DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Change and Wildlife Utilization on Private Land: Evidence from Wildlife Ranching in South Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Climate Change and Wildlife Utilization on Private Land: Evidence from Wildlife Ranching in South Africa Climate change and wildlife utilization on private land: Evidence from wildlife ranching in South Africa By Jackson Ongong’a Otieno Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the School of Economics UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University of Cape Town August 2016 Supervisor: Professor. Edwin Muchapondwa The copyright of this thesis is vested in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non-commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town II Declaration I, Jackson Ongong’a Otieno, do hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis, is my own, except where acknowledged and that this thesis or any part of it, has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree at any university. Signed: J.O.O Candidate: Jackson Ongong’a Otieno. Date: 15-08-2016 III ALL RIGHTS RESERVED IV @2016 Jackson Ongong’a Otieno Abstract This thesis focuses on the economics of climate change and wildlife utilization in privately owned parcels of land in South Africa. A significant proportion of agricultural land in the Southern Africa region has undergone transition with many farmers opting to move away from livestock farming to either wildlife farming, ranching or conservancies. In other instances, farmers in areas which were predominantly under irrigation are also switching to wildlife land use. One of the biggest claims to this transition has been the effects of climate change on livestock and crop production. The increasing cost of production associated with worsening climate continue to force farmers into abandoning livestock and crop production in favor of wildlife, which has been considered more profitable in the marginal areas in the southern Africa region. However, several uncertainties engulf wildlife utilization on private land, this may hinder its ability to bring about development that might improve the welfare of the communities and those individuals who directly participate in wildlife conservation in the private areas. The most pressing issue in wildlife utilization on private land includes; i). Its effects on the welfare of the communities living around the wildlife farms, ranches or conservancies. The livelihood of these communities revolved around livestock and livestock production for employment, food provision and other socioeconomic and cultural provisions. Therefore, the transition from livestock to wildlife production inevitably can improve or worsen the living standards of these communities, ii). Sustainability of wildlife production as alternative land use in the face of prevailing and future climate scenarios. While it has been cited that wildlife and wildlife revenues are more resilient to climate change, there is every indication that climate change affects wildlife conservation, iii). The role of wildlife in climate change adaptation. Farmers in South Africa are known to mix wildlife with livestock as one way of adapting to climate change. Over time, such farms have transited into wildlife ranches. The issue therefore is how vulnerable are wildlife ranches compared to livestock and mixed wildlife-livestock ranches? These issues are explored in three substantive chapters included in this thesis. The thesis consists of five chapters starting with an introduction, followed by the three substantive chapters and finally conclusion and policy recommendations. The second chapter of this thesis has evaluated the impact of private wildlife ranches on socioeconomic outcomes of communities living in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Specifically, the chapter examines the contribution of private wildlife areas to the V changes in poverty levels within the communities around the ranches by considering its impact on three mechanisms; employment creation, infrastructure development and population dynamics. In order to achieve these objectives, the chapter used data on wildlife establishments in Eastern Cape Province, together with socioeconomic indicators derived from the three censuses of 1996, 2001 and 2011. A mechanism-based approach to impact evaluation is applied to estimate the causal mechanism effects of wildlife ranching on poverty. The average treatment effect on the treated and the mechanism average treatment effect on the treated are estimated. The results show that private wildlife ranches contributed approximately 2.7% to the proportion of poor people in Eastern Cape Province between 1996-2011. It turns out that the increase in the proportion of poor people was as a result of lost employment opportunities and displacement of people. The presence of ranches contributed 0.7 per cent to unemployment. Despite this, it also emerges that individuals in areas where wildlife ranches have been established have access to better infrastructure than those individuals in areas where no ranches have been established or those in areas where state protected conservation networks are established in the Eastern Cape Province. Establishment of wildlife ranches in these areas contributed 12.83% in improved access to infrastructure. The results of the net average treatment effect on the treated suggests that a lot of changes in areas where wildlife ranches are established do not seem to be attributed solely to the wildlife ranches, they would have happened anyway because of other factors. For example, most wildlife ranches are established in rural areas where the communities are generally poor and lack access to markets and infrastructure. In