June 1932 Volume Xv Published Quarterly by the State

JUNE 1932

VOLUME XV NUMBER 4

PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN 11 111 III III I III IIIIIIIIII I I III I! Ml

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is a state- aided corporation whose function is the cultivation and en- couragement of the historical interests of the State. To this end it invites your cooperation; membership is open to all, whether residents of Wisconsin or elsewhere. The dues of annual members are three dollars, payable in advance; of life members, thirty dollars, payable once only. Subject to certain exceptions, members receive the publications of the Society, the cost of producing which far exceeds the membership fee. This is rendered possible by reason of the aid accorded the Society by the State. Of the work and ideals of the Society this magazine affords, it is believed, a fair example. With limited means, much has alre'ady been accomplished; with ampler funds more might be achieved. So far as is known, not a penny entrusted to the Society has ever been lost or misapplied. Property may be willed to the Society in entire confidence that any trust it assumes will be scrupulously executed.

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THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published quarterly by the Society, at 116 E. Main St., Evansville, Wisconsin, in September, Decem- ber, March, and June, and is distributed to its members and exchanges; others who so desire may receive it for the annual subscription of three dollars, payable in advance; single numbers may be had for seventy-five cents. All correspondence concerning the magazine should be addressed to 116 E. Main St., Evansville, Wisconsin, or the office of the State His- torical Society, Madison, Wisconsin.

Entered as second-class matter, January 1, 1927, at the post office at Evans- ville, Wisconsin, under the act of August 24, 1912. VOL. XV 1931-1932

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCON- SIN. JOSEPH SCHAFER, Superintendent and Editor CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV

ARTICLES: PAGE JOHN B. SANBORN—The Supreme Court of Wis- consin in the Eighties 3

HIRAM D. DENSMORE— Rollin D. Salisbury, M.A., LL.D., A Biographical Sketch 22, 119

MARYD. BRADFORD—Memoirs 47, 182, 297, 446

ALBERT H. GRIFFITH—Lincoln Literature, Lin- coln Collections, and Lincoln Collectors .... 148

HERMAN J. DEUTSCH—Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin Politics of the Early Seven- ties 168, 282, 391

GEORGE L. COLLIE—A Distinguished Son of Wis- consin: Thomas C. Chamberlin 263, 412

CLARA T. RUNGE — Frederick George Jacob Lueders, Naturalist and Philosopher 350

DOCUMENTS: California Diary of Charles M. Tuttle, 1859 ... 69, 219 Norwegian Immigrant Letters 356

EDITORIAL COMMENT: The Author of the "Frontier Hypothesis" 86 Hiram Moore, Michigan-Wisconsin Inventor . . . 234 Death of Professor Turner 495 THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE 104, 244, 370, 500 BOOK NOTES 113, 256, 380, 507

VOL. XV, No. 4 June, 1932

THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCON- SIN. JOSEPH SCHAFER, Superintendent and Editor CONTENTS

DISINTEGRATING FORCES IN WISCONSIN POLITICS OF THE EARLY SEVENTIES .Herman J. Deutsch 391

A DISTINGUISHED SON OF WISCONSIN : THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN George L. Collie 412

MEMOIRS OF MARY D. BRADFORD 446

EDITORIAL COMMENT: Death of Professor Turner 495

THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE . .Louise Phelps Kellogg 500

The Society as a body is not responsible for statements or opinions advanced in the following pages by contributors. COPYRIGHT, 1932, BY THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN Paid for out of the Maria L. and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund Income Previous numbers of the Wisconsin Magazine of History are indexed in the International Index to Periodical Literature to be found in many public libraries.

EDWARD G. RYAN DISINTEGRATING FORCES IN WISCONSIN POLITICS OF THE EARLY SEVENTIES

RAILROAD POLITICS

HERMAN J. DEUTSCH

ARMER Taylor, the successful candidate for governor Fof Wisconsin in 1873, was a much perplexed victor; his army had been very heterogeneous; to the defeated Republi- cans, it had been a host of the forces of darkness; furthermore, the Reformers themselves were not certain of the political paternity of their colleagues. "The Governor is Democratic, the state officers [here?] Liberal, and the Legis- lature [war?] reform," wrote a well-informed Democrat.1 The speaker-elect of the new legislature, Gabe Bouck of Oshkosh, was not nearly so definite and not at all enthusiastic about the support received from the sons of the soil. "They [the farmers] are not acquainted with human nature, suspicious, think every man that lives in cities or villages is a scoundrel. They take a newspaper, believe in and swear by it, the bigger the cocksbull story, the more likely to believe in it. A perfect abhorrence of being controlled, and yet always controlled, and then by the biggest rascal and the least talent of the country. They are the capital stock in trade of the barnacles around every court house. To this must be added the influence of ignorant itinerant ministers."2 There NOTE that in the following footnotes all letters written to E. W. Keyes are on file in Keyes Papers; to Lucius Fairchild, in Fairchild Papers; to George H. Paul, in Paul Papers, and to C. Woodman, in Woodman Papers. These papers ,are in the Wisconsin Historical Library. 1 George B. Smith to Lucius Fairchild, Madison, May 1, 1874. 2 Bouck to George H. Paul, Oshkosh, August 22, 1873; September 13, 1873. 392 Herman J. Deutsch [June was in fact some reason to believe that the governor-elect was a very appropriate though not fortunate leader of such a horde; for according to some, he embodied their very weak- nesses. "Farmer Taylor is a great institution. He is certainly very new in his place, not a graceful or genial man. He don't always know what to do, and don't always know who to ask, and if he does ask, he immediately becomes suspicious that the advice given is for some ulterior or sinister purpose. In other words, he is very ignorant, and as a necessary and natural consequence, jealous and suspicious, and I frankly say I do not regard him a success, and I am not singular in this"* Showered with gratuitous advice the new Gracchus was in a serious quandary: but in the selection of his major-domo, he was quite fortunate. George H. Paul, the editor of the Milwaukee News, had a good grasp of public questions and a forceful style which did credit to Taylor's state papers. That neither the statesman nor his good man Friday had complete discretion in outlining their public policy is revealed in two excerpts of letters to Paul which suggest the possibility that there was a close affiliation of some of the Reformers with the railroad interests who had been so determined to undermine Washburn's prestige, as the out- going governor had charged.4 "The R R Cos must allow us at this time and under these circumstances to get up though conservative yet a strong anti-monopoly document to fulfil the expectations of the people. . . ."5 In the communication which followed, he wrote: "Recommend R. R. Commis- sioners under circumstances feel impelled to suggest & c [sic] because the people seem to demand them yet put in a saving clause by saying in States where tried they have not been eminently successful (am constrained to say) you dress 3 Gregory to Lucius Fairchild, Madison, March 11, 1874; similar E. E. Bryant to Fairchild, Madison, June 14, 1874. 4Washburn to C. Woodman, Madison, November 4, 1873. 5 Taylor to Paul, Cottage Grove, November 26, 1873. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 393 it up."6 Paul did a good job in dressing up the executive message with saving clauses which were climaxed with, "I am constrained to say, that this experiment has not thus far realized all the beneficial results anticipated." Among ten general propositions, one was of real pertinence, namely, the revision and modification of classification and rates subject to state authority.7 In their designs to straddle the railroad issue, the Re- formers had not, however, reckoned with their defeated ene- mies, who though temporarily stunned by defeat, lost little time in their preparations to rehabilitate their political for- tunes. What better strategy could there have been than to abscond with the issue which had served the victorious clique so well but was now, like the Moor who had done his duty, peremptorily dismissed. By a railroad bill, thoroughly satisfactory to the Grangers, one could outreform the Reformers and at the same time furnish a most unsavory dish of crow for the new administration.8 Should the Republicans, furthermore, allow one of their number to vote for the repeal of the Graham Law, all would be in readiness for a love feast with the dissenters at the next canvass.9 The constitutional aspect of railroad control offered no obstacle in Wisconsin which, like many midwestern states, at the time of drafting their covenant, had had the foresight to obviate the complications created by the Dartmouth Col- lege case,10 by inserting a clause which forbade the legisla- 6 Taylor to Paul, December 7, 1873. 7 William R. Taylor, January 15, 1874, in Wisconsin Legislature, Senate Journal (Madison, 1874), app. 21-23. 8 James M. Brackett to Keyes, November 18, 1S73; William L. Utley to Keyes, Racine, November 16, 1873. • Utley to Keyes, op. cit. See writer's "Yankee-Teuton Rivalry in Wiscon- sin Politics of the Early Seventies," Wisconsin Magazine of History, xiv (March, 1931), 262-282. 10 Solon Justus Buck, The Granger Movement, A Study of Agricultural Or- ganization and Its Political, Economic and Social Manifestations 1870-1880 (Cam- bridge, 1913), 127-129, 159, 166, 179. 394 Herman J. Deutsch [June tures to grant charters or franchises not subject to modification or annulment at any time.11 A Republican, R. L. D. Potter, gave his name to the law which aroused so much controversy and gained such wide publicity. It classified the roads of the state, fixed certain passenger and freight rates, created a railroad commission with some slight quasi-judicial authority, provided for crimi- nal and civil offenses, including triple damages to injured parties, and prohibited certain specific practices such as dis- criminations and passes.12 There can be little doubt that the plan of the Grand Old Party in Wisconsin had presented Governor Taylor's Tro- jans with a Greek wooden horse. Credit for its passage fell to Republicans; the odium of its enforcement would be visited upon their opponents.13 The Reformers squirmed. "This law should have been entitled cAn Act to discourage the progress and settlement of the newer portions of the State,' " cried the Green Bay Advocate.1* "The Potter bill was unquestionably designed to defeat the ends of railway legislation. If its inventors should finally be hung with their own petard, the mourners would be few," wrote Dr. O. W. Wight, the Reform specialist, to the Reform journal—the Milwaukee News.15 The measure soon aroused nation-wide interest accentuated by the publication of four able opinions 11 Article XI, Section 1. "Corporations without banking powers or privileges may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legisla- ture, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. All general laws or special acts enacted under the provisions of this section may be altered or repealed by the Legislature at any time after their passage." Con- stitution of Wisconsin, Legislative Manual of the State of Wisconsin (1874), 34-64, especially 51. 12 "An Act in relation to railroads," Laxcs of Wisconsin (1874), chap. 341, pp. 758-760. 13Brackett to Keyes; Utley to Keyes, op. cit.; J. H. Waggoner to Keyes, Richland Center, June 12, 1874; A. E. Bleekman to Keyes, Tomah, June 15, 1874. 14 Cited in the Milwaukee News, May 22, 1874, 2. 15 O. W. Wight to the editor of the News, Milwaukee, May 21, 1874, in News, May 22, 1874, 4. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 395

—two by Badger state lawyers, Attorney-General Sloan16 and Senator Carpenter,17 in defense of the law; while two eastern lawyers, William M. Evarts18 and B. It. Curtis,10 on behalf of the railroads challenged its validity. Alexander Mitchell, erstwhile supporter of the Reform ticket, and still president of the St. Paul Railway did not wait until the public had mastered the detail of legal subtleties; so con- vinced was he that the law was unconstitutional, and therefore void and of no effect, that he determined to anticipate the decision of the courts and the verdict of the people at the next election and defy the law. He denied, however, dis- respect for the state and its constituted authorities.20 The Northwestern through its president, Albert Keep, gave similar notice but in more conciliatory language than Mitchell's. Keep complained that the law had been passed without any effort to secure information which his company would have been only too glad to give.21 In answer it might have been suggested that, heretofore, the roads had not hesitated to employ lobbies and that the facts could well have been submitted to a governor who was certainly not inherently un- friendly to the companies. If the purpose of the announce- ments to Governor Taylor was to arouse public sympathy, there was no indication of popular response to be gleaned

16 A. Scott Sloan, Attorney-General to ... William R. Taylor, Governor, Wisconsin State Journal, May 27, 1874, 1. 17 Matt H; Carpenter to editors of State Journal, Washington, May 11, 1874, State Journal,'May 11, 1874, 2. 18 William M. Evarts, "Opinion on Potter Law," New York, April 27, 1874, in the Milwaukee Sentinel, May 5, 1874, 4. 19 B. R. Curtis, "Opinion on the Potter Law," April 10, 1874, ibid., May 5, 1874, 4. 20 Alexander Mitchell, President, to ... William R. Taylor, Governor, Mil- waukee, April 28, 1874, ibid., April 30, 1874, 1. 21 Albert Keep, President, to ... William R. Taylor, Governor, Chicago, April 27, 1874, ibid., April 30, 1874, 1. 396 Herman J. Deutsch [June from the press.22 The smaller roads were obviously not inspired to follow suit, especially since they were not affected so adversely by the Potter Law as the major lines. On its face, Governor Taylor's response was in con- formity to his previous equivocation and procrastination. Though forceful in denunciation of the railroads for their de- fiance, it was a virtual notice to the people that they must rely upon themselves. He urged people to notify the prosecuting and enforcing officers to invoke the aid of the courts.23 There could be no doubt that machinery for prosecuting offenders against public law should have been invoked by the executive and that the decision of the courts would ultimately have to be enforced by the executive arm of the government. To urge citizens therefore to start a flood of petty, expensive, and generally burdensome litigation smacked of unadulterated demagogism. A multitude of minor suits would, contended the Janesville Gazette, becloud the main issue, namely, the right of the legislature to pass such a law.24 Suffice it to say, leadership did not come from the head of the administration nor did the press do anything of a material nature to clarify the issue. Panics are evidences of public confusion; economic strin- gency does not contribute to clear thinking. Obviously the Potter Law could not have been expected to attract further capital investments in railroad property in Wisconsin; but it is significant that the effect of the general depression as a deterrent to the further influx of foreign gold was given

22 Even the Milwaukee News which denounced the act, did not condone de- fiance of it. News, May 3, 1874, 2. The Hudson Star and Times held that the legislature had erred in fixing arbitrary rates, but that the railroads had also erred in disobeying. Cited in State Journal, July 14, 1874, 2. Dr. Wight who disliked the law declared that it was no longer a question of a conflict over the measure but one of the sovereignty of the people. Preface to Pamphlet edition of his "Fourth of July Oration," in News, July 19, 1874, 2. 23 William R. Taylor, Governor, To the People of Wisconsin, Executive Department, Madison, May 21, 1874, in State Journal, May 22, 1874, 2. 24 Cited in State Journal, May 22, 1874, 2. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 897 little or no consideration in the discussion of the plight of the railroads. Gabe Bouck, the realist who harbored no esteem for the farmer movement, was honest enough to admit, "When you hear anyone claiming that the railroad legislation of last winter has, in any manner, contributed to the cessation of railroad building or the depression of business, promptly set him down as a knave or a fooZ."25 Similarly the Madison Democrat attributed the Northern Pacific crash to reduction in the wheat crop and stagnation of mining and lumbering;20 but such suggestions were few. The Potter Law was a political trick, not a war on capital. Considering that Taylor had hedged rather than assumed leadership in the movement for state control of railroads it was most surprising that he should choose a man of great courage for the vacant post of Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court—Edward G. Ryan. Furthermore, the selection was not merely a happy accident but the result of careful deliberation. This is revealed in two letters strictly private in nature not designed to slip through leaks to the press. To Paul, Governor Taylor confided, "I wont appoint a man in three months unless I know his position on the R. R. question/'27 and again, "1st of course I want a man honest, good cool judgement & learned in the law, popular now and available next spring too and who is instinctively in sympathy with the people as against aggregated capital and oppressive monopolies."28 The change in tenor of these notes from previous communications both private and public is striking, but whether it really meant seeing the light is not answered by available evidence. All the more peculiar was this fortunate choice because those qualities which made Ryan a great jurist were not apparent even to the informed citizenry, 25 Sentinel, August 25, 1874, 2. 2(5 Madison Daily Democrat, October 8, 1874, 1. 27 Taylor to Paul, Madison, June 11, 1874. 23 Taylor to Paul, Madison, June 9, 1874. 398 Herman J. Deutsch [June while some of his more conspicuous traits seemed to unfit him for the bench. The appointee was known as a bitter partisan, the author of the document which had become scriptures for Copperheads, namely the famous "Ryan Address."29 His bitter sarcasm and mastery of invective had caused him to be labelled the counterpart of Wendell Phillips.30 Though he might have been a good match for Ben Butler and Thad Stevens,31 he also possessed powers of reason and a legal erudition which posterity could appreciate more readily than contemporary critics. Courage and skill in battle does not necessarily deprive one of a sense of fitness; Ryan's conduct on the bench left nothing to be desired in judicial decorum.32 In the end it was not left to the people in the capacity of private citizens to bring the railroads to task: instead, the attorney-general brought quo warranto proceedings to have the charters of the two offending companies forfeited and filed an information praying for a writ of injunction to restrain the defendants from charging rates in excess of those set down by the Potter Law.33 After listening to some of the ablest legal talent of the state and country, Ryan filed his famous decision upholding the power of the legislature of the state of Wisconsin to alter charters. The contention of the Milwaukee News** that Ryan was essentially conservative is born out to some extent by the judge's defense of his state against the charge of communism. "The people of

29 E. G. Ryan, "The Constitution and the Exigencies of War," in Madison Patriot, September 6, 1862, 2. 30 Wisconsin Register (Portage), in News, June 21, 1874, 2; Chippewa Herold, in Democrat, January 5, 1875, 1. 31 Alexander McDonald Thomson, A Political History of Wisconsin (2nd ed. •> Milwaukee, 1902), 189. 32John Bradley Winslow, The Story of a Great Court: Being a Sketch History of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, Its Judges and Their Times from the Admission of the State to the Death of Chief Justice Ryan (Chicago, 1912), 305-306, 353. 33 The Attorney-General vs. the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Com- pany. The Attorney-General vs. the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Company. Wisconsin Reports, xxxv, 425-609, especially 432-433. 34 News, June 17, 1874, 4. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 399

Wisconsin are too intelligent, too staid, too busy, too pros- perous, for any such horror of doctrine; for any leaning toward confiscation or communism. And these wild terms are as applicable to a statute limiting the rates of tolls on railroads as the term murder is to the surgeon's wholesome use of the knife, to save life, not to take it. Such objections do not rise to the dignity of argument. They belong to that order of grumbling against legal duty and legal liability which would rail the seal from off the bond. They were not worthy of the able and learned counsel who repeated them, and are hardly worthy even of this notice in a judicial opinion." At the same time he assured the railroads that they would always find protection in the court which did not join in the popular outcry against them.35 Nor was there much to be feared from this popular outcry ; as noted, a political trick, not a response to an articulate demand from the citizenry, had been responsible for the Pot- ter Law. This measure proved to be attuned to the spirit of the state, but it was not the harbinger of extreme legislation. This was illustrated by the hesitancy and feeble response of the solons at Madison to the West Storage Bill. Introduced by Assemblyman West, it was designed to regu- late the price of storing grain and was directed at the St. Paul Railroad which, it was alleged, exercised monopoly control and afforded only insufficient space. In answer to its author's argument that the entire Northwest was interested to see Wisconsin vindicate its power to control monopolies,36 it was maintained that the proposed legislation would work a hardship on elevators outside of Chicago. Manifest as this provincialism proved, it was not the basis of the ob- jection to this new approach to controlling monopoly domi- nation; rather the hesitancy to subscribe to new innovations

35 Attorney-General vs. Railroads, op. cit., 576-581. 36 F. H. West, Report of chairman, Committee on State Affairs to whom was referred No. 97,A. Wisconsin Legislature, Assembly Journal (1874), 204-206. 400 Herman J. Deutsch [June should be attributed to latent scruples about infringing property rights. The bill would make an elevator a public store- house; the operators, therefore, could simply close their es- tablishments to those not willing to pay higher rates, for they had "the perfect and absolute right to control their own property."87 Attorney-General Sloan, who had stood by the Potter Law, now hedged; there had been frequent cases where the legislative power to control private property had arisen, but the question had never been satisfactorily determined; in his opinion "expressed with great diffidence, the bill referred to is an interference with the use and en- joyment of private property, not authorized by the constitution."38 Other interests, not so concerned with legal subtleties, showed more than mere "diffidence." The Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce39 and fifty-seven business houses who signed a memorial40 were very apprehensive about further interference with the rights of property. This time a Reform assembly passed the bill,41 while a preponderate vote in the Republican senate postponed it indefinitely.42 The anti-monopoly but loyally Republican Milwaukee Sen- tinel offered no excuses.43 It was evident that the Wisconsin legislators were not extremists. Professor Conover, of the state university, a close observer and a shrewd, objective

3T Joseph Rankin, L. B. Caswell, W. H. Bartran, a minority of the Com- mittee on State Affairs, Assembly Journal (1874), 500-501. 38 A. Scott Sloan, Attorney-General, To the Honorable the Senate of the State of Wisconsin, Office of Attorney-General, Madison, March 6, 1874, Senate Journal, March 9, 1874, 580-581. 39 John Nazro, Vice-President, W. J. Longson, Secretary, "Resolution Board of Directors, Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce," Senate Journal (1874), 304, also in Sentinel, February 17, 1874, 8. 40 To the Honorable Senate of the State of Wisconsin (signed by fifty-seven firms). Senate Journal (1874), 486-487. 41 Ayes, 51: noes, 32: absent or not voting, 17, Assembly Journal (1874), 517-518. 42 For indefinite postponement: ayes 15 [Republicans 5: opposition 10], noes 12 [Republicans 9: opposition 3], Senate Journal (1874), 555; Legislative Manual (1874), 472. 43 Sentinel, March 9, 1874, 4. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 401 critic, interpreted the result as an indication that the railroads still exerted much power in the state government.44 This seemed a perfectly valid conclusion from what was soon to follow. Governor Taylor, who was so careful to select a courageous judge to deliver an opinion on the Potter Law, very soon returned to a policy of apparent subservience to the railroads. Briefly stated these were the facts concerned in the impending controversy. A land grant bestowed upon the state in 1864,45 was allocated by the legislature upon two companies, the Portage and Superior Road and the Winnebago and Superior, the former to construct a line from Portage to Stevens Point via Ripon, the latter from Stevens Point to Lake Superior.46 The Wisconsin Central absorbed the Winnebago and Superior and claimed certificates for lands for twenty miles of road running west from Stevens Point, completed by the latter. Governor Wash- burn refused to grant the request because he believed that there was no guarantee that the requirement stipulating that the road commencing at Portage had been met.47 In his annual message, he reiterated his intention to withhold certificates until he received a mandate from the legislature or the Supreme Court of the state.48 There was good reason to believe that the Wisconsin Central would, if it could, evade the obligation to build a road through the barren stretch between Portage and Stevens Point.

44 O. M. Conover to Fairchild, March 22, 1874. 45 United States Session Laws, 38 Congress, 1 Session (1864), chap. 80, pp. 66-68. 46 General Laws of Legislature of Wisconsin (1866), Joint Resolution No. 5, p. 193; Private and Local Laws of Legislature of Wisconsin (1866), chap. 362, pp. 869-894; chap. 314, pp. 730-754. 47 C. C. "Washburn, Governor, To Hon. George Reed, Vice-President, Wis- consin Central Railroad and acting president of said road, Madison, August 12, 1872, Governor's Message and Accompanying Documents, 1872 (Madison, 1873), i, 49-53. 43 Washburn, January 9, 1873, Message and Documents, 1878, i, 3-45, especially 27-28. 402 Herman J. Deutsch [June

In 1874, the legislature had under consideration a bill which would allow the Wisconsin Central to straighten its line and avoid the circuitous route via Ripon.49 Before the somewhat extended deliberations came to a close Governor Taylor, contending that the best legal opinion allowed him no discretion,50 issued certificates. Furthermore, he maintained that the 400,000 acres of choice land which remained were sufficient assurance that the road would be completed. He also advised the legislature to instruct him to withhold the remaining certificates until all conditions had been met.51 Although the legislature spared Taylor personal censure, it administered a stiff rebuke when it requested the secretary of interior to withhold the patents upon the certificates issued by him.52 Montello affected by the executive's act held an indignation meeting at which one of the speakers made this significant charge. "It has been charged that Gov. Taylor contracted with the Central Company, before the election, to give all the land certificates asked for, regardless of conditions, and this last act of the Governor would probably con- firm the impression in the minds of the people of this state."53 Ex-Governor Washburn54 and Professor Con- over55 though not so specific in their indictments, regarded the episode as evidence of the power of the railroad interests. The matter was finally settled satisfactorily but the precipi-

49 A Bill to amend Chapter 362 of the private and local laws of 1866. Wis- consin, Assembly Bills (1874), No. 385,A. 50 Opinions' of Attorney-General (U.S.), April 3, 1873, vol. 14, Op. 203, in A. J. Bentley, Esq. Digest of the Official Opinions of the> Attorney-General of the United States, 48 Cong. 2 Sess. House Miscellaneous Documents No. 15, serial no. 2312 (Washington, 1885), 385. 51 William R. Taylor, To the Honorable the Legislature, Madison, Febru- ary 20, 1874, Assembly Journal (1874), 429-432. 52 Assembly Journal (1874), 563-564, 608; Joint Resolution relating to the action of the governor of Wisconsin in the Central Wisconsin land grant. March 12, 1874, No. 14. Laws of Wisconsin (1874), 774. 53 Sentinel, February 25, 1874, 2; S. A. Pease to the editor of the Sentinel, Madison, February 25, in Sentinel, February 27, 1874, 2. 54 Washburn to Keyes, Chicago, February 22, 1874. 53 Conover to Fairchild, March 22, 1874, op. cit. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 403 tous action of Taylor was in striking contrast with the cau- tious procedure of Washburn.56 The Republicans, however, still harped upon the Reform string although the situation began to have its humorous aspect. Horace Rublee, himself a sponsor of clean politics but withal a realist, could not restrain himself from waxing facetious. From his Alpine haunt he wrote to Boss Keyes, "No more deadheading on the railways. (How lucky that I went home last year instead of this!) No lobby influences allowed about the legislature. Rigid economy in all directions in the Government. Corruption withered at its sources. The railroad barons shorn of their power. And Jim Ross, like another St. George with lance in rest, pouncing upon the hydra intemperance, while the women are rallying to his aid. Virtue everywhere triumphant or about to triumph! How do you, my unregenerate friend, find the world and existence therein in the presence of these great innovations? That is what I want to know."57 The diet of Reform proved a little too rigorous for some Republicans who were tempted to kick over the traces. The danger of such an occurrence was enhanced by an address issued by the National Republican

56 As the form of the certificates issued by the governor was unusual and seemed to pass the responsibility to the secretary of the interior, and in view of the legislature's resolution, he first decided to withhold patents to two of the five sections requested. Further, the company had to agree not to present a claim to the sections withheld until the Portage-Superior line was completed. C. Delano, Secretary, to Hon. W. Drummond, Commissioner, General Land Office, Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, D, C, in News, February 6, 1875, 2. He later modified this order since there was more land in the grant than he had contem- plated, and allowed the company to present claims to the reserved sections upon completion of all but five sections on the Portage-Stevens Point line, provided there were always five sections north of Stevens Point to assure completion of the line. Delano to Drummond, March 24, 1874, in News, op. cit. The Wisconsin Central agreed to the conditions. Gardner Colby, President Wisconsin Central Railroad Company to Hon. C. Delano, Secretary of the Interior, Washington, March 25, 1874, News, op cit. "Memorial to Congress that the line of the Land Grant road between Portage City and Stevens Point be changed to the most direct feasible route." Approved February 12, 1875, No. 1. Laws of Wisconsin (1875), 676-677. United States Statutes at Large, 43 Cong. 2 Sess. (1875), chap. 176, p. 511. 57 Rublee to Keyes, Berne, Switzerland, March 29, 1874. 404 Herman J. Deutsch [June

Congressional Committee which questioned the wisdom of the Potter Law, the gist of which could be summarized in one sentence: "The objections to that expedient are so serious that it should not be embraced if a better one can be found."58 Keyes was appalled but got no satisfaction from Senator Howe, the author,59 or from Senator Edmunds, the secretary of the committee.60 Howe retorted to the boss's chiding with a direct challenge to the latter's sincerity. "The difference between you and the address on the Potter law is you say that the law is a 'sublime humbug,' while the address says it was open to objections so prime as to make another plan de- sirable."61 But the leaders of the Grand Old Party continued their bedfellowship with the Grangers. It was a real ordeal according to one who seemed to have had some experience, and who related, "The Grange element is tough to handle. They know just enough to raise the Devil—cant steer a boat worth a cuss; and are as likely to run on a railroad track as any- where."62 Nevertheless the Republicans made gestures of friendliness to the Grangers by offering their king-pin, John Cochrane, a nomination for Congress on the Republican ticket. Since the offer was declined, the price proved very cheap.63 In the legislative election the Republicans claimed credit for the Potter Law and quoted extensively from the Milwaukee News, Paul's organ, to substantiate their case.64

58 "Address of Republican Congressman," in the Chicago Daily Tribune, July, 17, 1874, 4. 69 T. O. Howe to Keyes, Green Bay, August 10, 1874; August 30, 1874. 60 J. M. Edmunds to Keyes, Washington, July 30, 1874. 61 Howe to Keyes, Washington, November 24, 1874. 62 Brink to Keyes, Waupun, October 17, 1874. e3Elihu Coleman to Keyes, Fond du Lac, October 8, 1874; A. J. McCoy to Keyes, Beaver Dam, October 18, 1874. 64 Record of the Republican party. Address by the Republican State Cen- tral Committee. To the Electors of Wisconsin; Republican Reform (Pamphlet Collection, Wisconsin Historical Society). 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 405

The Grand Old Party improved its position,65 but since a contest for United States Senator was at hand to complicate matters, the weight of the railroad issue in 1874 cannot be determined. Judging from opinions expressed by members of both parties the Grangers were wearing the Republican livery.66 The rapprochement between Republicans and leaders of rural opinion did not, however, serve to promote more firmly the relations between the governor and the railroads; on the contrary, something occurred during the summer of 1874 which caused a breach between Taylor and the companies. Even before the appointment of Ryan to the Supreme Court had been made, E. E. Bryant of Madison wrote to his friend Lucius Fairchild, "The R. R.'s feel that they have been be- trayed by the Reformers and from Pres't to brakeman damn Taylor."67 In December, Taylor's discussion of his prospective message was of a markedly different tenor than the equi- vocal notes of the previous year. "These great overshadow- ing companies of ours Tax [sic~] the people of Wis. by mil- lions to pay expenses of the non-paying roads beyond the River had not this money better be expended on the new and weak roads in our own State to encourage the opening of new ones—can't write more room full, all gab."68 The message of 1875 which followed was an able eloquent defense of the state and the agricultural class. The executive blamed the railroads for the impairment of their credit since it was they who circulated charges impugning the good faith c5The Senate remained the same: Republicans 17, opposition 16; but Re- publicans gained in the Assembly: 1874: Republicans 41: opposition 59. 1&75: Republicans 64: opposition 36. Legislative Manual (1874), 471, 454; ibid,, (1875), 338. c*News, November 5, 1874, 2; November 8, 1874, 2; Democrat, December 31, 1874, 1. "Bryant to Fairchild, Madison, June 14, 1874. 68 Taylor to Paul, December 14, 1874. 406 Herman J. Deutsch [June

of the state. He also reiterated the right of the people to alter charter grants and franchises.69 Although pressure was exerted on the new legislature to modify the Potter Law in a material way,70 the Granger element organized on a non-party or bi-party basis held the whip hand and refused to make any surrender on the principle of fixed rates.71 As the year progressed, however, hostilities toward the railroads subsided, which tendency could probably be attributed to the fact that the law had been vin- dicated; the railroads, especially smaller lines, had changed their tune to one more tactful and less arrogant;72 furthermore, an address by Charles Francis Adams at the northern Wisconsin fair at Oshkosh which was widely circulated

69 William R. Taylor, January 14, 1875, Message and Documents, 1875, i, 3-33, especially 26-27. 70 "The memorial of the National Board of Trade to the Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Wisconsin," Assembly Journal (1875), 11. O. J. Hale, President, W. J. Langson, Secretary, "Com- munication from the Milwaukee Chamber of Commerce," ibid., 549-550. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company and Chicago and Northwestern Rail- road Company. Joint Memorial to the Wisconsin Legislature, in State Journal, February 9, 1875, 2. James H. Howe, Vice-President, West Wisconsin Railway Company; John C. Gault, Assistant General Manager, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad; Angus Smith, Vice-President, Milwaukee and Northern Rail- road Company; H. H. Porter, General Manager, Chicago and Northwestern Rail- way Company; Charles L. Colby, Vice-President, Wisconsin Central Railroad Company. To the Honorable the Senate and Assembly, in State Journal, Febru- ary 24, 1875, 1. 71 Five of the Committee on Railroads, Potter, Lees, Quimby, Welch, and Comstock, were commonly spoken of as the Granger Committee. Sentinel, March 1, 1875, 1. The News claimed that the leaders of the Granger element had not done any work on a farm for the last ten years. News, March 7, 1875, 1. The Portage Register, commented on the non-partisan character of the Granger caucuses and on the short shrift made of bills recommended by the governor and commission. The Wisconsin State Register, in Sentinel, August 27, 1875, 1. 72 «yt?e desire not only to conform to the law, so far as it can be properly understood or explained, but we desire to satisfy the legal authorities, as well as the sovereign people of our good intentions and good faith in the premises." W. G. Swan, General Superintendent to A. Scott Sloan, Esq. Attorney-General, West Wisconsin Railway, General Superintendent's Office, Hudson, Wis., Novem- ber 20, 1874, in First Annual Report of the Railroad Commissioners of the State of Wisconsin 1874, Governor's Message and Documents (Madison, 1875), vol. ii, doc. 16, pp. 66-67. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 407 helped to produce a more dispassionate and objective attitude toward the problem of public control.73 It was therefore under most auspicious conditions that the Republican party entered the campaign of 1875. Their convention held July 7, ran smoothly and performed its task well. The nominee for governor, Harrison Ludington, was a man of wealth and force, who had, while mayor of Milwau- kee, ingratiated himself with the German element by a harm- less gesture in opposing the Graham Liquor Law. Nation- ality and geography were nicely balanced in the makeup of the remainder of the ticket. The platform was a skillful document which had in it a cleverly worded clause in defense of the public school system.74 Meanwhile the blundering policy of the Reform administration had aroused disaffection among many of the subal- terns. A meeting of the disgruntled was held at the Plank- inton House at Milwaukee in August, 1875. A bitter opponent of Taylor, Sat Clark, called the meeting to order and explained with utmost frankness that its purpose was to throw Taylor overboard.75 No decision was made at this session but shortly afterward some of its members issued a public address which denounced Governor Taylor as utterly unfit and incompetent, and responsible for the reaction against the Potter Law.76 Though quite articulate these dissenters were far outnumbered by the regulars who undoubt-

