A Fenntartható Energiagazdálkodás Felé Vezető Út Erre Van Előre!  Vision 2040 Hungary 2.0

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Fenntartható Energiagazdálkodás Felé Vezető Út Erre Van Előre!  Vision 2040 Hungary 2.0 A fenntartható energiagazdálkodás felé vezető út Erre van előre! Vision 2040 Hungary 2.0 dr. Munkácsy Béla (szerk.) ELTE TTK, Környezet- és Tájföldrajzi Tanszék Környezeti Nevelési Hálózat Országos Egyesület 2014 A fenntartható energiagazdálkodás felé vezető út Erre van előre! Vision 2040 Hungary 2.0 Lektorálták: Dr. Csüllög Gábor (adjunktus, a földrajztudományok doktora ELTE TTK) Dr. Dőry István (docens, biofizikus, a biológia tudományok kandidátusa NYME TTMK) Livo László (okl. bányamérnök, geotermikus szakmérnök, az MTA kutatómérnöke) Harmat Ádám (okl. geográfus, megújuló energia szakértő ELTE TTK): kivéve 9. fejezet Dr. Munkácsy Béla (adjunktus, a földrajztudományok doktora, okl. környezetmenedzser ELTE TTK): 3., 7., 8., 10.1 és 10.2 fejezetek Készült az ELTE TTK, Környezet- és Tájföldrajzi Tanszék „Erre van előre” kutatócsoportja és a Környezeti Nevelési Hálózat Országos Egyesület gondozásában, 2013-2014-ben 1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C e-mail: [email protected] A borítóoldal Kovács Krisztina munkája A kiadásért felel az „Erre van előre” kutatócsoport vezetője ISBN 978-963-284-362-9 Közlekedés ................................................................................................ 49 Tartalomjegyzék Összegzés .................................................................................................. 51 Bevezető - A tanulmánykötet létrehozásának szükségességéről ..................... 3 4. Nemzetközi kitekintés ................................................................................. 52 Küldetésnyilatkozatunk .................................................................................... 8 4.1 A Zero Carbon Britain projekt − a jövő újraértelmezése ........................... 52 1. A megújuló energiára alapozott energiatervezésről .................................... 9 Powerup, avagy az energiatermelés átalakítása ...................................... 56 2. A Vision 2040 Hungary 2.0 energiaforgatókönyv készítésének háttere..... 15 A szén-dioxid leválasztásának és tárolásának (CCS) illetve az atomenergia 3. Magyarországi helyzetkép .......................................................................... 21 alkalmazásának megítélése ...................................................................... 58 3.1 A hazai energiagazdálkodásról dióhéjban ................................................ 21 Társadalmi szerepvállalás a szemléletváltásban ...................................... 58 Energiamérleg .......................................................................................... 21 Politikai és gazdasági keretek ................................................................... 58 Energiaforrások ........................................................................................ 22 4.2 Paradigmaváltás a német energiapolitikában........................................... 60 Elsődleges energiafelhasználás ................................................................ 25 Energiakoncepció és energiaátállás .......................................................... 61 Villamos energia ....................................................................................... 26 Megújulók a német villamosenergia-termelésben .................................. 64 3.2 Helyzetkép a magyar energiatervezésről ................................................. 32 Németország atomenergia nélkül ............................................................ 68 A tervezés fontossága .............................................................................. 32 Megújuló energiák finanszírozása és támogatása ...................................... 0 Tervtípusok .............................................................................................. 33 Összefoglalás .............................................................................................. 0 Általános tervezési keret és módszer ...................................................... 34 5. Problémák és lehetőségek az energiagazdálkodásban ............................... 75 A magyar stratégiák ................................................................................. 37 5.1 A decentralizáció lehetőségei az energiagazdálkodásban ....................... 75 Javaslatok ................................................................................................. 40 Bevezetés – a jelenlegi hazai centralizált energiarendszer jellemzői ....... 75 3.3 Hivatalos jövőképünk a Nemzeti Energiastratégia értékelése .............. 42 A decentralizált (elosztott) energiatermelés ............................................ 78 Helyzetértékelés, peremfeltételek .......................................................... 