comparing these results to poverty or welfare conditions in communities around protected area networks of national parks and reserves, the study found that poverty levels had gone down in communities around the state protected parks and reserves. The reduction in poverty was as a result of increased accessed to employment. However, the infrastructure conditions in communities around the state protected area networks had deteriorated over the same period. The chapter ends by looking at what would have happened in homeland areas of Eastern Cape Province had wildlife ranches been established in them. This is a counterfactual situation. The study postulates that had wildlife ranches been established in homeland areas, poverty level would have gone up in the homeland areas. The third chapter examines the effects of climate change on wildlife utilization on private land. One of the reasons cited for land use change is that wildlife and wildlife revenues are VI more resilient to climate change. However, in the state protected area networks, there is clear evidence that climate change is affecting wildlife. This chapter applies quantile regression by using the median Ricardian model to investigate the effects of climate change on wildlife revenues. The chapter further uses three Atmospheric-Oceanic Global Circulation models, which include the Coupled General Circulation Model, the Parallel Circulation Model and the Hadley Centre Coupled model that have been used to predict the impact of climate change for South African agriculture to estimate the future impact of climate change on wildlife revenues. The chapter finds evidence that temperature and precipitation have a large and significant effect on the net revenues of wildlife ranchers. There exists a non-linear relationship between wildlife revenues and temperature and precipitation. It emerges that summer temperature has a U-shape relationship with net revenues while the summer and winter precipitations have a hill-shaped relationship with net revenues. Across all the provinces in South Africa, wildlife ranches seem to generate the most revenues in summer. However, extended summer conditions and winter reduce the average farm income to about R494/ha. From the quantile regression, it can also be deduced that high value farms are affected differently by climate change when compared to low value ranches. For example at =0.25 and =0.75 winter precipitation is beneficial to both low value and high value ranches, but it is significantly more beneficial to ranches on the higher quantiles than those on lower quantile ranches. Finally, the study predicts that towards 2050, climate change could reduce net revenues of wildlife by up to 28 percent. In contrast, in the Northern Cape Province, the revenue per hectare could increase towards 2100. This could be due to differences in regional adaptation. Revenues of wildlife only ranches could be more affected in the long run when compared to revenues of ranches that practice mixed wildlife ranching. The forth chapter examines the role of wildlife in adaptation. Most land currently under wildlife use was once used for crops or livestock, but South Africa has a long history with wildlife on private land. Legislation also recognizes wildlife ranching as an agricultural activity. However, studies have not included wildlife as an adaptation option especially in the marginal areas. The chapter applies both the probit and multinomial logit models to first evaluate the determinants of land use change in the marginal areas where wildlife and livestock ranching are predominantly practiced. Secondly, the chapter uses the multinomial choice model to evaluate the performance of conditional net revenue of the three types of farms in the marginal areas (wildlife, mixed and livestock farms) after correcting for selection
Load more

Recommended publications
  • I Am a Compassionate Conservation Welfare Scientist
    Opinion I Am a Compassionate Conservation Welfare Scientist: Considering the Theoretical and Practical Differences Between Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare Ngaio J. Beausoleil Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand; [email protected] Received: 25 October 2019; Accepted: 28 January 2020; Published: 6 February 2020 Simple Summary: The well-being of individual wild animals is threatened in many ways, including by activities aiming to conserve species, ecosystems and biodiversity, i.e., conservation activities. Scientists working in two related disciplines, Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare, are attentive to the well-being of individual wild animals. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the commonalities between these disciplines and to consider key differences, in order to stimulate discussion among interested parties and use our collective expertise and energy to best effect. An emerging scenario, the use of genetic technologies for control of introduced animals, is used to explore the ways each discipline might respond to novel conservation-related threats to wild animal well-being. Abstract: Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare are two disciplines whose practitioners advocate consideration of individual wild animals within conservation practice and policy. However, they are not, as is sometimes suggested, the same. Compassionate Conservation and Conservation Welfare are based on different underpinning ethics, which sometimes leads to conflicting views about the kinds of conservation activities and decisions that are acceptable. Key differences between the disciplines appear to relate to their views about which wild animals can experience harms, the kinds of harms they can experience and how we can know about and confidently evidence those harms.
