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Chapter 6: Subjectivism, Relativism, and Divine Commands 1. An Chapter 6: Subjectivism, Relativism, and Divine Commands 1. An overview article on metaethics: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/. 2. Another overview of metaethics: http://www.iep.utm.edu/metaethi/. 3. A great discussion on this question between David Enoch and Mark Schroeder: http://www.philostv.com/david-enoch-and-mark-schroeder-2/ 4. Joshua Knobe’s experimental work on whether ordinary people believe in objective moral facts: http://onthehuman.org/2010/12/objective-moral-truths/. 5. In her classic paper, Anscombe criticizes modern moral theories for using the moral law model without a law-maker: http://www.pitt.edu/~mthompso/readings/mmp.pdf. 6. A very basic explanation of subjectivism: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/subjectivism.shtml. 7. A more thorough introduction of relativism: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral- relativism/. 8. An explanation of divine command theories under the label “theological voluntarism”: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntarism-theological/. 9. Jamie Dreier’s article “Internalism and Speaker Relativism”: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Philosophy/onlinepapers/dreier/Internalism _and_Speaker_Relativism.pdf. 10. Life and works of Hobbes: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/ and Chapter 6 of his Leviathan: http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/h/hobbes/thomas/h68l/chapter6.html. 11. Some famous philosophers just love this example: http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/word_doc/0016/1933/Crispin_Wright _paper.doc. 12. Christopher Hitchens trying waterboarding: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LPubUCJv58. 13. An overview of philosophical discussions about moral motivation: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-motivation/. 14. A video of mink farming: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbb9agOXGt8. 15. Interesting article on the moral conversion with regard to slavery: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matt-j-rossano/religion-and-abolishing- slavery_b_951048.html. 16. An overview of ethics of cloning: http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=bioethics_pap ers 17. James Rachels on subjectivism: http://tinyurl.com/p3pk7ue. 18. G.E. Moore’s article “The Nature of Moral Philosophy”: http://www.ditext.com/moore/nmp.html. 19. An overview article on moral relativism: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativism/, Gilbert Harman’s “Moral Relativism Defended”: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2184078?origin=crossref, and Hugh LaFollette’s “The Truth in Ethical Relativism”: http://www.hughlafollette.com/papers/RELATIVE.HTM. 20. Paul Boghossian discussing how moral relativism should be formulated: http://philosophybites.com/2011/10/paul-boghossian-on-moral-relativism.html and Boghossian’s article “What is Relativism?”: http://as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/1153/whatisrel.pdf. 21. You can even take part in such studies yourself online: http://www.yourmorals.org/. 22. As this PhD thesis by Heather M. Jeffers shows: http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/bitstream/123456789/196140/1/JeffersH_2012- 3_BODY.pdf. 23. Explanation of cultural relativism: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_relativism. 24. A guide to tipping in different countries: http://www.cntraveler.com/travel-tips/travel- etiquette/2008/12/Etiquette-101-Tipping-Guide. 25. Simon Blackburn discussing problems of relativism: http://philosophybites.libsyn.com/simon_blackburn_on_moral_relativism. 26. Wikipedia on female mutilation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation. 27. Louis Pojman’s article “Who’s to Judge?”: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/gmoran/POJMAN.pdf. 28. Interesting statistics about Armenians’ attitudes towards gays: http://globalvoicesonline.org/2012/06/29/armenia-intolerant-society/. 29. Explanation of what saunas are: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna. 30. Finnish sauna traditions: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24328773. 31. Wikihow on how to use a sauna safely asks you to wear suitable attire: http://www.wikihow.com/Use-a-Sauna-Safely. 32. Wikipedia on God: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God. 33. An overview article on divine command theory: http://www.iep.utm.edu/divine-c/, Robert Merrihew Adams’s article “Divine Command Metaethics Modified Again”: http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Adams-Divine- Command-Metaethics-Modified-Again.pdf, and Edward Wieranga’s article “A Defensible Divine Command Theory”: http://www.commonsenseatheism.com/wp- content/uploads/2009/09/Wierenga-A-defensible-divine-command-theory.pdf. 34. An interesting debate between Shelly Kagan and William Lane Graig on this very topic: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiJnCQuPiuo. 35. Link to Adams’s article: http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/03/Adams-Divine-Command-Metaethics-Modified-Again.pdf. 36. Definition of atheism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism and polytheism: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism. 37. An overview of what metaphysics is: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaphysics/. 38. Adams’s article on divine command theory: http://commonsenseatheism.com/wp- content/uploads/2010/03/Adams-Divine-Command-Metaethics-Modified-Again.pdf. 39. Wikipedia on revelations: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation. 40. An overview of recent philosophical work on normativity: http://analysis.oxfordjournals.org/content/70/2/331.full.pdf?keytype=ref&ijkey=Q 50DmwsULURmO5j. 41. Chapter 1 of Mackie’s Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong: http://www2.arnes.si/~supmpotr/mackie.pdf. 42. Richard Swinburne on God and the requirements of morality: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~orie0087/pdf_files/General%20untechnical%20papers/God%20 and%20Morality.pdf. 43. Christian Miller’s helpful overview article on the subject: http://users.wfu.edu/millerc/Euthyphro.pdf, the life and works of Plato: http://plato.stanford.edu/, and Plato’s dialogue: http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/euthyfro.html. 44. The life and works of Leibniz: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz/, his Discourse on Metaphysics: http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/mickelsen/texts/leibniz%20- %20discourse%20on%20metaphysics.htm#II, the life and works of Ralph Cudworth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth, and his Treatise concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality: http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2077&c hapter=157 715&layout=html&Itemid=27. 45. A podcast on the Euthyphro dilemma which discusses this question too: http://www.partiallyexaminedlife.com/2011/11/16/episode-46-plato-on-ethics-religion/. 46. An explanation of what dilemmas are: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma. 47. Christian Miller’s article “Euthyphro Dilemma”: http://users.wfu.edu/millerc/Euthyphro.pdf. 48. Information about St. Augustine: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo, about the City of God: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_God_(book), and Book I of the book: http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/120101.htm. 49. A phrase many philosophers are fond of: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_the_bullet. .
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