42 A helyi gazdaság fejlesztése – avagy a helyi adottságok jobb kihasználása Jövőkép .................................................................................................... 42 a regionális energiatermelés előmozdítása révén .................................... 79 Primer energia.......................................................................................... 43 Emberi tényező az intelligens energiarendszerben .................................. 80 Villamos energia ....................................................................................... 44 A szabályozás ............................................................................................ 81 Hőenergia ................................................................................................. 48 A rendszerirányítás ................................................................................... 82 1 Új filozófia a rendszerszabályozásban: a „rugalmas energiarendszer” dán A megújuló energiatermelés előnyei, a környezeti externáliák figyelembe modellje ................................................................................................... 83 vétele ...................................................................................................... 168 Az energiarendszer sarokköve, a tárolás: lehetőségek és kihívások ....... 87 Az ösztönző rendszerek szükségessége és két fő típusa ........................ 171 A villamos energia tárolása ...................................................................... 87 EU-szintű kitekintés ................................................................................ 175 5.2. Az életmód és a mértékletesség problematikája az Összegzés, az ideális ösztönző rendszer ................................................. 178 energiagazdálkodásban .................................................................................. 98 8.3 Szemelvények az energiagazdálkodás természeti korlátainak tárgyköréből 5.3. Az épületekben rejlő energiahatékonysági potenciálok ....................... 103 ....................................................................................................................... 180 6. A fenntartható közlekedés felé vezető út ................................................ 115 A környezet terhelése a bemeneti oldal szempontjából ........................... 180 6.1 A közlekedés problematikája komplex megközelítésben ....................... 115 A környezet terhelése a kimeneti oldal szempontjából ............................ 188 Személyi közlekedés ............................................................................... 117 6.2 A városi közösségi közlekedés újragondolása ....................................... 123 6.3 A kerékpáros közlekedésben rejlő lehetőségek ..................................... 126 7. Hazai megújuló potenciálok és hasznosításuk jövőképünkben ................ 143 A megújuló energiaforrások felhasználása forgatókönyvünkben – áttekintés ................................................................................................................... 149 8. Kihívások és akadályok – avagy mely tényezők befolyásolják a forgatókönyv megvalósítását? ..................................................................... 153 8.1 A fenntartható energiagazdálkodás pszichológiai akadályai és járható útja ...................................................................................................................... 154 Az öko logikus ........................................................................................ 159 A fenntarthatóság felé vezető út ........................................................... 162 Társadalmi paradigmaváltás .................................................................. 164 Összegzés ............................................................................................... 166 8.2 A megújuló energia térnyeréséhez szükséges ösztönzési, szabályozási háttér ............................................................................................................ 168 2 Bevezető - A tanulmánykötet létrehozásának korlátosan rendelkezésre álló készletekkel összefüggésben a szükségességéről természettudomány és a közgazdaságtudomány törvényei szerint mindenhol emelkedik. Ezen energia- és környezetpolitikai aktualitások kapcsán merül fel a kérdés, hogy lehetséges-e a magyarországi természeti adottságokat A villamos áram és a hőenergia a „civilizált” társadalmakban kis túlzással figyelembe véve, egy környezeti szempontból fenntarthatóan működő az ivóvízzel és a táplálékkal egyenértékű életfeltételek. Éppen ezért a kellően energiarendszert létrehozni. Lehetséges-e a súlyosan környezetterhelő és felkészült döntéshozók számára a fosszilis energiahordozók komoly biztonsági kockázatokat jelentő atomenergia és fosszilis alapú megfogyatkozásának problematikája és az
Recommended publications
  • 07/2018 REFORM of the RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE a Brake on the European Energy Transition?
