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Israel's History and the History of Israel

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Israel's History and the History of Israel ISRAEL’S HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL BibleWorld Series Editors: James Crossley, University of Sheffield; Philip R. Davies, University of Sheffield BibleWorld shares the fruits of modern (and postmodern) biblical scholarship not only among practitioners and students, but also with anyone interested in what academic study of the Bible means in the twenty-first century. It explores our ever-increasing knowledge and understanding of the social world that produced the biblical texts, but also analyses aspects of the bible’s role in the history of our civilization and the many perspectives – not just religious and theological, but also cultural, political and aesthetic – which drive modern biblical scholarship. Published Sodomy: Yours Faithfully: A History of a Christian Biblical Myth Virtual Letters from the Bible Michael Carden Edited by: Philip R. Davies The Apostle Paul and His Letters The Origins of the ‘Second’ Temple: Edwin D. Freed Persian Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem Diana Edelman An Introduction to the Bible The Morality of Paul’s Converts (Revised edition) Edwin D. Freed John Rogerson The Mythic Mind History, Literature and Theology in Essays on Cosmology and Religion in the Book of Chronicles Ugaritic and Old Testament Literature Ehud Ben Zvi N. Wyatt Sectarianism in Early Judaism Symposia Sciological Advances Dialogues Concerning the History Edited by David J. Chalcraft of Biblical Interpretation Roland Boer Jonah’s World Uruk Social Science and the Reading of The First City Prophetic Story Mario Liverani Lowell K. Handy Women Healing/Healing Women The Genderisation of Healing in Early Christianity Elaine Wainwright ISRAEL’S HISTORY AND THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL MARIO LIVERANI TRANSLATED BY CHIARA PERI AND PHILIP R. DAVIES Published by UK: Equinox Publishing Ltd Unit 6, The Village, 101 Amies St., London, SW11 2JW www.equinoxpub.com First published in Italian in 2003 by Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa, Roma-Bari, entitled Oltre la Bibbia: Storia Antica di Israele. This translation is published by arrangement with Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa, Roma-Bari. First published in English in hardback in 2005 by Equinox Publishing Ltd. This paperback edition published in 2007. © 2003 Gius. Laterza & Figli Spa, Rome-Bari This translation © Chiara Peri and Philip R. Davies 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permis- sion in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978 1 84553 341 0 (paperback) Typeset by CA Typesetting Ltd, www.publisherservices.co.uk Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire eISBN: 1845534840 All kingdoms designated by the name of Assyria are so called because they enrich themselves at Israel's expense…all kingdoms designated by the name of Egypt are so called because they per- secute Israel. (Genesis Rabbah 16.4) CONTENTS List of Tables and Illustrations ix Foreword xv Abbreviations xix IMPRINTING Chapter 1 PALESTINE IN THE LATE BRONZE AGE (FOURTEENTH–THIRTEENTH CENTURIES) 3 Part I A NORMAL HISTORY Chapter 2 THE TRANSITION (TWELFTH CENTURY) 32 Chapter 3 THE NEW SOCIETY (c. 1150–1050) 52 Chapter 4 THE FORMATIVE PROCESS (c. 1050–930) 77 Chapter 5 THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL (c. 930–740) 104 Chapter 6 THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH (c. 930–720) 128 Chapter 7 THE IMPACT OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE (c. 740–640) 143 Chapter 8 PAUSE BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES (c. 640–610) 165 viii Israel’s History and the History of Israel Chapter 9 THE IMPACT OF THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE (c. 610–585) 183 INTERMEZZO Chapter 10 THE AXIAL AGE 203 Chapter 11 THE DIASPORA 214 Chapter 12 THE WASTE LAND 231 Part II AN INVENTED HISTORY Chapter 13 RETURNEES AND ‘REMAINEES’: THE INVENTION OF THE PATRIARCHS 250 Chapter 14 RETURNEES AND ALIENS: THE INVENTION OF THE CONQUEST 270 Chapter 15 A NATION WITHOUT A KING: THE INVENTION OF THE JUDGES 292 Chapter 16 THE ROYAL OPTION: THE INVENTION OF THE UNITED MONARCHY 308 Chapter 17 THE PRIESTLY OPTION: THE INVENTION OF THE SOLOMONIC TEMPLE 324 Chapter 18 SELF-IDENTIFICATION: THE INVENTION OF THE LAW 342 EPILOGUE Chapter 19 LOCAL HISTORY AND UNIVERSAL VALUES 363 Bibliography 369 Index of References 407 Index of Names of Persons and Deities 415 Index of Placenames 423 LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Tables 1. Correlation of historical and biblical periodization (Author). 8 2. Chronology of the ‘formative period’ (Author). 80 3. Chronology of the Kingdom of Israel 950–720 (Author). 106 4. Demographic chart of Palestine in the eighth century (M. Broshi and I. Finkelstein, BASOR 287 [1992], 54). 123 5. Chronology of the Kingdom of Judah, 930–640 (Author). 129 6. Chronology of the Near East 650–525 (Author). 