    [Show full text]
  • Read and Download Our New Report Here
    A report to the Labour Animal Welfare Society May 2021 A review of the animal welfare, public health, and environmental, ecological and conservation implications of rearing, releasing and shooting non-native gamebirds in Britain Professor Stephen Harris BSc PhD DSc A REPORT TO THE LABOUR ANIMAL WELFARE SOCIETY A review of the animal welfare, public health, and environmental, ecological and conservation implications of rearing, releasing and shooting non-native gamebirds in Britain A report to the Labour Animal Welfare Society Professor Stephen Harris BSc PhD DSc May 2021 NON-NATIVE GAMEBIRDS IN BRITAIN - A REVIEW A REPORT TO THE LABOUR ANIMAL WELFARE SOCIETY Instructions Contents I was asked to review the scientific I was told that:- Summary of the key points 1 evidence on:- l I should identify any animal welfare concerns Sources of information 5 and potential effects on wildlife and public 1. The potential welfare and public health issues Introduction 6 associated with rearing, releasing and shooting health large numbers of non-native gamebirds in l I should identify the actual or potential The legal status of non-native gamebirds in Britain 7 Britain direct and indirect effects of activities Good-practice guidelines for gamebird shooting 10 2. Whether rearing and releasing large numbers associated with rearing, releasing and shooting gamebirds, and the distances of non-native gamebirds in Britain, and How many foxes are there in Britain? 12 associated predator-control activities, have an that may be required for any precautionary actions, prohibitions or mitigation impact on the numbers of different species How much food do foxes require? 16 of avian and mammalian predators, and the l I should consider any potential environmental, character and extent of any possible species ecological and/or conservation impacts of The number of pheasants and red-legged partridges 17 interactions widespread supplementary feeding by the reared, released and shot in Britain 3.
    [Show full text]
  • MAC1 Abstracts – Oral Presentations
    Oral Presentation Abstracts OP001 Rights, Interests and Moral Standing: a critical examination of dialogue between Regan and Frey. Rebekah Humphreys Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom This paper aims to assess R. G. Frey’s analysis of Leonard Nelson’s argument (that links interests to rights). Frey argues that claims that animals have rights or interests have not been established. Frey’s contentions that animals have not been shown to have rights nor interests will be discussed in turn, but the main focus will be on Frey’s claim that animals have not been shown to have interests. One way Frey analyses this latter claim is by considering H. J. McCloskey’s denial of the claim and Tom Regan’s criticism of this denial. While Frey’s position on animal interests does not depend on McCloskey’s views, he believes that a consideration of McCloskey’s views will reveal that Nelson’s argument (linking interests to rights) has not been established as sound. My discussion (of Frey’s scrutiny of Nelson’s argument) will centre only on the dialogue between Regan and Frey in respect of McCloskey’s argument. OP002 Can Special Relations Ground the Privileged Moral Status of Humans Over Animals? Robert Jones California State University, Chico, United States Much contemporary philosophical work regarding the moral considerability of nonhuman animals involves the search for some set of characteristics or properties that nonhuman animals possess sufficient for their robust membership in the sphere of things morally considerable. The most common strategy has been to identify some set of properties intrinsic to the animals themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • April Zpm 2011
    Linking Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Welfare: Educator Training Workshop Report B.A. Daniel1, R. Marimuthu2 and S. Walker3 Universities Federation for Animal educational packet called Conservation Welfare (UFAW) based in Gt. Britain, Consciousness linking wildlife works to promote and develop improvements in animal welfare with scientific research and creating awareness globally. UFAW takes a practical approach knowing that certain types of research are necessary and will be carried out despite any amount of protest. So UFAW devises research Left : The “Old School” based in Great Britain is the Headquarters protocols for urgently required medical of the Universities Federation for and other scientific research which Animal Welfare UFAW cause the least possible discomfort for laboratory animals. UFAW has many programmes; see <www.ufaw.org>. Below: UFAW Council and Founded in 1929 with a tagline of S.Walker at their HQ having a Science in the service of animal discussion over high tea welfare UFAW describes itself as an “internationally recognised, independent, scientific and education animal welfare charity concerned with improving knowledge and understanding of animals' needs in order to promote high standards of welfare for farm, companion, laboratory, captive wild animal and those with which we interact in the wild.” Zoo Outreach Organisation has a very long relationship with UFAW and has been much influenced by their combined philosophy of science and practical approach. With support from UFAW, ZOO organized a two-day educator training programme for selected educators involved in wildlife education and conservation in South India. The training programme was organized at Karunya University Campus during 18-19 February 2011 with the them of making conservation and welfare work together for the benefit of wildlife.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Animal & Natural Resource