    DISKURS 07/ 2018 Uwe Nestle REFORM OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE A Brake On The European Energy Transition? WISO DISKURS 07/ 2018 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung The Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is the oldest political foundation in Germany with a rich tradition dating back to its foundation in 1925. Today, it remains loyal to the legacy of its namesake and campaigns for the core ideas and values of social democracy: freedom, justice and solidarity. It has a close connection to social democracy and free trade unions. FES promotes the advancement of social democracy, in particular by: – Political educational work to strengthen civil society; – Think Tanks; – International cooperation with our international network of offices in more than 100 countries; – Support for talented young people; – Maintaining the collective memory of social democracy with archives, libraries and more. The Division for Economic and Social Policy The Division for Economic and Social Policy of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung advises and informs politics and society in Germany about important current issues and policy making concerning social, economic and environmental developments. WISO Diskurs WISO Diskurs are detailed analyses examining political issues and questions, containing sound policy recommendations and contributing to scientifically based policy consultation. About the author Uwe Nestle is the founder of EnKliP (Energy and Climate Policy I Contracting). He served in the German Federal Environment Ministry for about ten years, working on the energy transition and in particular renewable energy. Responsible for this Publication at FES Dr. Philipp Fink is head of the sustainable structural policy working group and the climate, environment, energy and structural policy desk in the Division for Economic and Social Policy at Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
    [Show full text]
  • Megatrends in the Global Energy Transition
    Megatrends in the global energy transition Legal notice Published by WWF Germany and LichtBlick SE November 2015 Author Gerd Rosenkranz Data verification Jürgen Quentin Coordination Viviane Raddatz/WWF Germany Corine Veithen/LichtBlick SE Edited by Gerd Rosenkranz, Jürgen Quentin, LichtBlick, WWF Germany Contact [email protected] [email protected] Design Thomas Schlembach/WWF Germany Infographics Anita Drbohlav/www.paneemadesign.com Production Maro Ballach/WWF Germany The leading renewable energy supplier LichtBlick and the conservation organisation WWF Germany are working together to speed up the energy transition in Germany. They pursue a common aim of inspiring people for change and of drawing attention to the enormous opportunities for a renewable energy future. www.energiewendebeschleunigen.de Introduction It was a surprising statement for an important summit: in Schloss Elmau, Bavaria at the beginning of June 2015, the G7 heads of state and government announced the global withdrawal from the carbon economy. As the century progresses, the world must learn to do without lignite, coal, oil and natural gas completely. In truth this aim is not only urgently needed in order to stem the dangers of climate change, but also achievable. The energy transition has become a massive global force, expansion of renewables is making progress worldwide faster than even the optimists believed a few years ago. This report provides wide-ranging evidence that the global conversion of the energy system has started and is currently accelerating rapidly. It shows that renewable energies – and solar energy in particular – have undergone an unparalleled development: from a niche technology rejected as being too expensive to a global competitor for fossil and nuclear power plants.
