DOCSLIB.ORG

The Geologic Time Scale (Babcock Text, P

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Geologic Time Scale (Babcock Text, P Outline 5: The Geologic Time Scale (Babcock text, p. 78) How it was created. A First Attempt, 1759 • Based on “appearance” of the rocks. • Latin terms: • Primary - crystalline rocks • Secondary - folded sedimentary rocks • Tertiary - undeformed sedimentary rocks • Quaternary - loose sediments Work in the 1800s • Based on relative ages of fossils rather than the appearance of rocks. • The Eras: (Greek terms) –Paleozoic: old life –Mesozoic: middle life –Cenozoic: recent life Work in the 1800s, cont’d • The periods of the eras were named after places or unique characteristics. • Cambrian - Latin for Wales • Ordovician - the Ordovices a Welsh tribe • Silurian - the Silures, a Welsh tribe • Devonian - Devonshire, England Work in the 1800s, cont’d • Carboniferous - carbon in coal –Mississippian: rocks in Mississippi River Valley –Pennsylvanian: coals in Pennsylvania • Permian - the Perm Basin in Russia Work in the 1800s, cont’d • Triassic - a 3-part division of rocks in Germany • Jurassic - the Jura Mountains of Switzerland • Cretaceous - Latin for chalks of Paris Basin Work in the 1800s, cont’d • The Cenozoic epochs have Greek roots. • Paleocene - ancient recent • Eocene - dawn of the recent • Oligocene - little recent • Miocene - less recent • Pliocene - more recent • Pleistocene - most recent • Holocene - completely recent Work in the 1800s, cont’d • What about really old rocks with no fossils? • Geologists didn’t know how to divide these rocks. • All were called Precambrian, an informal term we still use today. Work in the 1900s • Precambrian rocks were later divided into two eons: –Archean Eon: the beginning –Proterozoic Eon: earliest life • Younger rocks were grouped into the Phanerozoic Eon: visible life Work in the 1900s • Radiometric dating allowed the various eons, eras, periods, and epochs to be dated. • It turned out that the subdivisions are of very unequal duration. For instance, the Cretaceous Period at 79 MY is longer than the Cenozoic Era at 65 MY. Work in the 1900s, cont’d • Although the subdivisions are of unequal length, they still are very useful for talking about geologic time. • Geologists use the names of the Geologic Time Scale because it is a type of “shorthand” easier to remember than dates in years. A “Must Do” for You • Memorize the names of the Geologic Time Scale in your book. Don’t worry about dates in years. Do note that 88% of earth history is Precambrian. • Use the following pneumonic devices. Time Units • Eon –Era •Period –Epoch Eons • Phanerozoic • Proterozoic • Archean All Purpose Pill Phanerozoic Eras • Cenozoic • Mesozoic • Paleozoic Park My Car Phanerozoic Periods • Neogene • Paleogene • Cretaceous • Jurassic • Triassic • Permian • Carboniferous • Devonian • Silurian • Ordovician • Cambrian Can Ordinary Students Dupe Crabby Professors To Judge Class Projects Nicely? Cenozoic Epochs • Recent (Holocene) • Pleistocene • Pliocene • Miocene • Oligocene • Eocene • Paleocene People Eat Only Mario's Pan Pizza, Right? .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Islamic Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Islamic calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -at اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي :The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to 2007) Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form ( [In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ("Before the Hijra").[2 .(ﻫـ abbreviated , َﺳﻨﺔ ﻫِ ْﺠﺮﻳّﺔ The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017.[3] Contents 1 Months 1.1 Length of months 2 Days of the week 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 3.2 Prohibiting Nasī’ 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic History of the Earth 1 the Precambrian
    Geologic History of the Earth 1 algae = very simple plants that Geologists are scientists who study the structure grow in or near the water of rocks and the history of the Earth. By looking at first = in the beginning at and examining layers of rocks and the fossils basic = main, important they contain they are able to tell us what the beginning = start Earth looked like at a certain time in history and billion = a thousand million what kind of plants and animals lived at that breathe = to take air into your lungs and push it out again time. carbon dioxide = gas that is produced when you breathe Scientists think that the Earth was probably formed at the same time as the rest out of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. The solar system may have be- certain = special gun as a cloud of dust, from which the sun and the planets evolved. Small par- complex = something that has ticles crashed into each other to create bigger objects, which then turned into many different parts smaller or larger planets. Our Earth is made up of three basic layers. The cen- consist of = to be made up of tre has a core made of iron and nickel. Around it is a thick layer of rock called contain = have in them the mantle and around that is a thin layer of rock called the crust. core = the hard centre of an object Over 4 billion years ago the Earth was totally different from the planet we live create = make on today.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Analysis of Article "21 Reasons to Believe the Earth Is Young" by Jeff Miller