73 Charles Francis Adams Jr., Speech of, at northern Wisconsin fair, Osh- kosh, State Journal, October 5, 1875, 2. 74 State Journal, July 8, 1875, 1. For significance of this clause as regards the public school system see writer's "Yankee-Teuton Rivalry in Wisconsin Poli- tics," Wisconsin Magazine of Histary, xiv (June, 1931), 403-418, especially 409- 411. 75 Sentinel, August 14, 1875, 1; August 21, 1875, 4; M. Wesenberg, late editor Liber ale Demokrat to editors State Journal, in State Journal, August 31, 1875, 4; Philo Orton to editors of the Madison Democrat, Darlington, Wis., Au- gust 31, 1875, in State Journal, September 3, 1875, 1; William W. Bird to editor Evening Wisconsin, Milwaukee, August 18, in Democrat, August 20, 1875, 1. 76 H. H. Gray, Philo A. Orton, Philo Dunning, Walter S. Greene, J. D. Gurnee to the Democratic and Reform Party of Wisconsin, August 25, 1875, in State Journal, August 26, 1875, 1. 408 Herman J. Deutsch [June edly felt that the failure to renominate the incumbent would be to admit failure. The entire Reform ticket of 1873 was resubmitted for popular approval and was buttressed by an able platform.77 Now that the air was clear over more of the field, and the administration thoroughly discredited with both the Grangers and the Interests, the Republicans felt sufficiently safe in venturing out on the fence which Taylor had failed so signally to straddle. Before the year 1874 had expired, the Boss Keyes men were beginning to flirt with the railroad barons. One told a representative of the Wisconsin Central that his road had gone with the wrong party78 and soon its president was himself in communication with the boss.79 A few weeks later a letter to Keyes showed that the boss had smoked the pipe of peace with S. S. Merrill of the St. Paul Railroad. "I supposed you and I had agreed on a Programme. I so understood it and have acted just as we talked."80 Though both parties had defended the principle of legislative control of railroads, it seems as though they were more than willing to allow the Grange to accept full responsibility.81 Instead they seem to have preferred to fight the campaign on the plane of personalities. Charges that Taylor had derived a substantial personal profit while securing recruits to fill the quota of Cottage Grove during the Civil War were given wide publicity and supported by numerous affidavits.82 To satisfy such elements as the Milwaukee

77 Democrat, September 9, 1875, 1; Sentinel, September 9, 1875, 1. 78 Tom Reid to Keyes, Menasha, November 9, 1874. 79 Charles L. Colby to Keyes, Milwaukee, November 12, 1874. 80 S. S. Merrill to Keyes, Milwaukee, December 4, 1874. 81 John Cochrane, Master of State Grange of Wisconsin. Address, To the Patrons of Husbandry, Master's Office, Waupun, August 10, 1875, in Democrat, September, 10, 1875, 1. 82 The writer's thesis has a detailed list of these documents which were in- criminating in their charges but which were never substantiated in a strictly legal way. Herman J. Deutsch, Political Forces in Wisconsin During the Seven- ties (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1926), 156-159. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 409

Herold,8* in whose mind doubt had been created, Taylor was finally induced to make a blanket denial before a notary.84 Ludington was charged with having used bribery in attempting to secure for Columbus the county seat of Columbia County, since the price of his lands in that area would be affected by such a move.85 That the railroads were greatly interested in the campaign of 1873 was a legitimate surmise; that they were instrumental in the canvass of 1875 is a certainty. They had reason to regret their former choice. As E. E. Bryant put it, "The railroads had found out to their sorrow that a dull brained demagogue is a worse enemy than an intelligent opponent."86 Not only did the roads now contribute to the Republican coffers,87 but they lent Keyes their moral support. Wrote John Gault to the boss, "I am going over the Road to see how our men wish to vote. . • . Hope you will scoop Charleton."88 Taylor was scooped; the legislature went Republican, but the fact that the Reformers secured the state ticket with the exception of chief executive showed that the old administration had not been unpopular with the exception of its titular head.89 The roads did not tarry long over celebrations of victory but began to comb the legislature elect for men sound on their particular issue for the positions of

83 The Milwaukee Herold, October 21, 1875, 4% 84 W. R. Taylor to Hon. John Black, Madison, September 27, 1875, "State of Wisconsin, Milwaukee County, W. R. Taylor, Subscribed and sworn to this 19th day of October 1875, before me, Julius Meiswinkel, Notary Public, Milwaukee County," in Democrat, October 21, 1875, 1. 85Deutsch, thesis, op. cit, 160. 88 Bryant to Fairchild, Madison, August 19, 1875. 8T Henry Clay Payne, the rising young Milwaukee politician, went to Mitch- ell, who agreed to contribute, but also wanted the Northwestern to participate. John Gault went to Chicago to see Keep. Payne to Keyes, October 26, 1875. 83 Gault to Keyes, Milwaukee, October 29, 1875. 89Legislative Majiual (1876), 392-393. 410 Herman J. Deutsch [June speaker and members of the committee on railroads.90 Gov- ernor-elect Ludington in drafting his message was con- fronted by no such qualms as Taylor had had; from the outset he fell in line with "the business views of the people."91 Although recommending legislation to protect the people, he urged the repeal of the Potter Law.92 Heeding the warning of politicians, the legislature, instead of embarking on a policy of total repeal,93 provided for important modifica- tions and a recodification of railroad laws.94 The usual railroad lobby was not conspicuous ;95 the Granger opposition seemed quite feeble;96 Potter Law Potter voted against the new bill97 but was probably reconciled with the demise of his legislative god-child when he was given a federal offiee.9a The bitter fight in the public interest had not, however, been without its rewards. An important principle had secured general recognition; the railroads had secured relief, but they were henceforth on their good behavior. Two officials made statements in reminiscence which reflected their chastened attitude. "There was a time when the R. R. men were badly off-color in this state; but by fasting and prayer and by sacrifices they are now able to look the honest granger in the left eye and charge him 4c a mile, unless he has a round trip ticket," wrote Gault of the St. Paul to Keyes.91* 90 Gault to Keyes, Milwaukee, January 1, 1876; Merrill to Keyes, Milwaukee,, January 9, 1876; January 10, 1876. 91 H. Ludington to Keyes, Milwaukee, December 22, 1875. 92 Harrison Ludington, January 14;, 1876, Message and Documents, 1876,, i, 1-15, especially 9-12. 93 Fred Horn to Keyes, Cedarburg, January 17, 1879; Binliff to Keyes [no* date or address]; Angus Cameron to Keyes, Washington, February 21, 1876. 9iLaws of Wisconsin (1876), vol. i, chap. 57, pp. 119-124. 95 Chicago Daily Times, January 24, 1876, 4. 96 Hudson True Republican, in State Journal, January 25, 1876, 2; Sentinel* February 21, 1876, 4. 97 Assembly Journal (1876), 346-357. "Caswell to Keyes, Washington, February 23, 1876; T. O. Howe to Keyes,. Washington, February 27, 1876; Cameron to Keyes, Washington, February 29*, 1876; Chicago Times, August 5, 1876, 3. "Gault to Keyes, Milwaukee, July 11, 1877. 1932] Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin 411

In a less facetious vein, another railroad man expressed the same view, "We are on our good behaviour, as you know perfectly well, and have been since the repeal of the Potter Law, and we hope that the good people of Wisconsin will recognize our good conduct and let us severely alone."100 The Republican party had gained a powerful ally; naturally, he was left alone; but the Grangers' fight had not been futile. 100 M. Hughitt to Keyes, Chicago, February 14, 1878. A DISTINGUISHED SON OF WISCONSIN THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN

GEORGE L. COLLIE

THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN'S TEACHING CAREER

EFORE leaving college young Chamberlin had taught B school near Rockford, Illinois, and thus had gained some experience in that calling which was to form a notable part of his life work. During this experience as a pedagogue, he followed the well known custom of boarding around, stay- ing awhile at the home of one patron of the school and then moving on to another. The owner of one of these homes was a nurseryman, as well as a member of the school board. He proposed to the young teacher that he take some of the nurs- ery stock in lieu of a salary. The offer was accepted, and Mr. Chamberlin went about the country selling the trees. Those which remained on his hands he planted on the pa- ternal farm. It is said that some of the evergreens and fruit trees then set out are still living. After his graduation he secured the principalship of the Delavan, Wisconsin, high school, a position he held for two years. Shortly after leaving college in 1867 he had married Alma Isabel Wilson and he brought his young bride to Dela- van. The writer was a pupil in the fourth grade of the Dela- van schools at that time, and he well remembers the stalwart principal and his petite, charming wife, as they first appeared in the life of the little pioneer village. Thomas Cham- A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 413 berlin even as a young man had a marked personality; at the same time he was not a recluse, who set himself apart from others, for he always had genuine human interests and ever showed himself a friend and good neighbor. He was deeply concerned with the welfare of his pupils; among the few of his old time scholars who still survive, there abides an endur- ing affection and gratitude for his friendliness and for his stimulating teaching. He was not the ordinary routine teacher; he believed in using methods that would at once interest the student and arouse his thought. Delavan, at this time, was a small frontier village of about 1,500 inhabitants. Most of the orignial settlers were still living on their holdings. They were chiefly of New England extraction, deeply religious, profoundly desirous that their children should receive a good education. In such a community Principal Chamberlin was very much at home and his efforts met with instantaneous and appreciative response on the part of the citizens. As has been indicated previously, the new principal at heart was a truly religious man; he and his wife threw in their lot with the Congregational Church, whose pastor at the time, Rev. Joseph Collie, was the writer's father. The Chamberlins were active in their support of the church and its life and they left a deep impress upon that group of people. Varied types of glacial deposits abound in the region about Delavan, notably the terminal moraine of the Wiscon- sin epoch, which lies a short distance west of the town. The writer has always believed that Chamberlin's attention was first directed to glacial study during his residence at Dela- van. During these two years they lived in the home of E. Young on the Asylum hill. A daughter of this home, Emma Young, was soon to marry James C. Pilling of the Bureau 414 George L. Collie [June of Ethnology. The early friendship thus established between Chamberlin and Pilling was destined to be renewed when both were serving under John W. Powell, Director of the United States Geological Survey. After the two years at Delavan, Chamberlin felt the need of further scientific study, believing that his college course had not fitted him for the kind of career he desired to pursue. He sometimes said in the writer's hearing that it had unfitted him for a worth-while career in science. He felt that the over-emphasis upon the classics at Beloit was for him a serious handicap. Many of his friends feel differently regarding this particular attitude. They believe that his marked powers of diction, his facility in speech and his felic- ity in the use of words might well be attributed, at least in part, to his classical training. The feeling on his part of a lack in scientific equipment was probably the great factor in urging him on to a year of post-graduate study. On the completion of the second year at Delavan he made arrange- ments to enter the University of Michigan, where he remained one year. During his residence there Chamberlin became a student under Alexander Winchell, a distinguished geologist of his day, and his interest in geology received a fresh impulse under this noted investigator. After the year at Ann Arbor, the Chamberlins returned to Wisconsin in obedience to a call to teach in the state normal school at Whitewater. Here he was Professor of Natural Sciences, and as such was obliged to teach zoology and botany, as well as geology, but he laid emphasis on the latter subject. He had no geological collections nor maps, but he was accustomed to take his students out on field excursions. He was too true a scientist, too versatile and alert, to be bound by book study or by conventionalized methods of conducting science work. He was ever asking students to study nature and to interpret the features they had observed. 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 415

This was true in connection with the topography of the region; it was true in connection with the fossil forms which they hammered out of the rocks. He was not much given to petty details; he would not insist upon one's learning the generic and specific names of fossils; he was interested rather in the broader questions of the association of faunas, of their relations to their environment. He was concerned with the nature of the sea which covered southern Wisconsin during Ordovician times, its depth, the character of its sediments, the presence of ocean currents and the like. In his field trips about Whitewater, he naturally came into contact w5th the abundant glacial phenomena displayed in the area, and this experience doubtless had a profound effect in helping to shape his life interests. Now that he had obtained this year of graduate study with its quickening of his intellect, he took hold of the work at Whitewater with avidity, devising ways and means not only in the classroom, but outside of it, to en- liven the interest of his students and to increase their knowledge of the subjects he taught. After three years at Whitewater he accepted a call to become Professor of Natural Sciences at Beloit College and entered upon his duties there in the fall of 1873. The first year at Beloit his title was Professor of Natural History, but the next year it was changed to Professor of Geology, Zoology and Botany. In 1880 the department was divided and he was made Professor of Geology. When he entered upon his duties at Beloit, the courses in geology, zoology and botany were one term in length, except that in the so-called "philosophical course" two terms of geology were offered to seniors. In the catalogue statement of his courses he outlined their aim as follows: The main objects sought are that discipline of mind which these branches are best qualified to give, the acquisition of the power and habit 416 George L. Collie [June

of accurate observation and systematic investigation and the securing of a practical acquaintance with these sciences both in their methods and their industrial applications. As no single system of treatment can best secure these objects, a composite method is adopted, consisting of a combination of lectures, recitations, discussions, field exercises and laboratory work. In geology lectures, recitations and discussions, on the Socratic basis, are interwoven with the collection and determination of lithological specimens, in which the drift in the vicinity of the college is rich, nearly all of the lithological types being represented; the gathering and study of fossils, in which the Trenton limestone of the region abounds; and strati- graphical field work for which excellent facilities are afforded. The lectures are conversational in form and supplementary in matter and cover a variety of subjects. It is now proposed to add in the advanced course the microscopical study of rocks. This statement, in a measure, reflects the public senti- ment of the time. There was rising among the people of the state great interest in scientific matters. The Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters had been founded in 1870, and Professor Chamberlin had aided much in its establishment and had joined it as a charter member. At this period, too, interest was speedily brought to a head by an enactment of the legislature which provided for a geological survey of Wisconsin. Upon the establishment of this survey Professor Chamberlin joined it as an assistant geologist, and thus in addition to his teaching duties in the college he added research work, which was destined to become his major interest. At the outset of his teaching career at Beloit, he did but little publishing. So far as the writer knows, the first of his published articles of a geological nature appeared in 1873, in the Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy. It discussed a basis for the classification of vertebrates. Thereafter, while he remained at Beloit, his publications dealt largely, as would be expected, with the geology of Wisconsin. Chamberlin was heavily burdened during the years of his professorship at Beloit, especially as he was soon pro- moted to the directorship of the state survey and had all of 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 417 the administrative affairs to manage in addition to his own investigations. Professor Leith of the University of Wisconsin, in an appreciative article, which appeared recently in The Journal of Geology, writes thus: Chamberlin's absorption in abstruse scientific thought in his later years, gives little indication of the shrewdness and organizing ability that marked his great success with the Wisconsin Geological Survey. There were many difficulties to be overcome, funds to be coaxed from the legislature, state officials to be dealt with, staff to be gathered and directed. Never losing sight of his main objective, his imagination always working beyond the field of immediate effort, he had at the same time the executive qualities to direct and drive the project through to completion. It is seldom that there has been such a happy combination in a scientist of first rank. He was obliged to spend much time in the field; often he was compelled to be away from his classes for days at a time. He was undoubtedly harassed and worn by his manifold duties and it was only his splendid physical equipment that carried him through. No small part of his time was taken up in correspondence with individuals, corporations, and communities, who desired his advice on geological questions. There was for a time a great desire throughout the state to secure artesian well water for civic purposes. So numerous were requests for advice on this question that he prepared a paper upon the subject which ultimately appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of the United States Geological Sur- vey, under the title, "The Requisite and Qualifying Condi- tions of Artesian Wells." Numerous inquiries came to him also relating to the mineral wealth of the state and the possibility of finding ores and minerals in paying quantities. Replies were made to all of these inquiries and they were most truly time consuming. Many fraudulent schemes were uncovered by him and people warned against unwise investments. One case of this kind 418 George L. Collie [June occurred just north of Beloit, where a certain garden had been salted with anthracite coal. Soon rumors arose that both coal and oil were being found in Rock County, and this particular site was quoted as proving the truth of such rumors. In reply to letters of inquiry regarding the probabil- ity that coal occurred in Wisconsin, Professor Chamberlin replied quite at length in the local press of the communities making the inquiries. One such reply appeared in the Beloit Free Press, dated February 13, 1874, and it was to the effect that no coal would be found in Wisconsin. He closed the statement in the following words: These facts may not be all that we could wish them to be. Nature may not have made the state as well as we could have done had we su- perintended its construction, but it is certainly for our interest to know the facts and govern ourselves accordingly. There may be gold hidden in the garden, though it be not yellow. Professor Chamberlin was president of the Beloit Col- lege Alumni Association for the year 1874-75. That same year he spoke earnestly at a community mass meeting on the subject of temperance, urging total abstinence and the signing of a pledge to that end. The president of the college, Dr. A. L. Chapin, was insistent that all of the members of the faculty should lead chapel and if called upon offer prayer at public assemblies. Chamberlin conducted chapel at times, and at the annual meeting of the Archaean Union in 1874 the program lists him as offering prayer on that occasion. He bore his full share of such duties. He was continually called upon to give public addresses. In the year 1874 he spoke before the State Teachers' Asso- ciation on the geology of Wisconsin. The writer has culled from the college paper for the year 1875, the following items as illustrative of his activity. On March 23, Professor Cham- berlin lectured before the college on "Pre-Adamite Wis- consin." According to The Bound Table, the college publi- 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 419 cation of that time, his address was timely and effective. It goes on to say: His words were full of good thoughts for us to bring away, besides being illustrated by drawings amusing and serious. He says Wisconsin is probably the oldest state in the Union, geologically speaking. He also said that the earth was never like the "Deacon's One-horse Shay," it has always stayed together in spite of wear and tear. Regarding the Scientific Society of that year The Round Table states: We must thank Professor Chamberlin for the society as it is and with his fatherly care over it we may continue to make it a success. In the latter part of the year we note the following: Professor Chamberlin, who has been engaged for several months upon the State Survey, has resumed his college duties. The professor bears popularity well and we have no hesitancy in saying that he is not only popular in state and city, but merits the respect and approbation of students in the classroom. He is not only a good geologist but a good teacher. In 1876 Chamberlin succeeded Lapham as chief geologist of the state survey. At this time The Bound Table says of him editorially: Professor Chamberlin comes to the position well prepared to assume its responsibilities. He brings with him an active experience during the last three years combined with his well known good sense and untiring energy. We have said nothing before, because it seemed like slapping ourselves on the back, but we will say now that we think he is the right man in the right place. Shortly after this the same paper notes: Professor Chamberlin has but recently recovered from a very severe illness brought on by overwork. At this time he is leaving the college for one and a half years to carry on the State Geological Survey. Soon after Chamberlin joined the college faculty important changes began to take place, which were, without 420 George L. Collie [June

doubt, largely due to his initiative. Among these may be mentioned the introduction of the philosophical course, with its greater requirements in science and its lessened demands in the classics. It was hoped by this means, as the administration of the time put it in the catalog—"That the course would attract many of those graduates of high schools, who now take no college course for lack of patience to go back and master the necessary Greek." Another change was the withdrawal of monitors from college chapel, the students being thrown on their honor to report their absence from prayers. In spite of the numerous interruptions to his work, he made a deep impression upon the life and work of the student body during his few years at Beloit. He was ever im- patient with trifling on the part of students and scorned the many trivialities which crept in to interrupt scholarly work. The writer well remembers one incident which happened in his senior year, 1881, which illustrates this statement. One morning the class appeared at the geology lecture room in Middle College at the usual hour, 7:30. Professor Cham- berlin was a very prompt man, but that morning he was not in his place. The class waited the accustomed five minutes and then when he did not appear the members thought to celebrate their release from the duty of the hour by singing the Doxology in long metre. Just as they were finishing this unseemly performance in walked the professor. He stalked over to his desk, sat down quietly and after a brief pause, during which hushed silence pervaded all parts of the room, he proceeded to give the class one of the most grilling re- provals known in college history. The exact words cannot be recalled, but the burden of it was that here sat some young men just about to leave college, with their college education supposedly complete. 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 421

What sort of men are you, after these four years in college, thus to miss the end and aim of an education ? Are you so inept, so short-sighted that you fail to grasp the purpose, the meaning of each recitation hour? An hour that gives you the opportunity for going a step further in the realm of knowledge. Are you so faithless to your opportunities that you are willing to abandon them and, what is more, celebrate your betrayal by the blasphemous act of singing the Doxology? Fifty years and more have passed since that day, but the writer has never forgotten that scene nor the lesson he learned there. A word might be added regarding the writer's impressions of Dr. Chamberlin's classroom methods. He was never given to emphasis on the mere details of a subject. He was a great believer in presenting the larger aspects of any given problem, at least to beginners in geology, and he was very fond of discussing these aspects with the class. In our senior year, 1880-81, he was evidently extremely interested in the problem of glacial climates, especially those phases related to the causes of such climates which eventuated in the oncom- ing of the continental ice sheets. He set us the problem of working out Croll's hypothesis and its credibility, its value as an explanation for the coming and going of ice sheets. He delighted in discussions upon such a subject rather than in formal recitations upon a textbook. He always enjoyed the give and take engendered by a free interchange of opinion. He gave us no little field work; a favorite idea was to take the class to some height, such as the cupola of Middle College and ask us to write out then and there our interpretation of the topography which lay before us. We did a good deal in the identification of minerals, of rocks, and of fossils. Great quantities of such materials collected by the survey were brought to Beloit and stored in the college buildings. Some of the more earnest students of that day were honored by having their family name used for the specific title of a given fossil. Many of us felt that we were near to a man who was 422 George L. Collie [June doing things in the scientific world, even great things, and we felt an enthusiasm for our work which seldom prevails among undergraduates. In our senior year the college obtained a polarizing microscope and we began the study of thin sections of minerals and rocks, one of the earliest courses in petrography established in the country. This was all done in an elementary way, but the writer's interest was aroused by this new line of investigation; it was such a contrast to the stereotyped methods of the classroom. Professor Chamber- lin believed in giving us a good deal of freedom in our work, we could come and go as we wished, and that very freedom won our hearts and caused us to be more willing than ever to pursue our inquiries. During the writer's college course, in addition to his other numerous duties, Professor Chamberlin occasionally gave a series of public lectures upon some vital subject of common interest. Two such series which attracted marked attention are recalled. One was on the philosophy underlying the book of Job; the other concerned the beginnings of the earth as depicted in the first chapter of Genesis. It is proposed to give a brief account of the lectures on Genesis, if for no other reason, to show the growth, the change that can take place in the human mind in the course of fifty years. As is well known, his last published work had to do with the origin of the solar system and incidentally of the earth. The theory as outlined in this book is so valid, founded as it is upon astronomical, physical, and mathematical data, it is so thoroughly and logically framed, that it has been widely accepted as the most trustworthy explanation of the earth's origin yet conceived by a human mind. The changes in Chamberlin's thought between 1877 and 1927 are well nigh antipodal, yet there can be little question that he was more deeply and truly a religious man at the close of his life than at the earlier date, no matter how widely the orthodoxy of 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 423

his later views may have departed from the theological norm. The next chapter will contain some account of these lectures as recalled by the writer and as outlined in the local press of that day. Through his written and spoken word Chamberlin's influence as a teacher extended far outside of the college walls; he was a teacher to the community and to the state. Such was the vigor of his mind, such the vitality of his message that he commanded widespread attention and such was the loyalty of people to him because of his personal worth, that he had disciples, far and wide, who believed in his ideas and endeavored, in their way, to carry out his teachings. In spite of his many arduous duties Professor Chamber- lin found time to interest himself in the business and civic affairs of Beloit. For sometime he was a member of the school board and for a short period he acted as superintendent of city schools. He was a director of the Rock River Paper Company and a vice-president of the Merrill and Houston Iron Works. Through mismanagement by one of the active officials of the company, the Rock River Paper Company failed, and Professor Chamberlin lost heavily as a result. It is said that a widow at Beloit, who had some money to invest asked Dr. Chamberlin's advice as to its investment. He told her that at the time the Rock River Company was paying good dividends, and she bought stocks of the company on the strength of his faith in the concern. Some years later when the company became bankrupt, she lost all that she had invested. Professor Chamberlin sought her out and repaid her out of his own pocket every dollar she had lost through that failure. This incident vouched for by some of his early friends, illustrates his integrity and high-minded character. 424 George L. Collie [June

CHAMBERLIN'S LECTURES ON THE FIRST CHAPTER OF GENESIS

N February and March of 1877, Professor Chamberlin I gave, in the Second Congregational Church of Beloit, a series of Sunday evening lectures on the first chapter of Genesis. These lectures made a great impression upon the writer at the time, but he realizes that as one reads them now they seem quite orthodox and narrow in their outlook, while in that day they seemed quite radical. It is doubtful if Cham- berlin would have cared to give such a course in his later years, but if he had, its content would have been vastly different. For he grew mightily as the years passed and his outlook, his understanding expanded far beyond the narrower conceptions of the earlier days. This was inevitable in a man of his intellectual honesty. It must be remembered, too, that he was a true son of his preacher father, very much like him in looks and in type of mind. His early thinking, in spite of his liberal tendencies, was bound to be influenced by the beliefs and teachings of his childhood home. In the brief statement regarding these lectures, which also includes some of the questions asked at the close of each presentation, we may catch a glimpse of the workings of his mind at the beginning of his remarkable intellectual career. As he stood before his audience he occupied a difficult position, for his hearers were ever ready to pounce upon any evidence of heresy, even though they were largely Congre- gationalists, a group that has always entertained liberal opinions. Many of the questions asked were evidently put with the idea of badgering the speaker and testing the soundness of his faith. 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 425

The Round Table makes the following comment upon the lectures: The Sunday evening lectures given at the Second Congregational church by Professor Chamberlin on the agreement between the Mosaic account of creation and modern scientific ideas are exciting great interest among intelligent and inquiring citizens of Beloit. Taking the topics in their order in the verses of Genesis and avoiding the use of technical language, Professor Chamberlin sets forth in his clear, intelligible manner his views of the subject, showing harmony between the scripture narrative and the established facts of science. The pews are supplied with slips of paper and after the exposition of the verses is completed the speaker answers the various questions handed in to him and suggested by the evening discourse. Full audiences are in attendance each evening and marked attention is given to the lecture throughout. The questions often show honest inquiry after the truth and the answers given are as full as occasion and knowledge at hand will permit. The professor does not combat contradictory opinion handed in by irresponsible persons, inasmuch as he appears in person to support his own views. The exercises are conducted in connection with the ordinary services of the church, the pastor, Rev. Mr. Higley, making brief and appropriate remarks in order that a becoming spirit of reverence may not be lacking. Professor Chamberlin deserves the thanks of all for these lectures taken upon himself in addition to the pressing duties of his position. In the first lecture only the first verse of Genesis was treated. It was shown that creation simply referred to the origin of our own earth and no other. The speaker denied that Moses in writing his account was inspired so that every word he wrote was absolutely true. After the lecture questions came in thick and fast. Chamberlin was challenged regarding his views on inspiration. One of the first questions asked was, "How do you apply the word inspiration?" The reply, in substance, was that inspiration was simply the result of a disciplinary process under divine grace, not being miraculous, nor making the Bible a work of inspiration always either in words or figures of speech. Another question was, c'Would not Moses have written these accounts in the same style of word and thought, even though they had come from other sources than the supposedly divine one?" 426 George L. Collie [June

The answer was, "Not necessarily. Moses was an editor and he did his work in his own way, though we may grant that it was under divine guidance.'5 In his second lecture he emphasized the growth of the earth by the addition of matter from space, saying that "the world is larger tonight than it was last Sunday evening and it was larger last Sabbath evening than the week before. The matter in the globe at present was then originally diffused through space, so diffused" the speaker went on to say "that light was impossible and 'Darkness was upon the face of the deep.' Then God's spirit moved." The speaker interpreted this statement as meaning "the breath of God moved upon the waters; the result was the activity of matter, particles began to move and collect, the result of these im- pacts would be light, not the sunlight nor that of the moon but cosmical light. Light is then the product of antagonism and if light is good then there must be good in conflict." In the third lecture he developed the idea of the creation of the solar system. This is of interest in connection with his later views as expressed in his work on the origin of the solar system. A brief quotation will illustrate his thought as it then existed: The work of the second day was the creation of this our system by the successive introduction of firmaments between the solar system and other systems, between the sun and the planets, between the planets and the earth and between the moon and the earth and finally between the waters of the earth and the atmospheric phenomena. This second day was the creator's great day of classification and of differentiation. The phenomena of the second day are different from those of the preceding day and of the succeeding day, so that the writer of this account made a clear and natural classification and discrimination, which would only be arrived at by one having the facts at his command. At the close of this lecture one of the questions asked took this form, "Was the light of the first day and the second day the same?" The answer was, "Yes." Another 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 427 question was this, "Was the creation of land, water, light, darkness separate acts of the divine will?" His answer was, "No, creation was all one act." Another question asked received no very direct answer, "Could not Moses get all the information he presented in his account of creation from the literature of Egypt?" In the fourth lecture he described how the Divine Being, since He was capable of thinking and doing, had a part in the creation of plants. There was a divine mind which directed and an earth which executed; the result was good. The object and purpose of this account of the creation of plants was not to teach us the nature of the vegetable kingdom, not to recount in specific manner time and way in which each form was introduced, but to teach us the handiwork of God in this part of creation. There is strong proof of the divine origin of this account of creation in that the external or incidental facts in the story are found to accord so well with the discoveries of science. Professor Chamberlin went on to discuss some of the more prominent theories relating to life on the globe. He rejected all of the various suggestions made by scientists in favor of the idea that "under the direction of the Creator the earth brought forth various forms of life in a way similar to that which is now going on. God giving the command and the earth executing the mandate according to its own laws and with its own forces." He then proceeded to discuss the problem of the ongoing of life from those early beginnings. He stated that he did not accept the theory of evolution in its entirety, because he felt that it was not supported, as yet, by sufficient evidence. One of the questions handed in at the close of the lecture concerned this point about evolution, "Is Darwin nearest to the truth in his explanation of the development of vegetable and animal forms?" In his reply the speaker stated that he accepted Darwinism in part, but that it was not competent to explain the life of the globe in its fulness. 428 George L. Collie [June

In the fifth lecture the speaker devoted his time to show that the doctrine of evolution was not antagonistic to Chris- tian belief and that it could be accepted by all believers. The doctrine, itself, not attempting to explain the origin of life and thus preclude the necessity of a creator, endeavored solely to explain the ongoing of life after it had once appeared on the earth. One question asked at the close of the lecture was this, "How was the soul introduced into the body?" The answer was somewhat as follows, that there is no statement in the Bible regarding the origin of the soul, but we are to suppose that it arose as a part of the life process. The sixth lecture concerned itself largely with a discussion of animal creation and of the several geological periods. The speaker felt more at home in this address than in former ones. He pointed out that plant life appeared first and that in the case of animals, marine forms were the first to come into existence. Then followed aerial types of life, such as the flying reptiles and birds, then mammals came on the stage of action. Long subsequent to the appearance of mammals man appears. Some of the questions asked on this occasion were evidently designed to embarrass the speaker. One question asked, was, "How can you say that the introduction of Carnivora increased the life and happiness of animals?" In substance the reply was that weaker forms thus disappeared and left the field for stronger and better forms of life. Another question was, "Are there any imperfections in the operation of nature?" He replied, "Yes, in a general way there are what we call imperfections, but it should be remembered that many things we deem imperfections may be, after all, blessings in disguise." The seventh and last lecture dealt largely with the phrase that man was created in the image of God. The speaker 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 429

justified the idea by saying, "We have this image as shown by our higher attributes, we are God-like in our powers of dominion over creation, in the universality of our powers, for there seems to be no limit to the reach of the human mind. The complexity of our nature indicates the same thing as do our aspirations as expressed in prayer."