    [Show full text]
  • 100% Renewable Electricity: a Roadmap to 2050 for Europe
    100% renewable electricity A roadmap to 2050 for Europe and North Africa Available online at: www.pwc.com/sustainability Acknowledgements This report was written by a team comprising individuals from PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC), the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the European Climate Forum (ECF). During the development of the report, the authors were provided with information and comments from a wide range of individuals working in the renewable energy industry and other experts. These individuals are too numerous to mention, however the project team would like to thank all of them for their support and input throughout the writing of this report. Contents 1. Foreword 1 2. Executive summary 5 3. 2010 to 2050: Today’s situation, tomorrow’s vision 13 3.1. Electricity demand 15 3.2. Power grids 15 3.3. Electricity supply 18 3.4. Policy 26 3.5. Market 30 3.6. Costs 32 4. Getting there: The 2050 roadmap 39 4.1. The Europe - North Africa power market model 39 4.2. Roadmap planning horizons 41 4.3. Introducing the roadmap 43 4.4. Roadmap enabling area 1: Policy 46 4.5. Roadmap enabling area 2: Market structure 51 4.6. Roadmap enabling area 3: Investment and finance 54 4.7. Roadmap enabling area 4: Infrastructure 58 5. Opportunities and consequences 65 5.1. Security of supply 65 5.2. Costs 67 5.3. Environmental concerns 69 5.4. Sustainable development 70 5.5. Addressing the global climate problem 71 6. Conclusions and next steps 75 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Appendices Appendix 1: Acronyms and Glossary 79 Appendix 2: The 2050 roadmap in detail 83 Appendix 3: Cost calculations and assumptions 114 Appendix 4: Case studies 117 Appendix 5: Taking the roadmap forward – additional study areas 131 Appendix 6: References 133 Appendix 7: Contact information 138 PricewaterhouseCoopers LLPP Chapter one: Foreword 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Power a Victim of Policy and Politics
    NNoottee ddee ll’’IIffrrii Wind Power A Victim of Policy and Politics ______________________________________________________________________ Maïté Jauréguy-Naudin October 2010 . Gouvernance européenne et géopolitique de l’énergie The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-86592-780-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2010 IFRI IFRI-BRUXELLES 27, RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THERESE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 – FRANCE 1000 – BRUXELLES – BELGIQUE Tel: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tel: +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax: +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] WEBSITE: Ifri.org Executive Summary In December 2008, as part of the fight against climate change, the European Union adopted the Energy and Climate package that endorsed three objectives toward 2020: a 20% increase in energy efficiency, a 20% reduction in GHG emissions (compared to 1990), and a 20% share of renewables in final energy consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind-Power Development in Germany and the U.S.: Structural Factors, Multiple-Stream Convergence, and Turning Points
    1 Wind-Power Development in Germany and the U.S.: Structural Factors, Multiple-Stream Convergence, and Turning Points a chapter in Andreas Duit, ed., State and Environment: The Comparative Study of Environmental Governance [tentative title] Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, forthcoming in 2014 Roger Karapin Department of Political Science Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center New York, USA Email: [email protected] May 2013 final draft Introduction Renewable energy is seen as a solution to problems of anthropogenic climate change, air pollution, resource scarcity, and dependence on energy imports (Vasi 2009; IPCC 2012). Of the various forms of renewable energy, wind-generated electricity has a unique set of advantages, which make its potential environmental benefits especially large. Wind power produces relatively low levels of environmental damage over its life cycle (like solar), 1 relies on relatively mature technology, and already comprises a nontrivial share of energy production (like hydro and biomass). It is also based on a potentially enormous natural resource and has been growing rapidly in many industrialized and developing countries (Greene, et al. 2010). Global installed capacity of wind power rose an average of 25% a year from 2001 to 2012, to a total of 282,000 Megawatts (MW), and wind power now generates about 3% of global electricity consumption (data from World Wind Energy Association and BP 2012). 2 Although common experiences with the oil crises of the 1970s and more recent concerns 2 about global warming have motivated most industrialized countries to adopt wind-power development policies, they vary greatly in the extent to which they have successfully developed this renewable-energy source.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legitimacy of Wind Power in Germany