    1 Critical analysis of article "21 Reasons to Believe the Earth is Young" by Jeff Miller Lorence G. Collins [email protected] Ken Woglemuth [email protected] January 7, 2019 Introduction The article by Dr. Jeff Miller can be accessed at the following link: http://apologeticspress.org/APContent.aspx?category=9&article=5641 and is an article published by Apologetic Press, v. 39, n.1, 2018. The problems start with the Article In Brief in the boxed paragraph, and with the very first sentence. The Bible does not give an age of the Earth of 6,000 to 10,000 years, or even imply − this is added to Scripture by Dr. Miller and other young-Earth creationists. R. C. Sproul was one of evangelicalism's outstanding theologians, and he stated point blank at the Legionier Conference panel discussion that he does not know how old the Earth is, and the Bible does not inform us. When there has been some apparent conflict, either the theologians or the scientists are wrong, because God is the Author of the Bible and His handiwork is in general revelation. In the days of Copernicus and Galileo, the theologians were wrong. Today we do not know of anyone who believes that the Earth is the center of the universe. 2 The last sentence of this "Article In Brief" is boldly false. There is almost no credible evidence from paleontology, geology, astrophysics, or geophysics that refutes deep time. Dr. Miller states: "The age of the Earth, according to naturalists and old- Earth advocates, is 4.5 billion years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geologic Time Scale Is the Eon
    Exploring Geologic Time Poster Illustrated Teacher's Guide #35-1145 Paper #35-1146 Laminated Background Geologic Time Scale Basics The history of the Earth covers a vast expanse of time, so scientists divide it into smaller sections that are associ- ated with particular events that have occurred in the past.The approximate time range of each time span is shown on the poster.The largest time span of the geologic time scale is the eon. It is an indefinitely long period of time that contains at least two eras. Geologic time is divided into two eons.The more ancient eon is called the Precambrian, and the more recent is the Phanerozoic. Each eon is subdivided into smaller spans called eras.The Precambrian eon is divided from most ancient into the Hadean era, Archean era, and Proterozoic era. See Figure 1. Precambrian Eon Proterozoic Era 2500 - 550 million years ago Archaean Era 3800 - 2500 million years ago Hadean Era 4600 - 3800 million years ago Figure 1. Eras of the Precambrian Eon Single-celled and simple multicelled organisms first developed during the Precambrian eon. There are many fos- sils from this time because the sea-dwelling creatures were trapped in sediments and preserved. The Phanerozoic eon is subdivided into three eras – the Paleozoic era, Mesozoic era, and Cenozoic era. An era is often divided into several smaller time spans called periods. For example, the Paleozoic era is divided into the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous,and Permian periods. Paleozoic Era Permian Period 300 - 250 million years ago Carboniferous Period 350 - 300 million years ago Devonian Period 400 - 350 million years ago Silurian Period 450 - 400 million years ago Ordovician Period 500 - 450 million years ago Cambrian Period 550 - 500 million years ago Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • How Long Is a Year.Pdf
    How Long Is A Year? Dr. Bryan Mendez Space Sciences Laboratory UC Berkeley Keeping Time The basic unit of time is a Day. Different starting points: • Sunrise, • Noon, • Sunset, • Midnight tied to the Sun’s motion. Universal Time uses midnight as the starting point of a day. Length: sunrise to sunrise, sunset to sunset? Day Noon to noon – The seasonal motion of the Sun changes its rise and set times, so sunrise to sunrise would be a variable measure. Noon to noon is far more constant. Noon: time of the Sun’s transit of the meridian Stellarium View and measure a day Day Aday is caused by Earth’s motion: spinning on an axis and orbiting around the Sun. Earth’s spin is very regular (daily variations on the order of a few milliseconds, due to internal rearrangement of Earth’s mass and external gravitational forces primarily from the Moon and Sun). Synodic Day Noon to noon = synodic or solar day (point 1 to 3). This is not the time for one complete spin of Earth (1 to 2). Because Earth also orbits at the same time as it is spinning, it takes a little extra time for the Sun to come back to noon after one complete spin. Because the orbit is elliptical, when Earth is closest to the Sun it is moving faster, and it takes longer to bring the Sun back around to noon. When Earth is farther it moves slower and it takes less time to rotate the Sun back to noon. Mean Solar Day is an average of the amount time it takes to go from noon to noon throughout an orbit = 24 Hours Real solar day varies by up to 30 seconds depending on the time of year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Little Metropolis at Athens 15
    Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses 2011 The Littleetr M opolis: Religion, Politics, & Spolia Paul Brazinski Bucknell University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Brazinski, Paul, "The Little eM tropolis: Religion, Politics, & Spolia" (2011). Honors Theses. 12. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/12 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paul A. Brazinski iv Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank Professor Larson for her patience and thoughtful insight throughout the writing process. She was a tremendous help in editing as well, however, all errors are mine alone. This endeavor could not have been done without you. I would also like to thank Professor Sanders for showing me the fruitful possibilities in the field of Frankish archaeology. I wish to thank Professor Daly for lighting the initial spark for my classical and byzantine interests as well as serving as my archaeological role model. Lastly, I would also like to thank Professor Ulmer, Professor Jones, and all the other Professors who have influenced me and made my stay at Bucknell University one that I will never forget. This thesis is dedicated to my Mom, Dad, Brian, Mark, and yes, even Andrea. Paul A. Brazinski v Table of Contents Abstract viii Introduction 1 History 3 Byzantine Architecture 4 The Little Metropolis at Athens 15 Merbaka 24 Agioi Theodoroi 27 Hagiography: The Saints Theodores 29 Iconography & Cultural Perspectives 35 Conclusions 57 Work Cited 60 Appendix & Figures 65 Paul A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Calendars of India
    The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 38—GEOLOGIC AGE SYMBOL FONT (Stratagemage) REF NO STRATIGRAPHIC AGE SUBDIVISION TYPE AGE SYMBOL KEYBOARD POSITION for Stratagemage FONT
    Federal Geographic Data Committee U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99–430 Public Review Draft - Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization PostScript Implementation (filename: of99-430_38-01.eps) 38—GEOLOGIC AGE SYMBOL FONT (StratagemAge) REF NO STRATIGRAPHIC AGE SUBDIVISION TYPE AGE SYMBOL KEYBOARD POSITION FOR StratagemAge FONT 38.1 Archean Eon A Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.2 Cambrian Period _ (underscore = shift-hyphen) 38.3 Carboniferous Period C Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.4 Cenozoic Era { (left curly bracket = shift-left square bracket) 38.5 Cretaceous Period K Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.6 Devonian Period D Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.7 Early Archean (3,800(?)–3,400 Ma) Era U Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.8 Early Early Proterozoic (2,500–2,100 Ma) Era R (capital R = shift-r) 38.9 Early Middle Proterozoic (1,600–1,400 Ma) Era G (capital G = shift-g) 38.10 Early Proterozoic Era X Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.11 Eocene Epoch # (pound sign = shift-3) 38.12 Holocene Epoch H Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.13 Jurassic Period J Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.14 Late Archean (3,000–2,500 Ma) Era W Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.15 Late Early Proterozoic (1,800–1,600 Ma) Era I (capital I = shift-i) 38.16 Late Middle Proterozoic (1,200–900 Ma) Era E (capital E = shift-e) 38.17 Late Proterozoic Era Z Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.18 Mesozoic Era } (right curly bracket = shift-right square bracket) 38.19 Middle Archean (3,400–3,000 Ma) Era V Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) 38.20 Middle Early Proterozoic (2,100–1,800 Ma) Era L (capital L = shift-l) 38.21 Middle Middle Proterozoic (1,400–1,200 Ma) Era F (capital F = shift-f) 38.22 Middle Proterozoic Era Y Not applicable (use Helvetica instead) A–38–1 Federal Geographic Data Committee U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Convective Isolation of Hadean Mantle Reservoirs Through Archean Time
    Convective isolation of Hadean mantle reservoirs through Archean time Jonas Tuscha,1, Carsten Münkera, Eric Hasenstaba, Mike Jansena, Chris S. Mariena, Florian Kurzweila, Martin J. Van Kranendonkb,c, Hugh Smithiesd, Wolfgang Maiere, and Dieter Garbe-Schönbergf aInstitut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln, 50674 Köln, Germany; bSchool of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; cAustralian Center for Astrobiology, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; dDepartment of Mines, Industry Regulations and Safety, Geological Survey of Western Australia, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia; eSchool of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom; and fInstitut für Geowissenschaften, Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany Edited by Richard W. Carlson, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, and approved November 18, 2020 (received for review June 19, 2020) Although Earth has a convecting mantle, ancient mantle reservoirs anomalies in Eoarchean rocks was interpreted as evidence that that formed within the first 100 Ma of Earth’s history (Hadean these rocks lacked a late veneer component (5). Conversely, the Eon) appear to have been preserved through geologic time. Evi- presence of some late accreted material is required to explain the dence for this is based on small anomalies of isotopes such as elevated abundances of highly siderophile elements (HSEs) in 182W, 142Nd, and 129Xe that are decay products of short-lived nu- Earth’s modern silicate mantle (9). Notably, some Archean rocks clide systems. Studies of such short-lived isotopes have typically with apparent pre-late veneer like 182W isotope excesses were focused on geological units with a limited age range and therefore shown to display HSE concentrations that are indistinguishable only provide snapshots of regional mantle heterogeneities.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Time Lesson Guide Lesson Guide | Description