VII

CHAMBERLIN'S CAREER AFTER LEAVING BELOIT

A FTER nine years of service as an instructor at Beloit, Pro- JT\. f essor Chamberlin resigned. The following is his letter of resignation, found in the faculty files and written with his own hand. Beloit, Wis. June 12th., 1882. Dr. A. L. Chapin, President Board of Trustees, Beloit College. Respected Sir: The increasing demands of my scientific work make the prospective services which I could render the college so slight, that I deem it obligatory to offer my resignation of the chair of Geology. When I consider personal and official relations to yourself and your repeated expressions of desire that I should not take this step, it gives me great pain to do so, but the obligation seems to me imperative. Very truly and kindly yours, Thomas C. Chamberlin This resignation was undertaken to enable him to join the United States Geological Survey. He retained his connection with this organization twenty-two years, until 1904, having the rank of geologist in charge of the glacial division. In addition to his duties on the survey, he was Professor of Geology in Columbia University for several years. In 1887 he was called to the presidency of the University of Wisconsin, a position which he held with eminent success, 430 George L. Collie [June until his call to become the head of the Department of Geol- ogy in the University of Chicago in 1892. He retained his position at Chicago until his retirement as Professor Emeri- tus in 1919. It may be a matter of surprise to many that Chamberlin would give up the headship of a great and rapidly growing university for a departmental position in a new and as yet untried university. The explanation is doubtless that he felt hampered and circumscribed by the administrative details at Wisconsin and he chafed under the niggardly and indifferent attitude of more or less hostile legislatures. His major interest was the field of earth science and he longed to reenter it and to continue those researches which might advance his knowledge in his chosen field. Professor Chamberlin's own attitude toward the presidency of the university may be read between the lines of his tribute to the late President Charles R. Van Hise: As the administrator of a great educational institution he naturally regarded science as the bed rock on which educational practice should be based, but he did not interpret science in any narrow or technical sense; he viewed it broadly as the expression of the carefully sifted and thoroughly proved reality disclosed in every field of inquiry. Research, as an indispensable condition for discovering, demonstrating and renovating that which had previously passed for science, he held absolutely essential to a true university. He went further and regarded it as essential also to education in all grades; for the renovation, the reconstruction and the reshaping of the subject matter taught in all of the grades, he held scarcely less vital to primary education and the public welfare than the addition of new subject matter. The Department of Geology at Chicago threw open its doors to students in 1892. From the outset the department was fully manned, in each case by men of national reputation in their particular fields, and the department came to be recognized as one foremost not only in the university, but among all institutions of higher learning in the country. It is interesting to note, as brought out by one of the early members of the department, Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, that all 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 431 of the staff in geology were invited to become members of the instructional force; not one of them sought the place. Professor Chamberlin organized his department with remarkable foresight and vision. His aim was to make the beginning courses largely cultural, while the more advanced courses were, to use his own words, "to be specifically pre- paratory to professional and investigative work in the science, either in connection with educational institutions, official surveys, industrial enterprises or private researches." The Journal of Geology was established shortly after the opening of the department, with Chamberlin as editor-in- chief. The aim of this publication as he put it was "not only to serve as a medium of publication for the results of researches connected with the department, but to bring to the university and to its constituency some of the products of leading geologists in this and other countries." The Journal maintained these aims to an eminent degree through all the years of his editorship. It won the respect and admiration of geologists the world over. From its beginning Chamberlin was an essential feature in its success and its ongoing. His genius, his tremendous activity, are clearly shown in the rapidity with which the department was organized and all of its varied divisions and agencies set to work. Within a year the department was in full running order, including the publication of The Journal of Geology. During the year 1893 he began promoting the founding of a museum of geology and under the impetus he gave the movement, important collections, especially those obtained from the World's Fair, began to accumulate. Through all the active years at Chicago, he was the soul of the department. He was as well distinctly a leader in the faculty of the university of which he was a member for twenty-seven years. 432 George L. Collie [June

In the years at Chicago he published something like 145 papers. These publications indicate his activity mentally and in the way of investigation. About 60 of these papers appeared in The Journal of Geology, the remainder in various scientific publications, notably the Year Book of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Bulletins of the Geol- ogical Society of America, American Journal of Science, American Geologist, Science, etc. It is of interest to those who have followed Dr. Chamber- lin's career somewhat closely to know something of the contributions he made to science, more especially in the years after he left Beloit. His investigations in connection with glacial phenomena are probably best known to the lay public and require but slight elucidation. During the score and more years he was connected with the Federal Survey it was his initiative that was responsible for most of the investigations into glacial phenomena. It was a period of rapid development in our knowledge of glaciers and of the Pleisto- cene. At the outset of his connection with the survey, he was chiefly occupied in tracing the terminal moraines and associated deposits of the continental ice sheets. The limits of the drift were carefully mapped and the glacio-fluvial deposits studied and interpreted. The relations of such deposits to those of pre-glacial age were carefully worked out. His field work and his subsequent studies led to a thorough classification of the Quaternary deposits of the United States. As a result of his investigations he was led to recognize several glacial and interglacial epochs. He was the first investigator in America to champion this far reaching dis- covery, one which had dawned upon him before he finished the state survey of Wisconsin. He made important studies upon the motion of glaciers, especially during his visit to Greenland in 1894. Perhaps his most important contribu- 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 433 tions to glacial geology were his important investigations into the causes of continental glaciation. These inquiries were notably valuable because they finally led him into his cosmological studies, which eventuated in his striking works upon the origin of the earth and of the solar system. Cham- berlin more than any other geologist has fathomed the depths of the universe to bring to mankind a connected story of what has been transpiring there through the mighty eons of the past. His studies became so thoroughly worked out and so convincing that his planetesimal hypothesis, founded upon them, soon replaced and utterly discredited the Laplacian ideas for the origin of the earth. The theory of Laplace had long been accepted by astronomers and geologists and had been favored because of its simplicity and cogency, but Chamberlin's studies shattered it beyond re- demption. It may be wondered by people generally why Professor Chamberlin chose to leave the earth, which he had studied so thoroughly, and go out to the far-flung bodies of space and investigate them. The answer to such a question is best made in his own words, taken from his final work, The Two Solar Families. If it shall seem strange to anyone that a student of the story of the rocks should turn aside from a field so solid and congenial to venture wantonly in to the nebulous wilds of cosmogony, I can only plead in defense the urgent necessities of the scientific chase. It came to be clear that only by close pursuit along the trail that led into the cosmogonic fens and fogs was there any hope of overhauling the quarry that had awakened my instincts of pursuit—a pack of sophistical sprites that had long been wont to vex a pet climatic enigma on whose solution I had set fond hopes. It may be some little further extenuation of my temerity to plead that, at the outset, the trail was picked up and the chase begun almost as far away as possible from the pass that led into the bogs and mists, and that at the start the trail was cold as a glacier. In other words the path into space began with his study of glaciers. He wanted to explain glaciers and among other 434 George L. Collie [June

explanations climatic ones would naturally be suggested. If the cause were climatic, then the sun must be involved, since that body is an essential factor in earth climates. Hence a study of the sun, of its emanations, of the variations in its heat and the like became necessary, indeed obligatory. The earth's atmosphere and its possible extra-terrestrial origin became another necessary feature of the study. Thus, by de- grees he was led out into space to study the sun, the part it had played in earth climates, and the probable role it had taken in the formation of the earth itself. It took true courage on Chamberlin's part to promulgate these new views, because in no small degree they contravened the thinking of scientific men as well as the theories which they upheld and championed. Scientists easily become dog- matic and thus insistent upon their particular views. Cham- berlin had to break with a host of scientists as he advanced his new opinions regarding the origin of the earth. This is not an easy thing to do, especially when one is dealing with problems that are abstruse and difficult of solution. Professor W. D. MacMillan has well analyzed the development of Professor Chamberlin's thought as he worked out the complicated history of the solar system. He men- tions the fundamental idea in the theory, viz., the near approach of two hot intensely energetic rotating stars; he states that it is a very beautiful mathematical problem but an extremely complicated one. It is greatly to the credit of Chamberlin's genius and persistence of effort that he worked out, with the aid of his mathematical colleague, Moulton, so trustworthy and sound a solution that it became widely accepted and soon replaced the deeply entrenched Laplacian hypothesis. Chamberlin's solution of the problem is indeed 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 435 majestic in its sweep, an ennobling conception. MacMillan truly says: He has led us up to the summit of a very high mountain, from which we have a clearer perspective of great and distant events and a vision that will always bring joy to those who can live and breathe in the rare atmosphere of such lofty elevation. Professor Chamberlin was not only a thorough investigator of earth phenomena, but he was an unsparing student and critic of the methods he employed in his studies. Dr. Moulton, who worked so intimately with him through many years, has told an interesting story of Ms scientific methods. In a word his method was that of the "Multiple Working Hypothesis." This sounds formidable, but it is in reality a sensible and scientific way of approaching the solution of any complex problem. Every hypothesis that contains the possibility of explaining the phenomena we see about us should be tried out to see if it is a real explanation. The problem should be approached from various angles; numerous roads may be followed before the true way is revealed. Dr. Chamberlin's method of explaining the multiple hypothesis idea was as follows: The investigator becomes the parent of a family of hypotheses and by his parental relation to all is morally forbidden to fasten his affections upon any one. In the very nature of the case the chief danger that springs from affection is counteracted. Where some of the hypotheses have been already proposed and used, while others are the investigator's own creation, a natural difficulty arises; but the right use of the method requires the impartial adoption of all alike into the working family. The investigator, thus at the outset puts himself in cordial sympathy and in parental relations (of adoption, if not of authorship) with every hypothesis that is at all applicable to the case under investigation. Many scientific men take a very different method in ar- riving at their solutions of mooted questions. They have but one hypothesis, which soon becomes a pet, there is but one child in the family, the father not only becomes inordi- 436 George L. Collie [June nately fond of his mental offspring, but blind to its faults and shortcomings. This is known as the "Ruling Theory." It has obvious defects, which are avoided by using the other method. The multiple hypothesis idea was not original with Professor Chamberlin for others had used it before him, but no one else had ever stated the method more clearly nor had any one used it more rigorously and consistently. Even when he had accepted one of the several hypotheses for the origin of the earth, that is the planetesimal theory, he did not consider it as settling the method of origin for all time, but as the best that had been formulated up to that moment. He was at no time a slave to his theory, but ever its master, ready and willing to modify it as new facts or new interpretations might warrant. In his honesty of attitude, in his loyalty to principles that seemed to work and to be applicable to the understanding of any given problem, Chamberlin stands foremost among scientists. Dr. Moulton has written appreciatively of his colleague as a philosopher, not as a philosopher in the technical sense, but in the sense of one who loves the truth and strives earnestly, honestly, and with singleness of purpose to find it. The writer has often regretted that in his many contacts with Professor Chamberlin, he did not sound him-about his views of the deeper aspects of human existence, such as religion, the validity of spiritual existence, the significance of human life, being as they are the end results of untold eons of evolution through the geological past. We may be sure that his philosophy of life would have been a pragmatic one. He believed that anything which one uses in explanations of phenomena, must have about it a working quality, it must satisfy the requirements of nature. He put the matter in this way: That may be accepted for the time being as true which duly approves itself, under all tests, as though it were true. Whenever it seems to fail 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 437 under test in any degree, confidence is to be withdrawn in an equal de>- gree, and a rectification of concepts sought. This may well hold in the case of all conceptions, however fundamental, whether they relate to the physical, the vital or the mental phenomena, which the earth presents. Let us seek our foundation in the broadest possible contact with phenomena. If mankind had always followed this sensible philosophy, what a difference it would have made in our beliefs; how much sounder their content would be, how few would be the vagaries, the pitfalls in our reasoning about life and its mys- teries.

VIII

THE COLLABORATION BETWEEN CHAMBERLIN AND SALISBURY

summary of the salient features in the life of Dr. Cham- A berlin has been presented in the foregoing pages; it now remains to give a brief account of the relationships established between him and his able pupil Salisbury. Professor Chamberlin had completed the geological survey of the state and had prepared the manuscript of the four-volume report on the same during his teaching career at Beloit. His researches, the new points of view he was obtaining through his scientific studies, greatly stimulated his classroom teaching and this resulted in a marked degree of influence upon his students of that particular period, among whom were to be numbered Rollin D. Salisbury, and his classmate, the writer. Salisbury had entered Beloit in the sophomore year of the class of 1881. He was a graduate of the Whitewater Normal School and evidently had decided to enter the teaching profession. During his senior year at Beloit he was in great doubt as to his future. He was a natural born 438 George L. Collie [June teacher, a man of strong personality, and he had a longing to enter that career. He was, however, torn by doubts as to his duty; his only brother, who had attended Beloit, before him, had died. This left his aging father to manage the farm home alone and it was too great a burden. Salisbury felt that his duty lay at home, but his desires were for an entirely different future than that involved in the farm. In addition to the question of his life-calling, religious doubts also assailed him. These worries had a depressing influence upon him for he was naturally of a melancholy temperament. Salisbury had a complex personality, one hard to understand, but he was ever a doubter and so far as religion is concerned he would have been classed as an agnostic in his student days. While he was tolerant of the beliefs of others, he was not a believer in any religious doctrine himself. A mutual friend, Roger Leavitt, '82, has told the writer that he became quite concerned over Salisbury's indifference. At that time men of strong religious faith felt it incumbent on themselves to be responsible for the beliefs of others. Leav- itt went to Salisbury one day and asked him point-blank, "Are you a Christian?" The reply was to the effect that he was not and that he was not particularly interested in religion. Then his companion made the suggestion that he go to Professor Chamberlin and have a talk with him about some of the problems that beset his way. Salisbury prom- ised to consider the matter and the two men parted. It is evident that he thought well of the suggestion because a meeting between them was arranged and a long talk over these weighty questions resulted. In temperament the two men were utterly unlike. The older man was confident, cheery, optimistic; he was also at heart, as we have seen, a deeply religious man, with clean-cut conceptions of one's duty toward the religious life. Chamberlin's courage, his clear vision of the possibilities which lay before the younger 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 439 man caused the interview to act as a tonic upon Salisbury and it decided him to cast in his lot with his teacher, to associate himself with him, so far as possible, and to accept his advice, both in regard to his life calling and in the matter of religious belief. This meeting was the beginning of the close, life-long companionship of the two men, which had such important potentialities for the science of geology. It began in the study of the Chamberlin home on West Bridge Street, Beloit. The intimacy of the two men was close from the outset. Shortly after it began a son was born to the Chamber- lins and he received Salisbury's given name, Rollin. Salisbury and the writer took advanced work in geology under Professor Chamberlin at that time, reciting in the study of his home. After one of these weekly recitations, we left the house together. No sooner had we reached the street than Salisbury began capering about, showing an ex- uberance of joy, unusual with him, which included slapping the writer on the back sharply. When asked the meaning of this outburst, he said, "My future is assured. Professor Chamberlin has been offered the position of geologist on the Federal Survey and he has offered to appoint me as an assistant." This was in January or February, 1881. Thus the new friendship of the two passed speedily into a partnership in scientific research and publication. The two men were opposites in many respects. As we have seen, Salisbury was able indeed, but a grim, determined worker, in many ways a plodder, who won distinction by dogged determination and industry. Chamberlin was more versatile, with a quicker mind, with a well disciplined but active scientific imagination. Primarily Salisbury was a teacher, Chamberlin an investigator. Each needed the other in a supplementary sense, and the partnership was therefore no empty one. 440 George L. Collie [June

The results of their cooperation flowered, most notably perhaps, in their monumental three-volume work on geology. Both brought to their task much teaching experience as well as extensive original research. The plan of the work evidently arose out of their joint experiences. These volumes are characterized by new ideas as compared to older geol- ogies and they are more suggestive and vital than the formal texts of earlier days. At the same time the authors avoided for the most part the more technical aspects of the subject, the work was not padded with a lot of unimportant details, nor cluttered up and vitiated by technical minutiae. The authors are very frank in dealing with obscure questions, realizing the limitations of human knowledge. There is nothing of unwarranted assumption in the treatise; they are always careful to state the tentative nature of many con- clusions. The lack of dogmatism, the clarity of thought and expression, the fine quality of maps and illustrations, combined to make these volumes of first importance among geological publications. They set a new and high standard of achievement in scientific exposition. The closeness of the relation between the two is revealed in another direction. After his graduation and while working under Professor Chamberlin's direction, Salisbury made his home with the Chamberlin family. After Dr. Chamber- lin withdrew from Beloit to enter the Federal Survey in 1882, Salisbury was appointed to take the place of his chief as Professor of Geology at Beloit College, and their paths diverged for the time being. In 1887 Chamberlin became president of the University of Wisconsin. During his oc- cupancy of that office he called Salisbury to the chair of geology in that institution. The invitation was accepted and once more the two men were thrown together intimately, Salisbury once more rejoining the Chamberlin household. Both Mr. and Mrs. Chamberlin treated him as a son, the 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 441 latter doing a great deal for him in many ways, but especially in making him feel at home as a real member of the family. Salisbury never married and this was the only real home he ever knew after he left his father's house. Naturally as time passed Mrs. Chamberlin gave increasing attention to the training of her own son. Salisbury once confessed to a mutual friend of his and the writer that he keenly felt the di- minished attention that he received from her. This indicates a condition which many of his friends had come to realize, that he was a lonely man and sorely needed woman's affection and companionship. When in 1892 Professor Chamberlin became head of the Department of Geology at the University of Chicago, Salis- bury went with him as Professor of Geographic Geology. Thus the two men were destined still to be colleagues and close companions. Again Salisbury was desirous of remaining a member of the Chamberlin household, but conditions were such that this plan could not be carried out. There- after he was obliged to look after himself, to rent his own quarters, and to live a separate life; this was unquestionably a serious blow to him and he felt it as a real severing of home ties. Chamberlin and Salisbury were not only colleagues in teaching but also in the editorship of The Journal of Geol- ogy, the former being managing editor until 1918, when it passed into Salisbury's hands for the four remaining years of his life; both made their influence strongly felt through the medium of the Journal. They both wrote many articles for it, they often contributed under the heading of "Studies for Students" extremely useful geological essays in which organization of existing material was more conspicuous than the advancement of new ideas. One of these, "The Method of the Multiple Hypothesis," is famous as a classic, and the University of Chicago Press is still receiving requests for 442 George L. Collie [June that number of the Journal, thirty-five years after its appearance. Even more important for their influence upon the geo- logic profession were the numerous editorials which characterized the first thirty-five volumes of the Journal. Of im- mense value to students were the reviews of geological literature which they wrote and their summaries of important investigations. Though ever close friends, yet as the years passed at Chicago, their paths began to diverge in regard to scientific interest and study. Chamberlin was giving increased attention to his research into the origin of the earth and of the solar system, while Salisbury was forced to diminish his efforts in research and to devote himself more and more to teaching and to his administrative duties as dean of the graduate school. His interest, also, began to shift from geology to geography and he needed a great amount of time for reading and study in this new field. This devotion to teaching and to administration, in a measure, meant the sacrifice of his career as an investigator. It may be said that he sacrificed, in a degree, research for the good of his students in the classroom. There is another angle to the situation, however, which should be taken into consideration, out of respect to Salis- bury's memory. In taking care of the teaching side of their joint work so fully, and in handling the administrative details of the department to an increasing degree, Salisbury did much to conserve Professor Chamberlin's time and strength for original investigation, which he carried on so vigorously in his last years. Professor Chamberlin recognized this service time and time again, at least in private conversation. May it not be said that by taking on some of his colleague's burdens, Salisbury was endeavoring to repay him for making him what he was? There can be no question that 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 443

Chamberlin made Salisbury's career possible, but the latter made it possible for his guide and mentor to devote himself primarily to that investigative work which was his chosen field and in which he was so great a master. Thus in a real way, he aided in the important labors that Chamberlin performed in addition to carrying on his own heavy schedule. The statement has been made that Salisbury sacrificed himself for his colleague; this is perhaps too strong a statement ; it may be questioned whether the younger man regarded it as a sacrifice. Salisbury had a real interest in the university and its progress and in his office as dean he strove to advance its best interests. He loved power and this manifested itself in his official dealings with students or committees. He really enjoyed doing a dean's work because of the responsibility it involved and the influence that it gave him. Dr. Chamberlin did both teaching and administrative work very capably, but his vision of what might be accomplished in research was so strong that the petty details of the classroom or of an administrative office were hindrances to his thinking and consumers of the limited time at his disposal. The feeling of power meant little to him; it was no end in and of itself. The relief which he thus obtained by Salisbury's assumption of the administrative load was a great boon to him. Chamberlin was extraordinarily fertile in ideas in all sorts of fields, scientific, educational, and administrative. Re- lieved of details he contributed greatly not only to the science of geology but to the larger policies of the University of Chicago, in which he played a prominent role. Without question the two men accomplished much more by this division of labor than if they had both attempted teaching and research at the same time. Each one did what he could do best and there was true economy in this arrangement. Salis- bury thus was an exceptionally valuable lieutenant to Cham- 444 George L, Collie [June berlin in furthering the activities and influences which eman- ated from the Department of Geology at Chicago. His service continued to be increasingly important until that summer day in 1922, when he was stricken down and his active life work terminated. Shortly after they had commenced their work at Chicago there occurred an opportunity which illustrates the close parallelism in their joint careers. In 1894 Chamberlin went to Greenland as geologist on the Peary Relief Expedition, where he studied the glaciers and the west coast at first-hand. As a result of these observations a series of epoch-making studies on the glaciers of Greenland appeared in The Jour- nal of Geology; there were some ten of these in number. During Chamberlin's absence the work of carrying on the duties of editor-in-chief of the Journal fell largely upon Sal- isbury's shoulders. The following year Dr. Chamberlin paved the way for Salisbury to go to Greenland on a similar errand, and as a result careful studies of the physiography of the region and the salient points in the glacial geology of North Greenland appeared from his pen in the Journal. In this series of studies each, in a measure, supplemented the work of the other. Each contributed articles dealing with that phase of geology which lay nearest to his own particular studies in glaciation. As a friend of both men the writer has tried to give some understanding of the relationship which existed between these two scientists. It is difficult, at present, to pass impartial judgment upon their joint labors and probably he ought not to have attempted it. When Major Powell resigned from the directorship of the United States Geological Survey, Dr. Chamberlin made some editorial comments upon his administration of that 1932] A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin 445

office. A portion of these may well serve as an estimate of the life work of the two men commemorated in this sketch. Major Powell's administration has been a very notable one and it will doubtless stand forth even more distinctly as we recede from it in time and see it in perspective, when its great outlines will be better de- fined and its details will fall into their proper places as parts of the whole. Chamberlin and Salisbury have finished their life work,1 the influence of their partnership, begun here in Wisconsin, has reached out widely and will continue to influence the thought of mankind for a long time to come. Perhaps no more fitting epitaph could be written to the memory of each than these lines from the pen of Lionel Johnson: Earth was thy mother, and her true son thou: Earth called thee to a knowledge of her ways, Upon the great hills, up the great streams: now Upon earth's kindly breast Thou art indeed at rest: Thou, and thine arduous days.

Fare thee well, O strong heart! The tranquil night Looks calmly on thee: and the sun pours down His glory over thee, O heart of might! Earth gives thee perfect rest: Earth, whom thy swift feet pressed: Earth, whom the vast stars crown. Professor Chamberlin died November 15, 1928 at his home at Chicago. His remains rest in Oakwood Cemetery, Beloit, Wisconsin. MEMOIRS OF MARY D. BRADFORD

CHAPTER XIII

THREE YEARS IN THE STOUT TRAINING SCHOOL

HEN I went to Menomonie, Wisconsin, in the fall of W 1906, I was not entirely unacquainted with the place, or with the schools that had made this little city of 5,600 people famous. In October, 1902, I had attended a meeting there of the Northwestern Wisconsin Teachers5 Associa- tion, when I had taken part in the program, and had met James H. Stout for the first time. My experiences during those convention days had left very favorable impressions, some of which I will enumerate, adding further on information which these experiences interested me in procuring.

First Impressions

The hotels of the town being unable to take care of the teachers who came to the meeting, the residents had opened their homes, and it was my good fortune to be assigned to that of Mrs. Thomas B. Wilson, the widow of a prominent citizen who had died a few years before. It was as beautiful a home as I had ever seen. A bachelor son assisted in the hospitality extended, and Miss Epley, a sister of Mrs. Wil- son was a member of the household. Mrs. Wilson was then the loved and respected matriarchal head of the families of several married sons in Menomonie and elsewhere. I didn't know then much more about the Wilsons than that they were connected with the lumbering interests of that part of Wis- consin; but I readily observed that genuine love of the beau- Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 447 tiful, which wealth had enabled these owners to indulge, had governed and directed the equipment of that home. After the dinner, when we were gathered in the library, I experienced an unusual surprise. A door was suddenly opened into an adjoining room and in a brilliant light, against a dark background, appeared a lovely vision. On a pedestal in the center of a small octagonal room was a life- size figure of a woman, in active pose with extended hand. It was of fine white marble, and the especially arranged lights illuminated it with the effect similar to that felt when one reaches the top of that broad staircase in the Louvre, and catches the first view of the "Venus de Milo" standing alone in her black-lined room in that great gallery. The symbolical or allegorical significance of the beautiful statue is forgotten, but the effect is indelibly fixed in my memory. The surprise manifested many times by guests, so I was told, was an effect that Mr. Wilson, who had imported and installed this work of art, had very much enjoyed witnessing. I retired with much to think about, and to ponder over. Since morning I had come from Stevens Point through a region where all along the route were seen evidences that the time of the forests and of the pioneer were not very remote. From the level land of Portage County we had entered the glaciated region with its hills and valleys and more varied scenery. We had gone through cities of considerable size, as Marshfield and Eau Claire, to come to long stretches where only the scattered homes of settlers and occasional villages gave evidence of the backwoods. We had changed cars from the main line to the one car of the short branch that had brought us to Menomonie. Yet here, wealth, because it had been disposed to do so, had brought to this community, so remote from art centers, things of exceptional beauty. This, coupled with perfect hospitality, produced my first impression of Menomonie. 448 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

Impression number two came, when in the morning I caught a glimpse of a high square tower on a large school building. It was a striking architectural feature, the beauty of which I felt, while I wondered at its unusualness. It was several years later that I saw its prototype, or something like it, in the fifteenth century tower on the Palace of the Signoria in Florence, Italy. In using the adjective "striking" I had no intention of perpetrating a pun; but this tower was literally that, as it held a great clock, which boomed the hours, and was the horologe of the whole city. This beautiful tower was, and is, the landmark for a large territory. The superintendent of schools of Menomonie at that time was Judson E. Hoyt, who held that position from 1892 to 1903. The meetings of the convention were held in the assembly room of the large new high school. This building was connected with the one bearing the tower by a bridge on the second story level. The room mentioned was large, well lighted and ventilated, appropriately decorated, and beautifully adorned with a few good pictures and plaster casts. It came as near to my ideal of what an assembly and study room of a high school should be as any I had seen. It regis- tered as favorable impression number three. We were conducted across the bridge to the other building of similar appearance and construction. It bore the conspicuous tower, and was introduced to visitors as the Stout Manual Training Building. We were taken through the well-equipped shops where articles were being shaped from wood and from metal, and saw the blacksmithing and forging operations. A visit a few years before, to a vocational school in Chicago where similar work was seen, had prepared me for the appreciation of what I saw here. In another part of this building we saw classes of public school girls having lessons in cooking and sewing. All these evidences of a school at 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 449

the forefront of educational practice left another impression, coupled with which was a thrill of pride for Wisconsin, and of gratitude to those whose generosity and advanced ideas of educational needs had brought this credit to our state. But this building left a fifth impression by an exhibit which made a special appeal to me. On an upper floor we were shown an art museum with several rooms, where, with a large expenditure of time and money rare articles of beauty had been collected and placed on display. There were paint- ings and tapestries, vases and statuary; large, glass wall- cases containing priceless shawls, rare laces, and historic garments; there were glass enclosed floor-cases, filled with fascinating arrays of curios of all sorts—carved ivory from the Orient, choice miniatures, and fans with historic associa- tions. It was a place where one could spend hours and not exhaust the resources of the exhibit. We were told that this collection had been made by Miss Kate Murphy, the head of the art department of the Menomonie schools, in whose art knowledge, judgment, and taste, Mr. Stout placed great confidence. At his expense she had been sent to Japan, and later on a trip around the world, bringing back with her each time beautiful and costly things. In connection with the art museum or gallery, was a room where the visitors were shown a great exhibit of drawings and water color work, that had, under Miss Murphy's direction, come out of the public schools of Menomonie. The route over which we were taken was the same as that followed in personally conducted tours by hundreds of visitors to this little town—some attracted by the novelty of this educational center in the midst of an undeveloped region, others to observe and learn about equipment, practices, and results. Leaving the manual training building, we were conducted across the street to another of a very different sort—a physi- 450 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June cal culture building, opened the year before, another gift of Mr. Stout to Menomonie. Facing and parallel with the street was an oblong building, entered from the sidewalk by a central door. In appearance and construction this front structure resembled a two-story modern school building, but above it there appeared the gable peaks of two other buildings side by side, and stretching many feet to the rear of it, all incorporated into one structure. The long east-side building was, or is, the natatorium; that on the west, the gymnasium. In the former we gazed at the expanse of clear water in the beautifully tiled tank, the largest and best equipped natatorium in the state at that time, in the latter we saw the large floor, and the equipment for games and exercises. But this building was also a social center for the men of the town, and in the front building described, we passed through a luxuriously appointed reading room and a rest room, saw a perfectly equipped billiard room and a card room, and heard a familiar roar that told of a bowling alley near at hand. What lucky men and what a fortunate city, I thought, to have provided such means for recreation and en- joyment of the right sort, and obtainable in few cities except those of the larger class. Thus came impression number six—a sort of climacteric progress! Before my first visit to Menomonie ended, I learned that it had known another public spirited benefactor. On Main Street, diagonally across from the school block, was a beautiful brown stone building, over whose door we read the words, "Mabel Tainter Memorial." Entering it, we were shown at the right the well equipped public library; then moving to the left we found ourselves in the richly carpeted lobby of a small auditorium—a perfect gem of a theatre— a miniature of the finest of those seen in large cities. We were told that it was used not only for entertainments, but 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 451 regularly on Sundays as the meeting place of the Unitarian Congregation. I learned that Captain and Mrs. Andrew Tainter, who had caused this beautiful building to be erected as a memorial to their daughter, had been Unitarians, and had made special provisions for such use of this audience room. They had also provided, on the second floor, a study and office for the minister. I also learned that Mr. Stout was a member of that congregation. It will readily be in- ferred by anyone who has honored me by following these memoirs from the beginning, that these last related observations and discoveries did not cause an anti-climax in the progress of the impressions left by my visit. It was four years afterwards that I received from Mr. Harvey the offer of a position in Menomonie. As will be remembered by many, Mr. Harvey served from 1899-1903 as State Superintendent of Wisconsin Schools. During those years James H. Stout was a member of the State Sen- ate. As Chairman of the Committee on Education, he was thus intimately associated with the State Superintendent of Schools, and a staunch supporter of him in all of his efforts for educational advancement. It naturally followed that, when in 1903, Mr. Harvey failed of reelection, he immediately found a field of work in Menomonie. Then began changes in school affairs there—changes that not only affected the Stout-supported schools, but the public schools as well, at least in their administrative relations. The three forms of educational work, manual training, domestic science, and kindergarten, which Mr. Stout had instituted and maintained, and which were "dedicated to the boys and girls of Menomonie" had been carried forward under the general administration of the public school board. Now their main function was entirely changed. Out of them came in 1903 three training schools for teachers. 452 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

I can find no better or briefer statement of the causes and the purposes of this change than that given by Mr. Har- vey himself in the Stout Institute Bulletin for September, 1908. The Stout Training Schools were organized in 1903 for the purpose of providing first class instruction and training for the preparation of manual training, domestic science, and kindergarten teachers, and for carrying on experimental work in the field of industrial education as a part of the public school system and as supplementary to that system. The kindergarten training school had been organized in 1899 to meet a local demand. When the other schools were organized in 1903, this school was reorganized and strengthened. In 1898, Mr. J. H. Stout built and equipped a splendid manual training building to replace the fine building he had provided in 1895, and which was destroyed by fire in 1897. This new building, at the time of its completion, was probably the best designed and equipped building in the United States, if not in the world, devoted to the instruction of public school pupils in art, manual training, and domestic science. The demands of the public school did not fully utilize the splendid equipment thus provided, and this fact, coupled with the rapidly growing demand for teachers of manual training and domestic science, and with Mr. Stout's well-known interest in these lines of educational effort, led him to make provision for the establishment of the two additional training schools. For administrative purposes during this period necessary to determine whether such schools were needed in this section, and during which the necessary experimental work in perfecting their organization could be carried on, if there should prove to be a demand for them, they were placed under the nominal control of the Board of Education of the city of Menomonie. The Board in no way incurred any financial responsibility for their maintenance, that being assumed by Mr. Stout. It may be added that to further the interests of this plan, as can readily be seen it would do, Mr. Harvey was made not only the superintendent of these training schools, but also superintendent of the public schools, following in the latter office, Judson E. Hoyt, who had held that office for eleven years. Such was the situation in 1906, when my professional association with Menomonie began. By that time the need of the training school had been demonstrated. Nearly one 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 453 hundred students were enrolled in the different departments and there was then under consideration another progressive step—that of offering in each department a graduate course of one year beyond the two-year course previously given. It was in connection with the third year to be offered in the kindergarten-training department that my assistance was wanted. In a letter to me dated March 5, 1906, Mr. Harvey explains the situation, and I will quote some passages, not only to make known the plans for my work, but also to re- veal a little of the history of this developing teacher-training center. Referring to the proposed one-year graduate course, Mr. Harvey in that letter says: I have consulted with a considerable number of prominent school men in the west and south as to the wisdom of this move, and am con- firmed in my judgment by their statements. ... I have secured for the Director of the Kindergarten Training School next year, Miss Alma Binzel, whom you doubtless know as having been in the Kindergarten Training Department at Milwaukee Normal School. She has been East for three years, doing work in Teachers' College, especially fitting herself for training work in the Kindergarten Training School. The college people assure me that they have no stronger person there than she is, so that side of the work is well provided for. If we offer a third year in our Kindergarten Training Department, I want to make that third- year work largely work looking towards supervision of Primary Schools. I want a strong woman to take charge of the primary side of this year's work, and to take the supervision of our primary grades. The latter seems almost a necessity, because one must have those primary grades for a practice field and for working out of theories, and experi- ments. After explaining that, at the start, the number taking the graduate course would be few, he gives reasons for thinking that "in the near future we shall have a respectable number of advanced students." He tells how the reputation of the school is rapidly extending and that calls for teachers are coming "from one end of the country to the other." He tells of his high ambitions, saying, "My aim is to make our 454 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June schools here stand in the training of special teachers in the same position that Teachers' College does in the East. In fact, I found on my trip to California this winter, that our schools were so regarded by a good many people whom I met." What we were then experiencing at Stevens Point from the unwarranted action of a State Board and from the un- bearable tyranny of a local regent caused the following statement by Mr. Harvey to have an especial appeal: Our work here is in many ways the most delightful I have ever been connected with. We are absolutely our own masters in what we wish to undertake. Our purpose is to do experimental work in certain directions and the course is free for us to do it. Now I have put before you the situation and I want to know if the position is one that appeals to you. I understand there is likely to be something of a break-up in the situation at Stevens Point. I should like to have you connected with us in this work. He then expresses his confidence in my ability to do what he wanted done. Having known Mr. Harvey for years, holding him in very high esteem as an educational leader, and moreover, remembering those favorable "first impressions" of Menomonie, my decision to accept was soon reached. There was a private consideration that gave this event a very happy turn. I had undertaken to help a niece with her education. She was Marjorie Bailey, the motherless daughter of my sister. Marjorie had for the past two years been with me at Stevens Point, and now the kindergarten training school in Menomonie offered an opportunity to continue her education along a line of work for which she seemed especially adapted. With my household effects, the chief items of which were a piano, pictures, books and bookcases, we settled down in a so-called "furnished house." From these very personal reminiscences—the last item of which is not very pleasant to dwell upon—since "things" including furnished houses are not what "they seem"—I proceed to my 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 455

next topic, which includes some history, antecedent to my connection with the Menomonie schools, but which seems relevant in any account of educational progress in Wiscon- son.