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Dehler-Holland, Joris; Okoh, Marvin; Keles, Dogan Working Paper The legitimacy of wind power in Germany Working Paper Series in Production and Energy, No. 54 Provided in Cooperation with: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP) Suggested Citation: Dehler-Holland, Joris; Okoh, Marvin; Keles, Dogan (2021) : The legitimacy of wind power in Germany, Working Paper Series in Production and Energy, No. 54, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Industrial Production (IIP), Karlsruhe, http://dx.doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000128597 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/229440 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The Legitimacy of Wind Power in Germany by Joris Dehler-Holland, Marvin Okoh, Dogan Keles No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Culture and Politics of Energy in Germany a Historical Perspective
    Perspectives The Culture and Politics of Energy in Germany A Historical Perspective DAVID BLACKBOURN 2013 / 4 RCC Perspectives The Culture and Politics of Energy in Germany A Historical Perspective David Blackbourn 2013 / 4 2 RCC Perspectives About the Author David Blackbourn has been Cornelius Vanderbilt Distinguished Professor of History at Vanderbilt University since 2012. Before that he taught for twenty years at Har- vard University, where he was Coolidge Professor of History, and for sixteen years at London University. Educated at Cambridge, where he was a research fellow, he has held fellowships from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the DAAD, and the Guggenheim Foundation, and been Visiting Kratter Professor at Stanford University. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a corresponding fellow of the British Academy, and serves on the editorial board of Past and Present and the academic advisory boards of the Lichtenbergkolleg, Göttingen University and the Ger- man Historical Institute, Washington, DC. He is also president of the Friends of the German Historical Institute. His books include Class, Religion and Local Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (1980), The Peculiarities of German History (with Geoff Eley, 1984), Populists and Patricians (1987), Marpingen: Apparitions of the Virgin Mary in Bismarckian Germany (1993), The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1914 (1997), and The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape, and the Making of Modern Germany (2006), which won the George Mosse Prize of the American Historical Association and the Charles A. Weyerhaeuser Prize for the Best Book in Forest and Conservation History, and was named Best Book in European History on H-Soz-und-Kult.
    [Show full text]
  • Zbwleibniz-Informationszentrum
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Zitzer, Suzanne E. Working Paper Renewable energy policy and wind energy development in Germany UFZ Discussion Paper, No. 8/2009 Provided in Cooperation with: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) Suggested Citation: Zitzer, Suzanne E. (2009) : Renewable energy policy and wind energy development in Germany, UFZ Discussion Paper, No. 8/2009, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), Leipzig This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/44741 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu UFZ-Diskussionspapiere Department Urban Ecology, Environmental Planning and Transport 8/2009 Renewable Energy Policy and Wind Energy Development in Germany Suzanne E. Zitzer July 2009 Herausgeber: Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung GmbH - UFZ Permoserstr.
    [Show full text]
  • Germany's First Offshore Wind Farm Is Formally Commissioned
    Germany's First Offshore Wind Farm is Formally Commissioned Today, Federal Environment Minister Dr. Norbert Röttgen together with Chief Executive Officers Dr. Werner Brinker of EWE, Dr. Wulf Bernotat of E.ON and Tuomo Hatakka of Vattenfall Europe are commissioning Germany’s first offshore wind farm during a ceremony in Norddeich. Alpha ventus is the first open sea wind farm of its kind in Germany’s territorial waters. It marks the beginning of a new era in environmentally-friendly power generation in Germany – far from the coast in the open sea, in deep-sea conditions and utilising cutting-edge technology. Alpha ventus was constructed 45 kilometres off the coast of the island of Borkum by a consortium of EWE, E.ON and Vattenfall Europe, who together have invested 250 million Euros to bring this project to its successful completion. Alongside clean power generation, alpha ventus also serves as a test field for research projects concerned with nature conservation, which are aided by the Federal Ministry for the Environment. Additionally, the wind farm will provide invaluable knowledge as regards the utilisation and the further development of offshore wind power On the occasion of the official commissioning of alpha ventus, Federal Environment Minister Dr. Norbert Röttgen says: "The use of wind power will play a key role in the energy mix of the future. Offshore wind farms are a decisive factor in this role. Our goal is an installed offshore capacity of 25,000 MW by the year 2030. Alpha ventus is the beginning, the pioneering work which has truly opened the door for us into the age of renewable energies.