    JOURNAL OF ANIMAL & NATURAL RESOURCE LAW Michigan State University College of Law MAY 2019 VOLUME XV The Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law is published annually by law students at Michigan State University College of Law. The Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law received generous support from the Animal Legal Defense Fund and the Michigan State University College of Law. Without their generous support, the Journal would not have been able to publish and host its annual symposium. The Journal also is funded by subscription revenues. Subscription requests and article submissions may be sent to: Professor David Favre, Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law, Michigan State University College of Law, 368 Law College Building, East Lansing MI 48824, or by email to msujanrl@ gmail.com. Current yearly subscription rates are $27.00 in the U.S. and current yearly Internet subscription rates are $27.00. Subscriptions are renewed automatically unless a request for discontinuance is received. Back issues may be obtained from: William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1285 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14209. The Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law welcomes the submission of articles, book reviews, and notes & comments. Each manuscript must be double spaced, in 12 point, Times New Roman; footnotes must be single spaced, 10 point, Times New Roman. Submissions should be sent to [email protected] using Microsoft Word or PDF format. Submissions should conform closely to the 19th edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. All articles contain a 2019 author copyright unless otherwise noted at beginning of article. Copyright © 2019 by the Journal of Animal & Natural Resource Law, Michigan State University College of Law.
    [Show full text]
  • Être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives
    REVIEW published: 27 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00296 “Feelings and Fitness” Not “Feelings or Fitness”–The Raison d’être of Conservation Welfare, Which Aligns Conservation and Animal Welfare Objectives Ngaio J. Beausoleil 1*, David J. Mellor 1, Liv Baker 2, Sandra E. Baker 3, Mariagrazia Bellio 4, Alison S. Clarke 5, Arnja Dale 6, Steve Garlick 2,7, Bidda Jones 8, Andrea Harvey 2, Benjamin J. Pitcher 9, Sally Sherwen 10, Karen A. Stockin 11 and Sarah Zito 6 1 Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 2 Centre for Compassionate Conservation, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 3 Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Edited by: Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, 4 Institute of Land Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia, Charlotte Lotta Berg, 5 Veterinary Emergency Centre and Hospital, JCU Vet, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 6 Royal New Swedish University of Agricultural Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Auckland, New Zealand, 7 Possumwood Wildlife Recovery and Sciences, Sweden Research, Bungendore, NSW, Australia, 8 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Australia, Canberra, ACT, Reviewed by: Australia, 9 Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 10 Zoos Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Elisabetta Canali, 11 Coastal Marine Research Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy Zealand Jason V. Watters, San Francisco Zoo, United States Increasingly, human activities, including those aimed at conserving species and Jill D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Ten-Stage Protocol for Assessing the Welfare of Individual Non-Captive Wild Animals: Free-Roaming Horses (Equus Ferus Caballus) As an Example
    animals Review A Ten-Stage Protocol for Assessing the Welfare of Individual Non-Captive Wild Animals: Free-Roaming Horses (Equus Ferus Caballus) as an Example Andrea M. Harvey 1,*, Ngaio J. Beausoleil 2, Daniel Ramp 1 and David J. Mellor 2 1 Centre for Compassionate Conservation, Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; [email protected] 2 Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand; [email protected] (N.J.B.); [email protected] (D.J.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 November 2019; Accepted: 14 January 2020; Published: 16 January 2020 Simple Summary: Vital for informing debates about the ways we interact with wild animals and their associated habitats is knowledge of their welfare status. To date, scientific assessments of the welfare of free-roaming wild animals during their normal day-to-day lives are not available, in part because the required methodology had not been developed. Accordingly, we have devised, and here describe, a ten-stage protocol for systematically and scientifically assessing the welfare of individual non-captive wild animals, using free-roaming horses as an example. Applying this ten-stage protocol will enable biologists to scientifically assess the welfare of wild animals and should lead to significant advances in the field of wild animal welfare. Abstract: Knowledge of the welfare status of wild animals is vital for informing debates about the ways in which we interact with wild animals and their habitats. Currently, there is no published information about how to scientifically assess the welfare of free-roaming wild animals during their normal day-to-day lives.