How Menomonie Came to be an Educational Center

Under this heading I shall endeavor to show the major influences that brought the schools of this little Wisconsin city to occupy, before 1903, such an eminent place not only in the state, but in the nation. My purpose is not only to give a resume of the work of the great philanthropist, James H. Stout, but also to bring into the account two others to whom credit seems to be due for important assistance rendered. One of these was a man whose high purpose, broad educational outlook, and inspiring personality influenced and supported Mr. Stout in his lofty endeavor; the other was the superintendent of schools during the early developmen- tal years, whose practical knowledge of administrative affairs helped to get things started, and who is believed to have made valuable contributions to the success of the movement. First, James H. Stout.1 James H. Stout was born in Dubuque, Iowa. His father was in the lumber business, a member of Knapp, Stout & Company. After schooling in Dubuque, Mr. Stout entered the University of Chicago, and for two years pursued a literary course there. The lumber business then claimed his attention and he became active in it. In 1877 he went to St. Louis to look after the interests of his company there. It was in St. Louis that the first link in the chain of cause and effect that led to the famous Stout Institute was forged. 1The biographical sketch of Mr. Stout published in the History of Dunn County (Minneapolis, 1925), has furnished me with most of the facts given here. I am indebted to Mrs. Essie Nickerson, librarian of the Tainter Memorial Li- brary, for the loan of this valuable book. 456 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

Why St. Louis played such an important part in the evolution of a movement for vocational education is readily told. It was the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 that initiated the idea. It was there that exhibits from Den- mark, Norway, Sweden, and Germany opened the eyes of American manufacturers to the fact that technical training was receiving attention in those countries. To the importance of such training, America had not yet awakened, but observers readily saw that, on account of the training of the youth of these countries, America would be at a disadvantage in trade competition with them. The city of St. Louis was the first large city to act in any significant way on this conclusion, and built the Louis Soldan technical high school, said to have been the first real school for manual training and domestic science in America. Mr. Stout was living in St. Louis at that time, and became deeply interested in the type of work done at that school. The following incident points not only to the moment of the awak- ening of his interest, but shows that the spirit of helpfulness which characterized him was already manifesting itself. It is said that a friend one day remarked in his hearing that he would like to educate his three boys in manual training, but did not have the means. Mr. Stout immediately spoke to this effect: "That need not hinder you, I will furnish the money if you will look after the boys." The carrying out of this arrangement brought about Mr. Stout's contact with the Louis Soldan high school, and the process and results of the experiment established his confidence in such a form of education. In 1889 he moved to Menomonie, which had for some years been the headquarters of Knapp, Stout & Company. Soon after that, he brought about the incorporation of the courses of study brought from St. Louis into the public schools of Menomonie. To carry out this work, he con- 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 457 structed a small building and equipped it for the teaching of manual training and domestic science. He also placed, at his own expense, two teachers in these schools for carrying on these two special lines. The popularity of the work soon caused the facilities furnished by this building to be entirely inadequate, so a much larger one was constructed in 1893. A picture of this one shows it to have been three stories high, with a tall square clock tower arising from one end of the building. About this tower ran what seems to have been an observation platform with a railing. The building is shown to have been connected by a bridge on the second story level, with another, a small two-story structure, which, I am told, was the old city high school. This 1893 building was equipped for a much wider range of work in both the departments of manual training and of domestic science than its small experimental predecessor. In the former line it not only provided for wood work of various kinds, but for forging, foundry and machine shop practice. The opportunities met with immediate appreciation and with increasing popularity. But Mr. Stout's interest in the common school child was not confined to providing the two branches named. Living in St. Louis as he did, he could not have escaped knowing about kindergartens, and kindergartens for Menomonie soon followed. To carry out these plans he erected two buildings, equipped them and turned them over to the city. Not only that, he provided for the teaching force, and met all expenses until the time came when the kindergartens were taken over as a part of the public school system. It was undoubtedly the early start made by the kindergartens in Menomonie and the popularity of the movement, that caused the kindergarten-training school to be the first of the teacher training institutions of that city. It opened in 1899, with Mrs. Martha Logsdon-Coull in charge, and furnished an opportunity for 458 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June high school graduates who desired to prepare for that field of work. A course in drawing which included a great variety of exercises and activities was also introduced in all the schools, and in the new building of 1893 rooms for the art department were provided and equipped. In 1894, Miss Kate Murphy came to Menomonie as director of the art department. As she was a graduate of the St. Louis School of Fine Arts in 1889, it seems probable that she knew the Stouts there. Mr. Stout placed great confidence in her, and as I have told in my introduction, she was provided with all needed facilities for her work. It is seen from this resume of his benefactions, how the children of the public schools of Menomonie from the kindergarten to the high school had exceptional privileges in a varied school program, and the benefit coming from rare educational stimuli. In 1897, fire destroyed both the city high school and the large manual training building. The loss entailed to Mr. Stout was not less than $50,000. But he was not dis- couraged, and when, "almost before the ruins were cold," a delegation of citizens came to him, he told them that he would erect another manual training building at the cost of $60,000, provided they would erect a high school costing as much, to match it. This the city of Menomonie did. When Mr. Stout had completed his plans for the other building and had equipped it according to latest ideals, it had cost him $100,- 000. This expansion in facilities meant expansion in teaching force, and that also was provided, none of the expense falling upon the taxpayers. In it were larger accommodations for the art department, and the added art museum already described as among my first impressions. STOUT INSTITUTE

1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 459

These two buildings completed in 1898-99 are the ones that excited my admiration in 1903, and in which I began work in 1906. They are the central buildings today.

Menomonie3 s Indebtedness to a Preacher

In the introduction to the preceding section, I mentioned a second person who influenced and encouraged the educational advancement of Menomonie. This was Henry Doty Maxson who went to Menomonie in 1888, the year before Mr. Stout moved there. In April of that year he organized the Unitarian Society of Menomonie, some thirty persons signing the bond of union. Henry Doty Maxson was born in New York state of old New England ancestry. "The Maxsons were very con- scientious in their religion, and to keep the Sabbath as they believed the Bible to command, many of them became Seventh Day Baptists." Henry began study for the ministry in that denomination, but fidelity to convictions obliged him to change his field of work. He went to Amherst, graduated from that college in 1877, and became a teacher. His first position in Wisconsin was at Milton College in 1878, and then for four years in Markham Academy, Milwaukee. In 1883, he moved to Whitewater and served as institute conductor and general teacher in the state normal school there for about five years. It was in connection with this period that I came to know him. The following incident indicates the sort of man he was, and for that and other reasons, seems worthy of mention. It was in the summer of 1886 or 1887 that a week's institute for Kenosha County was held at Salem Station, where my sister, Caroline Bailey lived. Although I was then teaching in the high school in Kenosha, I decided to attend, taking my little boy with me to visit his cousins. On 460 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

Saturday afternoon before the institute we took the Kenosha and Roekford train for Salem. The passengers that afternoon were submitted to a very disagreeable experience, one from which there was no escape, since the train consisted of but one coach and the baggage car. At Kenosha a man had come aboard in a very serious state of intoxication, and had slumped down in the front seat. This was a time when dealing in alcoholic drinks was permissible, and a drunken man was not an uncommon sight; but I was sorry to have my little son witness this incident. The train had not gone far when the unfortunate man fell to the floor where he lay nauseated and helpless. Soon he was in a more disgusting state. The brakeman came in and endeavored to get him out of the car, using the toe of his boot to arouse him, and treat- ing him with roughness and profanity. At that moment a man came forward who had been sitting in the rear of the car. He put a firm hand on the arm of the brakeman and said something to him in a low tone. The manner of the brakeman immediately changed, and then the two lifted the helpless victim and carried him out of the, door and into the baggage car. When the "good Samaritan" returned, I caught a glimpse of a face and manner that suited the kind deed—refined, scholarly, dignified—his bearing seemed to rebuke some of the passengers who had been amused by what had happened. On Monday morning I was at the institute, and to my surprise and delight, found that the man of the beneficent deed was the leading institute conductor—Henry Doty Max- son, from the Whitewater Normal School. That week I got a new idea of institutes and institute conductors. As I have mentioned in a previous chapter, some conductors were not especially considerate of the feelings of those who comprised the institute, and the more sensitive ones really dreaded the experience. But here was a real teacher—clear, exact, 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 461 earnest, simple, and direct, who inspired each with a desire to do his best, and who quickly won the confidence of every person in the institute. More than that, he inspired confidence in one's self—to not the slightest degree was a pupil humil- iated or subjected to ridicule—a not uncommon thing under some conductors. To me it was an inspiring week, and revealed possibilities in the field of institute conducting that I had never felt before. It was shortly after this that he entered the Unitarian ministry and accepted the call to Menomonie. Then in 1891, came the sad news of his sudden death in Eau Claire, where he had also organized a group of followers. Now in Menom- onie in 1906, fifteen years after his death, I came upon the evidences of the wide influence he exercised for the three years of his service there, upon the social, educational, and spiritual life of that city. There was wealth in Menomonie, and more than that, a few of those monied people possessed a large social conscious- ness and desired to use their money for community benefit. What seemed to be needed was wise, directive suggestion, and stimulation. Captain Andrew Tainter and his wife, Bertha Lucas Tainter, were two of those people. "They had some years before lost a loved daughter, Mabel, in the beauty and bright promise of her youth. Thoughtful of the public needs and of her known f eelings, they had decided to erect at some time in the future as her fittest monument, a building for a free library and other beneficent uses."2 During the first summer of his ministry, Mr. Maxson preached a sermon on "The Work of a Liberal Church" in which he pictured the church of his ideal, its costly spire omitted, and described the features which he had dreamed it should possess. 2 Henry Doty Maxson, Sermons of Religion and Life (Chicago, 1893). Biographical sketch by H. M. Simmons. 462 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

On July 3, 1890, less than two years after Mr. Maxson pictured that ideal in his sermon, it stood realized in stone, and the city gathered to its dedication. There were the spacious auditorium and stage, the well filled library and reading room, club rooms, rooms for every social and educational need, furnished with all conveniences and luxuries, rich with marble and mahogany, with carpets, rugs, and tasteful drapery, the whole having cost some $120,000, and all given for the free service of the public, and of "all classes on equal terms."3 On" behalf of the donors, Mr. Maxson made the presentation speech, specifying as one of its uses, that by "the Unitarian Society for charitable and social work, and for lectures, entertainments and services such as will quicken the intellect, strengthen the character, and fill the soul with glimpses of those larger relations which link us to the Infinite and the Eternal."4 For nine years Captain Tainter lived to see the development and influence of the social center he had established. His death occurred in 1899, arid that of Mrs. Tainter in 1916. It is impossible here to tell of Mr. Maxson's work with the young men and boys of Menomonie. He was not only a teacher and preacher but he had pronounced views on education. He was a believer in and an advocate of the kindergarten and manual training school. He found among his friends and parishioners in Menomonie, one who was in full accord with him, James H. Stout, and had he lived, he would have seen another of his ideals realized in the beautiful manual training school, erected by that friend for that city. He is credited by those who knew him with being an inspiration to Mr. Stout. 5 Ibid. 'Ibid. 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 463

The Part Played by a Superintendent of Schools

School buildings, even very fine ones, do not make a school system. There is always needed the help of someone who from experience and study has gained a practical knowledge of needs, who can visualize the operations of the school, and help in adapting the construction of the buildings to those uses. There is also needed someone to plan the work of the children for whose benefit these buildings are designed. Although St. Louis had provided him with the start towards it, Mr. Stout was entirely dependent upon the insight and experience of those who had this specialized knowledge for the development of his great educational enterprise. In such a position of responsibility was the superintendent of schools. In 1889 when Mr. Stout came to Menomonie to live, the superintendent was R. B. Dudgeon, who held that position for a number of years, and was there when the first experiment with manual training and domestic science was made in the little building already mentioned, with the organization and success of which he doubtless had much to do. He was succeeded in 1892 by Judson E. Hoyt, whose training and experience at that time had especially well equipped him for taking over the situation in Menomonie. His widow, Mrs. Edith E. Hoyt, of the Extension Division of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, has furnished me with a few facts concerning her husband. She says: He was brought up in a little town near Milwaukee where, because he had great aptitude for mechanical pursuits, he had taken an appren- ticeship under a highly trained German cabinet maker and completed fully the round of activities there required. At the University of Wisconsin, besides giving much attention to the classical languages, Mr. Hoyt was interested in 464 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June physics and chemistry, in which lines he did extra work. Thus equipped he took up the work in Menomonie just at the time when Mr. Stout, having had a satisfactory demonstration of the popularity of, and demand for, manual training and domestic science, was planning an enlargement of facilities in these lines for the children of that city. Mr. Hoyt is credited by some with having planned almost entirely the building completed in 1893, the first Stout Manual Training Build- ing. Whether or not there was a regular architect also, I do not know. Of this work Mrs. Hoyt writes: I well remember how, on an April morning when I came down stairs to prepare breakfast, I found him sitting at his desk, where he had been all night, making those plans, and with what triumph he said to me, "Now I have got it right." A student of the Menomonie high school during that period says: I attended high school when Mr. Hoyt was Superintendent, and feel indeed fortunate in having had Mrs. Hoyt as a teacher all through high school. Hardly a day passed that Mr. Hoyt did not talk to us on the generosity of Mr. Stout. He had a strong purpose to bring the children of Menomonie to a realization of what Mr. Stout was doing for them. She believes that the two men were very closely associated. In 1901 Mr. Hoyt read before the Department of Su- perintendents of the N.E.A. a paper giving some details of the work being done in the Stout Manual Training School. By that time the present building was in operation. This paper not only gives the courses in manual training for boys, and domestic science for girls in grades and through the high school, but includes an account of the course in drawing which afforded a varied program touching different forms of skills and extending in its operation from the kindergarten through the high school. The latter piece of work 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 465

was done by Kate Murphy, the director of art since 1894, and the former must have been engineered largely by the superintendent, although the courses borrowed from St. Louis probably furnished fundamental suggestions. A sense of justice to Mr. Hoyt, whose name does not appear in any account of the Stout schools that I have been able to find, impelled me to here mention his service, which must have assisted in no small degree in bringing fame to the Menomonie schools before 1903.

Additional Services of Mr. Stout to City, County, and State

It is my purpose to touch in this section upon other benefactions of Mr. Stout, besides those already dwelt upon, and with which my stay in Menomonie acquainted me. In my introductory section, mention was made of the natatorium and the gymnasium, erected in 1901. It was here that the Commercial Club carried on its manifold activities, Mr. Stout was its first president, in 1905, and served as a director of it from that time until his death. It was his wish that it should be absolutely democratic in spirit. It was said that every respectable resident of the city was eligible to membership in the Commercial Club and that the greater the number who availed themselves of its opportunities, the better pleased was Mr. Stout. Public socials were held in this building, all during the winter months, and I have pleasant recollections of attending several of them. Under the leadership of Miss Binzel, my immediate fellow-worker, the use of the gymnasium was obtained for a club of women for weekly or bi-weekly meetings. This building was in many ways an immeasurable benefit to the city. Mr. Stout was just as interested in providing the country boy with proper agricultural training as the town boy with industrial training. In the legislature of 1899, he was chiefly 466 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

instrumental in securing the passage of a law permitting counties to provide training schools for rural school teachers, and Dunn County took the initiative in this movement. The county training school was at first accommodated in the manual training building. Mr. Stout helped to enact the law in support of county schools of agriculture, and in 1902 Dunn County provided a special building to be used jointly by these two schools. They were the first of the kind in the state, and were taken as models for others that followed elsewhere. With the county training school for teachers at first under W. L. Morrison, and later under George L. Bowman, with Miss Elizabeth Allen as able assistant, I enjoyed very pleasant relations. To promote the good roads idea throughout the state, Mr. Stout caused to be laid near Menomonie, at a personal expense of several thousand dollars, a model road which I remember as an object lesson of progress in that line. In or about 1896, he gave to Dunn County the first county system of traveling libraries in the state, consisting of thirty-five collections, and he maintained these libraries until the time of his death. He was one of the trustees of the Tainter Memorial, with its fine free library. Elected first in 1894, he served for sixteen years in the State Senate and nearly all of that time was the Chairman of the Committee on Education. It would exceed the limits of this chapter to tell of all of Mr. Stout's good deeds. The ruling motive of his life was service to others, and he accomplished his object not so much by helping individuals, but by carrying out large plans that benefited humanity in a broad sense. Because he worked on a well-conceived plan, his efforts were more potent for good than those of many phi- lanthropists who give much more, but in a less thoughtful manner. His biographer says: "In the educational develop- 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 467 ment of Menomonie, Mr. Stout invested upwards of $600,- 000." As the domestic science department grew, it became necessary to provide living places for women students. The old Tainter property was purchased for dormitory purposes and the beautiful grounds became a part of the Stout campus. In 1907 the spacious residence overlooking Lake Menomonie became Bertha Tainter Hall, capable of accommodating about thirty young women and providing them with a beautiful home environment. Miss Nellie W. Farnsworth, teacher of physiology and hygiene in the Stout Institute, was placed in charge with the title of preceptress. The next year the Tainter Annex, another dormitory on the same grounds, added accommodations for about fifty more. To look at the dignified structure, with its fine approach, one would scarcely recognize the large, old barn in which Captain Tainter's many fine horses were kept, and which now, at a great expenditure of money, had been adapted to serve the needs of this growing school.

L. D. Harvey and the Stout Institute

In a previous section has been told when and how Mr. Harvey took charge of educational affairs in Menomonie, and the changes effected which created the Stout Training School for teachers. The interest and generosity of Mr. Stout in the expansion and development of educational interests in Menomonie seemed to be equaled by his confidence in Mr. Harvey to know and do what was best, according to the needs and demands of the times. The next change came in 1908, when the schools were incorporated as the Stout Institute: Fpr the purpose of carrying on the work of the Stout Training Schools and such other lines of educational work as might seem best. 468 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

The manual training building and equipment, the gymnasium and natatorium, the dormitories and other real estate and property heretofore devoted to the uses of the Training Schools were donated and transferred to the corporation by Mr. Stout; and that body, by its articles of incorporation, was authorized to hold and administer the same and such other property or funds as might be made available from whatever sources, for the purposes for which the institution was founded.5 A well-planned, well-executed program of publicity carried on by Mr. Harvey had given nation-wide information about the "Menomonie Idea"—the importance of vocational studies for the all-round development of the individual, and their general economic and social values. Articles in several popular periodicals, with pictures of buildings, classroom equipment, activities, and of finished products, had a wide-spread effect upon ideas and ideals, and in starting similar institutions in other localities. Mr. Harvey had more calls than he could respond to for lectures on vocational education, and the Proceedings of the N.E.A. contain instruc- tive addresses. His leadership was nationally recognized. Large numbers of visitors came to see this "Mecca of the New Education" as the Stout Institute was called. Teachers of the highest qualifications procurable were brought to the institute; graduates went out to take positions of responsibility, Mr. Harvey reporting in 1908 that they were teaching in twenty-one states. The reputation of the school increased and the Mecca of observers and investiga- tors became the Mecca of students seeking the special training offered. All this development Mr. Harvey engineered, and all of its operations he watched. Classroom contact with every student in the manual training department, at least, was had with Mr. Harvey through their study of psychology. The vigorous discipline he gave them in independent thinking and exact expression was an experience not soon to be forgotten. 5 Bulletin of September, 1908. 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 469

In 1908 trade schools for plumbing and bricklaying were started. These schools were open to students who were residents of Menomonie, but one of the chief purposes in organizing them was to determine what could be done in these two trades by high school boys while carrying on their regular academic work—to determine the cost and the conditions under which such work might be carried on, so that other communities interested in undertaking it might have some definite data on which to proceed. The same year another experiment began. This was the home-makers school, whose purpose was to work out the problem of the practical instruction of young women to fit them for the responsibilities of home life. Founded in the belief that home-making is a serious business, and that specific preparation for it is really worthwhile, it offered courses touching all important phases of a woman's duties in the home. These two were the developments that I was especially interested in watching during my last year in Menomonie.

Something about My Work and Associates in Menomonie

Mr. Harvey's letter quoted previously, gave the general idea that two quite distinct pieces of work had been laid out for me. One was to assist him in his capacity as superintendent of the public schools, the lower grades being my especial charge; the other was that of teaching certain subjects in the kindergarten training school, looking forward to the added responsibility of conducting the graduate course when the demand for it should develop. The kindergarten training school had been in operation for seven years, and kindergartens, as a part of the public school system for a considerably longer period. So Miss Binzel found herself in a well-established situation although 470 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June in the light of more recent studies changes in curriculum and management were thought necessary. But my position was an experiment and how it turned out will now be related. First, the teaching part of my work. The kindergarten training school was located in two rooms on the second floor of the manual training building, and it was there I taught the classes assigned to me. The subjects were very acceptable—literature and public speaking, which took me back to the days of my high school teaching; and primary pedagogics —a field of thought familiar from my Stevens Point experience, and here to be taken by a very well prepared and appreciative class of young; women in their senior year. In the spring, nature study was taken up, and for this Menomonie and its environs presented ideal conditions. A ten-minute walk from the school brought us to an almost undisturbed stretch of forest. As one looked northward from the heart of the residence district, the tops of towering pines could be seen, and the dense foliage of tall hardwood trees. Menomonie had had the prescience to preserve intact on the adjacent steep slope of Lake Menomonie, this valuable remnant of the past. The main business street extending eastward ran along the top of the bank, and after passing the library and a few other buildings, one looked off of Main Street into a natural tangle of growths, in the midst of the giants of the old forest—a most enticing place for a nature lover, and filled with interesting objects for study. There the migrating birds in greater variety than I had ever known, swarmed in the spring. These little travellers had followed the silver guide-line of the Mississippi, until the Chippewa had led them to the Red Cedar, and the banks of Lake Me- nomonie, which evidently covered the flood plain of the river, dammed back for a great log reservoir. I remember being surprised once when the water was low, to see stumps of great trees come to view at the bottom of Lake Menomonie. 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 471

Early morning excursions, with my enthusiastic class of girls, are among my pleasantest memories of Menomonie. Equipped with good field glasses we identified warblers of great variety, and many other transients on their way to the North. The song of the hermit thrush—a rare voice—became familiar. When absorbed in our quest, time sped by, and in all too short a time the boom of the great clock on the tower of the Stout Manual Training Building warned us that we must climb the bank to the street to pass stores and other business houses on our way back to school—the city all this time having been "so near, and yet so far." I found in Mrs. Charles F. Niles, wife of the Unitarian minister, a most valuable help and inspiration in this bird study, as she was to others of similar interests. Mrs. Niles had called wide attention to Menomonie by serving as a "station" for the National Audubon Society. She kept track of winter bird visitors, and of migrating activities, reporting them to headquarters, and thus contributing valuable assistance to the studies being carried on by that organization. There comes to mind in this connection something which it also gives me pleasure to mention. It is an instance of how the cooperation of the youth of Menomonie started the making of this wild bank into a municipal park, and, incidentally, furthered the work of my class in nature study. One spring, that of 1907 or 1908, the high school boys under the direction of the principal, George A. Works, laid out a path along the side of this steep wooded bank, and made a descent to it that was easier and safer than the old one. This path, which ran along at a short distance up from the water's edge, was leveled into the hillside, and, with bridges of logs over narrow ravines, and rustic railings along dangerous spots, there was furnished by this "Trail," as it was called, a convenient and easy means for walking through this delightful stretch of 472 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June woods. Trunks of old trees that seemed to have fallen con- veniently for such purposes made good resting places. Pulling myself away from those delightful memories, and returning to the general topic of my teaching in Menom- onie, there does not seem much to say. It was interesting to reorganize my work in the light of new knowledge and needed adaptation. I came in contact with all the students in the kindergarten training school—a fine group of young women, as, almost without exception, those who elect the kindergarten as their field of work, are found to be. A few ap- plicants for the third-year course came the second year, and a few more the last year. Their practice teaching was carried on in the public schools. A special course with these small groups in the Philosophy of Education allowed an intimacy of touch and a freedom of discussion that are pleasant recollections. Barring some disillusionment in regard to the importance of my position, which was a rather hard blow when first realized, and barring some disappointment and inconvenience in not being provided with something in the way of an office or headquarters—a room, however small, that I could call my own—this part of my work was, on the whole, as viewed now, a rather satisfactory experience, and seems to call for no further comment. I will add, however, in regard to the latter complaint implied above, that the second year, through the kindness of the high school principal, I was assigned for headquarters the teachers' rest room in the high school building. This arrangement naturally did not increase my popularity with some of them, but my connection with the public schools seemed to justify it. I desire here to express my appreciation of the young high school principal mentioned, who held that position throughout the three years of my stay in Menomonie. It was during the last year of my work there that a movement, 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 473 led if not initiated by Dr. F. C. Sharp of the University of Wisconsin, was in progress in Wisconsin to interest school people in the formulation of a course in ethics suitable for public school use. It was in this connection, as a sort of experiment, that I was asked by Mr. Works to take a group of senior high school boys for the discussion of problems per- taining to business ethics and of the basic elements of success. With one or two available textbooks and my backing of experience, I was moved to the rash act of undertaking it. I recall my interest in the work, and the encouraging reaction of the boys; also that at the close of the experiment several of them expressed regret that they had not been caused earlier to think of the questions discussed, as it would have affected their attitude towards much of the requirements of their course, for which they had seen no use. All of which comment from these thoughtful boys served to fix more firmly my conviction that teachers are frequently very derelict in not giving students a vision of purposes and objectives in educational requirements. Mr. Works stayed in Menomonie until 1911. His career in educational work includes thirteen years in Cornell Uni- versity, New York, besides shorter terms of service elsewhere, one of which was that of Dean of the Graduate Li- brary School of the University of Chicago. January 1, 1931, he was appointed Dean of Students and University Examiner at the University of Chicago, an office newly created by act of the University Senate at the request of Presi- dent R. M. Hutchins. Another connection that was always agreeable was that with the business woman in Mr. Harvey's office, Miss Fran- cesca Louise Otto, Ms secretary and general office assistant. After leaving Menomonie and teaching for years in the commercial department of an high school in Oakland, Cali- 474 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June fornia, she has recently retired from active work and is living in Berkeley. My work as assistant to Mr. Harvey in supervision included the first four grades. The fact that I received from the public school board one-third of my salary seems to indicate the portion of my time and energy that was expected for this work. I found it necessary to visit five different buildings, four of which were in the city proper. One of these was already familiar, the high school building, which accommodated a kindergarten and all the grades as well as the high school. The kindergarten occupied a beautiful, sunny, south room on the first floor of that building with Miss Binzel in charge. The children of the grades were also very comfortably and beautifully located. All these rooms were under the inspection of the many visitors from far and near, and certainly did not detract from the impression thus made of the "perfection" of the Menomonie school system. This impression I also gained as a visitor, but it was destined to be considerably modified in some respects by the conditions which I found as I made my rounds of the outside elementary schools; for, coupled with these impressions was the troublesome ideal which I held that a really good school system was one that afforded as nearly as was possible equally good housing and up-to-date facilities for all the community's children. On the east side of the city was the latest city educational project, a new one-story brick building, comfortable and quite well-equipped; but the Menomonie school system also included schools to which no visitors were proudly conducted. This was true of two old buildings that must have dated back to early Menomonie days. They were filled with children from the poorer sections of the city and were far from comfortable, especially in the winter season. It was in their vicinity that Mr. Stout had built and maintained one of the 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 475 kindergartens previously mentioned. An external camou- flage of landscape gardening, attributable, I believe, to Mr. Stout's civic pride in the city's appearance, suggested something better within those old buildings than poor, old, worn floors, stove heat, and out-dated equipment, while the repute of Menomonie for love of art caused one to expect to find a few good pictures lending their silent influence for the bet- terment of the lives of these children who needed it most. But of the latter I found none. The fifth school was at North Menomonie, two or three miles away. It was a sort of deserted village, the lumber- mill center of former days, and now populated largely by those of Scandinavian origin. A very distinct recollection connected with my supervisory duties was that of occasionally catching the teachers' bus in the early morning hours, and going with them to North Menomonie, an experience not unpleasant in some seasons, but rather trying in zero weather. I was always sure of the company of Mary Ehrhard, the faithful kindergarten teacher of the North Menomonie school, another of those given to the city by Mr. Stout. But here comes the great compensatory thing for the children from the poor environment just described, and of which all others gladly availed themselves. This also was due to the philanthropic interest of Mr. Stout. To the manual training building every boy in the city, when he attained the suitable age, could come for training in the manual arts in wood and metal. If he were able to go on with the high school, he could learn the foundation of several trades— an advantage of which the sons of the professional and business class, appreciating its educational value, availed themselves as generally as did those of the working class. In that building, also, all girls were taught woman's work in the home. 476 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

In the natatorium all boys and girls could learn to swim under competent instructors, schedules being arranged which kept the equipment busy much of the time. It was said to have been Mr. Stout's express purpose and desire that every child in Menomonie should be taught how to swim. If I remember correctly, they became eligible for this privilege upon attaining sixth grade. Under the adjoining roof in- door athletics were carried on, but I do not know how extended this privilege was. My chief duty was to do what I could to improve the teaching of the common branches, and that I endeavored to do, finding most of the teachers ready to receive suggestions.

