters; created the FEB. 3, 1870 Black women reformers Winning Plan to urge states founded the National Women wanted voting rights to reform child labor 15th Amendment is to grant women suffrage. Association of Colored laws, promote public health and prohibit alcohol ratified, giving the Women in 1896. and prostitution. right to vote SUSAN B. ANTHONY regardless of race, PROTESTS STATE LEVEL Icon of women’s color or previous suffrage who condition of In 1917, the National Some of the earliest state traveled the country servitude. Woman’s Party associations to support to give speeches, organized protests JANUARY 1878 the national movement circulate petitions outside the White House A women’s suffrage were in Kansas (1867), and organize local to pressure President amendment is Iowa (1870) and women’s rights Woodrow Wilson to introduced in the Washington (1871). organizations. As a support women’s Senate. It fails in final tribute to Anthony, suffrage. For several 1887. who died in 1906, the months, suffragists 19th Amendment was named the Susan 1914 protested in silence six B. Anthony Amendment. Another women’s days a week. suffrage amendment LUCY STONE is introduced. It also ON THE MARCH fails. A bona fide pioneer who In 1913, Alice Paul organized toiled tirelessly for the 1918 NAWSA’s first women’s suffrage MEN’S ROLE abolitionist and woman’s 19th Amendment parade in Washington, D.C. The Suffrage depended on rights movements. Principal passes the House police failed to provide the male supporters. Only organizer of the 1850 Worcester First and then fails in the suffragists with adequate men could vote in state National Women’s Rights Convention. Senate by 2 votes. protection, and spectators referenda to extend the attacked the marchers. vote to women. FEB. 10, 1919 DR. ALICE PAUL One of the main leaders of 19th Amendment the campaign for the 19th fails in the Senate RATIFICATION OF THE 19TH AMENDMENT Amendment. Organized by 1 vote. To make women’s suffrage legal across the nation, 36 states had to ratify the 19th Amendment: the Woman Suffrage MAY 21, 1919 FIRST 36 STATES TO RATIFY 1919 1920 Procession and founded 19th Amendment the National Woman’s Wisconsin was the first state to ratify the Party and World’s passes in the 19th Amendment on June 10, 1919. House. Woman’s Party. 1921 JUNE 4, 1919 IDA B. WELLS 19th Amendment A journalist, activist and passes in the Pulitzer Prize winner in Senate. 1920 2020, Wells founded the JUNE 10, 1919 Alpha Suffrage Club in Wisconsin and 1941 1923 Chicago, which played a Michigan are crucial role in the victory of the first states 1952 women’s suffrage in Illinois. to ratify the 19th Amendment. 1971 JEANNETTE RANKIN AUG. 18, 1920 1969 Tennessee At 36, first federally became the elected woman in the Tennessee is the 1970 1953 36th state to United States. Elected in 36th state to ratify 1970 ratify the 1916 to the U.S. House of 19th Amendment, 19th Representatives as one of passing the three- Amendment two representatives for Montana. fourths threshold 1969 on Aug. 18, requirement for the 1920, amendment to making NINA OTERO-WARREN become law. Mississippi, which rejected women’s Active in New Mexico the 19th Amendment in suffrage politics and worked 1920, belatedly ratified it legal in AUG. 26, 1920 Alaska and Hawaii weren’t yet states when it toward women’s suffrage, was ratified and are honorary supporters. on March 22, 1984. the U.S. 19th Amendment is insisting that suffrage adopted as part of literature be published in U.S. Constitution. EXERCISING THE RIGHT Some 10 million women voted in 1920, a turnout rate of 36%. both English and Spanish, in order to reach the widest audience. DR. MABEL PING-HUA LEE SYMBOLS OF A MOVEMENT Symbols and colors used during the campaign for women’s suffrage: Her May 1914 essay, “The Meaning of Woman Suffrage,” PURPLE: Loyalty JAIL CELL DOOR: Silver pins SUNFLOWERS & YELLOW argued that suffrage for WHITE: Purity and shaped like a jail cell door ROSES: After Kansas women was necessary to a femininity with a heart-shaped padlock suffragists adopted the successful democracy. were given by the National sunflower as a symbol of YELLOW/GOLD: Fought for suffrage even Woman’s Party to each of the their campaign, the flowers Life and light though as a Chinese women “jailed for freedom.” and color spread nationwide. immigrant she could not vote. Photos: National Parks Service; Library of Congress | Source: National Parks Service Graphic by Heather Bremer | CNHI News Indiana.
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