    [Show full text]
  • Design Tool for Offshore Wind Farm Clusters
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 21, 2017 Design tool for offshore wind farm clusters Hasager, Charlotte Bay; Giebel, Gregor; Waldl, Igor; Schepers, Gerard Published in: DEWEK 2015, 12th German Wind Energy Conference. Book of Abstracts Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Hasager, C. B., Giebel, G., Waldl, I., & Schepers, G. (2015). Design tool for offshore wind farm clusters. In DEWEK 2015, 12th German Wind Energy Conference. Book of Abstracts (pp. 70). DEWI. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. organised by: 19 / 20 May 2015 Bremen, Germany 12th German Wind Energy Conference Book of Abstracts Message of GreetinG By sigmar GABriel PATRON DeWeK 2015 Wind power is the workhorse of the German Energiewende (energy transi- tion). It accounts for every third kilowatt hour of electricity generated from renewable energy sources in Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Wind Report 2004 Contents
    Wind Report 2004 Contents 3 Wind Year 2003 – an overview 4 Support allows a boom in new wind power construction – E.ON grid territory characterised by new construction 5Electricity generation from wind fluctuates greatly 8 Only limited forecasting possible for wind power infeed – demand for wind-based reserve capacity increases with new wind power construction 10 Wind energy leads to regional price distortions – even load distribution overdue 11 Wind power needs a corresponding grid infrastructure – grid expansion necessary 12 Grid expansion needs planning and investment security 12 Grid expansion and new wind power construction must take place in parallel 13 Generation management – grid safety and renewable energy in harmony 14 Wind energy plants must in future also contribute towards stable grid operation 3 Wind Year 2003 – an overview In 2003, Germany again led the world in wind • Only limited forecasting is possible for wind energy use thanks to the Renewable Energy Act power infeed. If the wind power forecast differs (EEG). At the end of 2003, wind power plants with from the actual infeed, the transmission system a total installed capacity of around 14,350 Mega- operator must cover the difference by utilising watts (MW) fed German electricity grids. Of this, reserve capacity. This requires reserve capacities the greatest proportion at around 6,250 MW was amounting to 50 – 60 % of the installed wind connected in the E.ON control area. power capacity. For technical reasons, the intensive use of wind power in Germany is associated with signifi- • Wind power requires a corresponding grid infra- cant operational challenges: structure. The windy coastal regions of Schles- wig-Holstein and Lower Saxony are precisely the • Only limited wind power is available.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Optimized Spatial Allocation of Wind Turbines in the German Electricity System
    Assessing the Optimized Spatial Allocation of Wind Turbines in the German Electricity System S¨onke Bohm August 6, 2016 Doctoral Thesis A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Dr. rer. pol. at the Interdisciplinary Institute of Environmental, Social and Human Sciences of Europa-Universit¨atFlensburg Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Olav Hohmeyer Europa-Universit¨atFlensburg, Germany Prof. Dr. Benjamin K. Sovacool Aarhus University, Denmark University of Sussex, England Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems, Flensburg Europa-Universit¨atFlensburg Assurance according to §5 (3) of the PhD Statutes of Europa-Universit¨atFlensburg Versicherung nach §5 (3) der Promotionsordnung der Europa-Universit¨atFlensburg Ich erkl¨arehiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbst¨andigund ohne Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen (einschließlich elektro- nischer Quellen, dem Internet und m¨undlicher Kommunikation) direkt oder indirekt ¨ubernommenen Gedanken sind ausnahmslos unter genauer Quellenangabe als solche kenntlich gemacht. Insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe sogenannter Promotions- beraterinnen / Promotionsberater in Anspruch genommen. Dritte haben von mir weder unmittelbar noch mittelbar Geld oder geldwerte Leistungen f¨urArbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ¨ahnlicher Form einer anderen Pr¨ufungsbeh¨orde vorgelegt. S¨onke Bohm Flensburg, 2016{08{06 i Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Olav Hohmeyer and Benjamin Sovacool for supervising this thesis and for their valuable and constructive comments during the genesis of this work. I would also like to thank former and current members of the EEM staff at Europa- Universit¨atFlensburg for their valuable inputs to this piece.
    [Show full text]