Some E Mr a Doings—Professional and Otherwise

After resigning at Stevens Point in 1906, I was asked by W. N. Parker, editor of The Wisconsin Journal of Edu- cation, to take charge of a section of that paper called "In the School Room." An artistic heading appeared in the issues for 1906-07, containing my name as editor and an- nouncing "Practical Helps and Suggestions for Teachers in Elementary Schools." I accepted the offer without knowing what my duties at Menomonie would be, and after that, did the best I could, but found it very burdensome at times. The compensation was small, but there was furnished an opportunity to "write myself clear" on certain subjects that seemed to me important. Some of my friends readily agreed to help with the contribution of articles along the line of their thought, and thus I managed to fill from five to ten pages each month. That summer I went to Lincoln, Nebraska, to visit my son who was there in the employ of the Lincoln Gas and Electric Company. In Lincoln I availed myself of the summer session of the University of Nebraska, and had an in- 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 477 teresting season. One course I took was in literature under a disciple of Dr. L. A. Sherman, whose doctrine (I think I may call it such) set forth in a book called The Analytics of Literature seemed then to dominate the teaching of literature in that state and also influenced the teaching of composition. The atmosphere of Lincoln—not the physical atmosphere, for Lincoln has a very hot climate in summer, but the Sherman atmosphere—moved me to write for The Wis- consin Journal of Education a series of lessons on "Com- position in the Elementary Schools" using the motivation suggested by the "Nebraska idea." The result appeared in the issues of that magazine for the years 1906-07. I have recently gone over these articles again, and think still as I did then. In closing the series, I said that however imperfectly the thing was done, these articles in composition were an attempt not only to suggest how composition work might be made to stimulate observation and reflection, but how to stimulate observation and reflection along lines that lead out to and influence conduct. Today, a quarter of a century later, we would say that they aimed at "character education." Regular work for this school journal continued for two years longer, or until I left Menomonie. It may be interesting to know that it was during that summer in Lincoln that I had my first ride in an automobile. I came out of the experience tired out, and the next day felt in my muscles the strain of having involuntarily helped the driver of that machine turn corners, climb hills, descend slopes, avoid collisions, and stop. In the summer of 1907 I went abroad. Some real estate was sold and without hesitation I reinvested the proceeds in a travel enterprise with the Bureau of University Travel of Boston. I sailed from Boston on June 19 with 217 others aboard the White Star liner Cymric, a cattle-boat bound for Liverpool. We were told that the selection of this boat 478 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June for the transport of that valuable living freight down in the hold, provided human passengers a smooth passage. The several hundred Texas steers below, destined as they were for the Liverpool market, did not affect us, while they provided a way for a fine lot of college boys to earn their passage by serving as valets to them. H. H. Powers, art critic and author, was in personal charge of the trip, and along with him, as assistants and group leaders, were several scholarly men of exceptional ability, prepared by previous trips with this bureau for the services to be rendered. Among them were Professor E. W. Clark of Ripon College, Professor O. P. Fairfield of Law- rence College, Appleton, and Professor A. C. Flick of Syra- cuse University. Professor Theodore Lyman Wright of Beloit College, a man of fine personality, joined the company in Europe.6 Among the passengers were President Charles McKenny of the Milwaukee Normal School, and President J. W. Crabtree of the Peru, Nebraska, Normal School, who was the leader of a large Nebraska party.7 In charge of baggage was Ralph E. Towle, now with the American Express Company travel department, wTho proved his ability by keeping track, through the many changes, of that great pile of portmanteaus. Among women passengers whom I found congenial was Mrs. Flavia Canfield, mother of Dorothy Canfield Fisher, who eighteen years after, by a strange coincidence, was a member with myself of a larger company aboard the SS. California, destined, as she told me when acquaintance was renewed, for a trip "Around the World at Eighty," which became the title of a book published in 1926 telling about it. 6 The naming of an art hall at Beloit College in honor of this lover of the beautiful, and inspiring teacher, perpetuates his memory. 7 Mr. Crabtree became known in. Wisconsin as president of the River Falls Normal School, and is now known throughout the United States, among edu- cators especially, as the secretary of the National Educational Association. 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 479

Scattered through the titles in the passenger list appear frequently "Reverend/' "Doctor," "Judge," and "Professor." Since competent leadership and good companionship are the determining factors in the success and the pleasure of such a travel trip, ours certainly started out with great promise. But one event of the voyage will be mentioned, and that only for the sake of comparison. On the evening of the second day out we were thrilled by the announcement that a "marconigram" would be sent out from the Cymric to the Ryndam which had sailed from New York on the same day as we, carrying another bureau party to join us in Paris. All were asked to try their hand at composing the message that would be carried on the air, and the one finally selected was this: "The Cymric party greets you and in Paris hopes to meet you." A lecture ensued and, at its close, the reply was read: "The Ryndam returns the greeting and hopes that all is well." My diary at this point marvels at the mys- tery and wonder of it all—my first experience touching the phenomenon of radio—new, a quarter of a century ago! An admirable feature of the plans of the Bureau of University Travel, as is well known to many, is that the groups for sight-seeing excursions are small. The one I was a member of consisted of seventeen, and we had as leader most of the time, Dr. C. L. Babcock, who joined us in Liver- pool.8 He was by profession an archeologist, and with him we "did" the great museums, which became in the light of his knowledge, as interesting as were the art galleries with Dr. Powers. But under the leadership of the latter, the great art galleries of Europe were the chief interests of the trip— London, Paris, Rome, Naples, Florence, and Venice. His- toric buildings and scenes were not omitted, but very little time was used for those sights which, although popular, were 8 He is now with the travel department of the American Express Company in New York City. 480 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June considered not so much worthwhile. That this was a real school is shown by the plan followed. This plan was to call us all together in the evening to listen to a lecture by Dr. Powers on what we would be taken to see the next day. This I recall was regularly done in Rome, Florence, and Venice. Forme, with my meager education along art lines this was a highly esteemed privilege. I cannot take space in this article to give even the itiner- ary of the trip. I pass to the final days of it, to me a wonderful experience, for which I was a little better prepared. There was offered an optional trip of ten days in Greece, and I took it with fifty or sixty others. We were divided at Naples into two parties, one of which would go to Athens by way of the sea, the trip being made in a yacht owned and operated by the bureau, and especially adapted to the purposes intended. The yacht was named the Athena. The other party went across Italy to Brindisi, on the Adriatic Sea, thence by steamer to Patras situated on the northwest shoulder of the southern portion of Greece. From there by rail we traveled eastward near the northern coast line of old Peloponnesus, now Morea, crossed the Isthmus and arrived at Athens. When, under the guidance of Professor O. P. Fairfield and Professor T. L. Wright, we were through with sight- seeing in and about Athens, those who had gone the other way arrived at the old port of Piraeus, and we took their places aboard the Athena. Our objectives now were certain shrines of Ancient Greece. We traveled from port to port at night, and the days were filled with visits under our competent leadership to places which were the scenes of great events in the history of that wonderful old civilization whose influence has reached down through the ages. This whole trip somehow took hold of me as nothing else had done, and I vainly wished that an opportunity might 1932] Memoirs of Mary B. Bradford 481 somehow be afforded me to teach Greek history again, as I had attempted to do in the Kenosha high school years before—teach it with the knowledge, the vision, and the feeling which come from actual contact with historic scenes, for it is certain, as Lowell has said, that "Where great deeds were done, a power abides that lives." The Athena was to carry us to Brindisi, there to take a train for Naples to catch our boat for home. An accident off the coast of Corfu delayed us a whole day. We arrived at Naples in time, but with sight-seeing and shopping necessarily curtailed. Just seventy-seven days from the time I left Boston I was there again, and as soon as possible was back at my post in Menomonie—poor in purse but rich with memories. I was moved then with the desire to share with others these riches which, as you see, the long lapse of time since then has not entirely destroyed. The kindergarten girls got a reason- able share through a series of travel talks especially gotten up for them. Another consequence of the trip, for the benefit of the children of Menomonie, will be mentioned in my next topic.

Two Years More in the Stout Institute

At the risk of being considered a little out of balance on the subject of the importance of right aesthetic influences on children, I will again revert to the subject of art instruction observed in Menomonie. Mention has already been made of the fine arts course. It was perfect to a fault, and the ideal expression of it could be seen in Miss Murphy's office. I refrain here from expressing my judgment regarding this wonderful course, which, from the first day of the first week of the first year, to the last day of the last week of the last year of a child's public school progress, had been 482 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June worked out as a guide for the teachers who were under strict orders to follow it. I was told that Mr. Stout had paid for the illustration of this course, largely the work of Miss Mur- phy herself. With such evidence of her love of the beautiful as was afforded by this course and by the art museum collected, arranged, and guarded by her, in that impressive art museum described earlier, I could not understand her evident disre- gard of the silent but sure cultural influence of good pictures upon the children for whom her elaborate course had been planned. Knowing Mr. Stout's confidence in her, I felt sure that any plans for such school decoration would have been supported by him, in whose generous heart the children of Menomonie had so large a place; but guidance in that direction seemed to have been lacking. I found in every building evidence of Mr. Stout's generosity in supplying what some one evidently had persuaded him to believe to be a helpful adjunct in the education of the young. These were cases of stuffed birds, beautifully mounted and arranged with naturalistic environment in- geniously supplied—as fine a display of the taxidermist's art as I had ever seen. Almost every elementary school room in the city had one of these cases, and they must have cost a large amount of money. Attention seems to have been given to what some one had thought to be the proper disposition of these gifts: for the cases of beautiful little birds—humming birds, warblers, sparrows, vireos, etc., were in the primary grades, and those displaying large game birds were placed higher up the line. It was a most inclusive collection and could all these cases have been brought together in a museum, a finer display, or one more valuable for bird study along the line of identification could scarcely have been found. But this seemed to me to be an instance of misdirected generosity. I regarded the cases of stuffed birds as entirely 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 483 out of place, especially in the primary grades where in some rooms they were placed in front. But the situation could be and was at least partly corrected. So far as I could get the cooperation of teachers, the dead birds were screened from sight by curtains hung in front of the cases. The next question was how to get acceptable decorations—good pictures, especially for those districts where they were most needed, and which the elementary schools generally lacked. There had developed in me through the years, and nurtured in the atmosphere of Stevens Point, some persistent theories about the rights of children to their spiritual heri- tage of art in all of its forms—painting and sculpture as well as music and literature. The travel experiences just related had greatly strengthened this belief, and I resolved to get some pictures for the schools. I did not go to Mr. Stout about it; for evidence had been borne in upon me that the public needed to have their sense of responsibility touched in some way. I felt that many had lost that "precious pos- session of local initiative and responsibility," which President Hoover mentioned in a recent message. I had been irritated by the complacent attitude of some who, it seemed to me, took to themselves too large a share of the credit for the celebrity which their city had won largely through the generosity of one man. While it should not be forgotten that public spiritedness had been shown by the little city in the erection of their high school only a few years ago, yet existing imperfections in other parts of the system did not seem to disturb them. In this connection, just for the purpose of comparing then and now, attention is called to the fact that at that time there was no Parent-Teacher organization to use for the promotion of school benefits, through an aroused sense of responsibility for their schools. At that time the Turner Art Company of Boston was furthering the cause of appreciation of good pictures by 484 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June sending exhibits to places that desired them. To those en- gaging the exhibit, this Turner Company furnished for several months before the time, folders for study by the pupils. They contained miniature views of the pictures, with descriptions and interpretations, and with a short biographical sketch of the artist. The teachers cooperated in a fine way. The exhibit of fully 200 good carbon copies of great paint- ings came and was set up in the well-lighted room rented for the purpose. The Woman's Club lent the aid of publicity and patronage. A small admission fee was charged. Chil- dren sold tickets and credit for it went to their room. They flocked to the exhibit; their preliminary study having quick- ened their interest and appreciation. Enough was realized to purchase pictures for every school, and the children had a voice in determining choices for their respective rooms. Perhaps, I have emphasized too greatly this episode of my work for the Menomonie public schools; but, as is probably true, it furnished the only tangible, although unrecog- nized evidence existing to-day, of my service there. I have mentioned J. W. Crabtree as a member of the Bureau Company. With him and Mrs. Crabtree I had enjoyed very pleasant travel experiences. Through his interest in me, I was invited to speak in Lincoln to the teachers of Nebraska attending the state convention there at holiday time. This I did, taking part in several programs and greatly enjoying the stimulating new contacts. I was happy, too, because circumstances had thus provided me an opportunity to see my son. A recouping of finances being probably urgent, the summer of 1908 was filled with institute work. Institutes were held at Merrill, with Asa M. Royce of Superior as leader; Horicon, with George Shutts of Whitewater as leader, and a third at Antigo. 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 485

The following fall brought a change in my manner of living. My niece had graduated from the kindergarten training school and had responded to a call for a kindergartner made to the school from Santa Barbara, California. I found a pleasant home with the family of James A. Decker. At holiday time that year, I went again to Lincoln, Nebras- ka, to attend the wedding of my son to Miss Lulu Roth, a kindergartner in the Lincoln schools. As the year wore on, Miss Binzel became very dissatisfied with the way things were going. Our department had not been advertised by Mr. Harvey, nor its interests pushed in any way, while those of the other two schools, manual training and domestic science, were always in the spot light. She believed the kindergarten training school was destined to extinction, and finally when the year was about half over she learned that her suspicions were true. She resigned and went West, having found a position in Utah. Her place was filled by a woman who gave up a good position in Iowa to take it, attracted by the great national prestige which the Stout schools had won, and evidently believing that she was benefiting herself by the change. We went out together when the school year closed. I did not "choose" to accept the offer of Mr. Harvey to remain as a teacher in the Institute. It had not happened for a long time that I had not known before quitting one position what my next one would be. Now, I felt that perhaps the time had come for me to quit, for a time at least. I had been steadily at work for twenty- five years, and the thought of leisure to do some of the things that I wanted to do—study for instance along the lines suggested by the European trip—was a rather inviting prospect. That summer, 1909, Mr. Crabtree had asked me to teach in the summer school at Peru, Nebraska, where he was president. The National Education Association met that year in Denver. So for these professional reasons the West called 486 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June me, and a third personal one may be added—the desire to visit my son and his wife in their new home. At Denver I was joined by Miss Binzel, and we enjoyed the great meeting together. It was there that President Albert Salisbury offered me the position of supervisor of practice teaching in the Whitewater, Wisconsin, Normal School, and I accepted. After Denver came the engagement at Peru, where I enjoyed my work and became acquainted with other species of the genus homo than "Badgers." Everything was delightful but the climate. August found me back in Lincoln, and at the opening of the school year I was in Whitewater.

Explanations and Closing Comments

The causes leading to the dropping of the kindergarten training school as explained by Mr. Harvey are readily understood and were well grounded. In the first place, state normal schools—Milwaukee for the east and Superior for the west and north—had training schools for kindergart- ners, and another was not needed. In the second place, the demands for teachers of manual training and domestic science were constantly increasing, and room for the expansion of these schools was needed. The only criticism that was attached to the change was Mr. Harvey's lack of frankness with those concerned—his treatment of Miss Binzel's successor being among these. In any review of Mr. Harvey's characteristics as a man, the first one to come to mind is that of leadership, as his record as the State Superintendent of Schools and at Me- nomonie shows. Of the two types of leadership, the militaristic and the shepherd type, he was distinctly the former. His followers and adherents recognized in him a bold, pur- poseful, clear-headed commander and they fell in line, even though sometimes rebellious at heart. The logic of his posi- 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 487

tion on different questions was unassailable, and they stood by, although irritated by his arbitrariness, as in the case of the ' 'pedagogical ukase" on the Four Fundamentals related in a previous chapter. But his followers did not form a fold, wherein exists the potent, adhesive force of confidence in and love for, the personality of the leader. Had his leadership possessed a little of the latter quality, it would have magni- fied his influence and might have saved him from the political disappointment of 1903. This is a woman's view of him, who, while she admired him for his many excellent qualities, was cognizant of his faults. She would in closing add this personal note. She thinks now that she was distinctly benefited by her association with him in spite of what she suffered. She needed more of the militaristic quality in her professional life; and the observation of his manner of handling questions, and the necessity on her part of "doing combat" for self-preservation developed what was useful to her in her future administrative efforts. Mr. Stout died December 10, 1910. In 1911 the school was taken over by the state, and passed under the control and management of the State Board of Vocational Educa- tion. For its early development Mr. Stout was the chief factor; then for seven years he and Mr. Harvey worked together, and when the school became a state institution, it was Mr. Harvey alone who brought about legislation providing for appropriations for its maintenance and for new buildings and equipment. The results of his efforts are seen in the trades building, south of the first manual training building, and in the household arts building across from the gymnasium and natatorium. In 1917 the legislature extended the course to four years and endowed the Stout Institute with degree granting power. 488 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June

Mr. Harvey's death occurred in June, 1922. Since 1923 Burton E. Nelson has been the president of Stout Institute, for which important post he had demonstrated his preparation by his long experience as superintendent of schools of Racine, and his initiative and success in forwarding the cause of vocational education under the legislation of 1911—the first public vocational school in the Central West having been that in Racine.

CHAPTER XIV

A YEAR AT THE WHITEWATER NORMAL SCHOOL

HEN my old friend, Mr. Pray, heard that I was to Wteach under Mr. Salisbury, he, knowing us both, wrote me a letter from which I quote a paragraph. The letter is dated August 30, 1909, and was written at Lewiston, Penn- sylvania. It may be remembered that after Mr. Pray suffered the unprecedented injustice of being turned out of the presidency of the Stevens Point Normal School, as told in Chapter XII, he became a traveling salesman for a tea and coffee house, his field being that of educational institutions in eastern states, a business in which the money appreciation, as is often the case, exceeded that accorded his educational endeavor. The paragraph reads: You and Mr. Salisbury are two of my best and most loyal friends, and I very much want you to like each other. His is a rugged personality, often rough and harsh^ never purposely unkind. Very direct and to the point, he tramples flower beds, metaphorically, where he would never think of doing so literally. He will never say worse of you than to you. and you don't have to study deeply into his utterances to know what he thinks. He would be more nearly esteemed as he deserves, if he thot more about putting the best foot forward; but his oldest friends are his best and that tells you a good deal. By the end of the year you will have things in better perspective. [Signed] T. B. Pray 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 489

This is a good characterization by one who had worked with Mr. Salisbury for many years, and seems to meet my needs here, better than anything that might be said. I had never known Mr. Salisbury intimately. Everybody in Wis- consin who had attended state conventions had heard his eloquent plea for the cause of the feeble-minded, knew of the long, persistent fight he had set up for these unfortunates; and that the Home for the Feeble-Minded at Chippewa was due to his efforts more than to those of any other person. But I rather dreaded him, remembering that he had once in a convention drawn attention to "a woman in the Kenosha high school" who was recommending graduates to go to Osh- kosh when there was a normal school nearer by to which that section owed allegiance. Once at Stevens Point soon after my promotion to the place of supervisor of practice there, he had asked me how I had come without a degree to the position I was holding. The bluntness and aggressiveness of his question stung me like an insult, and he was promptly referred to Mr. Pray for his answer. Sol was really surprised at Denver to be asked to take a position in his school, and my feelings toward him caused considerable hesitation before ac- cepting. I shall never forget the morning of my arrival at White- water. Mr. Salisbury had at that time acquired an automobile and met me at the station to convey me to his home, where I would stay until I found a boarding place. The automobile was one of the buggy sort—one in which although the shafts for the horse were lacking, other ancestral traces quite as useless were retained. There was the regular old dashboard, lacking only the socket for the whipstock. I mounted and sat in the regular buggy seat with the driver, who took hold of the handle at the end of an iron rod bend- ing upward from the floor, touched something with his foot 490 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June and off we started. Mrs. Salisbury proved very congenial, and friendly relations with her were immediately established. About my work in Whitewater, little need be said. It was the same sort of position as that held at Stevens Point- supervision of the Practice School, with a daily class of students in the subject of elementary methods. Miss Grace Potter, primary; Miss May Kay, intermedi- ate, and Miss Nettie Sayles, grammar grades, were my immediate associates. I came into very pleasant relations with the faculty, several of whom I had known before, and two of whom were Stevens Point graduates of my day. I heard frequent comments from the older members of the faculty about the change that had come over Mr. Salis- bury. A year or two before, he had been sent on some sort of an educational commission to England. Upon his return he had introduced a surprising innovation into faculty meetings. We assembled at scheduled time—once in two weeks, if I remember rightly, and the program began with the serving of tea and crackers or cakes, different committees of the faculty successively taking charge of this delightful social feature of the occasion. It is easy to imagine what a really nice thing that was. Relaxation came after the strain of the day's teaching, pleasant conversation and social contact dispelled the teachery attitude, and after the rest of a half hour, we were in a better mood to hear the business of the day. There was another thing that bespoke the liberation of his soul from the formalism of his old ideals, the expression perhaps of a long repressed desire. He learned to manipu- late a player piano and to do it with a fine appreciation of the feeling to be expressed, which even a careful following of the interpretative instructions does not alone enable one to do. I remember a social evening at the president's home 1932] Memoirs of Mary B.Bradford 491

when he contributed much to our entertainment by his play- ing of good music. This was the year in which State Superintendent Cary asked me to revise the reading work of the Manual of the Course of Study for Common Schools, written at Stevens Point in 1906. Not an hour of school time was allowed for this piece of service for the state, and again it had to be done evenings after busy days. It cost me needed time for sleep. I got nothing for it—even the privilege of paying for the typing was not denied me—and I should have been allowed time for it. It was known to have occurred that people writing books from which personal benefit was expected, took school time for it. Women have much to learn from men in these matters! But I lived through it, and have I not just found this compensatory note of appreciation from Mr. Cary dated March 18, 1910? It says: We are under great obligations to you for the work you have put on this outline in reading. I have not yet had an opportunity to look it over, but knowing as I do how successful the first outline was, I am prepared to believe that this will be even more successful. In the spring of 1910, a letter was received from a member of the school board of Kenosha saying that there would be a vacancy in the superintendency there and asking me to apply for the position. This I did, and received an acknowl- edgment from G. H. Curtiss, president of the school board, dated April 20, 1910. When in Milwaukee that week, Mr. Salisbury heard about it, and called me in for an interview. This is the gist of the talk that ensued: "I heard in Mil- waukee yesterday that you are an applicant for the superintendency of the Kenosha schools. Is it true?" I answered that it was. Whereupon his nostrils dilated as was their wont when he became excited, and he told me that I was foolish to think that I could manage such a job. Superin- 492 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford [June tendencies were for men—not women. A woman couldn't do it! He acknowledged that I had made something of a reputation in Wisconsin, and now I would "spoil it all by a failure at the end." He would try to get my wages raised if I would remain at Whitewater. I recalled that he had prom- ised the same thing at Denver. Then he bluntly asked, "How much will you get at Kenosha?" I said, "Probably $2,000." He abruptly turned to his desk and by an impa- tient gesture and with an air of utter disgust indicated to me that the interview was at an end. Let us look for a moment at some of the influences that affected this very unusual act of the Kenosha school board. I was well known in Kenosha. There were two men on the school board who had been pupils of mine in the high school years before, and another's wife had been at one time a pupil of mine. Mrs. Ella Flagg Young was then the superintendent of the Chicago schools, and this had lodged the idea that a woman could do it. A telegram from Kenosha called me for a Sunday interview with the Teachers' Committee and I went. I well remember the general purport of the conversation and that in the course of it I had reminded the members that times had greatly changed since I had left Kenosha, sixteen years before. That then the school board ran the schools, but that now specialists had come into the field, whom the school boards hired as their executives, while they attended to the administrative end of things; that three important special duties belonged to these executives—the choice of teachers, the selection of textbooks, and the formulation of the course of study, all of which duties a properly qualified superintendent would do, and with only the best interests of the schools in view. Of course, I was not anticipating trouble about the second and third of the prerogatives named, but felt pretty 1932] Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford 493 strongly about the first, having heard that my predecessor had not always had his say about the selection of teachers. Having been "called" to the position, and not being anx- ious to leave the normal school field, I met the committee, feeling sufficiently independent to lay down the conditions upon which I would accept: (1) That I should receive the same salary that they expected to pay a man. (There were about fifty candidates in the field); (2) That the selection of teachers should be an undisturbed prerogative, for the execu- tion of which my long experience in training school work had qualified me; (3) That Kenosha children should have teachers with normal school training or the equivalent. There was strong opposition to the last named condition. My argument for it that counted most was this: Kenosha had for years been paying taxes to support normal schools to train teachers for other cities, towns, and villages, and had received little in return. Their own children were in charge of untrained high school graduates or those of less scholarship. I named little crossroad towns in the woods of northern Wisconsin that for years had had nothing but the trained teachers whom Kenosha had helped to prepare for their work. The official notice came under date of May 11, telling me that I had been unanimously elected the superintendent of schools of Kenosha for one year. The same letter announced the resignation of P. J. Zimmers, to take effect June 1, two weeks before the close of the school. This resignation had been expected, but not his sudden leave-taking. Another resignation at that meeting was a surprise and much regretted. It was that of W. J. Hocking, principal of the high school since 1904, about whose work I had received most favorable reports. And that's how I came to go back to Kenosha as the superintendent of schools. I regarded it as a great opportun- 494 Memoirs of Mary D. Bradford ity to do two things which I determined to work for: to improve the school system of my native city, and to demon- strate that a woman could do it. The death of Mr. Salisbury occurred June 2,1911, when the proof had only begun. How I succeeded is another story. It is sufficient to say now that I was able to ward off or evade the "shafts and arrows of outrageous fortune"—at least fatal ones—for the period of eleven years. [To be continued] EDITORIAL COMMENT1

DEATH OF PROFESSOR TURNER

REDERICK Jackson Turner, a charter member of the Mis- F sissippi Valley Historical Association, and one of its most trusted advisers, died at his residence, 26 Oak Knoll Gar- dens, Pasadena, California, at seven o'clock, P.M.,, March 14, 1932. Exactly four months previously, November 14, 1931, he had celebrated the completion of man's allotted three score and ten years. It was much to be feared that if, "by reason of strength" his life span had been extended to four score years, that strength, as the Bible phrases it, would have been "labor and sorrow." But death, even grim death, as was fitting, dealt kindly in his case, gently bidding him

wrap the drapery of his couch About him, and lie down to pleasant dreams. One belonging to the older generation of historians finds it strange that there is already a younger group which, in the strict sense, "knew not Turner." Twenty-two years have passed since his translation to Cambridge from the Wiscon- sin chair with which his fame is most closely associated; and the retirement from Harvard occurred eight years ago. It was at Washington, December 28,1920, that he made his last appearance as a speaker before this Association. Many, therefore, of those who have joined our ranks during the past decade must have been deprived of that personal contact with Turner which older members prize as among the choicest gratifications of their professional careers.

1 Remarks made at the 25th Annual dinner of the Mississippi Valley Histori- cal Association, at Lincoln, Nebraska, April 29, 1932. .496 Editorial Comment [June

All can readily learn what Turner did; that is matter of record. What Turner was is known variously, and at best imperfectly, only to those who as students, friends, or professional associates had gained admittance to the treasure house of his mind and heart. This is neither the place nor the time to dilate lengthily upon the superlative merits of our departed friend. His young classmates forty-eight years ago prophesied what has become the general estimate of him in proclaiming there was

no senior with loftier intellect gifted, Nor with a finer soul, nor in virtue more absolute ever. Turner's career as an undergraduate, indeed, foresha- dowed his life achievements in a remarkable manner. A class notebook of his in the History of Ancient Institutions, embalming the scholarly lectures of William F. Allen, is perfect enough both from a literary and historical point of view, to justify publication as it stands. Those notes were made just fifty years ago. His work as a student in philosophy, in the ancient languages, in English literature, in Anglo-Saxon, in economics, was in every case thorough and distinguished; while an oration he pronounced on "The Poet of the Future," May, 1883, comes down the years in the memories of men as an artistic triumph up to the present un- equalled at the University of Wisconsin. "Born to the purple" intellectually, nurtured, schooled, and apprenticed as one destined to high emprise in the do- main of scholarship, Turner lived a life free from the strains and deformations incident to severely conscious self-mould- ing—a normal, healthy, joyous participator in the higher mental and social competitions of his day. Turner worked, but had no need to struggle, he ascended but did not climb. Each step he took was so natural, successive prizes attained FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER About 1892

1932] Editorial Comment 497

so well merited and inevitable, received moreover with such modesty and freedom from affectation, that potential jeal- ousies were disarmed and friendships strengthened rather than the reverse. His most penetrating biographer has happily said: "The easy aristocratic grace and charm of the friendly democrat from Portage, Wisconsin, had about it neither a shade more nor less of any manner for his high placed colleagues than for the obscurest graduate student." The question naturally arises, how it was that Turner, with the limited resources available at Madison, was able to develop one of the most notable of America's graduate schools of history. This quotation from Carl Becker contains a part of the answer. Other things being equal, men and women prefer to work under a leader instinctively recognized as a supreme gentleman. But when, to that character, is added not only the profound historian and the philosopher, but also the artist in speech and the poet in imaginative conception, even the unseeing feel the resulting blend as something strictly unique, to be enjoyed as a "gift of the gods." Hundreds of devotees of the social sciences, in all of which Turner figures as patron saint, have already been and are today, writing and speaking about what they owe to that creative mind, so catholic in its social sympathies, so wide- ranging in its scholarly interest. To that symposium it was a joy to contribute while the subject of it was still living.2 From diverse and now rapidly multiplying sources, the younger historians will be able to evaluate Turner's significance in American historiography and historical teaching. Through the scores of eulogies already uttered and printed, through the private testimonies of those who knew him, and not least from his own writings, they will in some measure 2Joseph Schafer, "The Author of the 'Frontier Hypothesis,'" Wisconsin Magazine of History, xv (September, 1931), 86-103. 498 Editorial Comment [June apprehend the nobility and worth of his character as man and as scholar. One concluding word should be added on his relation to the Far West, where destiny brought his career to a close. Wisconsin people will never cease to be proud that Fred- erick Jackson Turner was a native of that state, and there may be significance in the fact of his up-bringing at Por- tage—"the meeting of the waters." The Middle West was, and remained for many years, the principal field of his historical researches, but to him the East was in no sense an un- familiar land. His family history reached back to New York, with roots penetrating the stony but socially fertile soil of New England. 'Experience as a graduate student at Hopkins, contacts with historians and other friends belonging to eastern institutions, and studies of American history in the more inclusive sense, all tended to make that portion of the United States a fruitful extension of his intellectual and personal "homeland." He knew what "Cis- Appalachia" meant when used by eastern historians. But as late as 1910, at the presidential banquet to Turner in In- dianapolis, Laurence M. Larson, reminiscing about the Wis- consin class in History of the West, remarked: "When we got across the Rocky Mountains we lost our guide." Turner cheerfully assented, frankly acknowledging his want of detailed familiarity with the romantic story of the Pacific slope. He became, however, as eager a student of that history as of the Middle West. In 1906 for the first time he visited the coast, lecturing at the summer session in Berkeley. His enthusiasm for the region and the people was characteristic. "I am tempted," he wrote, in poetic mood, "to doff the academic gown, buy a little piece of this wonderfully fertile soil, and sit down under my own vine and fig tree where Asia looms large on the sea- rim." FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER September, 1931

1932] Editorial Comment 499

Eight years later a little conspiracy among history men at the two universities of Oregon and Washington brought him for a summer to the north Pacific coast. The next year he was once more at Berkeley and thereafter, as often as he found it possible to do so, he would cross the Rockies for that inter-semester season which has become a means of cos- mopolitanizing even the most provincial of American institutions of higher learning. In these ways he made himself a guide to students in Far West history, as he long had been in that of other sections. The transfer of his household to southern California, and acceptance of the office of research associate in the Hunting- ton Library, where his old friend Max Farrand became the director of research, was a happy solution to the problem of renewed contact with students which his abandonment of active teaching entailed. There he was able to continue his life's work of research in American history, to complete his most comprehensive book, The Nation and Its Sections. There younger scholars resorted to him for advice, guidance, inspiration, just as they had done at Wisconsin, Harvard, and the far western and inter-mountain summer schools for forty years. And there, between the two sublimities of mountain and of sea, the end came. It came after his day's work was done, when he was quietly resting in the precious intimacy of home and fireside. There, when the March sun that lighted his morning studies had but just dropped below the western horizon, death called and found him not unready. JOSEPH S CHAFER THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE

LOUISE PHELPS KELLOGG

I THE SOCIETY

URING the quarter ending April 10, 1932, the Society has received D eight additions to its membership. All enrolled as annual members: Mrs. Jennie Grant Bardon, Ashland; William M. Chester, Ken- neth C. Lindsay, Avis McHenry, Frances McLeod, Milwaukee; John S. Main, Madison; Frank A. Sabish, Fond du Lac; G. M. W. Teyen, Mil- waukee.

NECROLOGY

Frederick Jackson Turner died at Pasadena, California, March 14. He had been associated with this Society for over forty-five years. When in 1887 Reuben G. Thwaites became secretary, he at once began collecting material on early Wisconsin relating to the fur trade. January 3, 1889 Turner delivered the annual address on "The Character and Influ- ence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin"; the next year he was elected curator to succeed Professor William F. Allen, and continued to hold that office until his departure in 1910 for Harvard University. In October, 3924 he was elected honorary fellow of the Society, a position he held until his death. Elsewhere in this magazine appears an obituary.

Rev. Patrick B. Knox, curator of the Society for thirty-five years, died at Madison January 29. Father Knox was deeply interested in the work of our organization, frequently visiting the library and overlooking the Society's activities and growth. He served as chairman of the important library committee from 1915 to 1928, when because of growing infirmities he asked to be relieved of its responsibility.

Other deceased life members during the quarter just passed were Humphrey J. Desmond, and Howard S. Eldred, Milwaukee; Charles V. Porter, Viroqua; Mrs. John Henry Voje, Oconomowoc; H. B. Warner, Ashland. Among annual members whose deaths have not been noted were Mrs. Willett S. Main, Madison; Rodney A. Slagg, Akron, Ohio; C. M. Wales, N!ew York City. The Society 501

THE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL EXHIBIT

In addition to publishing the extensive bibliography on Washington, noted in our last issue, the Society placed on exhibit during February and March in the museum a George Washington Bicentennial Exhibit. This exhibition consisted of newspapers, maps, autograph letters, diaries, rare books, pamphlets and handbills, portraits and engravings of Washington and his contemporaries drawn from the museum, library, and manuscript departments. The Sully portrait of Washington given the Society in 1854 was the center of the exhibit.

In commemoration of the centennial of the Black Hawk War an exhibit of articles connected with that event was shown, including specimens belonging to the Sauk chief and articles owned by the soldiers who campaigned against him.

ACQUISITIONS

The Haugen Papers—One of the largest gifts to the Society in recent years is the collection of the papers of the late Curator Nils P. Haugen, whose "Pioneer and Political Reminiscences" were a feature of this magazine from 1927 to 1929. The correspondence covers the dates from 1879 to 1930; the letter books are from 1888 to 1909. Diaries of about the same dates as the correspondence simiply contain memoranda. The letters received are most important; many for the early years are from Scandinavian constituents, valuable in snowing the political reac- tions of this group. Somewhat later the letters serve to trace the origins and growth of the progressive movement in Wisconsin. Many from La Fbllette, Spooner, James A. Frear, John J. Jenkins, Henry C. Payne, W. D. Parker, Horace Taylor, and others appear in this correspondence. In addition to national, state, and local politics, the latter especially relating to northern Wisconsin, there is also considerable material on economic matters. Railroad and taxation papers are abundant for the years Mr. Haugen was on these commissions. When using these manu- scripts, they should be constantly correlated with Mr. Haugen's published "Reminiscences."

The manuscript of the report of Increase A. Lapham on his ex- plorations in September, 1858, in cooperation with Edward Daniels of the State Geological Survey, of the Penokee Iron Range, has been presented to the Society by Colonel Howard Greene. In addition to the information on the ore beds, the narrative gives a valuable picture of primitive conditions in northern Wisconsin three quarters of a century ago.