    Geologic Time Lesson Guide Lesson Guide | Description Instructor: Dr. Michael T. Lewchuk Grade Level: 6 - 12 Subject: Earth & Physical Science Students will investigate the subdivisions of the Geologic Time Scale. Wonder How: Have you ever wondered how scientists and geologists know how old something is? Goal: Students will gather data and use ratios that will help them create a scale model of Geological time using simple materials found at home. Lesson Guide | Lesson Guide Agenda Lesson Guide Agenda: v Vocabulary v Materials List v Geologic Time Scale v Activity Instructions v Challenge! v Additional Resources v Oklahoma Academic Standards Lesson Guide | Vocabulary Eon – An Eon is the fundamental division of time in Geology. The Earth’s 4.6-billion- year history is divided into four Eons: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. Precambrian Supereon – This is the combination of the Hadean, Archean and Proterozoic Eons. It is subdivided based on the physical properties of the Earth’s surface and atmosphere. Hadean Eon – The Hadean is the oldest Eon. It is generally described as the time when the Earth was so hot that it was all, or mostly all, molten liquid. Archean Eon – The Archean Eon is generally described as the time when solid rock existed on the surface of the Earth, but little or no free oxygen existed in the atmosphere. Proterozoic Eon – The Proterozoic is generally considered the Eon when free oxygen began to appear in the atmosphere. Microscopic life developed during the Proterozoic. Lesson Guide | Vocabulary Phanerozoic Eon – The Phanerozoic Eon is the most recent Eon in geologic history.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Turns Over: Hadean–Archean Crust–Mantle Evolution
    Lithos 189 (2014) 2–15 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Lithos journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/lithos Review paper The world turns over: Hadean–Archean crust–mantle evolution W.L. Griffin a,⁎, E.A. Belousova a,C.O'Neilla, Suzanne Y. O'Reilly a,V.Malkovetsa,b,N.J.Pearsona, S. Spetsius a,c,S.A.Wilded a ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems (CCFS) and GEMOC, Dept. Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia b VS Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia c Scientific Investigation Geology Enterprise, ALROSA Co Ltd, Mirny, Russia d ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Dept of Applied Geology, Curtin University, G.P.O. Box U1987, Perth 6845, WA, Australia article info abstract Article history: We integrate an updated worldwide compilation of U/Pb, Hf-isotope and trace-element data on zircon, and Re–Os Received 13 April 2013 model ages on sulfides and alloys in mantle-derived rocks and xenocrysts, to examine patterns of crustal evolution Accepted 19 August 2013 and crust–mantle interaction from 4.5 Ga to 2.4 Ga ago. The data suggest that during the period from 4.5 Ga to ca Available online 3 September 2013 3.4 Ga, Earth's crust was essentially stagnant and dominantly maficincomposition.Zirconcrystallizedmainly from intermediate melts, probably generated both by magmatic differentiation and by impact melting. This quies- Keywords: – Archean cent state was broken by pulses of juvenile magmatic activity at ca 4.2 Ga, 3.8 Ga and 3.3 3.4 Ga, which may Hadean represent mantle overturns or plume episodes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Onset of Widespread Marine Red Beds and the Evolution of Ferruginous Oceans
    ARTICLE DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00502-x OPEN The onset of widespread marine red beds and the evolution of ferruginous oceans Haijun Song 1, Ganqing Jiang 2, Simon W. Poulton3, Paul B. Wignall3, Jinnan Tong1, Huyue Song1, Zhihui An1, Daoliang Chu1, Li Tian1, Zhenbing She1 & Chengshan Wang4 Banded iron formations were a prevalent feature of marine sedimentation ~3.8–1.8 billion years ago and they provide key evidence for ferruginous oceans. The disappearance of banded iron formations at ~1.8 billion years ago was traditionally taken as evidence for the demise of ferruginous oceans, but recent geochemical studies show that ferruginous con- ditions persisted throughout the later Precambrian, and were even a feature of Phanerozoic ocean anoxic events. Here, to reconcile these observations, we track the evolution of oceanic Fe-concentrations by considering the temporal record of banded iron formations and marine red beds. We find that marine red beds are a prominent feature of the sedimentary record since the middle Ediacaran (~580 million years ago). Geochemical analyses and thermo- dynamic modelling reveal that marine red beds formed when deep-ocean Fe-concentrations were > 4 nM. By contrast, banded iron formations formed when Fe-concentrations were much higher (> 50 μM). Thus, the first widespread development of marine red beds con- strains the timing of deep-ocean oxygenation. 1 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China. 2 Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010, USA. 3 School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
    [Show full text]