    [Show full text]
  • Committing to Conservation the World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy Mountain Gorilla Rwanda Mission Statement
    COMMITTING TO CONSERVATION THE WORLD ZOO AND AQUARIUM CONSERVATION STRATEGY MOUNTAIN GORILLA RWANDA MISSION STATEMENT WAZA is the voice of a global community of zoos and aquariums and a catalyst for their joint conservation action GENERAL | Credits | Contributing Authors CREDITS Title Copyright Committing to Conservation: © 2015 World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy Citation Editors Barongi, R., Fisken, F. A., Parker, M. & Gusset, M. (eds) (2015) Rick Barongi, Fiona A. Fisken, Martha Parker & Markus Gusset Committing to Conservation: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. Gland: WAZA Executive Office, 69 pp. Publisher World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA) Executive Office, Gland, Switzerland WAZA Executive Office IUCN Conservation Centre Layout and Design Megan Farias, Houston Zoo, TX, USA Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland Cover Photography Switzerland Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) © idreamphoto Grey-shanked douc langur (Pygathrix cinerea) © Joel Satore, Photo Ark [email protected] www.waza.org Print Chas. P. Young, Houston, TX, USA ISBN 978-2-8399-1694-3 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Rick Barongi Lesley Dickie Heribert Hofer Houston Zoo, Houston, TX 77030, USA IUCN Asian Species Action Partnership Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife (ASAP), UK Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany Jeffrey P. Bonner Saint Louis Zoo, St Louis, MO 63110, USA Fiona A. Fisken Susan Hunt Zoological Society of London, Zoological Parks Authority, Perth Zoo, Paul Boyle London NW1 4RY,
    [Show full text]
  • Saving Animals: Everyday Practices of Care and Rescue in the US Animal Sanctuary Movement
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2016 Saving Animals: Everyday Practices of Care and Rescue in the US Animal Sanctuary Movement Elan L. Abrell Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1345 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] SAVING ANIMALS: EVERYDAY PRACTICES OF CARE AND RESCUE IN THE US ANIMAL SANCTUARY MOVEMENT by ELAN LOUIS ABRELL A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2016 © 2016 ELAN LOUIS ABRELL All Rights Reserved ii Saving Animals: Everyday Practices of Care and Rescue in the US Animal Sanctuary Movement by Elan Louis Abrell This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Anthropology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _________________________ _________________________________________ Date Jeff Maskovsky Chair of Examining Committee _________________________ _________________________________________ Date Gerald Creed Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Katherine Verdery Melissa Checker THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT Saving Animals: Everyday Practices of Care and Rescue in the US Animal Sanctuary Movement by Elan Louis Abrell Advisor: Jeff Maskovsky This multi-sited ethnography of the US animal sanctuary movement is based on 24 months of research at a range of animal rescue facilities, including a companion animal shelter in Texas, exotic animal sanctuaries in Florida and Hawaii, and a farm animal sanctuary in New York.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Review the Future of Keeping Pet Reptiles and Amphibians
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UCL Discovery Review The future of keeping pet reptiles and amphibians: towards integrating animal welfare, human health and environmental sustainability F. Pasmansa, S. Bogaertsb, J. Braeckmanc, A. A. Cunninghamd, T. Hellebuycka*, R. A. Griffithse, M. Sparreboomf, B. R. Schmidtg,h, A. Martela a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium b Lupinelaan 25, NL5582CG Waalre, The Netherlands cDepartment of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium dInstitute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, United Kingdom e Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK fNaturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands g Info Fauna KARCH, Passage Maximilien-de-Meuron 6, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland h Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland *Corresponding author. Tel.: 32 9 264 7441 E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Hellebuyck) 1 Abstract The keeping of exotic pets is currently under debate and governments of several countries are increasingly exploring the regulation, or even the banning, of exotic pet keeping. Major concerns are issues of public health and safety, animal welfare and biodiversity conservation. The keeping of reptiles and amphibians in captivity encompasses all the potential issues identified with keeping exotic pets, and many of those relating to traditional domestic pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Resolutions of the Conference of the Parties