In our last issue an account was given of the receipt from the Uni- versity of Bonn of a number of German immigrant letters. Two other in- stallments of these letters have since arrived, extending in time from 1853 502 The Society and the State [June to the present and in space from Connecticut to Seattle, from Minnesota to New Orleans, with one or two from Buenos Aires for good measure. Those from Wisconsin were sent from Kenosha, Fond du Lac County, and Arkansas, Pepin County. There are a number from Joliet, Illinois, from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, and from several places in Minne- sota.

A copy of the "Autobiography" of General Lucius Fairchild in the handwriting of his sister was presented to the Society by Mrs. Warner Taylor, granddaughter of Charles Fairchild. The autobiography was known to exist, but no copy was found among the Fairchild Papers, to which this is a notable addition.

The correspondence of Professor W. F. Allen, during his work among the South Carolina freedmen, after the Civil War, has been on deposit in our files. His daughter, Katharine Allen, has now given this to the Society, and adds to it valuable correspondence of other dates.

A series of letters written at La Pointe during the years 1838 to 1845 by a missionary, Mrs. Florantha Thompson Sproat, was recently found by her granddaughter, Mrs. Gertrude Hutchings Mills of Norwell, Massachusetts. Copies of these letters have been presented to our Society by Mrs. Mills. Mrs. Sproat wrote well and her descriptions of Indians, fur traders, the hardships of missionary life, and the charm of natural scenery are exceedingly well done.

A translation made by Alma Arps of Rudolph Puchner's Erinne- rung aus Neu Holstein has been sent for our collections.

The account book of George W. Bryant of Fitzwilliam, New Hamp- shire, 1832-1850 has been given by Frank H. Bryant.

Among the gifts to the museum should be mentioned a typewriter, patented in March, 1881, presented by President Marshall Cousins; a microscope of 1860 formerly the property of Dr. Philo R. Hoy, presented by Walton H. Miller of Racine; a lamp of about 1835 from the home of Moses M. Strong, given by Mrs. John M. Parkinson; and a World War uniform, National League of Women's Service from Mrs. John Laflin, Milwaukee, through the agency of the Colonial Dames.

II THE STATE

Centennial observances of the events of the Black Hawk War will occupy during the summer the attention of the historically minded people of the southern part of the state. Platteville, Darlington, and other centers are planning community celebrations. 1932] The State 503

La Crosse noted February 7 the ninetieth anniversary of its found-' ing when in the Tribune and Leader-Press appeared representations of the first log buildings with the portrait of Nathan Myrick, founder. It was likewise the fortieth anniversary of the opening of the City Hall.

Appleton held in May a week of observance for the seventy-fifth anniversary of its beginnings, combined with the observance of the bicentennial of Washington. The first day was Civic Day, the second School Day, the third Fraternal Day, the fourth Rural Day, while Community Day closed the week of the diamond jubilee celebration, in which the various organizations of the city and surrounding territory took part.

Neillsville was incorporated April, 1882 and this year noted its fiftieth anniversary.

Lawrence College held in January an eighty-fifth celebration of the. issuance of the charter to Lawrence Institute, the second college in the country to establish co-education.

At Monroe March 30 the fiftieth anniversary of the organization of a company of the National Guard was celebrated with a community banquet. Thirteen survivors of the original company of sixty-seven were guests of honor. Captain C. A. Moldenhauer now commanding was chosen in 1886 to head the Monroe Guards.

The order of the Knights of Columbus was organized in March, 1882 at New Haven, Connecticut. Wisconsin councils in many cities held jubilee celebrations during March. The La Crosse Tribune and Leader- Press for March 27 gave a history of the growth of the Knights both in La Crosse and the nation at large.

The Neenah lodge of the Danish Brotherhood celebrated its fiftieth birthday, January 11.

CHURCH ANNIVERSARIES

Churches which were founded in Wisconsin's pre-territorial period testify to the zeal of the home missionary efforts on the frontier a hundred years ago. Platteville Methodist Episcopal Church is one of that number, a small class having been organized there in 1832 when in April the first sermon was preached at the home of Major J. H. Rountree. The centennial observance last April was largely attended.

At Juda, Green County, a group of Pennsylvania immigrants settled over ninety years ago, bringing with them their devotion to the Baptist Church. February 12, 1842 an eastern pastor was called and the next 504 The Society and the State [June month the church was well begun. March 18 of this year an anniversary service was held and the Janesville Gazette on the following day published a history of the organization.

The churches of the north central part of the state are holding seventy-fifth commemorations. At New London the Congregational Church held a three day festival in February; at River Falls the history of three-quarters of a century for the Methodist Episcopal Church was recounted late in January; St. Patrick's Catholic Church at Mauston held in February a mission in gratitude for the seventy-fifth anniversary of the parish's founding.

The first days of January were devoted to commemoration of its six- tieth anniversary by the Methodist Episcopal Church of Fayette, Lafay- ette County. This church served the community where the pioneer family of the Parkinsons lived; Rev. Matthew Dinsdale was pastor in the early seventies. The Darlington Journal, January 14 recounted the church's history.

The First Congregational Church of Antigo, held a golden jubilee celebration May 22-24.

At Washburn the Emanuel Lutheran Church held a forty-fifth anniversary celebration in February; it was founded in 1887 by a group of Swedish pioneers. The Ashland Press for February 8 gave a history of this church group, including the names of the charter members.

MEMORIALS

A county park north of the city of Sheboygan has been purchased by the board of supervisors, at the instance of Curator Broughton of the Sheboygan Press. It is to be named the Judge David Taylor Park in honor of the Sheboygan County pioneer, whose home was within the park site.

A memorial to his wife Eliza has been given by Dr. John G. Meachem to St. Luke's hospital, Racine, in the form of a beautiful Gothic chapel and library. This memorial was dedicated February 21 when bronze tablets were unveiled to the memory of Mrs. Meachem and of the three physicians of that name who have served Racine for nearly a century.

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

We welcome into the group of historical societies affiliated with the State Historical Society two new county organizations. At Appleton the Outagamie County Pioneer Society has become at the instance of its 1932] The State 505 president, Rev. William H. Zuehlke, the Outagamie County Pioneer and Historical Society, of which Sarto Balliet is secretary. Election of officers was held on March 31.

Marinette County Historical Society was organized February 12 with fifty-one charter members. Theodore T. Brown of Green Bay brought to the new society the greetings of the oldest county society, that of Brown County. The officers chosen were: Mrs. Joshua Hodgins, honorary president; W. E. Morton, president; Dr. M. D. Bird, vice-president; F. C. Burke, secretary; and Mrs. Ben H. LeRoy, treasurer. Plans for collecting are already under way.

Beloit Historical Society has held its stated meetings and has now begun to plan for the centennary observance of the beginnings of this community four years hence. Several gifts have been added to the historical collections exhibited in the rooms at the public library.

Brown County Historical Society has resumed the publication of the Green Bay Historical Bulletin', the new number is fittingly devoted to a review of the work of its late editor, Deborah Beaumont Martin. It includes memorial sketches of Miss Martin and an account of her home "Hazelwood" written nearly fifty years ago by Horace Rublee. The Kellogg Public Library has printed a list of books on Green Bay and the Fox River Valley, compiled by Miss Martin and published in her memory.

The Door County Historical Society also publishes a leaflet, called the Peninsula Historical Review. The last number of this publication was devoted to a description by H. R. Holand of the "Great Forest Fire of 1871." Kenosha County Historical Societj' is planning to obtain the records of the outstanding pioneer families, who have aided in building up the city and county.

The La Crosse County Historical Society met on April 7 to listen to a program by Walter Woods on the sawmill industry of La Crosse and Onalaska. Mr. Woods prepared a map for exhibition of localities, and pictures are being collected to illustrate this basic industry.

R. J. Barnes was reflected president of the Winnebago Archeologi- cal and Historical Society at its January meeting; the other officers were also reflected. Curator W. W. Bartlett of Eau Claire was present at a special meeting January 20 and gave a lecture entitled "The Lumbering Story," illustrated by stereoptican slides. 506 The Society and the State

The New London Public Museum was formally opened on March 16 with interesting dedication exercises.

The Reedsburg Old Settlers' Club met February 19 for its annual winter picnic, when short talks and community singing filled the program.

Ill OF WIDER INTEREST

The Agricultural History Society of America met April 15 at Washington with Superintendent Joseph Schafer as president. His address will appear in Agricultural History for June.

The Mississippi Valley Historical Association held its twenty-fifth reunion April 28-30 at Lincoln, Nebraska, where it was organized a quarter of a icentury ago. At the anniversary dinner, April 29, among the past presidents that responded to toasts were Superintendent Schafer (1927-28) and Research Associate Kellogg (1930-31). Dr. R. G. Thwaites was also president (1912-13), and Frederic L. Paxson (1916-17). M. M. Quaife (1920-21) was from Wisconsin when he held office. John D. Hicks of the University of Nebraska was elected president for the ensuing year.

The Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association issued in March the first number of The Pacific Historical Review. Pro- fessor John C. Parish is managing editor.

Southern Editorials on Secession, compiled by Dwight L. Dumond of the University of Michigan, has been issued as the first American Historical Association publication under the Beveridge Fund.

The Michigan Historical Commission has sent out a Bibliography of the Printed Maps of Michigan 180^-1880 prepared by Louis C. Karpin- ski. Accompanying this is a Historical Atlas of the Great Lakes and Michigan, reproducing 103 maps ranging from that of Mercator in 1569 to a map of 1874.

AN OMISSION

In the March number, our note in Society and State covering the Ashland meeting (October 25, 1931) for marking the first house built in Wisconsin, omitted one very important item of the program. Dr. John M. Dodd, who was a prime mover in furthering the enterprise, a principal contributor of the funds for it, and an enthusiastic sponsor of the entire program, was also one of the principal speakers at the ceremonies preceding the dedication of the monument. The omission of his name is one of those inexplicable incidents which every editor has to regret at some time.—EDITOR. BOOK NOTES

Archeological Atlas of Michigan. By Wilbert B. Hinsdale. Michi- gan Handbook Series, No. 4 (Ann Arbor, University Press, 1931). 38 pp. text. 20 maps. Price $6.00. This is a very valuable survey of primitive Michigan where no systematic effort to preserve and list antiquities was conducted until recent times. Now every county has been visited by some expert on the survey; and trails, waterways and portages, mounds and other earth- works, forts, village and camp sites, burying grounds, garden beds, primitive mining, and other cultural features have been examined, mapped, and described. The maps are especially fine, that on waterways and portages being of great importance as a basis for transportation study.

John Jacob Astor, Business Man. By Kenneth Wiggins Porter. Number I of the Harvard Studies in Business History, edited by N. S. B. Gras (Cambridge, 1931). 2 volumes. Price $10.00. This is an exhaustive work, embracing 1,353 pages, is well docu- mented and illustrated. The author has striven to present an impartial view of his subject, who falls far below the grade of "hero," and to make clear the business methods through which he gained his phenomenal successes—methods some of which are hardly to be recommended on moral grounds. For Wisconsin and the Northwest this book holds much interest, due to Astor's primacy in the fur trade of this region which is dwelt upon in considerable detail, due also to his incidental land specula- tions at Prairie du Chien and at Green Bay.

The Apostle of the Chippewas: Life Story of the Most Reverend Frederick Baraga, First Bishop of Marquette. By Joseph Gregorich (F;raneiscan Fathers, Lemont, 111., 1932). 104 pp. This little book has been prepared in commemoration of the centennary of the beginning of Father Baraga's missionary labors. He sailed from Havre the last month of 1830 and was at his mission of Arbre Croche, May 28, 1831. It is a correct, well-written account of the work of the subject along the Lake Superior littoral, marred by excessive hero- worship and animadversions against other missionary efforts. Nothing is said of the labors of Father Baraga's sister, Lady Antonia de Hoef- fern, who supplemented the bishop's work with womanly ministrations. The biography by Father Chrysostom Verwyst is much fuller and more temperate. 508 Our Contributors

Andrew Jay Frame, Addresses and Writings. Compiled by Emma Eichardson Frame. Privately printed in 1931. This volume, 26*3 pages, contains a brief sketch of the life of Mr. Frame, a native of Waukesha where he has attained to the great age of 88 years, with 70 years experience as a banker in that city. The body of the work, as the title indicates, is taken up with papers and addresses mostly prepared for the National Bankers' Association of which Mr. Frame is the dean.

Sunrise of the Menominees: A Story of Wisconsin Indians. By Phebe Jewell Nichols (Boston, 1930). 349 pp. Price $2.50. Into this rather sentimental, overdrawn novel about an educated full-breed Menominee and a white girl, the author has woven an interesting bit of history concerning the reservation of the tribe and the fight to conserve its resources. The author considers the act of incorporation a sunrise for this tribe of Indians, and tells in dramatic fashion of the struggle and difficulties in obtaining Indian rights. Incidentally, there is considerable information concerning individuals of the tribe, customs, manners, and the reservation scenery.

VOLUME XVI

Will include a "History of the Nashotah Mission" by Vice-President J. H. A. Lacher.

OUR CONTRIBUTORS

Professor Herman J. Deutsch ("Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin Politics of the Early Seventies'") of the State College of Washington discusses railroad politics in his current article.

Dr. George L. Collie ("A Distinguished Son of Wisconsin: Thomas C. Chamberlin") who served for many years on the Beloit College faculty, but has now retired, concludes the Chamberlin biography in this number.

Mrs. Mary D. Bradford's Memoirs carry us to Stout Institute, Me- nomonie, 1906-09; to Whitewater Normal School, 1909-10, and close with her acceptance of the superintendency of the Kenosha city schools in the summer of 1910. INDEX

ADAMS, Charles Francis, supporters, Anderson, Rasmus B., papers opened 174; address, 406-407. to public, 107. Adams, Pres. Charles K., introduces Antigo, institute at, 484. thesis, 101; autograph, 207; address, Arey, Oliver. See Avery. 304. Arkansas, geological survey, 145. Adams, Herbert B., advises graduate Armstrong Corners, resident, 59. students, 91-93. Arnold, Isaac N., Lincoln biographer, Adams, Sir John, "Teachers by the 152. Grace of God," cited, 337. Ashmun, Margaret, letter, 342; Stev- Adams County Press, cited, 179. Ahrens, Henry, interviewed, 241. ens Point Normal graduate, 347. Albany Law School, student, 7. Astor, John Jacob, fur magnate, 93; Albee, George S., president of Oshkosh biography reviewed, 507. Normal, 48, 320; disciplinarian, 64; Atkinson, Gen. Henrv, in Black Hawk prejudices, 65-66; Kenosha school- War, 263. man, 199; letter, 212; sketch, 48-52, Audubon Society, station, 471. 54-58. Austrians, pioneers, 350. Allen, Elizabeth, Menomonie teacher, Avery (Arey), Oliver, president of 466. Whitewater Normal, 27-28. Allen, Henry, interviewed, 241. Aylward, John A., university student, Allen, T. S., letter cited, 171-172, 293. 88. Allen, Prof. William F., historian, 90, 92, 496; correspondence acquired, BABCOCK:, Dr. C. L., on European trip, 502. 479. Allerton, Mary G., of the Stevens Point Babcock, Stephen M., papers acquired, Normal, 339. 245. Alma (Buffalo County), resident, 348. Bachus, N. G., on Kenosha school Altoona, on railroad, 284. board, 190. American Association for the Advance- Baetz, Henry, letter to, cited, 179; ment of Science, meeting, 138. nominated for Congress, 180; state American Geological Society. See Geo- treasurer, 292. logical Society of America. Bailey, Alexander D., of La Grange, American Historical Association, ad- 111., 215. dressed, 86, 96, 98; meeting, 377. Bailey, Caroline. See Mrs. Eugene M. American Journal of Science, quoted, Bailey. 130. Ames, Jesse H., Stevens Point Normal Bailey, Mrs. Eugene M., sister, 459; graduate, 347. death, 215. Amherst College, graduates, 35, 340, Bailey, Miarjorie, education of, 454. 459. Baker, Robert, of Racine, 292-293. Anamosa (Iowa), on California route, Baldwin, D. A., and land grants to 73. railroads, 284. Ancient Bluff Ruins, Tuttle party Baltimore (Md.), resident, 159; politi- camps near, 83. cal convention, 176-177. Anderson, C. A., Kenosha schoolman, Bancroft, George, work of, 92. 198. Bangs, E. L., Lincoln collector, 159. Anderson, Judge Hans A., presents Bannon, George, Kenosha schoolman, "House of Memories," 110. 182. Anderson, James S., papers acquired, Baptists, Salisburys affiliated with, 25- 105-106. 26. 510 Index

Baraga, Rev. Frederick, biography re- Beloit College Bound (The) Table, pa- viewed, 507. per, 31; quoted, 33, 40-45, 129, 134, Barker, George F., chemist, 137. 418-419, 425; Salisbury works on, 40, Barrett, J. H., Lincoln biographer, 151. 147. Barrett, Oliver R., Lincoln collector, Beloit Free Press, quoted, 418. 160. Beloit Historical Society, marker dedi- Bartlett, D. W., Lincoln biographer, cated, 109; activities, 251, 375, 505. \ 151. Bent, Silas, "Will the Democrats Fol- Bartlett, John R., Lincoln bibliog- low the Whigs," cited, 168. rapher, 149. Benton, on California route, 71. Barton, W. E., Lincoln biographer, 152, Bergebakken, Karl O., pioneer, 359. 156, 163. Berkeley (Calif.), resident, 474; visited, Bart ran, W. H., on legislative com- 498-499. mittee, 400. Berlin (Germany), students at, 131, Bateman, Mrs. Helen E., on Oshkosh 340. Normal faculty, 53. Berlin (Wis.), resident, 302. Battle Creek (Mich.), centennial, 243. Berryman, John R., History of the Bayfield, on proposed railroad, 283; Bench and Bar of Wisconsin, cited, resident, 286. 191. Bear River, on California route, 227. Best, Daniel, harvesting machine, 243. Beaujeu, Capt. , in Fox wars, 95. Beta Theta Pi, fraternity, member of, Beaumont, Dr. William, memorial un- 32. veiled for, 247. Beveridge, Albert J., Lincoln biogra- Beaver Dam, residents, 178, 180; pher, 152, 160. 'grange meeting at, 289; Wayland Bicknell, Thomas W., president N.E.A., Academy, 300. 200. Beck, Joseph M., Stevens Point Normal Big Cottonwood Creek, on California graduate, 348. route, 229. Becker, Carl, quoted, 497. Big Horn Springs, on California route, Bell, Bernard I., Common Sense in 231. Big Plover River, logging on, 308. Education, cited, 216. Big Sandy, on California route, 225. Beloit, residents, 45, 269-270; school Bighorn Mountains, geological study of, board members, 135, 423; school su- 141. perintendent, 136; pioneers settle Binliff, , cited, 410. near, 265, 268; agricultural meeting Binzel, Alma, in Menomonie school, 453, at, 266; on railroad, 284; Congrega- 465, 469, 474; resignation, 485; at tional church, 271; tablet unveiled at, Denver, 486. 249; coal found near, 418; burial at, Bird, George W., letter cited, 178. 455. Bird, William W., cited, 407. Beloit (town), farm in, 265. Birge, Dr. Edward A., summer ses- Beloit College, beginnings, 31-33, 123, sion courses, 204-205; "service hon- 263-264; faculty, 34-37, 119, 138-135, ors," 372. 137, 139, 145, 415-416, 437-438, 440; Bissett, Clark P., Lincoln library, 163. students, 22, 27, 30, 40, 42, 271-272, Bjerkeng, Paul, pioneer, 357, 364, 366. 275, 278-281; president, 128; trustee, Bjerkeng, Paul B., donor, 356; sketch, 146-147; historical volume, 274; 386. courses, 414, 420; alumni association, Bjerkeng, Sigri H., uncle of, 359. 418; art hall, 478. Black, Chauncey F., Lincoln biogra- Beloit College Atheneum, quoted, 277. pher, 152. Beloit College Monthly, early publica- Black, John, cited, 409. tion, 275; quoted, 278-280. Black Earth, pioneers at, 357. Beloit College Palladium, early publi- Black Hawk, Sauk chief, 263. cation, 275; quoted, 277. Black Hawk War, Lincoln in, 167. Beloit College Register, early publica- Black Hills, on California route, 220- tion, 275. 221. Index 511

Black Mud Creek, Tuttle party camps Bradford, Persis T., son of, 191. on, 82. Bradford, Gov. William, descendant of, Black's Fork, on California route, 226- 192. 227. Bradford, William, son of William R., Blair, F. J., letter cited, 179; letter to, 196, 201; attends World's Fair, 212; 287. telegram, 348. Blaisdell, James J., of Beloit College, Bradford, William R., marriage, 191; 35; army chaplain, 277. manufacturer, 193-194; illness, 195; Blanahan, Jacob, letter cited, 179. death, 197. Blanding, M. W., cited, 286. Bragg, Gen. Edward S., papers ac- Bleekman, A. E., letter cited, 294. quired, 106. Blegen, Theodore C, Norwegian Mi- Brainerd, James, secretary of state gration to America 1825-1860, re- grange, 290. viewed, 114 Brandeis, Louis D., railway counsel, 20. Bliss, Henry I., papers opened to pub- Brandon, resident near, 235. lic, 107. Brandon Times, cited, 241. Blood, E. J., cited, 295. Breckinridge, John C, mentioned, 222. Blue Rock Bluff, on California route, Brewer, Hall, interviewed, 241. 85. Briggs and Carpenter's, "Machine for Bolens, D. B., cited, 289. Harvesting. . . ," cited, 238. Bollinger, James W., Lincoln collector, Brigham, J. R., letter cited, 179. 162. Brink, . letter cited, 404. Book Notes, 113-115, 256-258, 380-385, Bristol, residents, 49, 60-61. 507-508. Brooklyn (Iowa), camp near, 75. Boonton (N.J.), letter from, 142. Brooklyn (N.Y.), resident, 157; Pratt Booth, Sherman, law case, 5. Institute, 303. Boscobel, residents, 180, 301. Brown, B. Gratz, nominated as vice- Boston (Mass.), Hemenway School at, president, 174-175. 302; Prang Normal Art course, 303; Brown, Capt. James, Lincoln makes N.E.A. meeting, 317; University scrapbook for, 167. Travel Bureau, 477, 479; arrival at, Brown County Historical Society, ac- 481; Turner Art Company of, 483- tivities, 251, 376, 505. 484. Brown University, Lincoln collection, Bouck, Gabe, legislator, 391; quoted, 155, 164. 397. Browning, Mrs. O. H., letter to, 167. Bourke, Thomas C, Liberal party dele- Bruen, Thorea B., pioneer, 367. gate, 174. Bovee, Marvin H., cited, 176. Bruncken, Ernest, "The Germans in Bowman, George L., of Menomonie, Wisconsin Politics. . . ," cited, 170. 466. Bryant, E. E., letters cited, 287, 302; Boyd, Andrew, Lincoln bibliographer, quoted, 290, 405, 409. 149, 154. Bryant, George W., account book ac- Boyd, Mrs. Mary M., donor, 246. quired, 502. Brackett, James M., letter cited, 393- Bryant, Lucinda, characterized, 26-27. 394. Buchanan, James, mentioned, 222. Braddock, Gen. Edward, defeat, 95. Buck, Solon Justus, Essays in Ameri- Bradford, Asenath, son of, 192. can History. . . , cited, 170; The Bradford, Chester T., father of, 191. Granger Movement. . . , cited, 289, Bradford, Hartson, son of, 192. 393. Bradford, Mary D., "Memoirs," 47-68, Buffalo Creek, Tuttle party crosses, 82. 182-218, 297-349, 446-494; marriage, Bugh, W. A., letter to, cited, 180. 190-198; high school teacher, 198-218; Burgess, Mrs. Dwight, quoted, 49. publications, 330, 476; "service hon- Burgess, John W., Turner opposes, 103. ors" awarded, 372; at Stout Insti- Burke, John F., Oshkosh Normal grad- tute, 446-488; at Whitewater Nor- uate, 59. mal, 488-494; trip abroad, 477-481; Burlington Historical Society, activi- portrait, 206; sketch, 115, 259. ties, 111, 376. 512 Index

Turlington-Milwaukee road, farm on, Castle River, Tuttle party crosses, 83. 23. Castle Rock, on California route, 83. Burr, Prof. A. W., of Beloit College Caswell, Mrs. Jennie, loans diary, 107. Academy, 123. Caswell, L. B., on legislative committee, Burr, Emmons, transfers money, 298. 400; cited, 410. Burton, John E., Lincoln collector, 154?- Cate, Judge George W., of Stevens 155, 162. Point, 178. Butler, Nicholas Murray, quoted, 323. Catholics, in Edgerton Bible controversy, 16-19. CALIFORNIA, emigrants en route to, 69- Cavanaugh, James, Oshkosh Normal 70, 73, 78, 219-220; party encountered graduate, 60. from, 221, 230; Moore's combine in, Cedar Rapids (Iowa), on California 235, 238, 240, 242-243; residents, 237, route, 73. 337, 499; visited, 454. Cedar River, toll bridge, 73. California, steamship, 478. Cedarburg, residents, 176, 180. "California Diary of Charles M. Chamberlin, Cecilia Gill, son of, 265; Tuttle," 69-85, 218-233. presents paper, 266-267. California Farmer, cited, 237-238, 241. Chamberlin, John, and family migrate, Calumet County, marker unveiled near 264-269; Methodist preacher, 268. Sherwood, 249. Chamberlin, Joseph, attends Beloit Cambridge (Mass.), library, 163; resi- academy, 269. dent, 495. Chamberlin, Nelson, returns to farm, Cameron, Angus, cited, 410. Camp Belazes. See Camp Floyd. 269; quoted, 271. Camp Creek, Tuttle party crosses, 83. Chamberlin, Rollin T., donor, 106; Camp Floyd, on California route, 219, quoted, 140-141; named, 439. 230. Chamberlin, Dr. Thomas C, biography, Canada, fur traders from, 93; progress 263-281, 412-445; relations with Salis- of trade, 94; student from, 132. bury, 22, 36-40, 43, 45, 106, 119, 123, CJanfield, Mrs. Flavia, on European 130-131, 134, 136, 138, 140, 142, 144r trip, 478. 146,206; portrait, 263. Canisius, Theodore, newspaper con- Chamberlin, Mrs. Thomas C, relations tract, 164. with Salisbury, 440-441. Cape York, Salisbury at, 140. Chandler, J. G., of Racine, 208-209. Capitol Hill. See Scott's Bluffs. Chapin, A. L., Beloit College president, Carleton, Joseph H., manufacturer, 194, 35, 44, 418; letter to, 429. 196. Chapin, Harold C, graduates, 44. Carman, Dr. L. D., Lincoln collector, Chapin Springs Creek, on California 159. route, 232. Carpenter, Sen. Matt, political activity, Chappel, Alonzo, painting by, 165. 171-177, 289, 291; opinion on railroad Charnwood, Lord Godfrey R., Lin- law, 395. coln biographer, 153. Carpenter, S. D., quoted, 174. Cherry Creek, Tuttle party camps on, Carr, Col. Clark E., Lincoln at Gettys- 75. burg, mentioned, 153. Chicago, residents, 160-161, 175, 177- Carson Lake, route to, 219. 180, 182, 188, 191, 287, 345, 395; pio- Carus, Frederick, death, 244. neers, 5, 26, 356-357; lawyer, 51; Carver, Jonathan, story of, 93. schools, 303, 448; schoolmen, 59, 61, Cary, C. P., state superintendent of 202, 215, 392; physician, 346; Lincoln schools, 491. collection, 159, 162, 166; exposition of Cary, John W., railroad politician, 285. 1893, 212; Commonwealth Edison Case Plow Works, at Racine, 292. Company, 215; elevators, 399. Caspori, Prof. , lecturer on An- Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, thropology, 132. early conflict in Wisconsin, 284, 287; Cassody, John B., portrait, frontis- offices at Chicago, 285; terminal, 286; piece; in Wisconsin Supreme Court, officer, 395; memorial to legislature, 3-21. 406; cited, 409. Index 513

Chicago Historical Society, Lincoln col- Coleman, James, letter cited, 291. lection, 161, 166; seventy-fifth anni- Colfax, Schuyler, signature on amend- versary, 254. ment, 158. Chicago Inter-Ocean, cited, 178, 296. Collie, Dr. George L., of Beloit College,. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Rail- 37, 134; author, 39; graduate study, road, early conflict in Wisconsin, 284, 43; "A Distinguished Son of Wis- 286-287, 293, 399; officers, 285, 395, consin, Thomas C. Chamberlin," 263- 408; memorial to legislature, 406. 281, 412-445; sketch, 385. Chicago Normal School, teacher, 339. Collie, Rev. Joseph, of Delavan, 413. Chicago Times, cited, 174, 176, 410; Collins, Joseph V., of the Stevens Point preference for, 286. Normal, 299, 336, 338, 342; sketch* Chicago Tribune, cited, 178, 404; pref- 302. erence for, 286. Colman (Coleman), Elihu, letters, 180r, Chimney Rock, Tuttle party camps 404. near, 84; described, 84-85. Columbia County, county seat proposed,, Chippewa Falls, feeble-minded home 409. at, 489. Columbia River, expedition, 352-353; Chippewa Indians, hostilities, 95. transportation via, 354. Chippewa River, birds along, 470. Columbia School of Mines, student, 56. Chittenden, N., Liberal party delegate, Columbia University, faculty members, 174. 339, 429. Christoffersen, Hans, immigrants visit, Columbus (Neb.), on Tuttle route, 79, 356. Columbus (Wis.), resident, 59; on pro- Cincinnati, Liberal convention dele- posed railroad, 283; proposed county gates, 174-175; convention ticket, 176. seat, 409. Cincinnati Enquirer, cited, 174. Comstock, Noah D., on railroad com- Civil War, Works on, 150, 152-153, 156- mittee, 406. 157, 167; soldiers, 154, 273, 408; Lin- Congregationalists, at Beloit, 271; or- coln collection of, 158, 166; and Re- ganize Beloit College, 264; at Dela- publican party, 168; officer, 191; in- van, 413; liberal views, 424. fluence on college students, 276, 278; Congress, members of, 5, 166, 178, 186,, pioneer's description of, 367-368; 348; buys Lincoln collection, 155; memorial, 373. makes land grant, 283; power, 284; Clark, Prof. E. W., of Ripon College, Germans favored as nominees for, 478. 180; nomination for, 404. Clark, Harriet E., Oshkosh Normal Congressional Globe, cited, 171. graduate, 59. Conkling, Sen. Roscoe, attacks Schurz,, Clark, Sat, opposes Taylor, 407. 171. Clark University, student, 317. Connecticut River, settlements on, 94, Cleary, Francis L., Kenosha schoolman, Conover, Prof. O. M., and railroad con- 211, 218. troversy, 400-402. Clement, Mrs. Alice C, of the Stevens Constitutional Union party, convention^ Point Normal, 326. 174. Clements, Mrs. F. W., donor, 245. Coolidge, Calvin, address on Lincoln, Clementson, George, gives memorial ad- 158. dress, 5. Coon River, Tuttle party crosses, 77. Cochrane, John, master of state grange, Cooper, James Fenimore, The Oak- 290; offered nomination for Congress, Openings, cited, 235-236, 238, 241. 404; cited, 408. Cope, E. D., at scientific meeting, 137. Colby, Charles L., cited, 406, 408. Copperheads, leader, 172; editor, 175,, Colby, Gardner, president Wisconsin 177; convention, 180; sobriquet, 273; Central Railroad, 403. mentioned, 398. Cole, Mrs. Helen C, death, 245. Cornell University, faculty, 473. Cole, John W., memorial bridge, 374. Cornell Woman's Club, unveils marker,, Cole, Orsamus, portrait, frontispiece; 109. in Wisconsin Supreme Court, 3-21. Cottage Grove, resident, 392; recruits,, Coleman, Elihu. See Colman. 408. 514 Index