185 7. Chronology of imperial expansion (Author). 198-199 8. Chronology of the Prophets (Author). 224 9. The patriarchal genealogies and the nations related by descent (Author). 259 10. Chronology of the Book of Judges (Author). 297 11. Tribal lists in the Bible (Based on K.L. Sparks, Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1998, 298). 303 12. Judah in the Persian period, 540–330 (Author). 310 2. Figures 1. Relief map of Palestine, with reference grid (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 5 2. Late Bronze Age Palestine: distribution of settlements and probable boundaries (north on the left, south on the right) (I. Finkelstein, UF 28 [1996], 254-55). 11 3. Egyptian domination in the Levant: the campaigns of Thutmoses III and the ‘provinces’ of the Amarna Age (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 13 4. Egyptian domination: forms of homage (G.T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, London: Thames & Hudson, 1991, fig. 49). 14 x Israel’s History and the History of Israel 5. Commercial exchanges: above, Syrian merchants in Egypt; below Asiatic tribute to the Pharaoh ([a] JEA 33 [1947], pl. VIII; [b] N.M. Davies, The Tombs of Menkheperra- sonb, Amenmose and Another, London: Egypt Explora- tion Society, 1933, pl. V). 20 6. The invasions of the twelfth century: (1 = Phrygians; 2 = Sea Peoples; 3 = Arameans; 4 = Libyans) (Author: drawn by Leonarda De Ninno). 33 7. The ‘Sea Peoples’ as depicted by the Egyptians: (a) the naval battle with Ramses III; (b) Philistine prisoners (Medinet Habu, I, Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1930, [a] pl. 37; [b] pl. 44). 36 8. The ‘regional system’ and the crisis of the twelfth century: (a) the system of the thirteenth century; (b) the system during Iron I (Author: drawn by Leonarda De Ninno). 39 9. The spread of the alphabet in Syria-Palestine during the thirteenth–eighth centuries (Based on W. Röllig, in Das Altertum 31 [1985], 329). 44 10. The alphabet from ‘Izbet Sartah (twelfth century): (a) copy (b) transcription in the ‘classical’ script of the eighth century (c) equivalents in Roman script (Author). 46 11. Wadi dam system used for dry farming in Ramat Matred in the Negev: (a) general layout of the area (b) agro- pastoral settlement (c) sheepfolds (IEJ 10 [1960], 30-33). 48 12. Trade routes and alphabets during Iron Age I–II (Author: drawn by Leonarda De Ninno). 50 13. Areas of ‘proto-Israelite’ villages: (a) first phase (twelfth century); (b) second phase (end of eleventh century) (I. Finkelstein, The Archaeology of the Israelite Settlement, Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1998, 325, 329). 54 14. ‘Proto-Israelite’ villages in the Negev: (a) farmyard villages (b) fortified villages (R. Cohen, in BASOR 236 [1979], 61- 79). 56 15. The structure of living quarters: pillared houses at (a) Tel Masos (b) Tell Beit Mirsim ([a] V. Fritz and A. Kempinski, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen auf der Hirbet el-Msas, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1983, pl. 3; [b] Y. Shiloh, in IEJ 20 [1970], fig. 4 on p. 187). 57 16. The traditional arrangement of the ‘twelve tribes’ (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 61 List of Tables and Illustrations xi 17. The Philistine Pentapolis settlement pattern: (a) Late Bronze (fourteenth–thirteenth century); (b) Iron I (twelfth- eleventh century) (I. Finkelstein in IEJ 46 [1996], figs. 1-2). 70 18. The ‘Egyptian’ residencies. Inset: residency 1500 at Beth- Shean (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 72 19. The ‘way of Horus’, as depicted on the inscription of Seti I at Karnak. The route connects Sile (B), on the eastern branch of the Nile delta, with Rafia (U), at the entrance to Canaan, via a series of fortresses (D,E,G,I-J,K,P-Q) and staging posts (F,H,L,M,N,O,S), of which the names are provided (JEA 6 [1920], 99-116). 74-75 20. Palestine in a larger context: distribution of ‘ethnic states’ in Iron Age I (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 82 21. The kingdom of Saul (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 90 22. The kingdom of David (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 92 23. The ‘twelve districts’ of Solomon (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 97 24. The campaign of Sheshonq (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 102 25. Settlement in the highlands of Ephraim and population estimates over time: (a) Iron I (b) Iron II (c) Persian period (d) demographic chart (I. Finkelstein in Tel Aviv 15-16 [1988–89], 150, 152, 156, 172). 107 26. The kingdom of Israel c. 925–800 (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 109 27. The Tel Dan inscription (A. Biran and J. Naveh, IEJ 45 [1995], 12). 113 28. Maximum extent of kingdom of Damascus under Hazael (Author: drawn by Serena Liverani). 115 29. The town-planning of the Omride dynasty: (a) Samaria; (b) Megiddo ([a] L. Nigro, Ricerche sull’architettura palazial della Palestina, Rome: University ‘La Sapienza’, 1994, table 53; [b] E.
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