    Resolutions of the Conference of the Parties 32 NOTE FROM THE SECRETARIAT The Resolutions of the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties were prepared after the meeting on the basis of the following documents: Resolutions Sources Conf. 10.1 Document Com. 10.31 adopted after having been amended Conf. 10.2 Documents Com. 10.18, Com. 10.23, Com. 10.24 and Doc. 10.44 Annex 3 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.3 Resolution Conf. 8.6, adopted at the eighth meeting (Kyoto, 1992), and document Doc. 10.76 Annex adopted after having been amended Conf. 10.4 Document Com. 10.25 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.5 Document Com. 10.28 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.6 Resolution Conf. 4.12, adopted at the fourth meeting (Gaborone, 1983), and document Com. 10.14 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.7 Resolution Conf. 9.11, adopted at the ninth meeting (Fort Lauderdale, 1994), and document Doc. 10.54 Annexes 1 to 3 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.8 Document Com. 10.13 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.9 Document Doc. 10.45 Annex 4 adopted after having been amended Conf. 10.10 Documents Doc. 10.44 Annex 2, Doc. 10.44.2 and Doc. 10.44.3 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.11 Document Doc. 10.92 adopted after having been amended Conf. 10.12 Document Com. 10.40 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.13 Document Com. 10.20 adopted without being amended Conf. 10.14 Resolution Conf. 8.10 (Rev.), adopted at the eighth meeting (Kyoto, 1992) and amended at the ninth meeting (Fort Lauderdale, 1994), and document Doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Custodianship of Wildlife on Private Land to Support Conservation – an Australian Model
    CSIRO PUBLISHING The Rangeland Journal, 2020, 42, 309–321 https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ20039 Custodianship of wildlife on private land to support conservation – an Australian model George WilsonA,B,D, Melanie EdwardsB and Neil ByronC AAustralian National University, Fenner School of Environment and Society, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. BAustralian Wildlife Services, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia. CUniversity of Canberra, Institute of Applied Ecology, ACT 2617, Australia. DCorresponding author. Email: [email protected] Abstract. A large proportion of the world’s extinctions have occurred in Australia, and threatened species lists continue to grow, notwithstanding government and philanthropic efforts. Most losses have been on private land, so relying on national parks and reserves is not enough to reverse trends and meet Australia’s responsibilities. This paper proposes a model that could increase abundance and distribution of Australia’s biodiversity, while providing financial incentives to private landholders to do so. It addresses the question, can landholder management of wildlife, and a form of private ownership, remedy shortfalls in government funding for biodiversity conservation and the resulting consequences of vast biodiversity losses? Landholders currently invest in propagating introduced livestock species, but they are prevented by current regulations from investing in a similar manner in threatened Australian native species. Market-based incentives could increase the distribution and abundance of species on private land and help protect the habitat of other biodiversity. The enabling changes would be contentious to some people but are consistent with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Sustainable Use policy. Different versions of wildlife privatisation have been successfully applied internationally: there is urgency for Australia to draw on these experiences and develop its own model to encourage and support wildlife on private freehold land.
    [Show full text]