Cotton Wood Grove, Tuttle party Delaware, abolition of slavery, 167. camps at, 85. Dell, F. B., county superintendent, Coulter, John M., of the University of 329. Wisconsin, 204. Democratic party, in Wisconsin, 169- Council Bluffs (Iowa), on California 170, 295-296, 391; and "New Depart- route, 78. ure," 172; gubernatorial candidate Crabtree, Pres. J. W., of Peru Normal, 1871, 173; policy, 174-176, 178; loyal- 478, 484-485. ty to, 177; member leaves, 180; Crabtree, Mrs. J. W., travels, 484. apathy of, 282; affiliations, 285, 290, Crawford, Caroline E., of the Stevens 294, 367; Norwegians support, 368. Point Normal, 299, 320, 323, 342; Denmark, geology of, 131. sketch, 302, 339. Densmore, Hiram D., "Rollin D. Salis- Crawford, Samuel, judge, 5. bury, M.A., LL.D., a Biographical Credit Mobilier, scandals, 289, 291. Sketch," 22-46, 119-147; sketch, 115. Croll, James, hypothesis, 421. Densmore, Ida M., of the Stevens Point Crosman Creek, on California route, Normal, 345. 232. Denver (Colo.), resident, 61; Educa- Culkin, William E., North Shore Place tion Association meets at, 485-486, Names, reviewed, 258. 489. Culver, Garry E., of the Stevens Point DeRiemer, Alicia, death, 335. Normal, 299, 311, 336, 342; sketch, Desmond, Humphrey J., death, 500. 301. Deuster, P. V., cited, 175. Currier and Ives, cartoons, 161. Deutsch, Herman J., "Disintegrating Curtis, B. R., opinion on railroad law, Forces in Wisconsin Politics of the 395. Early Seventies," 168-181, 282-296, Curtis, F. C, student at Beloit College, 391-411; "Yankee-Teuton Rival- 274; letter, 275. ry, . . ," cited, 170, 295, 393, 407; Curtis, J. S., letter cited, 179. thesis cited, 171-172, 175, 285, 408-409; Curtiss, G. H., of Kenosha, 491. sketch, 259. Cymric, White Star liner, 477, 479. Devil's Gate, on California route, 223. Devlin, James, student at the Oshkosh DANE, resident, 290. Normal, 61. Dane County, Norwegian settlements Dewey, John, University professor, 339. in, 357. Dewey, William P., letter cited, 172. Daniels, Edward, report acquired, 501. "Disintegrating Forces in Wisconsin Dartmouth College, graduate, 35; stu- Politics of the Early Seventies," by dent, 182; case mentioned, 393. Herman J. Deutsch, 168-181, 282, 296, Davis, Jefferson, memoirs, 150; photo- 391-411. graphs acquired, 372. Davis, Susan B., Wisconsin Lore for District of Columbia, bill to free slaves Boys and Girls, reviewed, 257. in, 161. Davis, Warren J., death, 244. Divorce, jurisdiction question in, 14-16. Davis, Prof. William M., of Harvard, Dixon, Luther S., in Wisconsin Su- 204, 206. preme Court, 20. Davison, Andrew J., death, 216. Documents, 69-85, 219-233, 356-369. Davison, Mrs. Andrew J., death, 346- Dodge, Dora, Kenosha teacher, 198. 347. Dodge County, grange meeting, 289. Davison, Ida A., death, 370. Dodgeville, residents, 180, 302. Davison, Dr. William M. W., death, Dome Canon, Simpson's route via, 219. 346. Domestic science. See Stout Institute. Dean, John S., letter cited, 287. Donnelly, Ignatius, letter to, cited, 296. Decker, James A., of Menomonie, 485. Doolittle, James R., political leader, Delafield, marker dedicated, 110. 173; attends Reform convention, 174; Delano, C, cited, 403. cited, 175-177. Delavan, sketch, 413; residents, 412, Door County Historical Society, activ- 414. ities, 108, 252, 505. Index 515

Doty, Gov. and Mrs. James D., tablet Emerson School of Oratory, at Boston, unveiled at home of, 247. 317. Douglas, Stephen A., interview, 165. Emery, Frank B., donor, 246. Drammen (Norway), Norwegians Emery, J. Q., quoted, 332. leave, 356. Engelhart, John, on Kenosha school Drummond, W., cited, 403. board, 190. Dubuque (Iowa), on California route, Engelmann, Dr. George, sketch, 352. 71; early description, 72; resident, Engleman, Dr. See Dr. George Engel- 455. mann. Dudgeon, R. B., school superintendent, English Shipping Records, copies ac- 463. quired, 246. Dunleith (111.), on California route, Epley, Miss , of Menomonie, 446. 72. Evarts, William M., opinion on railroad Dunn County, training school, 466. law, 395. Dunning, Philo, cited, 407. Dunning, William A., "The Second FAADAL, Ole, pioneer, 365. Birth of the Republican Party," Faaset (Norway), natives, 363. cited, 169. Faddis, Jennie R., of the Stevens Point Durkee, Hon. Charles, of Kenosha, 186; Normal, 300, 313-314; sketch, 303; bequest, 187. removal to East, 345. Durkee, Mrs. Charles, of Kenosha, 187. Fair Play, on Tuttle route, 71. Durkee, H. O., Kenosha schoolman, 53. Fairchild, Lucius, mentioned, 283; letters to, cited, 287, 290-293, 295-296, EATOX, Edward Dwight, president of 391-392, 401-402, 405, 409; autobiog- Beloit College, 128, 130, 133; quoted, raphy acquired, 502; California Let- 135. ters, reviewed, 256. Eau Claire, teachers college president, Fairfield, Prof. O. P., of Lawrence 349; residents, 59, 461; on railroad, College, 478, 480. 447. Farnsworth, Nellie W., Menomonie Echo Canyon, on California route, 227. teacher, 467. Edgerton Bible case, resume of, 16-19; Farr, Dr. A., on Kenosha school board, decision, 52. 190. Editorial Comment, 86-103, 234-243, Farrand, Max, research director, 499. 495. Farwell, Gov. Leonard J., secretary, 6. Edmunds, Sen. ,T. M., and railroads, Fay, H. W., Lincoln collector, 161. 404. Fell, Jesse W., Lincoln writes auto- Ehrhard, Mary, North Menomonie biography for, 151. teacher, 475. Fever River, Tuttle party crosses, 71. Eighth Wisconsin Infantry, captain in, Fink, Ella, of the Stevens Point Nor- 6. mal, 326. Eldorado Mills, resident, 59. Fischer, Kuno, German lecturer, 132. Eldred, Howard S., death, 500. Elkhorn (Neb.), on California route, Fish, Carl Russell, The Civil Service 78. and the Patronage, cited, 168. Elkhorn (Wis.), institute at, 217. Fish, Judge Daniel, Lincoln bibliog- Elkhorn River, Tuttle party crosses, rapher, 149, 153; quoted, 154; collec- 78. tion, 155, 157, 166. Elliott, W. E., marker dedicated to, Fish Creek, marker unveiled on, 373. 373. Fish Springs, Simpson route passes Ellsworth, Col. E. E., letter, 167. through, 219. Elm Creek, Tuttle party camps on, 81. Fisher, Dorothy Canfield, mother of, Elroy, on railroad, 284. 478. Ely, Richard T., mentioned, 91. Fisk, John P., principal Beloit Acad- Emerald Grove, services at, 268. emy, 270. Emerson, Prof. Joseph, of Beloit Col- " Fitzgerald, Josephine, of the Stevens lege, 35. Point Normal, 316, 345. 516 Index

Flick, Prof. A. C, of Syracuse Univer- Freemasonry, secrets exposed, 236. sity. 478. Fremont, Capt. John C, cited, 352. Fasdrelandet, cited, 292. Fremont (Neb.), on Tuttle party route, Fond du Lac, residents, 59, 180; mark- 78. er dedicated at, 110; on railroads, Fremont Peak, on California route, 285; 1870 population, 294; railroad 225. shops at, 310. French traders, 94, 226, 351; hostilities, Fond du Lac County, resident, 50; 95. prairie land, 240. Frisby, L. F., letters cited, 179-180, Fond du Lac County Historical Soci- 294. ety, activity, 252. Fugitive Slave Law, opposition to, 5; Fond du Lac Journal, editor, 59. interest in, 9. Footville, residents, 72, 76. Forbes, Charles, Lincoln's attendant, GALLOWAY, Dr. William A., death, 378. 161. Gardner, Alexander, negative of Lin- Forney, J. W., signature, 158. coln, 165. Forsyth, William P., letter cited, 180. Garfield, James A., nomination of, 7. Fort Bridger, on California route, 227. Gault, J. C, railroad politician, 285, Fort Dearborn, on pioneer route, 26. 409-410; cited, 406. Fort Des Moines, on California route, Geneva Lake, centennial celebration, 76. 109. Fort Donelson, campaign against, 6. Geological Society of America, meet- Fort Drummond, sketch of acquired, ing, 138; Bulletin quoted, 140. 246. German Immigrant Letters, acquired, Fort Henry, campaign against, 6. 371, 501. Fort Holmes, sketch of acquired, 246. Germans, geologists, 131, 138; attitude Fort Howard hospital, opened, 108. towards temperance legislation, 169, Fort Laramie, Tuttle party camps 175, 407; party affiliation, 170, 172, near, 85, 220. 291; and Schurz, 171, 180; newspa- Fort Le Boeuf, commandant at, 95. pers, 164, 179; and public office, 292; Fort Michilimackinac, sketch of ac- votes of, 294; pioneers, 350; immi- quired, 246. grant letters, 371, 501. Fort Necessity, Washington captured Gerrish, Charlotte, of the Stevens Point at, 95. Normal, 339. Fort Vancouver, Lueders at, 354. Gerrymander decision, interest in, 9. Fort Wayne (Ind.), Lincoln Founda- Gesell, Dr. Arnold L., letter, 342; tion at, 155, 165. Stevens Point Normal graduate, 348- Fort Winnebago, route via, 351. 349. Fortieth Wisconsin Infantry, chaplain, Gilbert, Edward M., Stevens Point 277. Normal graduate, 349. Fountain Springs, Simpson at, 219. Gildersleeve, B. L., mentioned, 91. Fox River, Portage on, 93; internal im- Gillett, Anna, Kenosha teacher, 183-184. provements along, 240; Fort Winne- Gladstone, William E., oration on, 42- bago on, 351. 43. Frame, Emma R., Andrew Jay Frame, Goffe, James R., Kenosha schoolman, Addresses and Writings, reviewed, 198-199. 508. Goffe, William, student at Oshkosh France, rival of England, 95; sale of Normal, 60. arms to, 171; portraits of ambassa- Gorman, Michael, on Kenosha school dors to, 379. board, 188-189. Franco-Prussian War, and sale of Graham, Robert, of Oshkosh Normal, arms, 171. 48, 53-54; sketch, 49-50, 61-62; son of, Frank, Col. Michael, attends celebra- 59. tion, 212. Graham, William M,, Oshkosh Normal Franklin Institute, Journal cited, 238. graduate, 59. Freeman, Prof. J. C, of University of Graham Law, cited, 178; and Repub- Wisconsin, 204. licans, 393; and Germans, 407. Index 517

Grangers, program, 169, 411; sketch, Hadley, Edith, donor, 107. 289-290, 295-296; apathy, 295, 410; Haggard, Col. , daughters of, 158. support of, 296; and railroads, 393, Hale, O. J., of Milwaukee, 406. 404, 406; favor Republicans, 405; op- Halford, E. W., letter cited, 179. position of, 408; controversy over Hall, G. Stanley, mentioned, 91; school laws, 9. head, 317. Grant, Emory L., president of Kenosha Halsey, R. H., president of Oshkosh school board, 183, 190; presides at Normal, 65. celebration, 211; alumni officer, 212. Hambrecht, George P., Lincoln collec- Grant, U. S., presidential candidate, tor, 162. 177, 181, 294; administration, 170, Hamburg (Germany), scientific society 175, 187; memoirs, 150. at, 351; botanist, 352; gardener, 353; Grave-Yard Bay, Lueders at, 352-353. arrival at, 354; books published at, Gray, Dr. Asa, botanist, 351; Flora of 355. the Southern States, cited, 353. Hamilton, William S., at Wiota, 70. Gray, H. H., cited, 407. Hamilton (Can.), arrival at, 356. Gray, Nannie R., of the Stevens Point Hamlin, Hannibal, signature on amend- Normal, 338. ment, 158. Great Lakes, transportation route, 95, Hammond, Ellen C, county superin- 351; Milwaukee on, 285. tendent, 329; interview, 344. Greeley, Horace, at Fort Laramie, 85, Ham's Fork, on California route, 226. 220; nominated for president, 174- Haney, Emma J., of the Stevens Point 178, 181; vote for president, 294. Normal, 299, 303, 312, 338. Green Bay (bay), Fox River flows into, Hanks, Nancy, marriage document, 93; railroad along, 285. 162. Green Bay (city), commandant at, 95; Hannahs, Etta, Kenosha teacher, 198. resident, 179; on railroad, 285; vis- Harper, Charles L., quoted, 50; "service ited, 351; statue dedicated at, 108. honors" awarded, 372. Green Bay Advocate, cited, 174-175, Harrison, William H., candidate, 7. 177, 394. Hart, Prof. Albert B., of Harvard, 99. Green Lake (town), combine operated Harvard University, retirement from, in, 241. 87; faculty members, 99, 204, 206, Green Lake County, resident, 235; 351, 499; Lincoln collection, 163; prairie land, 240-241. mentioned, 275; students, 301-302. Green River, on California route, 225- Harvey, L. D., normal school president, 226. 216; efforts of, 319, 332-333; issues Greene, E. B., "Some Aspects of Pol- manual for institutes, 331; president itics in the Middle West," cited, 168, Stout Institute, 345, 451-488; death, 173. 488. Greene, Col. Howard, donor, 501. Hascall, John, wheat grower, 236-237. Greene, Walter S., cited, 407. Haskins, Prof. C. H., of University of Greenland, Salisbury in, 138-141, 145, Wisconsin, 86. 444; Chamberlin in, 432. Haskins, Leslie L., sketch by, 351-354. Gregorich, Joseph, The Apostle of the Chippewas. . ., reviewed, 507. Hastings College, faculty member, 302. Gregorie, Anne King, Thomas Sumter, Haugen, Nils P., papers acquired, 501. reviewed, 383. Haven, Dr. Walter S., gift to Beloit Gregory, Jared C, letter cited, 392. College, 129. Griffith, Albert H., "Lincoln Literature, Hay, John. See Nicolay and Hay. Lincoln Collections, and Lincoln Col- Haycraft, Samuel, Lincoln collector, lectors," 148-167; Lincoln collection 166. sold by, 166; sketch, 259. Hayes, Clara Lyon, "William Penn Gurnee, J. D., cited, 407. Lyon," cited, 6. Hazard, Martha E., on Oshkosh Nor- HAAGE, seed house in Erfurt, Germany, mal faculty, 54. 353. Hazelton, George C, letter cited, 180. 518 Index

Head, Franklin H., executor of Durkee Hosford, Margaret, Oshkosh Normal estate, 187. graduate, 59. Head, George D., on Kenosha school Houser, Daniel, harvesting machine, board, 190. 243. Heidelberg (Germany), student at, Howard, J. Q., Lincoln biographer, 129; letter from, 131-132. 151, 162. Hektoen, Peder, pioneer, 365. Howe, Grace T., of Kenosha, 191. Helm, John, Lincoln collector, 166. Howe, Col. J. H., railroad attorney, Hendrickson, Prof. Peter, of Beloit 178, 2S5, 287; of Kenosha, 191; let- College, 39. ters cited, 178-180; cited, 406; manu- Hense-Jensen, Wilhelm, Wisconsin's facturer, 194. Deutsch-Amerikaner bis zwm Schluss Howe, Sen. Timothy O., in politics, des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, cited, 177-178; letters cited, 178, 291, 410; 170. relatives, 191; and railroads, 404. Herndon, William H., Lincoln biog- Howells, W. D., Lincoln biographer, rapher, 152. 151. Herrick, Alfred J., of the Stevens Hoyt, Mrs. Edith E., quoted, 463-464. Point Normal, 349. Hoyt, John Wesley, autobiography ac- Herriott, F. I., "Senator Stephen A. quired, 372. Douglas and the Germans in 1854," Hoyt, Judson E., school superintend- cited, 170. ent, 448, 452, 463, 465. Hicks, John D., The Populist Re- Hoyt, Kepler, donor, 372. volt. . ., reviewed, 382. Hubbard, Thomas W., Kenosha school- Higgins, F. Hal, supplies data for edi- man, 199. torial, 234-235, 237, 240-243. Hudson, residents, 59. Higley, Rev. , of Beloit, 425. Hudson Star and Times, cited, 396. Hilgard, Dr. J. E., at scientific meet- Hughitt, Marvin, cited, 411. ing, 138. Hunt, S. W., letter cited, 172. Hingham, resident, 179. Huntington, Henry E., purchases Lin- Hinsdale, Wilbert B., Archeological coln collection, 155, 167. Atlas of Michigan, reviewed, 507. Huntington Library, research associate, Hitchcock, Mrs. Caroline H., Lincoln 499. collector, 166. Hunt's Spring, on California route, Hixon, Frank, death, 370. 233. Hocking, W. J., Kenosha schoolman, Husan, Anders, marriage, 366. 493. Hussey, Obed, inventor, 238. Holand, H. R., The Kensington Stone, Hutchins, Pres. R. M., of Chicago Uni- reviewed, 380. versity, 473. Holderness, William, on Kenosha school Hutchins Valley, on California route, board, 190. 232. Holland, J. G., The Life of Abraham Hutchinson, William T., Cyrus Hall Lincoln, mentioned, 151. McCormick, cited, 234, 242. Hollister, E. H., on Kenosha school Hyer, Frank S., positions held, 339. board, 190. Holt, Benjamin, harvesting machine, IDAHO Industrial Institute, founder of, 243. 190. Horicon, institute at, 484. Illinois, residents, 74; geology, 138, Horn, TVed, National Democratic Com- 206; geological survey of, 145; Law mittee member, 175; cited, 176, 410; Alliance, 157; Lincoln material in, favored for Congress, 180. 166; early settlers, 264-265, 300; Horner, Judge Henry, Lincoln collec- pioneer preacher, 268; land grant, tor, 160. 286; travelers in, 359. Horse Canon, Simpson's route through, Illinois Staatszeitung, supports Repub- 219. lican party, 179. Index 519

Illinois State Historical Library, Lin- Janesville Gazette, cited, 396. coln collection, 166. Japan, student from, 132; trip to, 449. Illustrations: Jashoat Mountain, on California route, Frontispiece: William Penn Lyon, 232. David Taylor, Orsamus Cole, Har- Jefferson, residents, 178, 180. low S. Orton, John B. Cassody. Jenny, Jacob, letter cited, 292. Rollin D. Salisbury, 22. Johns Hopkins University, students, Frederick Jackson Turner, 86, 496, 86, 90-91, 96, 302, 498. 498. Johnson, Andrew, favored, 173. Hiram Moore home, 119. Johnson, Lionel, poem by, 445. Mary D. Bradford/206. Johnson, O. C, commissioner of immi- Detail of the Road Map from Simp- gration, 292. son's Report, 220. Johnson, R. H., letter cited, 179. Hiram Moore Inspecting the Work Johnson, Robert, in Tuttle party, 221. of His Force-Feed Grain Drill, Johnson, S. C, on Kenosha school 234. board, 190. Model of the Moore-Hascall Machine Johnston, John D., letter to, 167. in Michigan State College, 234. Johnston, Joseph E., memoirs, 150. Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, 263. Johnston's Pass, Simpson's route State Normal School, now Central through, 219. State Teachers College, Stevens Johnstown, minister at, 268. Point, 306. Jolliet, Louis, traditions of, 93. Governor William R. Taylor, 290. Jordan River, on California route, 219, Edward G. Ryan, 391. 230. Stout Institute, 458. Jordet, Lars, native of Norway, 365. Independence Rock, on California Journal of Geology, established, 431; route, 222. editors, 441-442, 444; quoted, 123-124, Indiana, resident, 6; Lincoln material 144-145,272,417. in, 166. Joy, , early automobile owner, 307. Indianapolis (Ind.), historical meeting Juneau, residents, 180, 289. at, 498. Jungen, Lieut.-Commander Carl W., Indians, mode of burial, 74; Tuttle par- service record acquired, 372. ty encounter, 78; trade of discussed, 93-94; guides, 220, 230, 352; ponies, KAHQTTADOS, Chief Simon, burial cere- 221; trading post, 222. See also the mony, 108. several tribes. Kalamazoo (Mich.), teacher, 345. Inglefield Gulf, glacial study at, 141. Kalamazoo County (Mich.), combine Iowa, condition of roads, 72; cities, 73; used in, 235; prairie land, 241. pioneers, 357; teacher, 485. Kane, Kate, lawyer, 51. Iowa River, Tuttle party camps on, Karpe, G., letter cited, 179. 74. Kay, May, Whitewater Normal teach- Irving, Washington, work of, 92. er, 490. Keep, Albert, president Northwestern JACKSON, S. W., Lincoln collector, 157- Railroad, 395, 409. 158. Kellerman, William A., on Oshkosh Jackson County, school superintendent, Normal faculty, 53, 56, 63. 329. Kellogg, Mrs. Eva D., attends educa- Jacksonville (111.)* oratorical contest tional meeting, 200. at, 42. Kellogg, Louise P., Menominee Treaty Jacobs, Mrs. Belle A., memorial for of the Cedars, pamphlet reviewed, unveiled, 247. 115. James, Sarah, loans pamphlet, 52. Kelly, Charles, Salt Desert Trails, cited, Janesville, residents, 7, 70, 179-180, 286; 219; letter cited, 220. and Rock River litigation, 13; on Kelly, Peter, janitor, 300. railroad, 285; political speech at, Kenosha, on railroad, 47; residents, 48, 289, 291; 1870 population, 294. 60, 188, 190-191, 193-197, 199, 206, 209, 520 Index

211, 217, 285, 299; schools, 61, 64, 186- La Follette, Robert M., Autobiography, 187, 199, 207, 491-494; alumni, 183, cited, 288. 212-213; teachers, 68, 182, 202, 204, Lake, Ivan Clyde, Minocqua: A Brief 214, 313, 459, 481, 489; population, History of the Island City, reviewed, 201, 210; lawyer, 218; visited, 346. 258. Kenosha County, roads, 47; school su- Lake Geneva, residents, 6, 154. perintendent, 49; residents, 48, 60-61, Lake Geneva Historical Society, activ- 198-199; institute, 459. ity, 376. Kenosha County Historical Society, ac- Lake Mills, marker unveiled, 249. tivities, 376, 505. Lambert, William H., Lincoln collector, Kenosha Gazette, report in, 211. 154-155, 157-158, 162, 167. Kentucky, resident, 6; Washington Lamon, Ward H., Lincoln biographer, County officials, 162; Lincoln material 152. in, 166. Lamont, John F., county superintend- Keyes, E. W., letter to, cited, 171-172, ent, 329-330. 178-180, 284, 286, 292-293, 593-394, La Motte, Peter, Mtenominee orator, |402-403, 408, 410; Republican party 108. leader, 177-178, 180, 283, 291, 294; Lancaster, resident, 172. railroad interests, 285, 404, 408-409; Langlade, Charles de, French resident, quoted, 296; account cited, 296. 95. Kindergarten training school. See Stout Langlade County Historical Society, Institute. activities, 112, 252, 376. Knapp, George N., geological field Langley, S. P., at scientific meeting, work, 139. 137. Knapp, Stout & Company, lumbering Langson, W. J., of Milwaukee, 406. business, 455-456. Lapham, Increase A., report acquired, Knight, George W., compilation by, 501; geologist, 419. 102. Laramie Peak, on California route, 85. Knight, John H., of Bayfield, 286. Larson, Laurence M., quoted, 498. Knisely, Mary, Oshkosh Normal grad- Laughlin, Henry D., death, 244. uate, 59-60. Lawrence College, athletics, 322; found- Knowlton, Dexter A., Beloit College ing celebrated, 503. trustee, 129. Leach, Cephas H., student at Oshkosh Knox, Rev. Patrick B., death, 500. Normal, 61; Kenosha schoolman, 199, Kohl, John C, Pioneer Days at Marsh- 202. field and Its Surroundings, reprint Leavitt, Roger, and Salisbury, 438. reviewed, 114. Lees, Edward, on railroad committee, Krez, Conrad, of Sheboygan, 178. 406. Kummel, Dr. Henry B., geologist, 139; Leith, Prof. C. K., quoted, 417. at Chicago University, 142. Lewis, Henry C, geologist, 139. Lewis, W. E., state Y.M.C.A. secretary, LACHER, J. H. A., donor, 372. La Crosse, high school teacher, 59; on 37. railroad, 284; residents, 292-293; 1870 Lexington (Ky.), historical association population, 294; bridge bill veto, 295. meets at, 86; resident, 159. La Crosse County Historical Society, Liberal Reform Convention, at Cincin- activities, 111, 376, 505. nati, 175. La Crosse Normal School, teaching Liberal Reform Union Club, of Mil- iStaff, 337. waukee, 172. La Crosse Republican and Leader, cit- Liberal Republicans, in Wisconsin, 168- ed, 288, 292. 181, 290, 296, 391; apathy of, 282; Ladd, Mary H., on Oshkosh Normal newspaper, 286. faculty, 53; teaching methods, 63. Liber ale Demokrat, editor, 407. Lafayette County Democrat, cited, 288. Library of Congress, Lincoln collec- La Follette, Mrs. Belle Case, funeral tion, 154, 165. services, 244-245. Lillesund (Norway), ship passes, 356. Index 521

Lincoln, Abraham, literature, 148-153; Lyon, William Penn, portrait, frontis- .collections and collectors, 158-167; piece; in Wisconsin Supreme Court, supporter of, 173. 3-21. Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, at theatre, 161. Lincoln, Robert T., donor of Lincoln MCCASKILL, Virgil E., positions held, papers, 165. 339-340, 342. Lincoln, Tad, presents photograph, 161. McCormick, Cyrus, reaper history, 234; Lincoln, Thomas, marriage document, inventor, 238; fortune, 242. 162; letter to, 167. McCoy, A. J., letters cited, 180, 404. Lincoln (Neb.), visited, 476-477, 484- McDermott, Billy, telegraph operator, 486, 495. 217. Lincoln-Douglas debates, issued, 150; McDill, G. E., transfers money, 298. prepared for printer, 160. McFarland, C. D., normal school re- Lincoln Historical Research Founda- gent, 344. tion, Lincoln collection, 155, 165. McGrath, William H., death, 370. "Lincoln Literature, Lincoln Collec- McKenny, Pres. Charles, of Milwau- tions, and Lincoln Collectors," by Al- kee Normal, 478. bert H. Griffith, 148-167. McKern, W. C, Wisconsin (A) Variant Lincoln National Life Insurance Com- of the Hopewell Culture, reviewed, pany, collection, 165. 115. Lindman, , in Wisconsin politics, McKinley, William, address on Lincoln, 292. 158. Lingle, D. J., Beloit College assistant, McLaughlin, Andrew C, discusses 130. Turner's paper, 97. Linton, Sophia, of the Stevens Point McLean, Mrs. J. E. See Caroline E. Normal, 299, 303, 338, 342. Crawford. Little, John S., Lincoln collector, 162. McLellan, Charles W., Lincoln collec- Livingston, John W., of the Stevens tor, 154-155, 157, 164. fPoint Normal, 339. McLoughlin, Edward, Oshkosh Normal Logan, Frank G., Lincoln collector, 161. graduate, 59. Logsdon-Coull, Mrs. Martha, in Men- omonie schools, 457. McMillan, Prof. W. D., quoted, 434-435. Longson, W. J., of Milwaukee, 400. McMurtrie, Douglas C, Early Print- Longstreet, James, memoirs, 150. ing in Wisconsin, reviewed, 113. Lord, J. J., poem, 162. McMynn, John G., letter, 212. Losegaard, Esten, death, 366. Madison, residents, 6, 138, 162, 175, 180, Louisville (Ky.), Copperhead conven- 285, 287-288, 290, 293, 295-296, 392; tion at, 180-181. teaching records, 49; newspaper, 179; Loup Fork, Tuttle party camps on, 79. educational meeting at, 199-200; mes- Loy, Peter S., papers acquired, 246. sage from, 217; postmaster, 283; on Ludington, Harrison, nominee for gov- railroad, 284; lobby, 287; Republican ernor, 407; charges against, 409; mes- Convention, 291; 1870 population, sage, 410. 294; money transferred to, 298; Wis- Ludwig, Emil, Lincoln biographer, 153. consin Academy, 302; visited, 348; Lueders, Augusta, father of, 351; me- markers at, 110, 249. mento of father's expedition, 353. Madison Botschafter, supports Repub- "Lueders, Frederick George Jacob," lican party, 179. by Clara T. Runge, 350-355; botanist, Madison Democrat, cited, 171-172, 174- 351-352; sketch, 353; publications, 175, 178, 286-288, 291-293, 397-398, 854. 405, 408. Lueders, Herman F., botanist, 354. Madison Literary Club, address before, Lumbering, in Wisconsin, 309, 455. 3. Lush, Charles, death, 244. Madison Patriot, cited, 398. Lyman, Frank H., of Kenosha, 211; Madison State Journal, cited, 173, 175- alumni officer, 212. 178, 180, 286, 292, 395-396, 407, 410. Lyon, Lucius, opinion of, 240. Maine, trip to, 191, 193, 195-197. 522 Index

Manitowoc, 1870 population, 294; votes, Merrill, S. S., railroad politician, 285, 295. 408; cited, 288-289, 410. Manitowoc Nord-Westen, cited, 177. Merrill, institute at, 484. Mansur, Lulu M., of Stevens Point Merrill and Houston Iron Works, of Normal, 335. Beloit, 423. Manual training school. See Stout In- Mertz, Rear-Admiral Albert, service stitute. record acquired, 372. Marathon County, school superintend- Merwin, Rev. James B., Lincoln mate- ent, 329-330. rial, 157. Marin, Henry, on Oshkosh Normal Meserve, Frederick H., Lincoln collec- faculty, 53. tor, 156. Marinette, erects tablet, 248; resident, Mestayers Creek, Tuttle party crosses, 302. 82. Marinette County Historical Society, Methodist Church, preacher in, 268. organized, 505. Miami University, faculty member, 302. Mjarkham Academy, at Milwaukee, 459. Michigan, residents, 14, 235, 237, 302- Marquette, Jacques, traditions of, 93. 303; Moore's combine in, 235, 240, Marsh, O. C, at scientific meeting, 137. 243; prairie land, 241; railroad to Marshall, Roujet D., in Supreme Court, boundary of, 285; visited, 343. 20; autobiography reviewed, 383. Michigan Lake, Fox River flows into, Marshfield, on route, 447. 93; residence near, 194; as boundary, Martha's Vineyard, summer school, 263. 317. Mdddlecamp, William, student at Osh- Martin, Deborah B., death, 245. kosh Normal, 61. Maryatt, Thomas P., Kenosha school- Mid-west Museums' Conference, paper man, 182, 185-186, 188-190, 198. read before, 148. Matheson, Alexander E., death, 370. Miller, David W., on Kenosha school Maxson, Rev. Henry D., of Menomonie, board, 190. 459, 462; institute conductor, 460; Miller, Gard, interviewed, 241. Sermons of Religion and Life, cited, Miller, George P., tablet unveiled for, 461. 373. Maynard, Myra E., thesis cited, 289. Miller, John G. See Mueller. Mazomanie, erects memorial, 109. Mills, Clark, life mask by, 165. Meachem, Mrs. Eliza, memorial for, Mills, Joseph T., papers acquired, 105. 504. Milton College, faculty member, 459. Meadow Creek, on California route, Milwaukee, residents, 6, 88, 172, 174, 230. 178, 180, 285, 293, 326, 395, 407; polit- Meany, Prof. Edmond S., of Washing- ical club, 172; politics in, 179-180; ton, 99. railroad terminal, 284, 286; chamber Mears, C. E., letter cited, 179. of commerce, 287, 400; grange meet- Meiswinkel, John, notary, 409. ing, 289; 1870 population, 294; route Menominee Indians, address translated, via, 356-357; school, 459; visited, 491. 108; story about, 508. Milwaukee Daily News, cited, 172, 174- Menomonie, letter cited, 172; school 177, 180, 288, 396, 398, 404-406; un- superintendent, 345, 448, 464; resi- popular, 286; editor, 392; Reform dents, 446, 456, 459, 461-462, 469, 471, paper, 394. 473; impression of, 447; Mabel Taint- Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin, cited, er Memorial, 450-451, 461, 466; 293, 344. schools, 446-488. Milwaukee Germania, supports Repub- Merk, Frederick, Economic History of lican party, 179. Wisconsin During the Civil War, cit- Milwaukee Herold, cited, 174, 178-179, ed, 283. 409. Merrell, William D., Wisconsin editor, Milwaukee Normal School, Board, of 175, 177; political activity, 180. Visitors, 216; established, 297; teach- Merrick, George B., papers acquired, er, 453. 106. Milwaukee Seebote, cited, 174-175, 177. Index 523

Milwaukee Sentinel, cited, 171-172, 174- Murphy, Kate, in Menomonie schools;, 176, 178, 180, 285, 288-296, 395, 397, 449, 458, 465, 481. 400, 402, 406-408, 410; unpopular, M;urry's Creek, on California route, 286. 232. Miner, Edward G., Lincoln collector, Musselman, Frances, of the Stevens 158. Point Normal, 339. Mineral Point, on railroad, 70. Minnesota, geology, 206; circuit court NASOK, Prof. Henry B., of Beloit Col- decision, 284; residents, 296, 303; pioneers, 356. lege, 272. Mississippi River, arrival at, 72, 354; National Academy of Science, meeting, transportation via, 93, 352; boundary, 137. 94, 263; fort on, 95; valley, 145; rail- National Cyclopwdia of American road spans, 284; birds migrate along, Biography, cited, 348. 470. National Educational Association, Mississippi Valley Historical Associa- meetings, 199-200, 317, 485; secretary, tion, meetings, 86, 506; charter mem- 478. ber, 495. Nazro, John, of Milwaukee, 400. Missouri, 1870 campaign, 171. Neby, Nils N., pioneer, 364. Missouri River, Tuttle party crosses, Nelson, Burton E., president Stout In- 78. stitute, 488. Mitchell, Alexander, president St. Paul "New Departure," denned, 172; origin, Railroad, 285-286, 288, 395, 409; let- 173. ter cited, 296. New England, pioneers, 24, 264, 413, Moak, J. T., in politics, 179. 459, 498; college faculty from, 35; Moen, Lars, pioneer, 357, 365. historian, 97; colonial records, 102; Moen, Tollof, pioneer, 357, 365. prejudices, 1T0; visited, 191; speech M1onroe, on Tuttle party route, 69; peculiarities, 193; residents, 200, 303, presidents, 70. 308. Montana, geology, 137. New Glarus, marker placed near, 109. Montello, and proposed railroad, 402. New Jersey, geology, 138; geologists, Montreal (Can.), immigrants disem- 139, 145. bark at, 356. New London, public museum, 376. Moody, Anna W., on Oshkosh Normal New York (state), residents, 8, 49, 171, faculty, 53. 236, 459, 498; pioneers of character- Moore, Andrew Y., of Michigan, 237; ized, 24-25; pioneers arrive from, sends combine to California, 238, 243. 264. Moore, Charles, donor of Lincoln books, New York City, historical association 164. meets at, 97; Lincoln collections at, Moore, Hiram, farm home pictured, 155, 162; residents, 156-158, 199, 348; 119; editorial on, 234-243. railroad terminal, 286; Columbia Uni- Moore-Hascall combine, described, 236; versity, 339; ships leave, 479. pictured, 234; in California, 240. New York Herald, cited, 174. Morgan, John, disappearance, 236. New York Times, editor, 151. Mormons, belief of, 18; mentioned, 223; fortification, 227. New York Tribune, editor, 220. Morrison, W. L., of Menomonie, 466. New York World, cited, 288. Morse Jr., John T., Lincoln biographer, Newcomb, Simon, mentioned, 91. 152. Newell, O. S., on Kenosha school board, Moulton, F. R., Chamberlin's colleague, 190. 434-436. Newfoundland, immigrants arrive at, Mowry, Duane, "An Appreciation of 356. James Rood Doolittle," cited, 173. Newhall, , dealer in Lincoln mate- Muddy Creek, on California route, 227. rial, 158. Mueller, Rev. John G., diaries ac- Newman, Alfred W., in Supreme Court, quired, 246. 20. 524 Index

Niehol, John, on Kenosha school board, Oregon (state), resident, 99; Tuttle 190. party arrive in, 225; history of, 351; Nichols, Phebe J., Sunrise of the Men- Lueders en route to, 352; botanist in, ominees. . ., reviewed, 508. 353. Nicholson collection, at Huntington Orton, Harlow S., portrait, frontis- library, 167. piece; in Wisconsin Supreme Court, Nickerson, Mrs. Essie, librarian, 455. 3-21. Nicolay, John G. See Nicolay and Orton, Philo, cited, 407. Hay. Osceola Mills, resident, 179. Nicholay and Hay, co-authors of life Oshkosh, on railroad, 285; residents, of Lincoln, 150-152. 47, 49, 59-60, 171, 290, 293, 316, 391; NielPs Creek, on California route, 219- 1870 population, 294; teacher, 214; 220, 233. tablet unveiled, 373; fair at, 406. Niles, Mrs. Charles F., aids bird study, Oshkosh Normal School, sketch, 47-68; 471. building, 51-52; progress, 53-57; Nolen, William W., Lincoln collector, students, 55, 59-61, 199, 489; teachers 164. and teaching, 53, 61-65, 320; stand- Normal schools. See various normal ards of management, 65-67; outside schools. activities, 67-68; experience at, 185; Normal Schools Board of Regents, ac- athletics, 322; Institute, 331. tivity, 53-54; Proceedings, quoted, Otto, Francesca L., of Menomonie, 473. 60. Outagamie County Pioneer and His- North Dakota, geology, 137. torical Society, organized, 505. North Menomonie, schools, 475. Owen, Prof. E. T., death, 370. North Wisconsin Railroad. See Chi- Owens, Mary, Lincoln proposes to, 167. cago and Northwestern. Northern Pacific Railroad, crash, 397. PACIFIC Springs, on California route, Northwestern University, graduate, 225. 190. Paine, Byron, successor, 6. Northwestern Wisconsin Teachers' As- Painter, David, discharge signed by sociation, meeting, 446. Lincoln, 167. Norwegians, pioneers, 70, 475; office Palmer, H. L., cited, 285. seekers, 292; immigrant letters, 356- Palouse (Wash.), wheat-growing re- 369; history of immigration, 114. gion, 240. Noyes, Frank E., donor, 248. Pantzer, E. E., death, 370. Noyes, John, letter to, cited, 179. Park, Anna, of Stevens Point, 299. Noyes, Lucy A., on Oshkosh Normal Park, Byron B., normal school inter- faculty, 57. est, 298; quoted, 344. Nute, Grace Lee, The Voyageur, re- Park Jr., Gilbert, of Stevens Point, viewed, 384. 299. OAKLAND (Calif.), teacher at, 473. Park, Judge Gilbert L., of Stevens Oakleaf, Joseph B., Lincoln bibliog- Point, 299. rapher, 149; collector, 154-155, 157. Park, Mortimer T., on Oshkosh Nor- Ochsner, A. J., university student, 88. mal faculty, 53. Ohio, early hostilities in region of, 95; Parker, Col. Francis, of Chicago Nor- gubernatorial campaign, 172; Repub- mal School, 339. lican reverses, 294. Parker, W. N., edits school journal, Oien, Iver, death, 366. 476. "Old Abe," mascot of Eighth Wiscon- Parkman, Francis, work of, 92, 94. sin, 6. Paschen, George, letter cited, 172. Old Indian Agency House Association, Patrons of Husbandry. See Grangers. papers acquired, 107. Patterson, Isabelle, of Stevens Point Oldham, , Puritan trader, 94. Normal, 300. Oldroyd, O. H., Lincoln collector, 155. Patzer, C. E., Public Education in Wis- Olson, Julius E., university student, 88. consin, cited, 332. Index 525

Paul, George H., letters to, cited, 177, Platteville, resident, 302. 283, 294, 397, 405; aids Taylor, 392- Platteville Normal School, three-year 393; editor, 404. course, 58; president, 339. Pawnee Indians, on warpath, 78. Pleasant Prairie, resident, 61. Pawnee Springs, camp near, 82. Plover, visited, 307-308. Payne, H. C, cited, 293, 409. Plymouth, resident, 179. Peak's Island (Me.), visited, 191. Plympton's Springs, Simpson's route Peary, Lieut. Robert E., Arctic explor- via, 219, 232. er, 140-141; relief expedition, 145. Pollock, James, governor of Pennsyl- Pease, S. A., cited, 402. vania, 165. Pecatonica River, camp on, 70. Pollock, W. J., Kenosha schoolman, 207, Peck, George W., letter, 283; appointee, 209, 211. 298. Pony Express, route, 219. Peet, C. E., in geological work, 139; Port Washington, teacher, 30. student at Wisconsin, 142. Portage, residents, 86, 92* 497-498; on Peet, Joseph B., Beloit College trustee, railroad, 284, 401; flag raising, 110. 129. See also Fort Winnebago. Pellet, C. S., Beloit College assistant, Portage and Superior Railroad, land 128. grant, 401; construction of, 403. Pennoyer, Dr. N. A., of Kenosha, 194. Portage City, on proposed railroad, Pennsylvania, geology, 138, 140; gov- 283. ernor, 165. Portage County, raises building fund, Penrose, Dr. R. A. F., of Chicago Uni- 298; county seat, 307; normal stu- versity, 430. dents, 318; lands in, 447. People's Reform Ticket, cited, 291. Portage Register, cited, 406. Peoria (111.), Caterpillar Tractor Com- Porter, Charles V., death, 500. pany, 234; resident, 235. Porter, H. H., cited, 406. Pepin Lake, on upper Mississippi, 95, Porter, Kenneth W., John Jacob Astor, Perrot, Nicolas, traditions of, 93. Business Man, reviewed, 507. Pfeffer, Johnny, janitor, 120. Porter, William, of Beloit College, 35. Phelps, William F., president of White- Portland Oregonian, cited, 351. water Normal, 28. Potosi, resident, 5. Phelps Valley, Simpson route through, Potter, Grace, of Whitewater Normal, 219. 490. Philadelphia (Pa.), residents, 154, 335; Potter, R. L. D., and railroad law, 394, mentioned, 171; convention, 178. 410; on railroad committee, 406. Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, Potter Law, relating to railroads, 394, educational exhibit, 67, 456. 396-401, 404, 406-407, 410-411. Pickawillany, Ohio trading post, 95. Powell, John W., director of U. S. Geo- Pierce County, residents, 359, 366. logical Survey, 414; comment on Pike's Peak, gold seekers, 70-77, 80-81; work of, 444-445. lecture on, 85, 220. Powers, H. H., art critic, 478-480. Pilling, James C, marriage, 413; and Prairie du Chien, resident, 180; on rail- Chamberlin, 414. road, 284; church records acquired, Pine Range, Tuttle party at, 232. 372. Pinney, S. U., in Wisconsin Supreme Prairie du Chien Courier, cited, 175- Court, 20. 177, 180. Pitkin, Edward H., Beloit College trus- Prairie Ronde (Mich.), combine used tee, 129. on, 235-236; fertility, 241. Pitman, Bertha S., of the Stevens Point Pratt, Marcus S., diaries acquired, 245. Normal, 299, 338; sketch, 302. Pratt, Sarah, copy of diary acquired, Platt, James C, gift to Beloit College, 107. 129. Pray, Katharine, of the Stevens Point Platte River, camp on, 78, 81-82, 84-85, Normal, 338. 221; village on, 79; travel along, 80; Pray, Kenneth L. M., composes song, Tuttle party crosses, 83, 222. 335; letter, 341. 526 Index

Pray, Theron B., institute conductor, Reid, Tom, cited, 408. 216; Stevens Point Normal School Reitler, Janette, of the Stevens Point president, 217, 298-299, 304, 306, 312, Normal, 326. 318-319, 321, 336, 339-340, 342, 489; Remsen, Ira, at scientific meeting, 137. sketch, 300-301; children of, 335, 338; Republican party, in Wisconsin, 168, removal from presidency, 343-345; 291, 293, 295-296, 393, 400, 403-405, successor, 345; quoted, 488. 407-409, 411; undermined, 169, 174, Pray, Mrs. Theron B., of Stevens Point, 178; members, 7, 170, 173, 175, 177, 342. 292, 294, 367, 394; newspapers, 176, Presbyterians, organize Beloit College, 179; state central committee, 179; 264. Congressional candidates, 180.; in Puchner, Rudolph, Erinnerung ac- 1872 election, 181, 282; convention, 7, quired, 502. 291; defeated in Wisconsin, 391. Puffer, , shoemaker, 24. Rice, Allen T., edits Reminiscences of Pulaski, Count Casimir, statue dedi- Lincoln, 153. cated, 247. Richards, John T., Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman, mentioned, QUAKERS, pioneers affiliated with, 5. 153. Quarles, Joseph V., president of Keno- Richland Center, resident, 394. sha school board, 187, 189. Ripon, meeting at college, 148; resi- Quebec (Can.), immigrants disembark dent, 178-179; farm near, 235; prairie near, 356. Quimby, John B., on railroad com- land, 241; political shrine, 248; on mittee, 406. proposed railroad, 401-402. Quinn, M. Frances, of the Stevens Risdon, F. Ray, Lincoln collector, 162. Point Normal, 300, 303; removal to River Falls Normal School, founded, Chicago, 345. 297; teacher, 59; president, 347, 478. River Side, on Tuttle party route, 70. RACINE, school superintendent, 49, 488; Roberts, Lorenzo D., memorial dedi- residents, 60, 208, 292-293, 393; 1870 cated to, 249, 373. population, 294; historical museum, Robinson, Charles, quoted, 174. 376. Rock County, law involving, 13; cir- Racine County, resident, 6. cuit court petition, 16-17; residents, Railroad Commission, decisions involv- 72, 178; coal sought in, 418. ing, 9. Rock County Agricultural Society, pa- Railroads, in Wisconsin politics, 282- per read for, 266. 296, 391-411. Rock Creek, Tuttle party camps on, Ralph, P. H., letter to, 274. 75. Rankin, Henry, letter, 158. Rock River, litigation, 13; stone quar- Rankin, Joseph, on legislative com- ries, 32. mittee, 400. Rock River Paper Company, director, Rattlesnake Creek, Tuttle party camps 423. near, 82. Rock River Valley Railroad, in Wal- Rawhide Creek, bridged, 78. worth County, 284. Raymond, Henry J., Lincoln biog- Rockefeller Jr., John D., purchases rapher, 151, 157. Lincoln collection, 155; donor of col- Ream, Vinnie, Lincoln bust by, 159. lection, 164. Red Cedar River, birds along, 470. Rockford College Seminary, visited, 32. Red Springs, on California route, 232. Rocky Mountains, Tuttle party near, Reed, George, vice-president Wisconsin 224-225. Central Railroad, 295, 401. Rogers, Charles, letter cited, 179. Reed, Myron, letter cited, 294. Rogers, George L., transfers money, Reese, Samuel W., letter cited, 180. 298. Reform party, in Wisconsin, 170, 296, Roosevelt, Theodore, and Historical 391, 393-395, 400, 403, 407-409. Association meeting, 97. Index 527

Rosenbusch, Prof. Karl H. F., German Salem, resident, 60; institute at, 459- lecturer, 131. 460. Rosenthal, James, Lincoln collector, Salisbury, Pres. Albert, of Whitewater 161. Normal, 486; characterized, 488-491; Ross, Earle Dudley, The Liberal Re- death, 494. publican Movement, cited, 172, 174- Salisbury, Mrs. Albert, of Whitewater, 175, 180. 490. Ross, Jim, and temperance, 403. Salisbury, Celia, quoted, 28. Roth, Lulu, marriage, 485. Salisbury, Daniel, son of, 23; home de- Rothschild, Alonzo, Lincoln, Master of scribed, 24; characterized, 25-26. Men, Honest Abe, mentioned, 153. Salisbury, Mrs. Daniel. See Lucinda Rothschild, Mrs. Alonzo, donor of Lin- Bryant. coln collection, 163. Salisbury, Elsie, activity, 24; charac- Royce, Asa M., conducts institute, 484. terized, 25. Rublee, Horace, quoted, 403. Salisbury, Rollin D., "A Biographical Ruediger, William C, Stevens Point Sketch," by Hiram D. Densmore, 22- Normal graduate, 349. 46, 119-147; portrait, 22; at Univer- Ruff head's British Statutes at Large, sity of Wisconsin, 141-142; at Chi- referred to, 102. cago University, 142-147, 206; rela- Runge, Mrs. Clara T., "Frederick tions with Chamberlin, 263, 437-445; George Jacob Lueders," 350-355; publications, 440-441. sketch, 385. Salisbury, Wayland, student, 30. Rush Pond, Simpson's route via, 219, Salt Lake City, Mormons found, 223; 232. Tuttle party stops at, 219, 229; gar- Rush River, fishing in, 365. rison leaves for, 220, 230; party from, Rush Valley, Simpson route through, 222, 226. 219 Salt Lake Valley, view, 228. Rusk, J. M., letter cited, 292. Sanborn, John B., "The Supreme Court Russia, geology of, 131. of Wisconsin in the Eighties," 3-21; Ryan, Edward G., Wisconsin judge, 3, sketch, 115. 20; chief justice, 297, 405; charac- Sandburg, Carl, Lincoln biographer, terized, 398; portrait, 391; death, 7; 152; collector, 160. successor, 4; papers acquired, 106; Sanford, Albert H., of the Stevens quoted, 177, 288. Point Normal, 299, 336, 342; sketch, Ryan, Hugh, estate of, 106. 302, 337. Ryndam, steamship, 479. San Joaquin River, wheat-growing region, 240. SACRAMENTO River, wheat-growing re- San Jose (Calif.), combine used near, gion, 240. 237. Sage, H. K., Lincoln collector, 159. Sargent, Dr. Dudley A., of Harvard, Sager, George H., on Kenosha school 302. board, 190. Sauk City, residents, 350, 354; influence, St. Croix Falls, resident, 286. 351. St. Croix Lake, railroad built to, 283, Sauk City Pionier-Presse, cited, 351. 291. Sauk County, resident, 354. St. Croix River, proposes railroad to, Sauk County Historical Society, ac- 283. tivities, 112, 252, 350. St. Lawrence River, transportation via, Sawyer, Hiram, cited, 289. 95. Sayles, Nettie, of Whitewater Normal, St. Louis (Mo.), residents, 340, 352, 490. 354, 455, 457; visited, 352; schools, Scanlan, Marian, donor, 372. 456. Schafer, Joseph, editorials, 86-103, 234- St. Paul (Minn.), primary school as- 243, 495-499; early studies, 101-102; sistant superintendent, 345. edits diary, 115; edits Fairchild let- St. Pierre, Jacques Legardeur de, com- ters, 256. mands in Ohio, 95. Schoeffler, Moritz, cited, 175. £28 Index

Schoetz, Max, memorial, 374. Sizer, Helen, student at Oshkosh Nor- Schofield, Harvey A., Stevens Point mal, 50. Normal graduate, 349. Skinners Creek, Tuttle party crosses, .Schooler aft (Mich.), combine used 70. near, 235. Skunk Bottom, on California route, 75. Schurz, Carl, Reminiscences, 150; polit- Skunk Creek, Tuttle party camps on, ical activity, 170-171, 174; residence, 82. 179; charges against, 180. Skunk River, Tuttle party crosses, 76. Scott, Dr. Colin A., of the Stevens Sloan, A. Scott, of Beaver Dam, 177; Point Normal, 340-341. opinions, 395, 400; cited, 406. Scott, Dr. William A., course with, 207. Sloan, I. C., of Rock County, 178. Scott's Bluffs, on California route, 85. Smith, Angus, railroad politician, 285; Scripps, John Locke, Life of Abraham cited, 406. Lincoln, mentioned, 151, 162. Smith, Clarence M,, student at Oshkosh Sewall, Mrs. May W., attends educa- Normal, 60. tional meeting, 200. Smith, George B., letter to, cited, 171, Seward, William H., signature, 158. 174-175; Democrat, 285, 296; letter Seymour, C, letter cited, 292-293. cited, 391. .Seymour, Horatio, in 1868 election, 181. Smith, Martin L., student at Oshkosh Sharp, Prof. Frank C, wife of, 338; Normal, 60. initiates course, 473. Smith, Prof. Thomas A., of Beloit Col- Shaw, J. B., letter cited, 179. lege, 39, 119. Shawano, dedicates memorial, 249. Smith, Gov. William. E., appointees, 4. Sheboygan, residents, 7, 178; high Smock, Dr. John C, geologist, 139. school teacher, 59; tablet unveiled Snow, Prof. Benjamin, of the Univer- at, 249; 1870 population, 294; elec- sity of Wisconsin, 204. tion returns, 295. Society and State, 104-113, 244-255, 370- Sheboygan County, resident, 179; park 379, 500-506. in, 504. Society of Natural Science, Hamburg, Sheboygan County Historical Society, Germany, 351; trip undertaken for, activities, 112, 252. 353. Shell Creek, Tuttle party crosses, 79. Solberg, Charley, of La Crosse, 292. Sheridan, P. H., memoirs, 150. Somers Township, school, 49; resident, Sherman, Dr. L. A., publication, 477. 60. Sherman, W. T., memoirs, 150. South Dakota, geology, 137. Sherry, Laura, Old Prairie du Chien, South Pass, spring on summit, 225. reviewed, 257. Southwick, Dean Henry L., of Emer- Sherwood, marker unveiled near, 249. son School of Oratory, 317. Shullsburg, on Tuttle party route, 70. Sparks, Jared, work of, 92. Shutts, George, conducts institute, 484. Simmons, H. M., superintendent of Spence, Hattie M., student at Oshkosh Kenosha schools, 48, 183, 186; offi- Normal, 60. ciates at marriage, 191; officiates at Spencer, William V., Lincoln bibliog- burial, 197. rapher, 149, 153. Simmons, Ichabod, on Kenosha school Spindler, Frank N., of the Stevens board, 190. Point Normal, 340. Simmons Sr., Z. G., father of, 190; Spooner, John C, in railway contro- manufacturer, 193-194. versy, 20. Simpson, Capt. James H., establishes Spooner, Philip L., quoted, 7; assistant route, 219-220; encountered, 230. attorney-general, 288. Sims, John F., president Stevens Point Spring Canyon, on California route, Normal, 345. 232-233. Sinclair, A. C, on Kenosha school Spring Prairie, residents, 23-24, 30, 45; iboard, 189. mill at, 25; Baptist church at, 26. Sioux Indians, unrest, 78; trading Sproat, Mrs. Florantha T., missionary posts, 85. letters acquired, 502. Index 529

Starin, Frederick J., diary acquired, Sumter, Thomas, biography reviewed,. 372. 383. Starkweather, J. B., on Kenosha school Superior, normal school at, 340; resi- board, 190. dent, 484; high school erects tablet,. Starr Jr., John W., Lincoln bibliog- 248. rapher, 149; collector, 159. Superior Lake, proposed railroad to,, Stearns, Prof. J. W., of the University 283, 286, 401. of Wisconsin, 204-205. "Supreme (The) Court of Wisconsin in Stebbins, J. M., on Kenosha school the Eighties," by John B. Sanborn, board, 190. 3-21. Steensland, H., cited, 292. Sutton, Rachel L., Oshkosh Normal Stephens, Alexander H., memoirs, 150. graduate, 59. Stephens, Frank E., student at Osh- Swan, W. G., cited, 406. kosh Normal, 60. Swart, Mrs. , of Washington, D. C.,, Stephens Creek, on California route, 58. 232. Swart, Rose C, on Oshkosh Normal Stephenson, Nathaniel W., Lincoln faculty, 53, 57, 63; sketch, 57-58. writer, 153. Sweet Water, Tuttle party camps on,, Stevens Point, residents, 178, 218, 299, 222-224. 302-303, 311, 447; forests near, 308; Swift, Edgar J., of the Stevens Point on Wisconsin River, 309; railroad Normal, 340, 342. center, 310, 401, 403. Swiss, pioneers, 350. Stevens Point Gazette, cited, 344. Sylvania, resident, 60. Stevens Point Normal School, position Sylvester, C. H., of the Stevens Point offered at, 217; early history, 297- Normal, 299, 336, 342, 348; sketch,. 299; faculty, 299-304, 346, 470, 476, 301, 321, 337-338. 488-489, 491; buildings, 305-306; stu- Sylvester, James J., mentioned, 91. dents, 316-319, 342, 345; gymnasium, 319-320; discipline, 320-321; recrea- TAGGERT, George W., donates statue,, tion, 321-323; cultural influences, 323- 248. 327, 483; growth, 334-341, 454; gradu- Tainter, Capt. Andrew, philanthropist,. ates, 347-349; pictured, 306. 451, 461-462; property sold, 467. Stevenson's Creek, Simpson's route Tainter, Mrs. Andrew, of Menomonie, via, 219. 451, 461; death, 462; building named Stewart, Flora E., of the Stevens Point for, 467. Normal, 338. Tallman, F. G., Lincoln collector, 158. Stewart, Judd, Lincoln collector, 154- Tanner, H. B., History of the Streets 155, 157; collection sold, 167. of Kaukauna, reviewed, 257. Stoddard, William O., letter, 158. Tanner, Mary E., of the Stevens Point Stone estate, gift to Beloit College, 41. Normal, 299, 324, 338, 342; sketch, Stortroen, Mrs. A. J., granduncle of, 302-303. 359. Tarbell, Ida M., Lincoln collector, 158; Stortroen, Anders J., letters, 359, 363, publications, 152, 159. 366, 369. Taylor, David, portrait, frontispieces Stortroen, Ole, pioneer, 357, 365; letter, in Wisconsin Supreme Court, 3-21; 366. park named for, 504. Stout, James H., of Menomonie, 446; Taylor, Frances, of Oshkosh Normal,* schools developed by, 449-488; death, 53. 487. Taylor, William R., candidate for gov- Stout Institute, president, 345; Mary ernor, 290, 294-295; elected, 391; re- Bradford at, 446-488; pictured, 458. lations with railroads, 395-397, 401- Strawberry Creek, on California route, 410; characterized, 392; letter, 393; 224. portrait, 290. Summit Springs, Simpson's route Telemark (Norway), pioneers from* through, 219. 357. Sumner, Charles, friend of, 186. Tenney, H. A., letter cited, 175. 530 Index

Thayer, J. B., state superintendent of United States Navy, captain, 215. public instruction, 207. United States Session Laws, cited, 283. Thayer, William M., The Pioneer Boy, United States Statutes at Large, cited, mentioned, 151. 283. Thirteenth Wisconsin Infantry, com- United States Supreme Court, average mander of, 6. age of members of, 8; appeals to, Thomas, O. B., letter cited, 180. 19-20. Thompson, Richard, Lincoln collection, University of Chicago, faculty mem- 166. bers, 123-124, 138, 142-145, 339, 430, Thomson, Alexander M., A Political 441, 443-444, 473; students, 141, 182, History of Wisconsin, cited, 168, 173, 206, 300, 455: Ogden School of 290, 398. Science, 146. Thwaites, Reuben G., Wisconsin. . . . University of Michigan, students, 7, 39, cited, 168; at historical association 414; graduate, 49. meeting, 97. University of Nebraska, student, 476. Tomah, school principal, 300; resident, University of Oregon, Turner at, 499. 394 University of South Dakota, on teach- Tomahawk, Bradley Park at, 312. ing staff, 301. Tonset (Norway), pioneers from, 356. University of Washington, Turner at, Tooele Valley, Simpson route through, 499. 219. University of Wisconsin, Turner at, 91; Towle, Ralph E., on European trip, students, 86, 88, 101, 301-302, 345, 478. 463; presidents, 134, 206, 304, 429, Town, H. S., letter cited, 178-179. 440; faculty, 7, 338, 349, 473, 495, 497, Townsend, William H., Lincoln collec- 499; geologist, 137, 141-142, 145, 417; tor, 159. commencement addresses, 288; publi- Tracy, Gilbert, letter, 158. cation, 354; summer sessions, 204. Troan, Hans C, pioneer, 357. Usher, Ellis B., papers available, 107. Trottman, J. F., university student, 88, Utah, governor of territory, 187; teach- 91. er in, 485. Trumbull, Lyman, correspondence, 167. Utley, WiUiam L., letter cited, 393-394. Turner, Andrew Jackson, son of, 93. Turner, Frederick Jackson, editorial VALDERS (Norway), residents from, 357. on, 86-103; death noticed, 500; obitu- Vallandigham, Clement L., and the ary, 495-499; portraits, 86, 496, 498; "New Departure," 172-173. writings, 86, 96, 98, 256. Van Buren, Martin, supporter of, 173. Turnley's Springs, on California route, Van Hise, Charles R., eulogy for, 430. 232. Van Wie, Enoch, on Kenosha school Tuttle, Charles M., diary published, 69- board, 190. 85, 219-233. Vermont, and school support, 101; resi- Tweedy, John H., additional papers ac- dent, 236. quired, 371. Vernon County, resident, 295. Twelve Miles House, near Benton, 71. Victor, Orville J., Lincoln biographer, Tyler Spring, Simpson's route via, 219, 151. 231. Villiers, Lady , Lincoln's note to, UMATILLA River, wheat-growing region, 164. 240. Villiers, Coulon de, French officer, 95. Union (Rock County), resident, 69. Vinje, A. J., university student, 88; Union College, graduate, 5, 7. of Wisconsin Supreme Court, 3. Unitarians, organized, 459; minister, Virginia, governor, 95; student from, 461; memorial church, 462. 132; Lincoln material in, 166. United States Congress. See Congress. Viroqua, resident, 292. United States Geological Survey, work Voje, Mrs. John H., death, 500. with, 137-139, 145, 429, 432, 439; re- Volk, Leonard W., life mask by, 165. port, 140. Vose, Reuben, Lincoln biographer, 159. Index 531

WAOGOSTEE, J. H., letter cited, 394. Wenona (III.), letter from, 130. Wallber, Emil, in politics, 178. Wesenberg, M., cited, 407. Walworth County, pioneers, 6, 26; rail- West, F. H., cited, 287; introduces road, 284. storage bill, 399. Wapsipinicon River, village on, 73. West Bend, resident, 179-180, 294. Warner, H. B., death, 500. Weyauwega, dedicates statue, 248. Warren, Dr. Louis A., director of Lin- Whig party, in Congress, 5; in As- coln Foundation, 165; Lincoln collec- sembly, 7; prejudiced against for- tion, 166. eigners, 170; mentioned, 175. Warren, railroad at, 70. Whiskey Ring, investigated, 178. Washburn, C. C, and temperance legis- White, Charles T., Lincoln collector, lation, 169; and railroads, 287-288, 157. 392, 401-403; commended, 291; news- White, Fred S., donor, 372. paper support, 292; renomination, White, Horace, editor of Chicago Trib- 293-294; opinion, 295-296. une, 178, 286. Washington, Booker T., attends educa- Whitehall, "House of Memories" given tional meeting, 199. to, 110. Washington, George, mission of, 95; Whitewater, residents, 176, 415, 484, bicentennial celebration, 255; bibliog- 486, 489; school principal, 301. raphy published, 370-371; bicenten- Whitewater Normal School, customs at, nial exhibit, 501. 28; popularity, 50; three-year course, Washington, D. C, scientific meeting 58; faculty members, 59, 216-217, 300, at, 137-138; residents, 51, 58, 159, 414, 459^,60, 488-494.; president, 339; 165, 171, 178, 186, 284, 403; Lincoln students, 27, 142, 301, 437. collection, 165; members in Congress, Whitewater Register, cited, 344. 291; historical meeting at, 495. Whitney, Henry C, Life on the Cir- Washington University, at St. Louis, cuit with Lincoln, mentioned, 152; faculty member, 340, 349. son of, 160. Watch Creek, Tuttle party camps on, Whitney, Henry M., of Beloit College, 83. 35. Watertown, postmaster, 179; on rail- Wight, O. W., letter cited, 180; char- road, 284-285; 1870 population, 294. acterized, 290; quoted, 394, 396. Watts, Harry T., death, 378. Wilder, James L., letter cited, 179. Waukesha County Historical Society, Willard, Frances E., attends educa- activities, 112, 252. tional meeting, 199-200. Waupaca, residents, 294, 348. William and Mary College, graduate, Waupun, resident, 290. 35. Wausau, resident, 179; competes for Williams, Charles, letter cited, 179-180, normal school, 297. 286. Weber, Jessie P., describes Lincoln col- Willow Creek, on California route, 224. lection, 166. Willow Springs, on California route, Weber River, on California route, 228. 222. Webster, Emily F., of Oshkosh Normal, Wilson, Alma Isabel, marriage, 412. 53, 59-60. Wilson, Henry, political supporters, Weed, Clarence, author, 317. 178. Week- Ai!Clrew> transfers money, 298. Wilson, Thomas, art interest, 447. Weik, Jesse W., Lincoln biographer, Wilson, Mrs. Thomas D., 61 Menomonie, 152; collector, 156; manuscript, 160. 446. Weitzel, Gen. G., letter in Lincoln col- Wilson, Woodrow, compliments Turner, lection, 160. 97. Welch, David E., on railroad com- Winchell, Alexander, geologist, 414. mittee, 406. Winkler, Fred, congressional condidate, Wells, Bessie E., Kenosha teacher, 202. 180. Wells, Gideon, diary, 150. Winnebago and Superior Railroad, Wells, Oliver E., issues teachers' cer- land grant, 401. tificate, 207. Winnebago County, prairie lands, 240. 532 Index

Winnebago County Archeological and Wisconsin Pulp and Paper Company, Historical Society, activities, 112, 376, near Stevens Point, 310. 505. Wisconsin River, cities and villages on, Winnebago Lake, internal improve- 93, 309, 311, 350-351; forest on, 312. ments about, 240. Wisconsin State Journal. See Madison Winneconne, resident, 59. State Journal. "Winona and St. Peter Railroad, spans Wisconsin State Teachers' Association, the Mississippi, 284. president, 49; committee member, Winslow, John B., The Story of a Great 330; address before, 418; Proceed- Court, quoted, 3-4, 20, 398. ings, cited, 330. Winsor, Justin, discusses Turner's pa- Wisconsin Statutes, revisors of, 7. per, 97. Wisconsin Supreme Court, article on, Wiota, on Tuttle party route, 70. 3-21; justices, 7, 88, 103; chief jus- Wisconsin, geology, 140, 206, 413, 415- tice, 177, 288, 397; mandate, 401. 419; soil, 307; forests, 309, 811; lead Witzel, Gen. G. See Weitzel. region, 5; described, 23; Indians, 94- Wood River, Tuttle party crosses, 80. 95; lumbering, 446; early settlements, Woodman, Cyrus, letters to, cited, 283, 96; pioneers, 26, 264-265, 267, 325, 351, 296, 392. 359; railway conflicts, 283-286, 288, Works, George A., high school princi- 391-411; Grangers organize, 289; poli- pal, 471, 473. tics, 168-169, 173-181, 282, 394; in- Wright, , geologist, 139. ventors, 235, 240, 242-243; tax legis- Wright, Allen H., Lincoln collector, lation, 19; state departments, 211, 163. 216, 301, 328, 330, 451; river litiga- Wright, Prof. Theodore L., of Beloit tion, 13-14; governors, 214, 391. See College, 478, 480. also Normal Schools, Supreme Court. Wright, William Wallace, diary loaned, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts 107. and Letters, organized, 416; paper read before, 148. YALE University, graduate, 35; letter Wisconsin Archeological Society, paper from, 341. read before, 148. Youmans, Theodora W., honored, 372. Wisconsin Central Railway, litigation, Young, Mrs. . See Rachel Sutton. •19; loses land, 295; shops at Stevens Young, Brigham, residence, 229. Point, 310; absorbs Winnebago road, Young, E., of Delavan, 413. 401; certificates issued to, 402; pre- Young, Mrs. Ella Flagg, of Chicago, sents claims, 403; and Keyes, 408. 492. Wisconsin Historical Society, collec- Young, Emma, of Delavan, 413. tions, 93; paper read before, 96; li- Young, Prof. Frederick G., of Oregon, brary, 101-102; members, 104, 370, 99. 500; acquisitions, 105-107, 245-246, Young, May B., donor, 105. 371-372, 501-502; officers elected, 244; Yule, John T., on Kenosha school board, gift, 241. See also Society and State. 190. Wisconsin Normal Schools: Proceed- ings of an Institute of the Facul- ZIMMERS, P. J., resigns Kenosha super- ties..,, cited, 331-332. intendency, 493.